From c99e42e30cd9974abeb39b27683636113520308f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "C. McEnroe" Date: Mon, 9 Mar 2020 04:20:58 -0400 Subject: Rename manual pages to 1sh --- bin/1sh/1sh-kill.1 | 157 +++ bin/1sh/1sh-printf.1 | 385 +++++++ bin/1sh/1sh-test.1 | 395 +++++++ bin/1sh/1sh.1 | 2894 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ bin/1sh/kill.1 | 157 --- bin/1sh/printf.1 | 385 ------- bin/1sh/sh.1 | 2890 ------------------------------------------------- bin/1sh/test.1 | 395 ------- 8 files changed, 3831 insertions(+), 3827 deletions(-) create mode 100644 bin/1sh/1sh-kill.1 create mode 100644 bin/1sh/1sh-printf.1 create mode 100644 bin/1sh/1sh-test.1 create mode 100644 bin/1sh/1sh.1 delete mode 100644 bin/1sh/kill.1 delete mode 100644 bin/1sh/printf.1 delete mode 100644 bin/1sh/sh.1 delete mode 100644 bin/1sh/test.1 (limited to 'bin/1sh') diff --git a/bin/1sh/1sh-kill.1 b/bin/1sh/1sh-kill.1 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..110fab7d --- /dev/null +++ b/bin/1sh/1sh-kill.1 @@ -0,0 +1,157 @@ +.\"- +.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1990, 1993 +.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. +.\" +.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by +.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. +.\" +.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without +.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions +.\" are met: +.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. +.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the +.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. +.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors +.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software +.\" without specific prior written permission. +.\" +.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND +.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE +.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE +.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE +.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL +.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS +.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) +.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT +.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY +.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF +.\" SUCH DAMAGE. +.\" +.\" @(#)kill.1 8.2 (Berkeley) 4/28/95 +.\" $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/kill/kill.1 314436 2017-02-28 23:42:47Z imp $ +.\" +.Dd October 3, 2016 +.Dt 1SH-KILL 1 +.Os +.Sh NAME +.Nm kill +.Nd terminate or signal a process +.Sh SYNOPSIS +.Nm +.Op Fl s Ar signal_name +.Ar pid ... +.Nm +.Fl l +.Op Ar exit_status +.Nm +.Fl Ar signal_name +.Ar pid ... +.Nm +.Fl Ar signal_number +.Ar pid ... +.Sh DESCRIPTION +The +.Nm +utility sends a signal to the processes specified by the +.Ar pid +operands. +.Pp +Only the super-user may send signals to other users' processes. +.Pp +The options are as follows: +.Bl -tag -width indent +.It Fl s Ar signal_name +A symbolic signal name specifying the signal to be sent instead of the +default +.Dv TERM . +.It Fl l Op Ar exit_status +If no operand is given, list the signal names; otherwise, write +the signal name corresponding to +.Ar exit_status . +.It Fl Ar signal_name +A symbolic signal name specifying the signal to be sent instead of the +default +.Dv TERM . +.It Fl Ar signal_number +A non-negative decimal integer, specifying the signal to be sent instead +of the default +.Dv TERM . +.El +.Pp +The following PIDs have special meanings: +.Bl -tag -width indent +.It -1 +If superuser, broadcast the signal to all processes; otherwise broadcast +to all processes belonging to the user. +.El +.Pp +Some of the more commonly used signals: +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width indent -compact +.It 1 +HUP (hang up) +.It 2 +INT (interrupt) +.It 3 +QUIT (quit) +.It 6 +ABRT (abort) +.It 9 +KILL (non-catchable, non-ignorable kill) +.It 14 +ALRM (alarm clock) +.It 15 +TERM (software termination signal) +.El +.Pp +Some shells may provide a builtin +.Nm +command which is similar or identical to this utility. +Consult the +.Xr builtin 1 +manual page. +.Sh EXIT STATUS +.Ex -std +.Sh EXAMPLES +Terminate +the processes with PIDs 142 and 157: +.Pp +.Dl "kill 142 157" +.Pp +Send the hangup signal +.Pq Dv SIGHUP +to the process with PID 507: +.Pp +.Dl "kill -s HUP 507" +.Pp +Terminate the process group with PGID 117: +.Pp +.Dl "kill -- -117" +.Sh SEE ALSO +.Xr builtin 1 , +.Xr csh 1 , +.Xr killall 1 , +.Xr ps 1 , +.Xr sh 1 , +.Xr kill 2 , +.Xr sigaction 2 +.Sh STANDARDS +The +.Nm +utility is expected to be +.St -p1003.2 +compatible. +.Sh HISTORY +A +.Nm +command appeared in +.At v3 +in section 8 of the manual. +.Sh BUGS +A replacement for the command +.Dq Li kill 0 +for +.Xr csh 1 +users should be provided. diff --git a/bin/1sh/1sh-printf.1 b/bin/1sh/1sh-printf.1 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..33c4b9f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/bin/1sh/1sh-printf.1 @@ -0,0 +1,385 @@ +.\" Copyright (c) 1989, 1990, 1993 +.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. +.\" +.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by +.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. +.\" +.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without +.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions +.\" are met: +.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. +.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the +.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. +.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors +.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software +.\" without specific prior written permission. +.\" +.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND +.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE +.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE +.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE +.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL +.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS +.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) +.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT +.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY +.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF +.\" SUCH DAMAGE. +.\" +.\" @(#)printf.1 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93 +.\" $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/usr.bin/printf/printf.1 350613 2019-08-05 20:19:38Z jilles $ +.\" +.Dd July 29, 2019 +.Dt 1SH-PRINTF 1 +.Os +.Sh NAME +.Nm printf +.Nd formatted output +.Sh SYNOPSIS +.Nm +.Ar format Op Ar arguments ... +.Sh DESCRIPTION +The +.Nm +utility formats and prints its arguments, after the first, under control +of the +.Ar format . +The +.Ar format +is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain characters, +which are simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences which +are converted and copied to the standard output, and format specifications, +each of which causes printing of the next successive +.Ar argument . +.Pp +The +.Ar arguments +after the first are treated as strings if the corresponding format is +either +.Cm c , b +or +.Cm s ; +otherwise it is evaluated as a C constant, with the following extensions: +.Pp +.Bl -bullet -offset indent -compact +.It +A leading plus or minus sign is allowed. +.It +If the leading character is a single or double quote, the value is the +character code of the next character. +.El +.Pp +The format string is reused as often as necessary to satisfy the +.Ar arguments . +Any extra format specifications are evaluated with zero or the null +string. +.Pp +Character escape sequences are in backslash notation as defined in the +.St -ansiC , +with extensions. +The characters and their meanings +are as follows: +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact +.It Cm \ea +Write a character. +.It Cm \eb +Write a character. +.It Cm \ef +Write a character. +.It Cm \en +Write a character. +.It Cm \er +Write a character. +.It Cm \et +Write a character. +.It Cm \ev +Write a character. +.It Cm \e\' +Write a character. +.It Cm \e\e +Write a backslash character. +.It Cm \e Ns Ar num +Write a byte whose +value is the 1-, 2-, or 3-digit +octal number +.Ar num . +Multibyte characters can be constructed using multiple +.Cm \e Ns Ar num +sequences. +.El +.Pp +Each format specification is introduced by the percent character +(``%''). +The remainder of the format specification includes, +in the following order: +.Bl -tag -width Ds +.It "Zero or more of the following flags:" +.Bl -tag -width Ds +.It Cm # +A `#' character +specifying that the value should be printed in an ``alternate form''. +For +.Cm b , c , d , s +and +.Cm u +formats, this option has no effect. +For the +.Cm o +formats the precision of the number is increased to force the first +character of the output string to a zero. +For the +.Cm x +.Pq Cm X +format, a non-zero result has the string +.Li 0x +.Pq Li 0X +prepended to it. +For +.Cm a , A , e , E , f , F , g +and +.Cm G +formats, the result will always contain a decimal point, even if no +digits follow the point (normally, a decimal point only appears in the +results of those formats if a digit follows the decimal point). +For +.Cm g +and +.Cm G +formats, trailing zeros are not removed from the result as they +would otherwise be; +.It Cm \&\- +A minus sign `\-' which specifies +.Em left adjustment +of the output in the indicated field; +.It Cm \&+ +A `+' character specifying that there should always be +a sign placed before the number when using signed formats. +.It Sq \&\ \& +A space specifying that a blank should be left before a positive number +for a signed format. +A `+' overrides a space if both are used; +.It Cm \&0 +A zero `0' character indicating that zero-padding should be used +rather than blank-padding. +A `\-' overrides a `0' if both are used; +.El +.It "Field Width:" +An optional digit string specifying a +.Em field width ; +if the output string has fewer bytes than the field width it will +be blank-padded on the left (or right, if the left-adjustment indicator +has been given) to make up the field width (note that a leading zero +is a flag, but an embedded zero is part of a field width); +.It Precision: +An optional period, +.Sq Cm \&.\& , +followed by an optional digit string giving a +.Em precision +which specifies the number of digits to appear after the decimal point, +for +.Cm e +and +.Cm f +formats, or the maximum number of bytes to be printed +from a string; if the digit string is missing, the precision is treated +as zero; +.It Format: +A character which indicates the type of format to use (one of +.Cm diouxXfFeEgGaAcsb ) . +The uppercase formats differ from their lowercase counterparts only in +that the output of the former is entirely in uppercase. +The floating-point format specifiers +.Pq Cm fFeEgGaA +may be prefixed by an +.Cm L +to request that additional precision be used, if available. +.El +.Pp +A field width or precision may be +.Sq Cm \&* +instead of a digit string. +In this case an +.Ar argument +supplies the field width or precision. +.Pp +The format characters and their meanings are: +.Bl -tag -width Fl +.It Cm diouXx +The +.Ar argument +is printed as a signed decimal (d or i), unsigned octal, unsigned decimal, +or unsigned hexadecimal (X or x), respectively. +.It Cm fF +The +.Ar argument +is printed in the style `[\-]ddd.ddd' where the number of d's +after the decimal point is equal to the precision specification for +the argument. +If the precision is missing, 6 digits are given; if the precision +is explicitly 0, no digits and no decimal point are printed. +The values \*[If] and \*[Na] are printed as +.Ql inf +and +.Ql nan , +respectively. +.It Cm eE +The +.Ar argument +is printed in the style +.Cm e +.Sm off +.Sq Op - Ar d.ddd No \(+- Ar dd +.Sm on +where there +is one digit before the decimal point and the number after is equal to +the precision specification for the argument; when the precision is +missing, 6 digits are produced. +The values \*[If] and \*[Na] are printed as +.Ql inf +and +.Ql nan , +respectively. +.It Cm gG +The +.Ar argument +is printed in style +.Cm f +.Pq Cm F +or in style +.Cm e +.Pq Cm E +whichever gives full precision in minimum space. +.It Cm aA +The +.Ar argument +is printed in style +.Sm off +.Sq Op - Ar h.hhh No \(+- Li p Ar d +.Sm on +where there is one digit before the hexadecimal point and the number +after is equal to the precision specification for the argument; +when the precision is missing, enough digits are produced to convey +the argument's exact double-precision floating-point representation. +The values \*[If] and \*[Na] are printed as +.Ql inf +and +.Ql nan , +respectively. +.It Cm c +The first byte of +.Ar argument +is printed. +.It Cm s +Bytes from the string +.Ar argument +are printed until the end is reached or until the number of bytes +indicated by the precision specification is reached; however if the +precision is 0 or missing, the string is printed entirely. +.It Cm b +As for +.Cm s , +but interpret character escapes in backslash notation in the string +.Ar argument . +The permitted escape sequences are slightly different in that +octal escapes are +.Cm \e0 Ns Ar num +instead of +.Cm \e Ns Ar num +and that an additional escape sequence +.Cm \ec +stops further output from this +.Nm +invocation. +.It Cm n$ +Allows reordering of the output according to +.Ar argument . +.It Cm \&% +Print a `%'; no argument is used. +.El +.Pp +The decimal point +character is defined in the program's locale (category +.Dv LC_NUMERIC ) . +.Pp +In no case does a non-existent or small field width cause truncation of +a field; padding takes place only if the specified field width exceeds +the actual width. +.Pp +Some shells may provide a builtin +.Nm +command which is similar or identical to this utility. +Consult the +.Xr builtin 1 +manual page. +.Sh EXIT STATUS +.Ex -std +.Sh COMPATIBILITY +The traditional +.Bx +behavior of converting arguments of numeric formats not beginning +with a digit to the +.Tn ASCII +code of the first character is not supported. +.Sh SEE ALSO +.Xr builtin 1 , +.Xr echo 1 , +.Xr sh 1 , +.Xr printf 3 +.Sh STANDARDS +The +.Nm +command is expected to be compatible with the +.St -p1003.2 +specification. +.Sh HISTORY +The +.Nm +command appeared in +.Bx 4.3 Reno . +It is modeled +after the standard library function, +.Xr printf 3 . +.Sh CAVEATS +.Tn ANSI +hexadecimal character constants were deliberately not provided. +.Pp +Trying to print a dash ("-") as the first character causes +.Nm +to interpret the dash as a program argument. +.Nm -- +must be used before +.Ar format . +.Pp +If the locale contains multibyte characters +(such as UTF-8), +the +.Cm c +format and +.Cm b +and +.Cm s +formats with a precision +may not operate as expected. +.Sh BUGS +Since the floating point numbers are translated from +.Tn ASCII +to floating-point and +then back again, floating-point precision may be lost. +(By default, the number is translated to an IEEE-754 double-precision +value before being printed. +The +.Cm L +modifier may produce additional precision, depending on the hardware platform.) +.Pp +The escape sequence \e000 is the string terminator. +When present in the argument for the +.Cm b +format, the argument will be truncated at the \e000 character. +.Pp +Multibyte characters are not recognized in format strings (this is only +a problem if +.Ql % +can appear inside a multibyte character). diff --git a/bin/1sh/1sh-test.1 b/bin/1sh/1sh-test.1 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8ad8d0f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/bin/1sh/1sh-test.1 @@ -0,0 +1,395 @@ +.\"- +.\" Copyright (c) 1991, 1993 +.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. +.\" +.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by +.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. +.\" +.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without +.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions +.\" are met: +.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. +.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the +.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. +.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors +.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software +.\" without specific prior written permission. +.\" +.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND +.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE +.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE +.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE +.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL +.