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-.\" Copyright (c) 1989, 1990, 1993
-.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
-.\" Copyright (c) 1997-2005
-.\"	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
-.\"
-.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
-.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
-.\"
-.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
-.\" are met:
-.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
-.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
-.\"    without specific prior written permission.
-.\"
-.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
-.\"
-.\"	from: @(#)printf.1	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93
-.\"
-.Dd November 5, 1993
-.Dt PRINTF 1
-.Os
-.Sh NAME
-.Nm printf
-.Nd formatted output
-.Sh SYNOPSIS
-.Nm
-.Ar format
-.Op Ar arguments  ...
-.Sh DESCRIPTION
-.Nm
-formats and prints its arguments, after the first, under control
-of the
-.Ar format  .
-The
-.Ar format
-is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain characters,
-which are simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences which
-are converted and copied to the standard output, and format specifications,
-each of which causes printing of the next successive
-.Ar argument  .
-.Pp
-The
-.Ar arguments
-after the first are treated as strings if the corresponding format is
-either
-.Cm b ,
-.Cm B ,
-.Cm c
-or
-.Cm s ;
-otherwise it is evaluated as a C constant, with the following extensions:
-.Pp
-.Bl -bullet -offset indent -compact
-.It
-A leading plus or minus sign is allowed.
-.It
-If the leading character is a single or double quote, the value is the
-.Tn ASCII
-code of the next character.
-.El
-.Pp
-The format string is reused as often as necessary to satisfy the
-.Ar arguments  .
-Any extra format specifications are evaluated with zero or the null
-string.
-.Pp
-Character escape sequences are in backslash notation as defined in
-.St -ansiC .
-The characters and their meanings are as follows:
-.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent
-.It Cm \ee
-Write an \*[Lt]escape\*[Gt] character.
-.It Cm \ea
-Write a \*[Lt]bell\*[Gt] character.
-.It Cm \eb
-Write a \*[Lt]backspace\*[Gt] character.
-.It Cm \ef
-Write a \*[Lt]form-feed\*[Gt] character.
-.It Cm \en
-Write a \*[Lt]new-line\*[Gt] character.
-.It Cm \er
-Write a \*[Lt]carriage return\*[Gt] character.
-.It Cm \et
-Write a \*[Lt]tab\*[Gt] character.
-.It Cm \ev
-Write a \*[Lt]vertical tab\*[Gt] character.
-.It Cm \e\'
-Write a \*[Lt]single quote\*[Gt] character.
-.It Cm \e"
-Write a \*[Lt]double quote\*[Gt] character.
-.It Cm \e\e
-Write a backslash character.
-.It Cm \e Ns Ar num
-Write an 8\-bit character whose
-.Tn ASCII
-value is the 1\-, 2\-, or 3\-digit octal number
-.Ar num .
-.It Cm \ex Ns Ar xx
-Write an 8\-bit character whose
-.Tn ASCII
-value is the 1\- or 2\-digit hexadecimal number
-.Ar xx .
-.El
-.Pp
-Each format specification is introduced by the percent character
-(``%'').
-The remainder of the format specification includes,
-in the following order:
-.Bl -tag -width Ds
-.It "Zero or more of the following flags:"
-.Bl -tag -width Ds
-.It Cm #
-A `#' character
-specifying that the value should be printed in an ``alternative form''.
-For
-.Cm b ,
-.Cm c ,
-.Cm d ,
-and
-.Cm s
-formats, this option has no effect.
-For the
-.Cm o
-format the precision of the number is increased to force the first
-character of the output string to a zero.
-For the
-.Cm x
-.Pq Cm X
-format, a non-zero result has the string
-.Li 0x
-.Pq Li 0X
-prepended to it.
-For
-.Cm e  ,
-.Cm E ,
-.Cm f  ,
-.Cm g ,
-and
-.Cm G
-formats, the result will always contain a decimal point, even if no
-digits follow the point (normally, a decimal point only appears in the
-results of those formats if a digit follows the decimal point).
-For
-.Cm g
-and
-.Cm G
-formats, trailing zeros are not removed from the result as they
-would otherwise be.
-.\" I turned this off - decided it isn't a valid use of '#'
-.\" For the
-.\" .Cm B
-.\" format, backslash-escape sequences are expanded first;
-.It Cm \&\-
-A minus sign `\-' which specifies
-.Em left adjustment
-of the output in the indicated field;
-.It Cm \&+
-A `+' character specifying that there should always be
-a sign placed before the number when using signed formats.
-.It Sq \&\ \&
-A space specifying that a blank should be left before a positive number
-for a signed format.
-A `+' overrides a space if both are used;
-.It Cm \&0
-A zero `0' character indicating that zero-padding should be used
-rather than blank-padding.