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS +.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) +.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT +.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY +.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF +.\" SUCH DAMAGE. +.\" +.\" @(#)test.1 8.1 (Berkeley) 5/31/93 +.\" $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/test/test.1 314436 2017-02-28 23:42:47Z imp $ +.\" +.Dd October 5, 2016 +.Dt 1SH-TEST 1 +.Os +.Sh NAME +.Nm test , +.Nm \&[ +.Nd condition evaluation utility +.Sh SYNOPSIS +.Nm +.Ar expression +.Nm \&[ +.Ar expression Cm \&] +.Sh DESCRIPTION +The +.Nm +utility evaluates the expression and, if it evaluates +to true, returns a zero (true) exit status; otherwise +it returns 1 (false). +If there is no expression, +.Nm +also +returns 1 (false). +.Pp +All operators and flags are separate arguments to the +.Nm +utility. +.Pp +The following primaries are used to construct expression: +.Bl -tag -width Ar +.It Fl b Ar file +True if +.Ar file +exists and is a block special +file. +.It Fl c Ar file +True if +.Ar file +exists and is a character +special file. +.It Fl d Ar file +True if +.Ar file +exists and is a directory. +.It Fl e Ar file +True if +.Ar file +exists (regardless of type). +.It Fl f Ar file +True if +.Ar file +exists and is a regular file. +.It Fl g Ar file +True if +.Ar file +exists and its set group ID flag +is set. +.It Fl h Ar file +True if +.Ar file +exists and is a symbolic link. +This operator is retained for compatibility with previous versions of +this program. +Do not rely on its existence; use +.Fl L +instead. +.It Fl k Ar file +True if +.Ar file +exists and its sticky bit is set. +.It Fl n Ar string +True if the length of +.Ar string +is nonzero. +.It Fl p Ar file +True if +.Ar file +is a named pipe +.Pq Tn FIFO . +.It Fl r Ar file +True if +.Ar file +exists and is readable. +.It Fl s Ar file +True if +.Ar file +exists and has a size greater +than zero. +.It Fl t Ar file_descriptor +True if the file whose file descriptor number +is +.Ar file_descriptor +is open and is associated with a terminal. +.It Fl u Ar file +True if +.Ar file +exists and its set user ID flag +is set. +.It Fl w Ar file +True if +.Ar file +exists and is writable. +True +indicates only that the write flag is on. +The file is not writable on a read-only file +system even if this test indicates true. +.It Fl x Ar file +True if +.Ar file +exists and is executable. +True +indicates only that the execute flag is on. +If +.Ar file +is a directory, true indicates that +.Ar file +can be searched. +.It Fl z Ar string +True if the length of +.Ar string +is zero. +.It Fl L Ar file +True if +.Ar file +exists and is a symbolic link. +.It Fl O Ar file +True if +.Ar file +exists and its owner matches the effective user id of this process. +.It Fl G Ar file +True if +.Ar file +exists and its group matches the effective group id of this process. +.It Fl S Ar file +True if +.Ar file +exists and is a socket. +.It Ar file1 Fl nt Ar file2 +True if +.Ar file1 +exists and is newer than +.Ar file2 . +.It Ar file1 Fl ot Ar file2 +True if +.Ar file1 +exists and is older than +.Ar file2 . +.It Ar file1 Fl ef Ar file2 +True if +.Ar file1 +and +.Ar file2 +exist and refer to the same file. +.It Ar string +True if +.Ar string +is not the null +string. +.It Ar s1 Cm = Ar s2 +True if the strings +.Ar s1 +and +.Ar s2 +are identical. +.It Ar s1 Cm != Ar s2 +True if the strings +.Ar s1 +and +.Ar s2 +are not identical. +.It Ar s1 Cm < Ar s2 +True if string +.Ar s1 +comes before +.Ar s2 +based on the binary value of their characters. +.It Ar s1 Cm > Ar s2 +True if string +.Ar s1 +comes after +.Ar s2 +based on the binary value of their characters. +.It Ar n1 Fl eq Ar n2 +True if the integers +.Ar n1 +and +.Ar n2 +are algebraically +equal. +.It Ar n1 Fl ne Ar n2 +True if the integers +.Ar n1 +and +.Ar n2 +are not +algebraically equal. +.It Ar n1 Fl gt Ar n2 +True if the integer +.Ar n1 +is algebraically +greater than the integer +.Ar n2 . +.It Ar n1 Fl ge Ar n2 +True if the integer +.Ar n1 +is algebraically +greater than or equal to the integer +.Ar n2 . +.It Ar n1 Fl lt Ar n2 +True if the integer +.Ar n1 +is algebraically less +than the integer +.Ar n2 . +.It Ar n1 Fl le Ar n2 +True if the integer +.Ar n1 +is algebraically less +than or equal to the integer +.Ar n2 . +.El +.Pp +If +.Ar file +is a symbolic link, +.Nm +will fully dereference it and then evaluate the expression +against the file referenced, except for the +.Fl h +and +.Fl L +primaries. +.Pp +These primaries can be combined with the following operators: +.Bl -tag -width Ar +.It Cm \&! Ar expression +True if +.Ar expression +is false. +.It Ar expression1 Fl a Ar expression2 +True if both +.Ar expression1 +and +.Ar expression2 +are true. +.It Ar expression1 Fl o Ar expression2 +True if either +.Ar expression1 +or +.Ar expression2 +are true. +.It Cm \&( Ar expression Cm \&) +True if expression is true. +.El +.Pp +The +.Fl a +operator has higher precedence than the +.Fl o +operator. +.Pp +Some shells may provide a builtin +.Nm +command which is similar or identical to this utility. +Consult the +.Xr builtin 1 +manual page. +.Sh GRAMMAR AMBIGUITY +The +.Nm +grammar is inherently ambiguous. +In order to assure a degree of consistency, +the cases described in the +.St -p1003.2 , +section D11.2/4.62.4, standard +are evaluated consistently according to the rules specified in the +standards document. +All other cases are subject to the ambiguity in the +command semantics. +.Pp +In particular, only expressions containing +.Fl a , +.Fl o , +.Cm \&( +or +.Cm \&) +can be ambiguous. +.Sh EXIT STATUS +The +.Nm +utility exits with one of the following values: +.Bl -tag -width indent +.It 0 +expression evaluated to true. +.It 1 +expression evaluated to false or expression was +missing. +.It >1 +An error occurred. +.El +.Sh EXAMPLES +Implement +.Li test FILE1 -nt FILE2 +using only +.Tn POSIX +functionality: +.Pp +.Dl test -n \&"$(find -L -- FILE1 -prune -newer FILE2 2>/dev/null)\&" +.Pp +This can be modified using non-standard +.Xr find 1 +primaries like +.Cm -newerca +to compare other timestamps. +.Sh COMPATIBILITY +For compatibility with some other implementations, +the +.Cm = +primary can be substituted with +.Cm == +with the same meaning. +.Sh SEE ALSO +.Xr builtin 1 , +.Xr expr 1 , +.Xr find 1 , +.Xr sh 1 , +.Xr stat 1 , +.Xr symlink 7 +.Sh STANDARDS +The +.Nm +utility implements a superset of the +.St -p1003.2 +specification. +The primaries +.Cm < , +.Cm == , +.Cm > , +.Fl ef , +.Fl nt , +.Fl ot , +.Fl G , +and +.Fl O +are extensions. +.Sh HISTORY +A +.Nm +utility appeared in +.At v7 . +.Sh BUGS +Both sides are always evaluated in +.Fl a +and +.Fl o . +For instance, the writable status of +.Pa file +will be tested by the following command even though the former expression +indicated false, which results in a gratuitous access to the file system: +.Dl "[ -z abc -a -w file ]" +To avoid this, write +.Dl "[ -z abc ] && [ -w file ]" diff --git a/bin/1sh/1sh.1 b/bin/1sh/1sh.1 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6c60c4ce --- /dev/null +++ b/bin/1sh/1sh.1 @@ -0,0 +1,2894 @@ +.\"- +.\" Copyright (c) 1991, 1993 +.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. +.\" +.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by +.\" Kenneth Almquist. +.\" +.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without +.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions +.\" are met: +.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. +.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the +.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. +.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors +.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software +.\" without specific prior written permission. +.\" +.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND +.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE +.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE +.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE +.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL +.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS +.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) +.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT +.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY +.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF +.\" SUCH DAMAGE. +.\" +.\" from: @(#)sh.1 8.6 (Berkeley) 5/4/95 +.\" $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/sh.1 345487 2019-03-24 22:10:26Z jilles $ +.\" +.Dd March 9, 2020 +.Dt 1SH 1 +.Os +.Sh NAME +.Nm 1sh +.Nd command interpreter (shell) +.Sh SYNOPSIS +.Nm +.Op Fl /+abCEefhIimnPpTuVvx +.Op Fl /+o Ar longname +.Oo +.Ar script +.Op Ar arg ... +.Oc +.Nm +.Op Fl /+abCEefhIimnPpTuVvx +.Op Fl /+o Ar longname +.Fl c Ar string +.Oo +.Ar name +.Op Ar arg ... +.Oc +.Nm +.Op Fl /+abCEefhIimnPpTuVvx +.Op Fl /+o Ar longname +.Fl s +.Op Ar arg ... +.Sh DESCRIPTION +The +.Nm +utility is a command interpreter. +The current version of +.Nm +is close to the +.St -p1003.1 +specification for the shell. +It only supports features +designated by POSIX, +plus a few Berkeley extensions. +This man page is not intended to be a tutorial nor a complete +specification of the shell. +.Ss Overview +The shell is a command that reads lines from +either a file or the terminal, interprets them, and +generally executes other commands. +It is the program that is started when a user logs into the system, +although a user can select a different shell with the +.Xr chsh 1 +command. +The shell +implements a language that has flow control constructs, +a macro facility that provides a variety of features in +addition to data storage, along with built-in history and line +editing capabilities. +It incorporates many features to +aid interactive use and has the advantage that the interpretative +language is common to both interactive and non-interactive +use (shell scripts). +That is, commands can be typed directly +to the running shell or can be put into a file, +which can be executed directly by the shell. +.Ss Invocation +.\" +.\" XXX This next sentence is incredibly confusing. +.\" +If no arguments are present and if the standard input of the shell +is connected to a terminal +(or if the +.Fl i +option is set), +the shell is considered an interactive shell. +An interactive shell +generally prompts before each command and handles programming +and command errors differently (as described below). +When first starting, the shell inspects argument 0, and +if it begins with a dash +.Pq Ql - , +the shell is also considered a login shell. +This is normally done automatically by the system +when the user first logs in. +A login shell first reads commands +from the files +.Pa /etc/profile +and then +.Pa .profile +in a user's home directory, +if they exist. +If the environment variable +.Ev ENV +is set on entry to a shell, or is set in the +.Pa .profile +of a login shell, the shell then subjects its value to parameter expansion +and arithmetic expansion and reads commands from the named file. +Therefore, a user should place commands that are to be executed only +at login time in the +.Pa .profile +file, and commands that are executed for every shell inside the +.Ev ENV +file. +The user can set the +.Ev ENV +variable to some file by placing the following line in the file +.Pa .profile +in the home directory, +substituting for +.Pa .shrc +the filename desired: +.Pp +.Dl "ENV=$HOME/.shrc; export ENV" +.Pp +The first non-option argument specified on the command line +will be treated as the +name of a file from which to read commands (a shell script), and +the remaining arguments are set as the positional parameters +of the shell +.Li ( $1 , $2 , +etc.). +Otherwise, the shell reads commands +from its standard input. +.Pp +Unlike older versions of +.Nm +the +.Ev ENV +script is only sourced on invocation of interactive shells. +This +closes a well-known, and sometimes easily exploitable security +hole related to poorly thought out +.Ev ENV +scripts. +.Ss Argument List Processing +All of the single letter options to +.Nm +have a corresponding long name, +with the exception of +.Fl c +and +.Fl /+o . +These long names are provided next to the single letter options +in the descriptions below. +The long name for an option may be specified as an argument to the +.Fl /+o +option of +.Nm . +Once the shell is running, +the long name for an option may be specified as an argument to the +.Fl /+o +option of the +.Ic set +built-in command +(described later in the section called +.Sx Built-in Commands ) . +Introducing an option with a dash +.Pq Ql - +enables the option, +while using a plus +.Pq Ql + +disables the option. +A +.Dq Li -- +or plain +.Ql - +will stop option processing and will force the remaining +words on the command line to be treated as arguments. +The +.Fl /+o +and +.Fl c +options do not have long names. +They take arguments and are described after the single letter options. +.Bl -tag -width indent +.It Fl a Li allexport +Flag variables for export when assignments are made to them. +.It Fl b Li notify +Enable asynchronous notification of background job +completion. +(UNIMPLEMENTED) +.It Fl C Li noclobber +Do not overwrite existing files with +.Ql > . +.It Fl E Li emacs +Enable the built-in +.Xr emacs 1 +command line editor (disables the +.Fl V +option if it has been set; +set automatically when interactive on terminals). +.It Fl e Li errexit +Exit immediately if any untested command fails in non-interactive mode. +The exit status of a command is considered to be +explicitly tested if the command is part of the list used to control +an +.Ic if , elif , while , +or +.Ic until ; +if the command is the left +hand operand of an +.Dq Li && +or +.Dq Li || +operator; or if the command is a pipeline preceded by the +.Ic !\& +keyword. +If a shell function is executed and its exit status is explicitly +tested, all commands of the function are considered to be tested as +well. +.Pp +It is recommended to check for failures explicitly +instead of relying on +.Fl e +because it tends to behave in unexpected ways, +particularly in larger scripts. +.It Fl f Li noglob +Disable pathname expansion. +.It Fl h Li trackall +A do-nothing option for POSIX compliance. +.It Fl I Li ignoreeof +Ignore +.Dv EOF Ap s +from input when in interactive mode. +.It Fl i Li interactive +Force the shell to behave interactively. +.It Fl m Li monitor +Turn on job control (set automatically when interactive). +A new process group is created for each pipeline (called a job). +It is possible to suspend jobs or to have them run in the foreground or +in the background. +In a non-interactive shell, +this option can be set even if no terminal is available +and is useful to place processes in separate process groups. +.It Fl n Li noexec +If not interactive, read commands but do not +execute them. +This is useful for checking the +syntax of shell scripts. +.It Fl P Li physical +Change the default for the +.Ic cd +and +.Ic pwd +commands from +.Fl L +(logical directory layout) +to +.Fl P +(physical directory layout). +.It Fl p Li privileged +Turn on privileged mode. +This mode is enabled on startup +if either the effective user or group ID is not equal to the +real user or group ID. +Turning this mode off sets the +effective user and group IDs to the real user and group IDs. +When this mode is enabled for interactive shells, the file +.Pa /etc/suid_profile +is sourced instead of +.Pa ~/.profile +after +.Pa /etc/profile +is sourced, and the contents of the +.Ev ENV +variable are ignored. +.It Fl s Li stdin +Read commands from standard input (set automatically +if no file arguments are present). +This option has +no effect when set after the shell has already started +running (i.e., when set with the +.Ic set +command). +.It Fl T Li trapsasync +When waiting for a child, execute traps immediately. +If this option is not set, +traps are executed after the child exits, +as specified in +.St -p1003.2 . +This nonstandard option is useful for putting guarding shells around +children that block signals. +The surrounding shell may kill the child +or it may just return control to the tty and leave the child alone, +like this: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +1sh -T -c "trap 'exit 1' 2 ; some-blocking-program" +.Ed +.It Fl u Li nounset +Write a message to standard error when attempting +to expand a variable, a positional parameter or +the special parameter +.Va \&! +that is not set, and if the +shell is not interactive, exit immediately. +.It Fl V Li vi +Enable the built-in +.Xr vi 1 +command line editor (disables +.Fl E +if it has been set). +.It Fl