-A `\-' overrides a `0' if both are used;
-.El
-.It "Field Width:"
-An optional digit string specifying a
-.Em field width ;
-if the output string has fewer characters than the field width it will
-be blank-padded on the left (or right, if the left-adjustment indicator
-has been given) to make up the field width (note that a leading zero
-is a flag, but an embedded zero is part of a field width);
-.It Precision :
-An optional period,
-.Sq Cm \&.\& ,
-followed by an optional digit string giving a
-.Em precision
-which specifies the number of digits to appear after the decimal point,
-for
-.Cm e
-and
-.Cm f
-formats, or the maximum number of characters to be printed
-from a string
-.Sm off
-.Pf ( Cm b No ,
-.Sm on
-.Cm B
-and
-.Cm s
-formats); if the digit string is missing, the precision is treated
-as zero;
-.It Format :
-A character which indicates the type of format to use (one of
-.Cm diouxXfwEgGbBcs ) .
-.El
-.Pp
-A field width or precision may be
-.Sq Cm \&*
-instead of a digit string.
-In this case an
-.Ar argument
-supplies the field width or precision.
-.Pp
-The format characters and their meanings are:
-.Bl -tag -width Fl
-.It Cm diouXx
-The
-.Ar argument
-is printed as a signed decimal (d or i), unsigned octal, unsigned decimal,
-or unsigned hexadecimal (X or x), respectively.
-.It Cm f
-The
-.Ar argument
-is printed in the style
-.Sm off
-.Pf [\-]ddd Cm \&. No ddd
-.Sm on
-where the number of d's
-after the decimal point is equal to the precision specification for
-the argument.
-If the precision is missing, 6 digits are given; if the precision
-is explicitly 0, no digits and no decimal point are printed.
-.It Cm eE
-The
-.Ar argument
-is printed in the style
-.Sm off
-.Pf [\-]d Cm \&. No ddd Cm e No \\*(Pmdd
-.Sm on
-where there
-is one digit before the decimal point and the number after is equal to
-the precision specification for the argument; when the precision is
-missing, 6 digits are produced.
-An upper-case E is used for an `E' format.
-.It Cm gG
-The
-.Ar argument
-is printed in style
-.Cm f
-or in style
-.Cm e
-.Pq Cm E
-whichever gives full precision in minimum space.
-.It Cm b
-Characters from the string
-.Ar argument
-are printed with backslash-escape sequences expanded.
-.br
-The following additional backslash-escape sequences are supported:
-.Bl -tag -width Ds
-.It Cm \ec
-Causes
-.Nm
-to ignore any remaining characters in the string operand containing it,
-any remaining string operands, and any additional characters in
-the format operand.
-.It Cm \e0 Ns Ar num
-Write an 8\-bit character whose
-.Tn ASCII
-value is the 1\-, 2\-, or 3\-digit
-octal number
-.Ar num .
-.It Cm \e^ Ns Ar c
-Write the control character 
-.Ar c .
-Generates characters `\e000' through `\e037`, and `\e177' (from `\e^?').
-.It Cm \eM\- Ns Ar c
-Write the character 
-.Ar c
-with the 8th bit set.
-Generates characters `\e241' through `\e376`.
-.It Cm \eM^ Ns Ar c
-Write the control character 
-.Ar c
-with the 8th bit set.
-Generates characters `\e000' through `\e037`, and `\e177' (from `\eM^?').
-.El
-.It Cm B
-Characters from the string
-.Ar argument
-are printed with unprintable characters backslash-escaped using the
-.Sm off
-.Pf ` Cm \e Ar c No ',
-.Pf ` Cm \e^ Ar c No ',
-.Pf ` Cm \eM\- Ar c No '
-or
-.Pf ` Cm \eM^ Ar c No ',
-.Sm on
-formats described above.
-.It Cm c
-The first character of
-.Ar argument
-is printed.
-.It Cm s
-Characters from the string
-.Ar argument
-are printed until the end is reached or until the number of characters
-indicated by the precision specification is reached; if the
-precision is omitted, all characters in the string are printed.
-.It Cm \&%
-Print a `%'; no argument is used.
-.El
-.Pp
-In no case does a non-existent or small field width cause truncation of
-a field; padding takes place only if the specified field width exceeds
-the actual width.
-.Sh EXIT STATUS
-.Nm
-exits 0 on success, 1 on failure.
-.Sh SEE ALSO
-.Xr echo 1 ,
-.Xr printf 3 ,
-.Xr printf 9
-.Xr vis 3
-.Sh STANDARDS
-The
-.Nm
-utility conforms to
-.St -p1003.1-2001 .
-.Pp
-Support for the floating point formats and `*' as a field width and precision
-are optional in POSIX.
-.Pp
-The behaviour of the %B format and the \e', \e", \exxx, \ee and
-\e[M][\-|^]c escape sequences are undefined in POSIX.
-.Sh BUGS
-Since the floating point numbers are translated from
-.Tn ASCII
-to floating-point and
-then back again, floating-point precision may be lost.
-.Pp
-Hexadecimal character constants are restricted to, and should be specified
-as, two character constants.  This is contrary to the ISO C standard but
-does guarantee detection of the end of the constant.