v Li verbose +The shell writes its input to standard error +as it is read. +Useful for debugging. +.It Fl x Li xtrace +Write each command +(preceded by the value of the +.Va PS4 +variable subjected to parameter expansion and arithmetic expansion) +to standard error before it is executed. +Useful for debugging. +.It Li nolog +Another do-nothing option for POSIX compliance. +It only has a long name. +.It Li pipefail +Change the exit status of a pipeline to the last non-zero exit status of +any command in the pipeline, if any. +Since an exit due to +.Dv SIGPIPE +counts as a non-zero exit status, +this option may cause non-zero exit status for successful pipelines +if a command such as +.Xr head 1 +in the pipeline terminates with status 0 without reading its +input completely. +This option only has a long name. +.El +.Pp +The +.Fl c +option causes the commands to be read from the +.Ar string +operand instead of from the standard input. +Keep in mind that this option only accepts a single string as its +argument, hence multi-word strings must be quoted. +.Pp +The +.Fl /+o +option takes as its only argument the long name of an option +to be enabled or disabled. +For example, the following two invocations of +.Nm +both enable the built-in +.Xr emacs 1 +command line editor: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +set -E +set -o emacs +.Ed +.Pp +If used without an argument, the +.Fl o +option displays the current option settings in a human-readable format. +If +.Cm +o +is used without an argument, the current option settings are output +in a format suitable for re-input into the shell. +.Ss Lexical Structure +The shell reads input in terms of lines from a file and breaks +it up into words at whitespace (blanks and tabs), and at +certain sequences of +characters called +.Dq operators , +which are special to the shell. +There are two types of operators: control operators and +redirection operators (their meaning is discussed later). +The following is a list of valid operators: +.Bl -tag -width indent +.It Control operators: +.Bl -column "XXX" "XXX" "XXX" "XXX" "XXX" -offset center -compact +.It Li & Ta Li && Ta Li \&( Ta Li \&) Ta Li \en +.It Li ;; Ta Li ;& Ta Li \&; Ta Li \&| Ta Li || +.El +.It Redirection operators: +.Bl -column "XXX" "XXX" "XXX" "XXX" "XXX" -offset center -compact +.It Li < Ta Li > Ta Li << Ta Li >> Ta Li <> +.It Li <& Ta Li >& Ta Li <<- Ta Li >| Ta \& +.El +.El +.Pp +The character +.Ql # +introduces a comment if used at the beginning of a word. +The word starting with +.Ql # +and the rest of the line are ignored. +.Pp +ASCII +.Dv NUL +characters (character code 0) are not allowed in shell input. +.Ss Quoting +Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters +or words to the shell, such as operators, whitespace, keywords, +or alias names. +.Pp +There are four types of quoting: matched single quotes, +dollar-single quotes, +matched double quotes, and backslash. +.Bl -tag -width indent +.It Single Quotes +Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal +meaning of all the characters (except single quotes, making +it impossible to put single-quotes in a single-quoted string). +.It Dollar-Single Quotes +Enclosing characters between +.Li $' +and +.Li ' +preserves the literal meaning of all characters +except backslashes and single quotes. +A backslash introduces a C-style escape sequence: +.Bl -tag -width xUnnnnnnnn +.It \ea +Alert (ring the terminal bell) +.It \eb +Backspace +.It \ec Ns Ar c +The control character denoted by +.Li ^ Ns Ar c +in +.Xr stty 1 . +If +.Ar c +is a backslash, it must be doubled. +.It \ee +The ESC character (ASCII 0x1b) +.It \ef +Formfeed +.It \en +Newline +.It \er +Carriage return +.It \et +Horizontal tab +.It \ev +Vertical tab +.It \e\e +Literal backslash +.It \e\&' +Literal single-quote +.It \e\&" +Literal double-quote +.It \e Ns Ar nnn +The byte whose octal value is +.Ar nnn +(one to three digits) +.It \ex Ns Ar nn +The byte whose hexadecimal value is +.Ar nn +(one or more digits only the last two of which are used) +.It \eu Ns Ar nnnn +The Unicode code point +.Ar nnnn +(four hexadecimal digits) +.It \eU Ns Ar nnnnnnnn +The Unicode code point +.Ar nnnnnnnn +(eight hexadecimal digits) +.El +.Pp +The sequences for Unicode code points are currently only useful with +UTF-8 locales. +They reject code point 0 and UTF-16 surrogates. +.Pp +If an escape sequence would produce a byte with value 0, +that byte and the rest of the string until the matching single-quote +are ignored. +.Pp +Any other string starting with a backslash is an error. +.It Double Quotes +Enclosing characters within double quotes preserves the literal +meaning of all characters except dollar sign +.Pq Ql $ , +backquote +.Pq Ql ` , +and backslash +.Pq Ql \e . +The backslash inside double quotes is historically weird. +It remains literal unless it precedes the following characters, +which it serves to quote: +.Pp +.Bl -column "XXX" "XXX" "XXX" "XXX" "XXX" -offset center -compact +.It Li $ Ta Li ` Ta Li \&" Ta Li \e Ta Li \en +.El +.It Backslash +A backslash preserves the literal meaning of the following +character, with the exception of the newline character +.Pq Ql \en . +A backslash preceding a newline is treated as a line continuation. +.El +.Ss Keywords +Keywords or reserved words are words that have special meaning to the +shell and are recognized at the beginning of a line and +after a control operator. +The following are keywords: +.Bl -column "doneXX" "elifXX" "elseXX" "untilXX" "whileX" -offset center +.It Li \&! Ta { Ta } Ta Ic case Ta Ic do +.It Ic done Ta Ic elif Ta Ic else Ta Ic esac Ta Ic fi +.It Ic for Ta Ic if Ta Ic then Ta Ic until Ta Ic while +.El +.Ss Aliases +An alias is a name and corresponding value set using the +.Ic alias +built-in command. +Wherever the command word of a simple command may occur, +and after checking for keywords if a keyword may occur, the shell +checks the word to see if it matches an alias. +If it does, it replaces it in the input stream with its value. +For example, if there is an alias called +.Dq Li lf +with the value +.Dq Li "ls -F" , +then the input +.Pp +.Dl "lf foobar" +.Pp +would become +.Pp +.Dl "ls -F foobar" +.Pp +Aliases are also recognized after an alias +whose value ends with a space or tab. +For example, if there is also an alias called +.Dq Li nohup +with the value +.Dq Li "nohup " , +then the input +.Pp +.Dl "nohup lf foobar" +.Pp +would become +.Pp +.Dl "nohup ls -F foobar" +.Pp +Aliases provide a convenient way for naive users to +create shorthands for commands without having to learn how +to create functions with arguments. +Using aliases in scripts is discouraged +because the command that defines them must be executed +before the code that uses them is parsed. +This is fragile and not portable. +.Pp +An alias name may be escaped in a command line, so that it is not +replaced by its alias value, by using quoting characters within or +adjacent to the alias name. +This is most often done by prefixing +an alias name with a backslash to execute a function, built-in, or +normal program with the same name. +See the +.Sx Quoting +subsection. +.Ss Commands +The shell interprets the words it reads according to a +language, the specification of which is outside the scope +of this man page (refer to the BNF in the +.St -p1003.2 +document). +Essentially though, a line is read and if +the first word of the line (or after a control operator) +is not a keyword, then the shell has recognized a +simple command. +Otherwise, a complex command or some +other special construct may have been recognized. +.Ss Simple Commands +If a simple command has been recognized, the shell performs +the following actions: +.Bl -enum +.It +Leading words of the form +.Dq Li name=value +are stripped off and assigned to the environment of +the simple command +(they do not affect expansions). +Redirection operators and +their arguments (as described below) are stripped +off and saved for processing. +.It +The remaining words are expanded as described in +the section called +.Sx Word Expansions , +and the first remaining word is considered the command +name and the command is located. +The remaining +words are considered the arguments of the command. +If no command name resulted, then the +.Dq Li name=value +variable assignments recognized in 1) affect the +current shell. +.It +Redirections are performed as described in +the next section. +.El +.Ss Redirections +Redirections are used to change where a command reads its input +or sends its output. +In general, redirections open, close, or +duplicate an existing reference to a file. +The overall format +used for redirection is: +.Pp +.D1 Oo Ar n Oc Ar redir-op file +.Pp +The +.Ar redir-op +is one of the redirection operators mentioned +previously. +The following gives some examples of how these +operators can be used. +Note that stdin and stdout are commonly used abbreviations +for standard input and standard output respectively. +.Bl -tag -width "1234567890XX" -offset indent +.It Oo Ar n Oc Ns Li > Ar file +redirect stdout (or file descriptor +.Ar n ) +to +.Ar file +.It Oo Ar n Oc Ns Li >| Ar file +same as above, but override the +.Fl C +option +.It Oo Ar n Oc Ns Li >> Ar file +append stdout (or file descriptor +.Ar n ) +to +.Ar file +.It Oo Ar n Oc Ns Li < Ar file +redirect stdin (or file descriptor +.Ar n ) +from +.Ar file +.It Oo Ar n Oc Ns Li <> Ar file +redirect stdin (or file descriptor +.Ar n ) +to and from +.Ar file +.It Oo Ar n1 Oc Ns Li <& Ns Ar n2 +duplicate stdin (or file descriptor +.Ar n1 ) +from file descriptor +.Ar n2 +.It Oo Ar n Oc Ns Li <&- +close stdin (or file descriptor +.Ar n ) +.It Oo Ar n1 Oc Ns Li >& Ns Ar n2 +duplicate stdout (or file descriptor +.Ar n1 ) +to file descriptor +.Ar n2 +.It Oo Ar n Oc Ns Li >&- +close stdout (or file descriptor +.Ar n ) +.El +.Pp +The following redirection is often called a +.Dq here-document . +.Bd -unfilled -offset indent +.Oo Ar n Oc Ns Li << Ar delimiter +.Ar here-doc-text +.Ar ... +.Ar delimiter +.Ed +.Pp +All the text on successive lines up to the delimiter is +saved away and made available to the command on standard +input, or file descriptor +.Ar n +if it is specified. +If the +.Ar delimiter +as specified on the initial line is quoted, then the +.Ar here-doc-text +is treated literally, otherwise the text is subjected to +parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic +expansion (as described in the section on +.Sx Word Expansions ) . +If the operator is +.Dq Li <<- +instead of +.Dq Li << , +then leading tabs +in the +.Ar here-doc-text +are stripped. +.Ss Search and Execution +There are three types of commands: shell functions, +built-in commands, and normal programs. +The command is searched for (by name) in that order. +The three types of commands are all executed in a different way. +.Pp +When a shell function is executed, all of the shell positional +parameters (except +.Li $0 , +which remains unchanged) are +set to the arguments of the shell function. +The variables which are explicitly placed in the environment of +the command (by placing assignments to them before the +function name) are made local to the function and are set +to the values given. +Then the command given in the function definition is executed. +The positional parameters are restored to their original values +when the command completes. +This all occurs within the current shell. +.Pp +Shell built-in commands are executed internally to the shell, without +spawning a new process. +There are two kinds of built-in commands: regular and special. +Assignments before special builtins persist after they finish +executing and assignment errors, redirection errors and certain +operand errors cause a script to be aborted. +Special builtins cannot be overridden with a function. +Both regular and special builtins can affect the shell in ways +normal programs cannot. +.Pp +Otherwise, if the command name does not match a function +or built-in command, the command is searched for as a normal +program in the file system (as described in the next section). +When a normal program is executed, the shell runs the program, +passing the arguments and the environment to the program. +If the program is not a normal executable file +(i.e., if it does not begin with the +.Dq "magic number" +whose ASCII representation is +.Dq Li #! , +resulting in an +.Er ENOEXEC +return value from +.Xr execve 2 ) +but appears to be a text file, +the shell will run a new instance of +.Nm +to interpret it. +.Pp +Note that previous versions of this document +and the source code itself misleadingly and sporadically +refer to a shell script without a magic number +as a +.Dq "shell procedure" . +.Ss Path Search +When locating a command, the shell first looks to see if +it has a shell function by that name. +Then it looks for a +built-in command by that name. +If a built-in command is not found, +one of two things happen: +.Bl -enum +.It +Command names containing a slash are simply executed without +performing any searches. +.It +The shell searches each entry in the +.Va PATH +variable +in turn for the command. +The value of the +.Va PATH +variable should be a series of +entries separated by colons. +Each entry consists of a +directory name. +The current directory +may be indicated implicitly by an empty directory name, +or explicitly by a single period. +.El +.Ss Command Exit Status +Each command has an exit status that can influence the behavior +of other shell commands. +The paradigm is that a command exits +with zero for normal or success, and non-zero for failure, +error, or a false indication. +The man page for each command +should indicate the various exit codes and what they mean. +Additionally, the built-in commands return exit codes, as does +an executed shell function. +.Pp +If a command is terminated by a signal, its exit status is greater than 128. +The signal name can be found by passing the exit status to +.Li kill -l . +.Pp +If there is no command word, +the exit status is the exit status of the last command substitution executed, +or zero if the command does not contain any command substitutions. +.Ss Complex Commands +Complex commands are combinations of simple commands +with control operators or keywords, together creating a larger complex +command. +More generally, a command is one of the following: +.Bl -item -offset indent +.It +simple command +.It +pipeline +.It +list or compound-list +.It +compound command +.It +function definition +.El +.Pp +Unless otherwise stated, the exit status of a command is +that of the last simple command executed by the command, +or zero if no simple command was executed. +.Ss Pipelines +A pipeline is a sequence of one or more commands separated +by the control operator +.Ql \&| . +The standard output of all but +the last command is connected to the standard input +of the next command. +The standard output of the last +command is inherited from the shell, as usual. +.Pp +The format for a pipeline is: +.Pp +.D1 Oo Li \&! Oc Ar command1 Op Li \&| Ar command2 ... +.Pp +The standard output of +.Ar command1 +is connected to the standard input of +.Ar command2 . +The standard input, standard output, or +both of a command is considered to be assigned by the +pipeline before any redirection specified by redirection +operators that are part of the command. +.Pp +Note that unlike some other shells, +.Nm +executes each process in a pipeline with more than one command +in a subshell environment and as a child of the +.Nm +process. +.Pp +If the pipeline is not in the background (discussed later), +the shell waits for all commands to complete. +.Pp +If the keyword +.Ic !\& +does not precede the pipeline, the +exit status is the exit status of the last command specified +in the pipeline if the +.Cm pipefail +option is not set or all commands returned zero, +or the last non-zero exit status of any command in the pipeline otherwise. +Otherwise, the exit status is the logical +NOT of that exit status. +That is, if +that status is zero, the exit status is 1; if +that status is greater than zero, the exit status +is zero. +.Pp +Because pipeline assignment of standard input or standard +output or both takes place before redirection, it can be +modified by redirection. +For example: +.Pp +.Dl "command1 2>&1 | command2" +.Pp +sends both the standard output and standard error of +.Ar command1 +to the standard input of +.Ar command2 . +.Pp +A +.Ql \&; +or newline terminator causes the preceding +AND-OR-list +(described below in the section called +.Sx Short-Circuit List Operators ) +to be executed sequentially; +an +.Ql & +causes asynchronous execution of the preceding AND-OR-list. +.Ss Background Commands (&) +If a command is terminated by the control operator ampersand +.Pq Ql & , +the shell executes the command in a subshell environment (see +.Sx Grouping Commands Together +below) and asynchronously; +the shell does not wait for the command to finish +before executing the next command. +.Pp +The format for running a command in background is: +.Pp +.D1 Ar command1 Li & Op Ar command2 Li & Ar ... +.Pp +If the shell is not interactive, the standard input of an +asynchronous command is set to +.Pa /dev/null . +.Pp +The exit status is zero. +.Ss Lists (Generally Speaking) +A list is a sequence of zero or more commands separated by +newlines, semicolons, or ampersands, +and optionally terminated by one of these three characters. +The commands in a +list are executed in the order they are written. +If command is followed by an ampersand, the shell starts the +command and immediately proceeds onto the next command; +otherwise it waits for the command to terminate before +proceeding to the next one. +.Ss Short-Circuit List Operators +.Dq Li && +and +.Dq Li || +are AND-OR list operators. +.Dq Li && +executes the first command, and then executes the second command +if the exit status of the first command is zero. +.Dq Li || +is similar, but executes the second command if the exit +status of the first command is nonzero. +.Dq Li && +and +.Dq Li || +both have the same priority. +.Ss Flow-Control Constructs (if, while, for, case) +The syntax of the +.Ic if +command is: +.Bd -unfilled -offset indent -compact +.Ic if Ar list +.Ic then Ar list +.Oo Ic elif Ar list +.Ic then Ar list Oc Ar ... +.Op Ic else Ar list +.Ic fi +.Ed +.Pp +The exit status is that of selected +.Ic then +or +.Ic else +list, +or zero if no list was selected. +.Pp +The syntax of the +.Ic while +command is: +.Bd -unfilled -offset indent -compact +.Ic while Ar list +.Ic do Ar list +.Ic done +.Ed +.Pp +The two lists are executed repeatedly while the exit status of the +first list is zero. +The +.Ic until +command is similar, but has the word +.Ic until +in place of +.Ic while , +which causes it to +repeat until the exit status of the first list is zero. +.Pp +The exit status is that of the last execution of the second list, +or zero if it was never executed. +.Pp +The syntax of the +.Ic for +command is: +.Bd -unfilled -offset indent -compact +.Ic for Ar variable Op Ic in Ar word ... +.Ic do Ar list +.Ic done +.Ed +.Pp +If +.Ic in +and the following words are omitted, +.Ic in Li \&"$@\&" +is used instead. +The words are expanded, and then the list is executed +repeatedly with the variable set to each word in turn. +The +.Ic do +and +.Ic done +commands may be replaced with +.Ql { +and +.Ql } . +.Pp +The syntax of the +.Ic break +and +.Ic continue +commands is: +.D1 Ic break Op Ar num +.D1 Ic continue Op Ar num +.Pp +The +.Ic break +command terminates the +.Ar num +innermost +.Ic for +or +.Ic while +loops. +The +.Ic continue +command continues with the next iteration of the innermost loop. +These are implemented as special built-in commands. +.Pp +The syntax of the +.Ic case +command is: +.Bd -unfilled -offset indent -compact +.Ic case Ar word Ic in +.Ar pattern ) Ar list Li ;; +.Ar ... +.Ic esac +.Ed +.Pp +The pattern can actually be one or more patterns +(see +.Sx Shell Patterns +described later), +separated by +.Ql \&| +characters. +Tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, +arithmetic expansion and quote removal are applied to the word. +Then, each pattern is expanded in turn using tilde expansion, +parameter expansion, command substitution and arithmetic expansion and +the expanded form of the word is checked against it. +If a match is found, the corresponding list is executed. +If the selected list is terminated by the control operator +.Ql ;& +instead of +.Ql ;; , +execution continues with the next list, +continuing until a list terminated with +.Ql ;; +or the end of the +.Ic case +command. +.Ss Grouping Commands Together +Commands may be grouped by writing either +.Pp +.Sm off +.Bd -literal -offset -ident +.Po Ar list Pc +.Ed +.Sm on +.Pp +or +.Bd -literal -offset -ident +.No { Ar list ; } +.Ed +.Pp +The first form executes the commands in a subshell environment. +A subshell environment has its own copy of: +.Bl -enum +.It +The current working directory as set by +.Ic cd . +.It +The file creation mask as set by +.Ic umask . +.It +Resource limits as set by +.Ic ulimit . +.It +References to open files. +.It +Traps as set by +.Ic trap . +.It +Known jobs. +.It +Positional parameters and variables. +.It +Shell options. +.It +Shell functions. +.It +Shell aliases. +.El +.Pp +These are copied from the parent shell environment, +except that trapped (but not ignored) signals are reset to the default action +and known jobs are cleared. +Any changes do not affect the parent shell environment. +.Pp +A subshell environment may be implemented as a child process or differently. +If job control is enabled in an interactive shell, +commands grouped in parentheses can be suspended and continued as a unit. +.Pp +For compatibility with other shells, +two open parentheses in sequence should be separated by whitespace. +.Pp +The second form never forks another shell, +so it is slightly more efficient. +Grouping commands together this way allows the user to +redirect their output as though they were one program: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +{ echo -n "hello"; echo " world"; } > greeting +.Ed +.Ss Functions +The syntax of a function definition is +.Pp +.D1 Ar name Li \&( \&) Ar command +.Pp +A function definition is an executable statement; when +executed it installs a function named +.Ar name +and returns an +exit status of zero. +The +.Ar command +is normally a list +enclosed between +.Ql { +and +.Ql } . +.Pp +Variables may be declared to be local to a function by +using the +.Ic local +command. +This should appear as the first statement of a function, +and the syntax is: +.Pp +.D1 Ic local Oo Ar variable ... Oc Op Fl +.Pp +The +.Ic local +command is implemented as a built-in command. +The exit status is zero +unless the command is not in a function or a variable name is invalid. +.Pp +When a variable is made local, it inherits the initial +value and exported and readonly flags from the variable +with the same name in the surrounding scope, if there is +one. +Otherwise, the variable is initially unset. +The shell +uses dynamic scoping, so that if the variable +.Va x +is made local to function +.Em f , +which then calls function +.Em g , +references to the variable +.Va x +made inside +.Em g +will refer to the variable +.Va x +declared inside +.Em f , +not to the global variable named +.Va x . +.Pp +The only special parameter that can be made local is +.Ql - . +Making +.Ql - +local causes any shell options +(including those that only have long names) +that are +changed via the +.Ic set +command inside the function to be +restored to their original values when the function +returns. +.Pp +The syntax of the +.Ic return +command is +.Pp +.D1 Ic return Op Ar exitstatus +.Pp +It terminates the current executional scope, returning from the closest +nested function or sourced script; +if no function or sourced script is being executed, +it exits the shell instance. +The +.Ic return +command is implemented as a special built-in command. +.Ss Variables and Parameters +The shell maintains a set of parameters. +A parameter +denoted by a name +(consisting solely +of alphabetics, numerics, and underscores, +and starting with an alphabetic or an underscore) +is called a variable. +When starting up, +the shell turns all environment variables with valid names into shell +variables. +New variables can be set using the form +.Pp +.D1 Ar name Ns = Ns Ar value +.Pp +A parameter can also be denoted by a number +or a special character as explained below. +.Pp +Assignments are expanded differently from other words: +tilde expansion is also performed after the equals sign and after any colon +and usernames are also terminated by colons, +and field splitting and pathname expansion are not performed. +.Pp +This special expansion applies not only to assignments that form a simple +command by themselves or precede a command word, +but also to words passed to the +.Ic export , +.Ic local +or +.Ic readonly +built-in commands that have this form. +For this, the builtin's name must be literal +(not the result of an expansion) +and may optionally be preceded by one or more literal instances of +.Ic command +without options. +.Ss Positional Parameters +A positional parameter is a parameter denoted by a number greater than zero. +The shell sets these initially to the values of its command line +arguments that follow the name of the shell script. +The +.Ic set +built-in command can also be used to set or reset them. +.Ss Special Parameters +Special parameters are parameters denoted by a single special character +or the digit zero. +They are shown in the following list, exactly as they would appear in input +typed by the user or in the source of a shell script. +.Bl -hang +.It Li $* +Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. +When +the expansion occurs within a double-quoted string +it expands to a single field with the value of each parameter +separated by the first character of the +.Va IFS +variable, +or by a space if +.Va IFS +is unset. +.It Li $@ +Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. +When +the expansion occurs within double-quotes, each positional +parameter expands as a separate argument. +If there are no positional parameters, the +expansion of +.Li @ +generates zero arguments, even when +.Li @ +is double-quoted. +What this basically means, for example, is +if +.Li $1 +is +.Dq Li abc +and +.Li $2 +is +.Dq Li "def ghi" , +then +.Li \&"$@\&" +expands to +the two arguments: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +"abc" "def ghi" +.Ed +.It Li $# +Expands to the number of positional parameters. +.It Li $? +Expands to the exit status of the most recent pipeline. +.It Li $- +(hyphen) Expands to the current option flags (the single-letter +option names concatenated into a string) as specified on +invocation, by the +.Ic set +built-in command, or implicitly +by the shell. +.It Li $$ +Expands to the process ID of the invoked shell. +A subshell +retains the same value of +.Va $ +as its parent. +.It Li $! +Expands to the process ID of the most recent background +command executed from the current shell. +For a +pipeline, the process ID is that of the last command in the +pipeline. +If this parameter is referenced, the shell will remember +the process ID and its exit status until the +.Ic wait +built-in command reports completion of the process. +.It Li $0 +(zero) Expands to the name of the shell script if passed on the command line, +the +.Ar name +operand if given (with +.Fl c ) +or otherwise argument 0 passed to the shell. +.El +.Ss Special Variables +The following variables are set by the shell or +have special meaning to it: +.Bl -tag -width ".Va HISTSIZE" +.It Va CDPATH +The search path used with the +.Ic cd +built-in. +.It Va EDITOR +The fallback editor used with the +.Ic fc +built-in. +If not set, the default editor is +.Xr ed 1 . +.It Va FCEDIT +The default editor used with the +.Ic fc +built-in. +.It Va HISTSIZE +The number of previous commands that are accessible. +.It Va HOME +The user's home directory, +used in tilde expansion and as a default directory for the +.Ic cd +built-in. +.It Va IFS +Input Field Separators. +This is initialized at startup to +.Aq space , +.Aq tab , +and +.Aq newline +in that order. +This value also applies if +.Va IFS +is unset, but not if it is set to the empty string. +See the +.Sx White Space Splitting +section for more details. +.It Va LINENO +The current line number in the script or function. +.It Va MAIL +The name of a mail file, that will be checked for the arrival of new +mail. +Overridden by +.Va MAILPATH . +.It Va MAILPATH +A colon +.Pq Ql \&: +separated list of file names, for the shell to check for incoming +mail. +This variable overrides the +.Va MAIL +setting. +There is a maximum of 10 mailboxes that can be monitored at once. +.It Va OPTIND +The index of the next argument to be processed by +.Ic getopts . +This is initialized to 1 at startup. +.It Va PATH +The default search path for executables. +See the +.Sx Path Search +section for details. +.It Va PPID +The parent process ID of the invoked shell. +This is set at startup +unless this variable is in the environment. +A later change of parent process ID is not reflected. +A subshell retains the same value of +.Va PPID . +.It Va PS1 +The primary prompt string, which defaults to +.Dq Li "$ " , +unless you are the superuser, in which case it defaults to +.Dq Li "# " . +.Va PS1 +may include any of the following formatting sequences, +which are replaced by the given information: +.Bl -tag -width indent +.It Li \eH +This system's fully-qualified hostname (FQDN). +.It Li \eh +This system's hostname. +.It Li \eW +The final component of the current working directory. +.It Li \ew +The entire path of the current working directory. +.It Li \e$ +Superuser status. +.Dq Li "$ " +for normal users and +.Dq Li "# " +for superusers. +.It Li \e\e +A literal backslash. +.El +.It Va PS2 +The secondary prompt string, which defaults to +.Dq Li "> " . +.Va PS2 +may include any of the formatting sequences from +.Va PS1 . +.It Va PS4 +The prefix for the trace output (if +.Fl x +is active). +The default is +.Dq Li "+ " . +.El +.Ss Word Expansions +This clause describes the various expansions that are +performed on words. +Not all expansions are performed on +every word, as explained later. +.Pp +Tilde expansions, parameter expansions, command substitutions, +arithmetic expansions, and quote removals that occur within +a single word expand to a single field. +It is only field +splitting or pathname expansion that can create multiple +fields from a single word. +The single exception to this rule is +the expansion of the special parameter +.Va @ +within double-quotes, +as was described above. +.Pp +The order of word expansion is: +.Bl -enum +.It +Tilde Expansion, Parameter Expansion, Command Substitution, +Arithmetic Expansion (these all occur at the same time). +.It +Field Splitting is performed on fields generated by step (1) +unless the +.Va IFS +variable is null. +.It +Pathname Expansion (unless the +.Fl f +option is in effect). +.It +Quote Removal. +.El +.Pp +The +.Ql $ +character is used to introduce parameter expansion, command +substitution, or arithmetic expansion. +.Ss Tilde Expansion (substituting a user's home directory) +A word beginning with an unquoted tilde character +.Pq Ql ~ +is +subjected to tilde expansion. +All the characters up to a slash +.Pq Ql / +or the end of the word are treated as a username +and are replaced with the user's home directory. +If the +username is missing (as in +.Pa ~/foobar ) , +the tilde is replaced with the value of the +.Va HOME +variable (the current user's home directory). +.Ss Parameter Expansion +The format for parameter expansion is as follows: +.Pp +.D1 Li ${ Ns Ar expression Ns Li } +.Pp +where +.Ar expression +consists of all characters until the matching +.Ql } . +Any +.Ql } +escaped by a backslash or within a single-quoted or double-quoted +string, and characters in +embedded arithmetic expansions, command substitutions, and variable +expansions, are not examined in determining the matching +.Ql } . +If the variants with +.Ql + , +.Ql - , +.Ql = +or +.Ql ?\& +occur within a double-quoted string, +as an extension there may be unquoted parts +(via double-quotes inside the expansion); +.Ql } +within such parts are also not examined in determining the matching +.Ql } . +.Pp +The simplest form for parameter expansion is: +.Pp +.D1 Li ${ Ns Ar parameter Ns Li } +.Pp +The value, if any, of +.Ar parameter +is substituted. +.Pp +The parameter name or symbol can be enclosed in braces, which are +optional except for positional parameters with more than one digit or +when parameter is followed by a character that could be interpreted as +part of the name. +If a parameter expansion occurs inside double-quotes: +.Bl -enum +.It +Field splitting is not performed on the results of the +expansion, with the exception of the special parameter +.Va @ . +.It +Pathname expansion is not performed on the results of the +expansion. +.El +.Pp +In addition, a parameter expansion can be modified by using one of the +following formats. +.Bl -tag -width indent +.It Li ${ Ns Ar parameter Ns Li :- Ns Ar word Ns Li } +Use Default Values. +If +.Ar parameter +is unset or null, the expansion of +.Ar word +is substituted; otherwise, the value of +.Ar parameter +is substituted. +.It Li ${ Ns Ar parameter Ns Li := Ns Ar word Ns Li } +Assign Default Values. +If +.Ar parameter +is unset or null, the expansion of +.Ar word +is assigned to +.Ar parameter . +In all cases, the +final value of +.Ar parameter +is substituted. +Quoting inside +.Ar word +does not prevent field splitting or pathname expansion. +Only variables, not positional +parameters or special parameters, can be +assigned in this way. +.It Li ${ Ns Ar parameter Ns Li :? Ns Oo Ar word Oc Ns Li } +Indicate Error if Null or Unset. +If +.Ar parameter +is unset or null, the expansion of +.Ar word +(or a message indicating it is unset if +.Ar word +is omitted) is written to standard +error and the shell exits with a nonzero +exit status. +Otherwise, the value of +.Ar parameter +is substituted. +An +interactive shell need not exit. +.It Li ${ Ns Ar parameter Ns Li :+ Ns Ar word Ns Li } +Use Alternate Value. +If +.Ar parameter +is unset or null, null is substituted; +otherwise, the expansion of +.Ar word +is substituted. +.El +.Pp +In the parameter expansions shown previously, use of the colon in the +format results in a test for a parameter that is unset or null; omission +of the colon results in a test for a parameter that is only unset. +.Pp +The +.Ar word +inherits the type of quoting +(unquoted, double-quoted or here-document) +from the surroundings, +with the exception that a backslash that quotes a closing brace is removed +during quote removal. +.Bl -tag -width indent +.It Li ${# Ns Ar parameter Ns Li } +String Length. +The length in characters of +the value of +.Ar parameter . +.El +.Pp +The following four varieties of parameter expansion provide for substring +processing. +In each case, pattern matching notation +(see +.Sx Shell Patterns ) , +rather than regular expression notation, +is used to evaluate the patterns. +If parameter is one of the special parameters +.Va * +or +.Va @ , +the result of the expansion is unspecified. +Enclosing the full parameter expansion string in double-quotes does not +cause the following four varieties of pattern characters to be quoted, +whereas quoting characters within the braces has this effect. +.Bl -tag -width indent +.It Li ${ Ns Ar parameter Ns Li % Ns Ar word Ns Li } +Remove Smallest Suffix Pattern. +The +.Ar word +is expanded to produce a pattern. +The +parameter expansion then results in +.Ar parameter , +with the smallest portion of the +suffix matched by the pattern deleted. +.It Li ${ Ns Ar parameter Ns Li %% Ns Ar word Ns Li } +Remove Largest Suffix Pattern. +The +.Ar word +is expanded to produce a pattern. +The +parameter expansion then results in +.Ar parameter , +with the largest portion of the +suffix matched by the pattern deleted. +.It Li ${ Ns Ar parameter Ns Li # Ns Ar word Ns Li } +Remove Smallest Prefix Pattern. +The +.Ar word +is expanded to produce a pattern. +The +parameter expansion then results in +.Ar parameter , +with the smallest portion of the +prefix matched by the pattern deleted. +.It Li ${ Ns Ar parameter Ns Li ## Ns Ar word Ns Li } +Remove Largest Prefix Pattern. +The +.Ar word +is expanded to produce a pattern. +The +parameter expansion then results in +.Ar parameter , +with the largest portion of the +prefix matched by the pattern deleted. +.El +.Ss Command Substitution +Command substitution allows the output of a command to be substituted in +place of the command name itself. +Command substitution occurs when +the command is enclosed as follows: +.Pp +.D1 Li $( Ns Ar command Ns Li )\& +.Pp +or the backquoted version: +.Pp +.D1 Li ` Ns Ar command Ns Li ` +.Pp +The shell expands the command substitution by executing command +and replacing the command substitution +with the standard output of the command, +removing sequences of one or more newlines at the end of the substitution. +Embedded newlines before the end of the output are not removed; +however, during field splitting, they may be translated into spaces +depending on the value of +.Va IFS +and the quoting that is in effect. +The command is executed in a subshell environment, +except that the built-in commands +.Ic jobid , +.Ic jobs , +and +.Ic trap +return information about the parent shell environment +and +.Ic times +returns information about the same process +if they are the only command in a command substitution. +.Pp +If a command substitution of the +.Li $( +form begins with a subshell, +the +.Li $( +and +.Li (\& +must be separated by whitespace +to avoid ambiguity with arithmetic expansion. +.Ss Arithmetic Expansion +Arithmetic expansion provides a mechanism for evaluating an arithmetic +expression and substituting its value. +The format for arithmetic expansion is as follows: +.Pp +.D1 Li $(( Ns Ar expression Ns Li )) +.Pp +The +.Ar expression +is treated as if it were in double-quotes, except +that a double-quote inside the expression is not treated specially. +The +shell expands all tokens in the +.Ar expression +for parameter expansion, +command substitution, +arithmetic expansion +and quote removal. +.Pp +The allowed expressions are a subset of C expressions, +summarized below. +.Bl -tag -width "Variables" -offset indent +.It Values +All values are of type +.Ft intmax_t . +.It Constants +Decimal, octal (starting with +.Li 0 ) +and hexadecimal (starting with +.Li 0x ) +integer constants. +.It Variables +Shell variables can be read and written +and contain integer constants. +.It Unary operators +.Li "! ~ + -" +.It Binary operators +.Li "* / % + - << >> < <= > >= == != & ^ | && ||"\& +.It Assignment operators +.Li "= += -= *= /= %= <<= >>= &= ^= |=" +.It Conditional operator +.Li "? :"\& +.El +.Pp +The result of the expression is substituted in decimal. +.Ss White Space Splitting (Field Splitting) +In certain contexts, +after parameter expansion, command substitution, and +arithmetic expansion the shell scans the results of +expansions and substitutions that did not occur in double-quotes for +field splitting and multiple fields can result. +.Pp +Characters in +.Va IFS +that are whitespace +.Po +.Aq space , +.Aq tab , +and +.Aq newline +.Pc +are treated differently from other characters in +.Va IFS . +.Pp +Whitespace in +.Va IFS +at the beginning or end of a word is discarded. +.Pp +Subsequently, a field is delimited by either +.Bl -enum +.It +a non-whitespace character in +.Va IFS +with any whitespace in +.Va IFS +surrounding it, or +.It +one or more whitespace characters in +.Va IFS . +.El +.Pp +If a word ends with a non-whitespace character in +.Va IFS , +there is no empty field after this character. +.Pp +If no field is delimited, the word is discarded. +In particular, if a word consists solely of an unquoted substitution +and the result of the substitution is null, +it is removed by field splitting even if +.Va IFS +is null. +.Ss Pathname Expansion (File Name Generation) +Unless the +.Fl f +option is set, +file name generation is performed +after word splitting is complete. +Each word is +viewed as a series of patterns, separated by slashes. +The +process of expansion replaces the word with the names of +all existing files whose names can be formed by replacing +each pattern with a string that matches the specified pattern. +There are two restrictions on this: first, a pattern cannot match +a string containing a slash, and second, +a pattern cannot match a string starting with a period +unless the first character of the pattern is a period. +The next section describes the patterns used for +Pathname Expansion, +the four varieties of parameter expansion for substring processing and the +.Ic case +command. +.Ss Shell Patterns +A pattern consists of normal characters, which match themselves, +and meta-characters. +The meta-characters are +.Ql * , +.Ql \&? , +and +.Ql \&[ . +These characters lose their special meanings if they are quoted. +When command or variable substitution is performed and the dollar sign +or back quotes are not double-quoted, the value of the +variable or the output of the command is scanned for these +characters and they are turned into meta-characters. +.Pp +An asterisk +.Pq Ql * +matches any string of characters. +A question mark +.Pq Ql \&? +matches any single character. +A left bracket +.Pq Ql \&[ +introduces a character class. +The end of the character class is indicated by a +.Ql \&] ; +if the +.Ql \&] +is missing then the +.Ql \&[ +matches a +.Ql \&[ +rather than introducing a character class. +A character class matches any of the characters between the square brackets. +A locale-dependent range of characters may be specified using a minus sign. +A named class of characters (see +.Xr wctype 3 ) +may be specified by surrounding the name with +.Ql \&[:\& +and +.Ql :\&] . +For example, +.Ql \&[\&[:alpha:\&]\&] +is a shell pattern that matches a single letter. +The character class may be complemented by making an exclamation point +.Pq Ql !\& +the first character of the character class. +A caret +.Pq Ql ^ +has the same effect but is non-standard. +.Pp +To include a +.Ql \&] +in a character class, make it the first character listed +(after the +.Ql \&! +or +.Ql ^ , +if any). +To include a +.Ql - , +make it the first or last character listed. +.Ss Built-in Commands +This section lists the built-in commands. +.Bl -tag -width indent +.It Ic \&: +A null command that returns a 0 (true) exit value. +.It Ic \&. Ar file +The commands in the specified file are read and executed by the shell. +The +.Ic return +command may be used to return to the +.Ic \&. +command's caller. +If +.Ar file +contains any +.Ql / +characters, it is used as is. +Otherwise, the shell searches the +.Va PATH +for the file. +If it is not found in the +.Va PATH , +it is sought in the current working directory. +.It Ic \&[ +A built-in equivalent of +.Xr test 1 . +.It Ic alias Oo Ar name Ns Oo = Ns Ar string Oc ... Oc +If +.Ar name Ns = Ns Ar string +is specified, the shell defines the alias +.Ar name +with value +.Ar string . +If just +.Ar name +is specified, the value of the alias +.Ar name +is printed. +With no arguments, the +.Ic alias +built-in command prints the names and values of all defined aliases +(see +.Ic unalias ) . +Alias values are written with appropriate quoting so that they are +suitable for re-input to the shell. +Also see the +.Sx Aliases +subsection. +.It Ic bg Op Ar job ... +Continue the specified jobs +(or the current job if no jobs are given) +in the background. +.It Ic bind Oo Fl aeklrsv Oc Oo Ar key Oo Ar command Oc Oc +List or alter key bindings for the line editor. +This command is documented in +.Xr editrc 5 . +.It Ic break Op Ar num +See the +.Sx Flow-Control Constructs +subsection. +.It Ic builtin Ar cmd Op Ar arg ... +Execute the specified built-in command, +.Ar cmd . +This is useful when the user wishes to override a shell function +with the same name as a built-in command. +.It Ic cd Oo Fl L | P Oc Oo Fl e Oc Op Ar directory +.It Ic cd Fl +Switch to the specified +.Ar directory , +to the directory specified in the +.Va HOME +environment variable if no +.Ar directory +is specified or +to the directory specified in the +.Va OLDPWD +environment variable if +.Ar directory +is +.Fl . +If +.Ar directory +does not begin with +.Pa / , \&. , +or +.Pa .. , +then the directories listed in the +.Va CDPATH +variable will be +searched for the specified +.Ar directory . +If +.Va CDPATH +is unset, the current directory is searched. +The format of +.Va CDPATH +is the same as that of +.Va PATH . +In an interactive shell, +the +.Ic cd +command will print out the name of the directory +that it actually switched to +if the +.Va CDPATH +mechanism was used or if +.Ar directory +was +.Fl . +.Pp +If the +.Fl P +option is specified, +.Pa .. +is handled physically and symbolic links are resolved before +.Pa .. +components are processed. +If the +.Fl L +option is specified, +.Pa .. +is handled logically. +This is the default. +.Pp +The +.Fl e +option causes +.Ic cd +to return exit status 1 if the full pathname of the new directory +cannot be determined reliably or at all. +Normally this is not considered an error, +although a warning is printed. +.Pp +If changing the directory fails, the exit status is greater than 1. +If the directory is changed, the exit status is 0, or also 1 if +.Fl e +was given. +.It Ic chdir +A synonym for the +.Ic cd +built-in command. +.It Ic command Oo Fl p Oc Op Ar utility Op Ar argument ... +.It Ic command Oo Fl p Oc Fl v Ar utility +.It Ic command Oo Fl p Oc Fl V Ar utility +The first form of invocation executes the specified +.Ar utility , +ignoring shell functions in the search. +If +.Ar utility +is a special builtin, +it is executed as if it were a regular builtin. +.Pp +If the +.Fl p +option is specified, the command search is performed using a +default value of +.Va PATH +that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities. +.Pp +If the +.Fl v +option is specified, +.Ar utility +is not executed but a description of its interpretation by the shell is +printed. +For ordinary commands the output is the path name; for shell built-in +commands, shell functions and keywords only the name is written. +Aliases are printed as +.Dq Ic alias Ar name Ns = Ns Ar value . +.Pp +The +.Fl V +option is identical to +.Fl v +except for the output. +It prints +.Dq Ar utility Ic is Ar description +where +.Ar description +is either +the path name to +.Ar utility , +a special shell builtin, +a shell builtin, +a shell function, +a shell keyword +or +an alias for +.Ar value . +.It Ic continue Op Ar num +See the +.Sx Flow-Control Constructs +subsection. +.It Ic echo Oo Fl e | n Oc Op Ar string ... +Print a space-separated list of the arguments to the standard output +and append a newline character. +.Bl -tag -width indent +.It Fl n +Suppress the output of the trailing newline. +.It Fl e +Process C-style backslash escape sequences. +The +.Ic echo +command understands the following character escapes: +.Bl -tag -width indent +.It \ea +Alert (ring the terminal bell) +.It \eb +Backspace +.It \ec +Suppress the trailing newline (this has the side-effect of truncating the +line if it is not the last character) +.It \ee +The ESC character (ASCII 0x1b) +.It \ef +Formfeed +.It \en +Newline +.It \er +Carriage return +.It \et +Horizontal tab +.It \ev +Vertical tab +.It \e\e +Literal backslash +.It \e0nnn +(Zero) The character whose octal value is +.Ar nnn +.El +.Pp +If +.Ar string +is not enclosed in quotes then the backslash itself must be escaped +with a backslash to protect it from the shell. +For example +.Bd -literal -offset indent +$ echo -e "a\evb" +a + b +$ echo -e a\e\evb +a + b +$ echo -e "a\e\eb" +a\eb +$ echo -e a\e\e\e\eb +a\eb +.Ed +.El +.Pp +Only one of the +.Fl e +and +.Fl n +options may be specified. +.It Ic eval Ar string ... +Concatenate all the arguments with spaces. +Then re-parse and execute the command. +.It Ic exec Op Ar command Op arg ... +Unless +.Ar command +is omitted, +the shell process is replaced with the specified program +(which must be a real program, not a shell built-in command or function). +Any redirections on the +.Ic exec +command are marked as permanent, +so that they are not undone when the +.Ic exec +command finishes. +.It Ic exit Op Ar exitstatus +Terminate the shell process. +If +.Ar exitstatus +is given +it is used as the exit status of the shell. +Otherwise, if the shell is executing an +.Cm EXIT +trap, the exit status of the last command before the trap is used; +if the shell is executing a trap for a signal, +the shell exits by resending the signal to itself. +Otherwise, the exit status of the preceding command is used. +The exit status should be an integer between 0 and 255. +.It Ic export Ar name ... +.It Ic export Op Fl p +The specified names are exported so that they will +appear in the environment of subsequent commands. +The only way to un-export a variable is to +.Ic unset +it. +The shell allows the value of a variable to be set +at the same time as it is exported by writing +.Pp +.D1 Ic export Ar name Ns = Ns Ar value +.Pp +With no arguments the +.Ic export +command lists the names +of all exported variables. +If the +.Fl p +option is specified, the exported variables are printed as +.Dq Ic export Ar name Ns = Ns Ar value +lines, suitable for re-input to the shell. +.It Ic false +A null command that returns a non-zero (false) exit value. +.It Ic fc Oo Fl e Ar editor Oc Op Ar first Op Ar last +.It Ic fc Fl l Oo Fl nr Oc Op Ar first Op Ar last +.It Ic fc Fl s Oo Ar old Ns = Ns Ar new Oc Op Ar first +The +.Ic fc +built-in command lists, or edits and re-executes, +commands previously entered to an interactive shell. +.Bl -tag -width indent +.It Fl e Ar editor +Use the editor named by +.Ar editor +to edit the commands. +The +.Ar editor +string is a command name, +subject to search via the +.Va PATH +variable. +The value in the +.Va FCEDIT +variable is used as a default when +.Fl e +is not specified. +If +.Va FCEDIT +is null or unset, the value of the +.Va EDITOR +variable is used. +If +.Va EDITOR +is null or unset, +.Xr ed 1 +is used as the editor. +.It Fl l No (ell) +List the commands rather than invoking +an editor on them. +The commands are written in the +sequence indicated by the +.Ar first +and +.Ar last +operands, as affected by +.Fl r , +with each command preceded by the command number. +.It Fl n +Suppress command numbers when listing with +.Fl l . +.It Fl r +Reverse the order of the commands listed +(with +.Fl l ) +or edited +(with neither +.Fl l +nor +.Fl s ) . +.It Fl s +Re-execute the command without invoking an editor. +.It Ar first +.It Ar last +Select the commands to list or edit. +The number of previous commands that can be accessed +are determined by the value of the +.Va HISTSIZE +variable. +The value of +.Ar first +or +.Ar last +or both are one of the following: +.Bl -tag -width indent +.It Oo Cm + Oc Ns Ar num +A positive number representing a command number; +command numbers can be displayed with the +.Fl l +option. +.It Fl Ar num +A negative decimal number representing the +command that was executed +.Ar num +of +commands previously. +For example, \-1 is the immediately previous command. +.It Ar string +A string indicating the most recently entered command +that begins with that string. +If the +.Ar old Ns = Ns Ar new +operand is not also specified with +.Fl s , +the string form of the first operand cannot contain an embedded equal sign. +.El +.El +.Pp +The following variables affect the execution of +.Ic fc : +.Bl -tag -width ".Va HISTSIZE" +.It Va FCEDIT +Name of the editor to use for history editing. +.It Va HISTSIZE +The number of previous commands that are accessible. +.El +.It Ic fg Op Ar job +Move the specified +.Ar job +or the current job to the foreground. +.It Ic getopts Ar optstring var +The POSIX +.Ic getopts +command. +The +.Ic getopts +command deprecates the older +.Xr getopt 1 +command. +The first argument should be a series of letters, each possibly +followed by a colon which indicates that the option takes an argument. +The specified variable is set to the parsed option. +The index of +the next argument is placed into the shell variable +.Va OPTIND . +If an option takes an argument, it is placed into the shell variable +.Va OPTARG . +If an invalid option is encountered, +.Ar var +is set to +.Ql \&? . +It returns a false value (1) when it encounters the end of the options. +A new set of arguments may be parsed by assigning +.Li OPTIND=1 . +.It Ic hash Oo Fl rv Oc Op Ar command ... +The shell maintains a hash table which remembers the locations of commands. +With no arguments whatsoever, the +.Ic hash +command prints out the contents of this table. +.Pp +With arguments, the +.Ic hash +command removes each specified +.Ar command +from the hash table (unless they are functions) and then locates it. +With the +.Fl v +option, +.Ic hash +prints the locations of the commands as it finds them. +The +.Fl r +option causes the +.Ic hash +command to delete all the entries in the hash table except for functions. +.It Ic jobid Op Ar job +Print the process IDs of the processes in the specified +.Ar job . +If the +.Ar job +argument is omitted, use the current job. +.It Ic jobs Oo Fl lps Oc Op Ar job ... +Print information about the specified jobs, or all jobs if no +.Ar job +argument is given. +The information printed includes job ID, status and command name. +.Pp +If the +.Fl l +option is specified, the PID of each job is also printed. +If the +.Fl p +option is specified, only the process IDs for the process group leaders +are printed, one per line. +If the +.Fl s +option is specified, only the PIDs of the job commands are printed, one per +line. +.It Ic kill +A built-in equivalent of +.Xr kill 1 +that additionally supports sending signals to jobs. +.It Ic local Oo Ar variable ... Oc Op Fl +See the +.Sx Functions +subsection. +.It Ic printf +A built-in equivalent of +.Xr printf 1 . +.It Ic pwd Op Fl L | P +Print the path of the current directory. +The built-in command may +differ from the program of the same name because the +built-in command remembers what the current directory +is rather than recomputing it each time. +This makes +it faster. +However, if the current directory is +renamed, +the built-in version of +.Xr pwd 1 +will continue to print the old name for the directory. +.Pp +If the +.Fl P +option is specified, symbolic links are resolved. +If the +.Fl L +option is specified, the shell's notion of the current directory +is printed (symbolic links are not resolved). +This is the default. +.It Ic read Oo Fl p Ar prompt Oc Oo +.Fl t Ar timeout Oc Oo Fl er Oc Ar variable ... +The +.Ar prompt +is printed if the +.Fl p +option is specified +and the standard input is a terminal. +Then a line is +read from the standard input. +The trailing newline +is deleted from the line and the line is split as +described in the section on +.Sx White Space Splitting (Field Splitting)\& +above, and +the pieces are assigned to the variables in order. +If there are more pieces than variables, the remaining +pieces (along with the characters in +.Va IFS +that separated them) +are assigned to the last variable. +If there are more variables than pieces, the remaining +variables are assigned the null string. +.Pp +Backslashes are treated specially, unless the +.Fl r +option is +specified. +If a backslash is followed by +a newline, the backslash and the newline will be +deleted. +If a backslash is followed by any other +character, the backslash will be deleted and the following +character will be treated as though it were not in +.Va IFS , +even if it is. +.Pp +If the +.Fl t +option is specified and the +.Ar timeout +elapses before a complete line of input is supplied, +the +.Ic read +command will return an exit status as if terminated by +.Dv SIGALRM +without assigning any values. +The +.Ar timeout +value may optionally be followed by one of +.Ql s , +.Ql m +or +.Ql h +to explicitly specify seconds, minutes or hours. +If none is supplied, +.Ql s +is assumed. +.Pp +The +.Fl e +option exists only for backward compatibility with older scripts. +.Pp +The exit status is 0 on success, 1 on end of file, +between 2 and 128 if an error occurs +and greater than 128 if a trapped signal interrupts +.Ic read . +.It Ic readonly Oo Fl p Oc Op Ar name ... +Each specified +.Ar name +is marked as read only, +so that it cannot be subsequently modified or unset. +The shell allows the value of a variable to be set +at the same time as it is marked read only +by using the following form: +.Pp +.D1 Ic readonly Ar name Ns = Ns Ar value +.Pp +With no arguments the +.Ic readonly +command lists the names of all read only variables. +If the +.Fl p +option is specified, the read-only variables are printed as +.Dq Ic readonly Ar name Ns = Ns Ar value +lines, suitable for re-input to the shell. +.It Ic return Op Ar exitstatus +See the +.Sx Functions +subsection. +.It Ic set Oo Fl /+abCEefIimnpTuVvx Oc Oo Fl /+o Ar longname Oc Oo +.Fl c Ar string Oc Op Fl - Ar arg ... +The +.Ic set +command performs three different functions: +.Bl -item +.It +With no arguments, it lists the values of all shell variables. +.It +If options are given, +either in short form or using the long +.Dq Fl /+o Ar longname +form, +it sets or clears the specified options as described in the section called +.Sx Argument List Processing . +.It +If the +.Dq Fl - +option is specified, +.Ic set +will replace the shell's positional parameters with the subsequent +arguments. +If no arguments follow the +.Dq Fl - +option, +all the positional parameters will be cleared, +which is equivalent to executing the command +.Dq Li "shift $#" . +The +.Dq Fl - +flag may be omitted when specifying arguments to be used +as positional replacement parameters. +This is not recommended, +because the first argument may begin with a dash +.Pq Ql - +or a plus +.Pq Ql + , +which the +.Ic set +command will interpret as a request to enable or disable options. +.El +.It Ic setvar Ar variable value +Assigns the specified +.Ar value +to the specified +.Ar variable . +The +.Ic setvar +command is intended to be used in functions that +assign values to variables whose names are passed as parameters. +In general it is better to write +.Dq Ar variable Ns = Ns Ar value +rather than using +.Ic setvar . +.It Ic shift Op Ar n +Shift the positional parameters +.Ar n +times, or once if +.Ar n +is not specified. +A shift sets the value of +.Li $1 +to the value of +.Li $2 , +the value of +.Li $2 +to the value of +.Li $3 , +and so on, +decreasing the value of +.Li $# +by one. +For portability, shifting if there are zero positional parameters +should be avoided, since the shell may abort. +.It Ic test +A built-in equivalent of +.Xr test 1 . +.It Ic times +Print the amount of time spent executing the shell process and its children. +The first output line shows the user and system times for the shell process +itself, the second one contains the user and system times for the +children. +.It Ic trap Oo Ar action Oc Ar signal ... +.It Ic trap Fl l +Cause the shell to parse and execute +.Ar action +when any specified +.Ar signal +is received. +The signals are specified by name or number. +In addition, the pseudo-signal +.Cm EXIT +may be used to specify an +.Ar action +that is performed when the shell terminates. +The +.Ar action +may be an empty string or a dash +.Pq Ql - ; +the former causes the specified signal to be ignored +and the latter causes the default action to be taken. +Omitting the +.Ar action +and using only signal numbers is another way to request the default action. +In a subshell or utility environment, +the shell resets trapped (but not ignored) signals to the default action. +The +.Ic trap +command has no effect on signals that were ignored on entry to the shell. +.Pp +Option +.Fl l +causes the +.Ic trap +command to display a list of valid signal names. +.It Ic true +A null command that returns a 0 (true) exit value. +.It Ic type Op Ar name ... +Interpret each +.Ar name +as a command and print the resolution of the command search. +Possible resolutions are: +shell keyword, alias, special shell builtin, shell builtin, command, +tracked alias +and not found. +For aliases the alias expansion is printed; +for commands and tracked aliases +the complete pathname of the command is printed. +.It Ic ulimit Oo Fl HSabcdfklmnopstuvw Oc Op Ar limit +Set or display resource limits (see +.Xr getrlimit 2 ) . +If +.Ar limit +is specified, the named resource will be set; +otherwise the current resource value will be displayed. +.Pp +If +.Fl H +is specified, the hard limits will be set or displayed. +While everybody is allowed to reduce a hard limit, +only the superuser can increase it. +The +.Fl S +option +specifies the soft limits instead. +When displaying limits, +only one of +.Fl S +or +.Fl H +can be given. +The default is to display the soft limits, +and to set both the hard and the soft limits. +.Pp +Option +.Fl a +causes the +.Ic ulimit +command to display all resources. +The parameter +.Ar limit +is not acceptable in this mode. +.Pp +The remaining options specify which resource value is to be +displayed or modified. +They are mutually exclusive. +.Bl -tag -width indent +.It Fl b Ar sbsize +The maximum size of socket buffer usage, in bytes. +.It Fl c Ar coredumpsize +The maximal size of core dump files, in 512-byte blocks. +Setting +.Ar coredumpsize +to 0 prevents core dump files from being created. +.It Fl d Ar datasize +The maximal size of the data segment of a process, in kilobytes. +.It Fl f Ar filesize +The maximal size of a file, in 512-byte blocks. +.It Fl k Ar kqueues +The maximal number of kqueues +(see +.Xr kqueue 2 ) +for this user ID. +.It Fl l Ar lockedmem +The maximal size of memory that can be locked by a process, in +kilobytes. +.It Fl m Ar memoryuse +The maximal resident set size of a process, in kilobytes. +.It Fl n Ar nofiles +The maximal number of descriptors that could be opened by a process. +.It Fl o Ar umtxp +The maximal number of process-shared locks +(see +.Xr pthread 3 ) +for this user ID. +.It Fl p Ar pseudoterminals +The maximal number of pseudo-terminals for this user ID. +.It Fl s Ar stacksize +The maximal size of the stack segment, in kilobytes. +.It Fl t Ar time +The maximal amount of CPU time to be used by each process, in seconds. +.It Fl u Ar userproc +The maximal number of simultaneous processes for this user ID. +.It Fl v Ar virtualmem +The maximal virtual size of a process, in kilobytes. +.It Fl w Ar swapuse +The maximum amount of swap space reserved or used for this user ID, +in kilobytes. +.El +.It Ic umask Oo Fl S Oc Op Ar mask +Set the file creation mask (see +.Xr umask 2 ) +to the octal or symbolic (see +.Xr chmod 1 ) +value specified by +.Ar mask . +If the argument is omitted, the current mask value is printed. +If the +.Fl S +option is specified, the output is symbolic, otherwise the output is octal. +.It Ic unalias Oo Fl a Oc Op Ar name ... +The specified alias names are removed. +If +.Fl a +is specified, all aliases are removed. +.It Ic unset Oo Fl fv Oc Ar name ... +The specified variables or functions are unset and unexported. +If the +.Fl v +option is specified or no options are given, the +.Ar name +arguments are treated as variable names. +If the +.Fl f +option is specified, the +.Ar name +arguments are treated as function names. +.It Ic wait Op Ar job ... +Wait for each specified +.Ar job +to complete and return the exit status of the last process in the +last specified +.Ar job . +If any +.Ar job +specified is unknown to the shell, it is treated as if it +were a known job that exited with exit status 127. +If no operands are given, wait for all jobs to complete +and return an exit status of zero. +.El +.Ss Command Line Editing +When +.Nm +is being used interactively from a terminal, the current command +and the command history +(see +.Ic fc +in +.Sx Built-in Commands ) +can be edited using +.Nm vi Ns -mode +command line editing. +This mode uses commands similar +to a subset of those described in the +.Xr vi 1 +man page. +The command +.Dq Li "set -o vi" +(or +.Dq Li "set -V" ) +enables +.Nm vi Ns -mode +editing and places +.Nm +into +.Nm vi +insert mode. +With +.Nm vi Ns -mode +enabled, +.Nm +can be switched between insert mode and command mode by typing +.Aq ESC . +Hitting +.Aq return +while in command mode will pass the line to the shell. +.Pp +Similarly, the +.Dq Li "set -o emacs" +(or +.Dq Li "set -E" ) +command can be used to enable a subset of +.Nm emacs Ns -style +command line editing features. +.Sh ENVIRONMENT +The following environment variables affect the execution of +.Nm : +.Bl -tag -width ".Ev LANGXXXXXX" +.It Ev ENV +Initialization file for interactive shells. +.It Ev LANG , Ev LC_* +Locale settings. +These are inherited by children of the shell, +and is used in a limited manner by the shell itself. +.It Ev OLDPWD +The previous current directory. +This is used and updated by +.Ic cd . +.It Ev PWD +An absolute pathname for the current directory, +possibly containing symbolic links. +This is used and updated by the shell. +.It Ev TERM +The default terminal setting for the shell. +This is inherited by children of the shell, and is used in the history +editing modes. +.El +.Pp +Additionally, environment variables are turned into shell variables +at startup, +which may affect the shell as described under +.Sx Special Variables . +.Sh FILES +.Bl -tag -width "/etc/suid_profileXX" -compact +.It Pa ~/.profile +User's login profile. +.It Pa /etc/profile +System login profile. +.It Pa /etc/shells +Shell database. +.It Pa /etc/suid_profile +Privileged shell profile. +.El +.Sh EXIT STATUS +Errors that are detected by the shell, such as a syntax error, will +cause the shell to exit with a non-zero exit status. +If the shell is not an interactive shell, the execution of the shell +file will be aborted. +Otherwise the shell will return the exit status of the last command +executed, or if the +.Ic exit +builtin is used with a numeric argument, it +will return the argument. +.Sh SEE ALSO +.Xr 1sh-kill 1 , +.Xr 1sh-printf 1 , +.Xr 1sh-test 1 , +.Xr builtin 1 , +.Xr chsh 1 , +.Xr echo 1 , +.Xr ed 1 , +.Xr emacs 1 , +.Xr pwd 1 , +.Xr vi 1 , +.Xr execve 2 , +.Xr getrlimit 2 , +.Xr umask 2 , +.Xr wctype 3 , +.Xr editrc 5 , +.Xr shells 5 +.Sh HISTORY +A +.Nm sh +command, the Thompson shell, appeared in +.At v1 . +It was superseded in +.At v7 +by the Bourne shell, which inherited the name +.Nm sh . +.Pp +This version of +.Nm sh +was rewritten in 1989 under the +.Bx +license after the Bourne shell from +.At V.4 . +The +.Nm +command is based on sources from +.Fx 12.1 . +.Sh AUTHORS +This version of +.Nm +was originally written by +.An Kenneth Almquist . +.Sh BUGS +The +.Nm +utility does not recognize multibyte characters other than UTF-8. +Splitting using +.Va IFS +does not recognize multibyte characters. diff --git a/bin/1sh/kill.1 b/bin/1sh/kill.1 deleted file mode 100644 index 262cb335..00000000 --- a/bin/1sh/kill.1 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,157 +0,0 @@ -.\"- -.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1990, 1993 -.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. -.\" -.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by -.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. -.\" -.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without -.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions -.\" are met: -.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright -.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. -.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright -.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the -.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. -.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors -.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software -.\" without specific prior written permission. -.\" -.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND -.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE -.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE -.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE -.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL -.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS -.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) -.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT -.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY -.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF -.\" SUCH DAMAGE. -.\" -.\" @(#)kill.1 8.2 (Berkeley) 4/28/95 -.\" $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/kill/kill.1 314436 2017-02-28 23:42:47Z imp $ -.\" -.Dd October 3, 2016 -.Dt KILL 1 -.Os -.Sh NAME -.Nm kill -.Nd terminate or signal a process -.Sh SYNOPSIS -.Nm -.Op Fl s Ar signal_name -.Ar pid ... -.Nm -.Fl l -.Op Ar exit_status -.Nm -.Fl Ar signal_name -.Ar pid ... -.Nm -.Fl Ar signal_number -.Ar pid ... -.Sh DESCRIPTION -The -.Nm -utility sends a signal to the processes specified by the -.Ar pid -operands. -.Pp -Only the super-user may send signals to other users' processes. -.Pp -The options are as follows: -.Bl -tag -width indent -.It Fl s Ar signal_name -A symbolic signal name specifying the signal to be sent instead of the -default -.Dv TERM . -.It Fl l Op Ar exit_status -If no operand is given, list the signal names; otherwise, write -the signal name corresponding to -.Ar exit_status . -.It Fl Ar signal_name -A symbolic signal name specifying the signal to be sent instead of the -default -.Dv TERM . -.It Fl Ar signal_number -A non-negative decimal integer, specifying the signal to be sent instead -of the default -.Dv TERM . -.El -.Pp -The following PIDs have special meanings: -.Bl -tag -width indent -.It -1 -If superuser, broadcast the signal to all processes; otherwise broadcast -to all processes belonging to the user. -.El -.Pp -Some of the more commonly used signals: -.Pp -.Bl -tag -width indent -compact -.It 1 -HUP (hang up) -.It 2 -INT (interrupt) -.It 3 -QUIT (quit) -.It 6 -ABRT (abort) -.It 9 -KILL (non-catchable, non-ignorable kill) -.It 14 -ALRM (alarm clock) -.It 15 -TERM (software termination signal) -.El -.Pp -Some shells may provide a builtin -.Nm -command which is similar or identical to this utility. -Consult the -.Xr builtin 1 -manual page. -.Sh EXIT STATUS -.Ex -std -.Sh EXAMPLES -Terminate -the processes with PIDs 142 and 157: -.Pp -.Dl "kill 142 157" -.Pp -Send the hangup signal -.Pq Dv SIGHUP -to the process with PID 507: -.Pp -.Dl "kill -s HUP 507" -.Pp -Terminate the process group with PGID 117: -.Pp -.Dl "kill -- -117" -.Sh SEE ALSO -.Xr builtin 1 , -.Xr csh 1 , -.Xr killall 1 , -.Xr ps 1 , -.Xr sh 1 , -.Xr kill 2 , -.Xr sigaction 2 -.Sh STANDARDS -The -.Nm -utility is expected to be -.St -p1003.2 -compatible. -.Sh HISTORY -A -.Nm -command appeared in -.At v3 -in section 8 of the manual. -.Sh BUGS -A replacement for the command -.Dq Li kill 0 -for -.Xr csh 1 -users should be provided. diff --git a/bin/1sh/printf.1 b/bin/1sh/printf.1 deleted file mode 100644 index 09a08fde..00000000 --- a/bin/1sh/printf.1 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,385 +0,0 @@ -.\" Copyright (c) 1989, 1990, 1993 -.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. -.\" -.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by -.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. -.\" -.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without -.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions -.\" are met: -.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright -.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. -.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright -.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the -.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. -.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors -.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software -.\" without specific prior written permission. -.\" -.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND -.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE -.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE -.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE -.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL -.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS -.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) -.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT -.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY -.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF -.\" SUCH DAMAGE. -.\" -.\" @(#)printf.1 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93 -.\" $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/usr.bin/printf/printf.1 350613 2019-08-05 20:19:38Z jilles $ -.\" -.Dd July 29, 2019 -.Dt PRINTF 1 -.Os -.Sh NAME -.Nm printf -.Nd formatted output -.Sh SYNOPSIS -.Nm -.Ar format Op Ar arguments ... -.Sh DESCRIPTION -The -.Nm -utility formats and prints its arguments, after the first, under control -of the -.Ar format . -The -.Ar format -is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain characters, -which are simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences which -are converted and copied to the standard output, and format specifications, -each of which causes printing of the next successive -.Ar argument . -.Pp -The -.Ar arguments -after the first are treated as strings if the corresponding format is -either -.Cm c , b -or -.Cm s ; -otherwise it is evaluated as a C constant, with the following extensions: -.Pp -.Bl -bullet -offset indent -compact -.It -A leading plus or minus sign is allowed. -.It -If the leading character is a single or double quote, the value is the -character code of the next character. -.El -.Pp -The format string is reused as often as necessary to satisfy the -.Ar arguments . -Any extra format specifications are evaluated with zero or the null -string. -.Pp -Character escape sequences are in backslash notation as defined in the -.St -ansiC , -with extensions. -The characters and their meanings -are as follows: -.Pp -.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact -.It Cm \ea -Write a character. -.It Cm \eb -Write a character. -.It Cm \ef -Write a character. -.It Cm \en -Write a character. -.It Cm \er -Write a character. -.It Cm \et -Write a character. -.It Cm \ev -Write a character. -.It Cm \e\' -Write a character. -.It Cm \e\e -Write a backslash character. -.It Cm \e Ns Ar num -Write a byte whose -value is the 1-, 2-, or 3-digit -octal number -.Ar num . -Multibyte characters can be constructed using multiple -.Cm \e Ns Ar num -sequences. -.El -.Pp -Each format specification is introduced by the percent character -(``%''). -The remainder of the format specification includes, -in the following order: -.Bl -tag -width Ds -.It "Zero or more of the following flags:" -.Bl -tag -width Ds -.It Cm # -A `#' character -specifying that the value should be printed in an ``alternate form''. -For -.Cm b , c , d , s -and -.Cm u -formats, this option has no effect. -For the -.Cm o -formats the precision of the number is increased to force the first -character of the output string to a zero. -For the -.Cm x -.Pq Cm X -format, a non-zero result has the string -.Li 0x -.Pq Li 0X -prepended to it. -For -.Cm a , A , e , E , f , F , g -and -.Cm G -formats, the result will always contain a decimal point, even if no -digits follow the point (normally, a decimal point only appears in the -results of those formats if a digit follows the decimal point). -For -.Cm g -and -.Cm G -formats, trailing zeros are not removed from the result as they -would otherwise be; -.It Cm \&\- -A minus sign `\-' which specifies -.Em left adjustment -of the output in the indicated field; -.It Cm \&+ -A `+' character specifying that there should always be -a sign placed before the number when using signed formats. -.It Sq \&\ \& -A space specifying that a blank should be left before a positive number -for a signed format. -A `+' overrides a space if both are used; -.It Cm \&0 -A zero `0' character indicating that zero-padding should be used -rather than blank-padding. -A `\-' overrides a `0' if both are used; -.El -.It "Field Width:" -An optional digit string specifying a -.Em field width ; -if the output string has fewer bytes than the field width it will -be blank-padded on the left (or right, if the left-adjustment indicator -has been given) to make up the field width (note that a leading zero -is a flag, but an embedded zero is part of a field width); -.It Precision: -An optional period, -.Sq Cm \&.\& , -followed by an optional digit string giving a -.Em precision -which specifies the number of digits to appear after the decimal point, -for -.Cm e -and -.Cm f -formats, or the maximum number of bytes to be printed -from a string; if the digit string is missing, the precision is treated -as zero; -.It Format: -A character which indicates the type of format to use (one of -.Cm diouxXfFeEgGaAcsb ) . -The uppercase formats differ from their lowercase counterparts only in -that the output of the former is entirely in uppercase. -The floating-point format specifiers -.Pq Cm fFeEgGaA -may be prefixed by an -.Cm L -to request that additional precision be used, if available. -.El -.Pp -A field width or precision may be -.Sq Cm \&* -instead of a digit string. -In this case an -.Ar argument -supplies the field width or precision. -.Pp -The format characters and their meanings are: -.Bl -tag -width Fl -.It Cm diouXx -The -.Ar argument -is printed as a signed decimal (d or i), unsigned octal, unsigned decimal, -or unsigned hexadecimal (X or x), respectively. -.It Cm fF -The -.Ar argument -is printed in the style `[\-]ddd.ddd' where the number of d's -after the decimal point is equal to the precision specification for -the argument. -If the precision is missing, 6 digits are given; if the precision -is explicitly 0, no digits and no decimal point are printed. -The values \*[If] and \*[Na] are printed as -.Ql inf -and -.Ql nan , -respectively. -.It Cm eE -The -.Ar argument -is printed in the style -.Cm e -.Sm off -.Sq Op - Ar d.ddd No \(+- Ar dd -.Sm on -where there -is one digit before the decimal point and the number after is equal to -the precision specification for the argument; when the precision is -missing, 6 digits are produced. -The values \*[If] and \*[Na] are printed as -.Ql inf -and -.Ql nan , -respectively. -.It Cm gG -The -.Ar argument -is printed in style -.Cm f -.Pq Cm F -or in style -.Cm e -.Pq Cm E -whichever gives full precision in minimum space. -.It Cm aA -The -.Ar argument -is printed in style -.Sm off -.Sq Op - Ar h.hhh No \(+- Li p Ar d -.Sm on -where there is one digit before the hexadecimal point and the number -after is equal to the precision specification for the argument; -when the precision is missing, enough digits are produced to convey -the argument's exact double-precision floating-point representation. -The values \*[If] and \*[Na] are printed as -.Ql inf -and -.Ql nan , -respectively. -.It Cm c -The first byte of -.Ar argument -is printed. -.It Cm s -Bytes from the string -.Ar argument -are printed until the end is reached or until the number of bytes -indicated by the precision specification is reached; however if the -precision is 0 or missing, the string is printed entirely. -.It Cm b -As for -.Cm s , -but interpret character escapes in backslash notation in the string -.Ar argument . -The permitted escape sequences are slightly different in that -octal escapes are -.Cm \e0 Ns Ar num -instead of -.Cm \e Ns Ar num -and that an additional escape sequence -.Cm \ec -stops further output from this -.Nm -invocation. -.It Cm n$ -Allows reordering of the output according to -.Ar argument . -.It Cm \&% -Print a `%'; no argument is used. -.El -.Pp -The decimal point -character is defined in the program's locale (category -.Dv LC_NUMERIC ) . -.Pp -In no case does a non-existent or small field width cause truncation of -a field; padding takes place only if the specified field width exceeds -the actual width. -.Pp -Some shells may provide a builtin -.Nm -command which is similar or identical to this utility. -Consult the -.Xr builtin 1 -manual page. -.Sh EXIT STATUS -.Ex -std -.Sh COMPATIBILITY -The traditional -.Bx -behavior of converting arguments of numeric formats not beginning -with a digit to the -.Tn ASCII -code of the first character is not supported. -.Sh SEE ALSO -.Xr builtin 1 , -.Xr echo 1 , -.Xr sh 1 , -.Xr printf 3 -.Sh STANDARDS -The -.Nm -command is expected to be compatible with the -.St -p1003.2 -specification. -.Sh HISTORY -The -.Nm -command appeared in -.Bx 4.3 Reno . -It is modeled -after the standard library function, -.Xr printf 3 . -.Sh CAVEATS -.Tn ANSI -hexadecimal character constants were deliberately not provided. -.Pp -Trying to print a dash ("-") as the first character causes -.Nm -to interpret the dash as a program argument. -.Nm -- -must be used before -.Ar format . -.Pp -If the locale contains multibyte characters -(such as UTF-8), -the -.Cm c -format and -.Cm b -and -.Cm s -formats with a precision -may not operate as expected. -.Sh BUGS -Since the floating point numbers are translated from -.Tn ASCII -to floating-point and -then back again, floating-point precision may be lost. -(By default, the number is translated to an IEEE-754 double-precision -value before being printed. -The -.Cm L -modifier may produce additional precision, depending on the hardware platform.) -.Pp -The escape sequence \e000 is the string terminator. -When present in the argument for the -.Cm b -format, the argument will be truncated at the \e000 character. -.Pp -Multibyte characters are not recognized in format strings (this is only -a problem if -.Ql % -can appear inside a multibyte character). diff --git a/bin/1sh/sh.1 b/bin/1sh/sh.1 deleted file mode 100644 index e8c056c6..00000000 --- a/bin/1sh/sh.1 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2890 +0,0 @@ -.\"- -.\" Copyright (c) 1991, 1993 -.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. -.\" -.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by -.\" Kenneth Almquist. -.\" -.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without -.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions -.\" are met: -.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright -.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. -.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright -.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the -.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. -.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors -.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software -.\" without specific prior written permission. -.\" -.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND -.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE -.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE -.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE -.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL -.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS -.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) -.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT -.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY -.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF -.\" SUCH DAMAGE. -.\" -.\" from: @(#)sh.1 8.6 (Berkeley) 5/4/95 -.\" $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/sh.1 345487 2019-03-24 22:10:26Z jilles $ -.\" -.Dd February 24, 2019 -.Dt SH 1 -.Os -.Sh NAME -.Nm sh -.Nd command interpreter (shell) -.Sh SYNOPSIS -.Nm -.Op Fl /+abCEefhIimnPpTuVvx -.Op Fl /+o Ar longname -.Oo -.Ar script -.Op Ar arg ... -.Oc -.Nm -.Op Fl /+abCEefhIimnPpTuVvx -.Op Fl /+o Ar longname -.Fl c Ar string -.Oo -.Ar name -.Op Ar arg ... -.Oc -.Nm -.Op Fl /+abCEefhIimnPpTuVvx -.Op Fl /+o Ar longname -.Fl s -.Op Ar arg ... -.Sh DESCRIPTION -The -.Nm -utility is the standard command interpreter for the system. -The current version of -.Nm -is close to the -.St -p1003.1 -specification for the shell. -It only supports features -designated by POSIX, -plus a few Berkeley extensions. -This man page is not intended to be a tutorial nor a complete -specification of the shell. -.Ss Overview -The shell is a command that reads lines from -either a file or the terminal, interprets them, and -generally executes other commands. -It is the program that is started when a user logs into the system, -although a user can select a different shell with the -.Xr chsh 1 -command. -The shell -implements a language that has flow control constructs, -a macro facility that provides a variety of features in -addition to data storage, along with built-in history and line -editing capabilities. -It incorporates many features to -aid interactive use and has the advantage that the interpretative -language is common to both interactive and non-interactive -use (shell scripts). -That is, commands can be typed directly -to the running shell or can be put into a file, -which can be executed directly by the shell. -.Ss Invocation -.\" -.\" XXX This next sentence is incredibly confusing. -.\" -If no arguments are present and if the standard input of the shell -is connected to a terminal -(or if the -.Fl i -option is set), -the shell is considered an interactive shell. -An interactive shell -generally prompts before each command and handles programming -and command errors differently (as described below). -When first starting, the shell inspects argument 0, and -if it begins with a dash -.Pq Ql - , -the shell is also considered a login shell. -This is normally done automatically by the system -when the user first logs in. -A login shell first reads commands -from the files -.Pa /etc/profile -and then -.Pa .profile -in a user's home directory, -if they exist. -If the environment variable -.Ev ENV -is set on entry to a shell, or is set in the -.Pa .profile -of a login shell, the shell then subjects its value to parameter expansion -and arithmetic expansion and reads commands from the named file. -Therefore, a user should place commands that are to be executed only -at login time in the -.Pa .profile -file, and commands that are executed for every shell inside the -.Ev ENV -file. -The user can set the -.Ev ENV -variable to some file by placing the following line in the file -.Pa .profile -in the home directory, -substituting for -.Pa .shrc -the filename desired: -.Pp -.Dl "ENV=$HOME/.shrc; export ENV" -.Pp -The first non-option argument specified on the command line -will be treated as the -name of a file from which to read commands (a shell script), and -the remaining arguments are set as the positional parameters -of the shell -.Li ( $1 , $2 , -etc.). -Otherwise, the shell reads commands -from its standard input. -.Pp -Unlike older versions of -.Nm -the -.Ev ENV -script is only sourced on invocation of interactive shells. -This -closes a well-known, and sometimes easily exploitable security -hole related to poorly thought out -.Ev ENV -scripts. -.Ss Argument List Processing -All of the single letter options to -.Nm -have a corresponding long name, -with the exception of -.Fl c -and -.Fl /+o . -These long names are provided next to the single letter options -in the descriptions below. -The long name for an option may be specified as an argument to the -.Fl /+o -option of -.Nm . -Once the shell is running, -the long name for an option may be specified as an argument to the -.Fl /+o -option of the -.Ic set -built-in command -(described later in the section called -.Sx Built-in Commands ) . -Introducing an option with a dash -.Pq Ql - -enables the option, -while using a plus -.Pq Ql + -disables the option. -A -.Dq Li -- -or plain -.Ql - -will stop option processing and will force the remaining -words on the command line to be treated as arguments. -The -.Fl /+o -and -.Fl c -options do not have long names. -They take arguments and are described after the single letter options. -.Bl -tag -width indent -.It Fl a Li allexport -Flag variables for export when assignments are made to them. -.It Fl b Li notify -Enable asynchronous notification of background job -completion. -(UNIMPLEMENTED) -.It Fl C Li noclobber -Do not overwrite existing files with -.Ql > . -.It Fl E Li emacs -Enable the built-in -.Xr emacs 1 -command line editor (disables the -.Fl V -option if it has been set; -set automatically when interactive on terminals). -.It Fl e Li errexit -Exit immediately if any untested command fails in non-interactive mode. -The exit status of a command is considered to be -explicitly tested if the command is part of the list used to control -an -.Ic if , elif , while , -or -.Ic until ; -if the command is the left -hand operand of an -.Dq Li && -or -.Dq Li || -operator; or if the command is a pipeline preceded by the -.Ic !\& -keyword. -If a shell function is executed and its exit status is explicitly -tested, all commands of the function are considered to be tested as -well. -.Pp -It is recommended to check for failures explicitly -instead of relying on -.Fl e -because it tends to behave in unexpected ways, -particularly in larger scripts. -.It Fl f Li noglob -Disable pathname expansion. -.It Fl h Li trackall -A do-nothing option for POSIX compliance. -.It Fl I Li ignoreeof -Ignore -.Dv EOF Ap s -from input when in interactive mode. -.It Fl i Li interactive -Force the shell to behave interactively. -.It Fl m Li monitor -Turn on job control (set automatically when interactive). -A new process group is created for each pipeline (called a job). -It is possible to suspend jobs or to have them run in the foreground or -in the background. -In a non-interactive shell, -this option can be set even if no terminal is available -and is useful to place processes in separate process groups. -.It Fl n Li noexec -If not interactive, read commands but do not -execute them. -This is useful for checking the -syntax of shell scripts. -.It Fl P Li physical -Change the default for the -.Ic cd -and -.Ic pwd -commands from -.Fl L -(logical directory layout) -to -.Fl P -(physical directory layout). -.It Fl p Li privileged -Turn on privileged mode. -This mode is enabled on startup -if either the effective user or group ID is not equal to the -real user or group ID. -Turning this mode off sets the -effective user and group IDs to the real user and group IDs. -When this mode is enabled for interactive shells, the file -.Pa /etc/suid_profile -is sourced instead of -.Pa ~/.profile -after -.Pa /etc/profile -is sourced, and the contents of the -.Ev ENV -variable are ignored. -.It Fl s Li stdin -Read commands from standard input (set automatically -if no file arguments are present). -This option has -no effect when set after the shell has already started -running (i.e., when set with the -.Ic set -command). -.It Fl T Li trapsasync -When waiting for a child, execute traps immediately. -If this option is not set, -traps are executed after the child exits, -as specified in -.St -p1003.2 . -This nonstandard option is useful for putting guarding shells around -children that block signals. -The surrounding shell may kill the child -or it may just return control to the tty and leave the child alone, -like this: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -sh -T -c "trap 'exit 1' 2 ; some-blocking-program" -.Ed -.It Fl u Li nounset -Write a message to standard error when attempting -to expand a variable, a positional parameter or -the special parameter -.Va \&! -that is not set, and if the -shell is not interactive, exit immediately. -.It Fl V Li vi -Enable the built-in -.Xr vi 1 -command line editor (disables -.Fl E -if it has been set). -.It Fl v Li verbose -The shell writes its input to standard error -as it is read. -Useful for debugging. -.It Fl x Li xtrace -Write each command -(preceded by the value of the -.Va PS4 -variable subjected to parameter expansion and arithmetic expansion) -to standard error before it is executed. -Useful for debugging. -.It Li nolog -Another do-nothing option for POSIX compliance. -It only has a long name. -.It Li pipefail -Change the exit status of a pipeline to the last non-zero exit status of -any command in the pipeline, if any. -Since an exit due to -.Dv SIGPIPE -counts as a non-zero exit status, -this option may cause non-zero exit status for successful pipelines -if a command such as -.Xr head 1 -in the pipeline terminates with status 0 without reading its -input completely. -This option only has a long name. -.El -.Pp -The -.Fl c -option causes the commands to be read from the -.Ar string -operand instead of from the standard input. -Keep in mind that this option only accepts a single string as its -argument, hence multi-word strings must be quoted. -.Pp -The -.Fl /+o -option takes as its only argument the long name of an option -to be enabled or disabled. -For example, the following two invocations of -.Nm -both enable the built-in -.Xr emacs 1 -command line editor: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -set -E -set -o emacs -.Ed -.Pp -If used without an argument, the -.Fl o -option displays the current option settings in a human-readable format. -If -.Cm +o -is used without an argument, the current option settings are output -in a format suitable for re-input into the shell. -.Ss Lexical Structure -The shell reads input in terms of lines from a file and breaks -it up into words at whitespace (blanks and tabs), and at -certain sequences of -characters called -.Dq operators , -which are special to the shell. -There are two types of operators: control operators and -redirection operators (their meaning is discussed later). -The following is a list of valid operators: -.Bl -tag -width indent -.It Control operators: -.Bl -column "XXX" "XXX" "XXX" "XXX" "XXX" -offset center -compact -.It Li & Ta Li && Ta Li \&( Ta Li \&) Ta Li \en -.It Li ;; Ta Li ;& Ta Li \&; Ta Li \&| Ta Li || -.El -.It Redirection operators: -.Bl -column "XXX" "XXX" "XXX" "XXX" "XXX" -offset center -compact -.It Li < Ta Li > Ta Li << Ta Li >> Ta Li <> -.It Li <& Ta Li >& Ta Li <<- Ta Li >| Ta \& -.El -.El -.Pp -The character -.Ql # -introduces a comment if used at the beginning of a word. -The word starting with -.Ql # -and the rest of the line are ignored. -.Pp -ASCII -.Dv NUL -characters (character code 0) are not allowed in shell input. -.Ss Quoting -Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters -or words to the shell, such as operators, whitespace, keywords, -or alias names. -.Pp -There are four types of quoting: matched single quotes, -dollar-single quotes, -matched double quotes, and backslash. -.Bl -tag -width indent -.It Single Quotes -Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal -meaning of all the characters (except single quotes, making -it impossible to put single-quotes in a single-quoted string). -.It Dollar-Single Quotes -Enclosing characters between -.Li $' -and -.Li ' -preserves the literal meaning of all characters -except backslashes and single quotes. -A backslash introduces a C-style escape sequence: -.Bl -tag -width xUnnnnnnnn -.It \ea -Alert (ring the terminal bell) -.It \eb -Backspace -.It \ec Ns Ar c -The control character denoted by -.Li ^ Ns Ar c -in -.Xr stty 1 . -If -.Ar c -is a backslash, it must be doubled. -.It \ee -The ESC character (ASCII 0x1b) -.It \ef -Formfeed -.It \en -Newline -.It \er -Carriage return -.It \et -Horizontal tab -.It \ev -Vertical tab -.It \e\e -Literal backslash -.It \e\&' -Literal single-quote -.It \e\&" -Literal double-quote -.It \e Ns Ar nnn -The byte whose octal value is -.Ar nnn -(one to three digits) -.It \ex Ns Ar nn -The byte whose hexadecimal value is -.Ar nn -(one or more digits only the last two of which are used) -.It \eu Ns Ar nnnn -The Unicode code point -.Ar nnnn -(four hexadecimal digits) -.It \eU Ns Ar nnnnnnnn -The Unicode code point -.Ar nnnnnnnn -(eight hexadecimal digits) -.El -.Pp -The sequences for Unicode code points are currently only useful with -UTF-8 locales. -They reject code point 0 and UTF-16 surrogates. -.Pp -If an escape sequence would produce a byte with value 0, -that byte and the rest of the string until the matching single-quote -are ignored. -.Pp -Any other string starting with a backslash is an error. -.It Double Quotes -Enclosing characters within double quotes preserves the literal -meaning of all characters except dollar sign -.Pq Ql $ , -backquote -.Pq Ql ` , -and backslash -.Pq Ql \e . -The backslash inside double quotes is historically weird. -It remains literal unless it precedes the following characters, -which it serves to quote: -.Pp -.Bl -column "XXX" "XXX" "XXX" "XXX" "XXX" -offset center -compact -.It Li $ Ta Li ` Ta Li \&" Ta Li \e Ta Li \en -.El -.It Backslash -A backslash preserves the literal meaning of the following -character, with the exception of the newline character -.Pq Ql \en . -A backslash preceding a newline is treated as a line continuation. -.El -.Ss Keywords -Keywords or reserved words are words that have special meaning to the -shell and are recognized at the beginning of a line and -after a control operator. -The following are keywords: -.Bl -column "doneXX" "elifXX" "elseXX" "untilXX" "whileX" -offset center -.It Li \&! Ta { Ta } Ta Ic case Ta Ic do -.It Ic done Ta Ic elif Ta Ic else Ta Ic esac Ta Ic fi -.It Ic for Ta Ic if Ta Ic then Ta Ic until Ta Ic while -.El -.Ss Aliases -An alias is a name and corresponding value set using the -.Ic alias -built-in command. -Wherever the command word of a simple command may occur, -and after checking for keywords if a keyword may occur, the shell -checks the word to see if it matches an alias. -If it does, it replaces it in the input stream with its value. -For example, if there is an alias called -.Dq Li lf -with the value -.Dq Li "ls -F" , -then the input -.Pp -.Dl "lf foobar" -.Pp -would become -.Pp -.Dl "ls -F foobar" -.Pp -Aliases are also recognized after an alias -whose value ends with a space or tab. -For example, if there is also an alias called -.Dq Li nohup -with the value -.Dq Li "nohup " , -then the input -.Pp -.Dl "nohup lf foobar" -.Pp -would become -.Pp -.Dl "nohup ls -F foobar" -.Pp -Aliases provide a convenient way for naive users to -create shorthands for commands without having to learn how -to create functions with arguments. -Using aliases in scripts is discouraged -because the command that defines them must be executed -before the code that uses them is parsed. -This is fragile and not portable. -.Pp -An alias name may be escaped in a command line, so that it is not -replaced by its alias value, by using quoting characters within or -adjacent to the alias name. -This is most often done by prefixing -an alias name with a backslash to execute a function, built-in, or -normal program with the same name. -See the -.Sx Quoting -subsection. -.Ss Commands -The shell interprets the words it reads according to a -language, the specification of which is outside the scope -of this man page (refer to the BNF in the -.St -p1003.2 -document). -Essentially though, a line is read and if -the first word of the line (or after a control operator) -is not a keyword, then the shell has recognized a -simple command. -Otherwise, a complex command or some -other special construct may have been recognized. -.Ss Simple Commands -If a simple command has been recognized, the shell performs -the following actions: -.Bl -enum -.It -Leading words of the form -.Dq Li name=value -are stripped off and assigned to the environment of -the simple command -(they do not affect expansions). -Redirection operators and -their arguments (as described below) are stripped -off and saved for processing. -.It -The remaining words are expanded as described in -the section called -.Sx Word Expansions , -and the first remaining word is considered the command -name and the command is located. -The remaining -words are considered the arguments of the command. -If no command name resulted, then the -.Dq Li name=value -variable assignments recognized in 1) affect the -current shell. -.It -Redirections are performed as described in -the next section. -.El -.Ss Redirections -Redirections are used to change where a command reads its input -or sends its output. -In general, redirections open, close, or -duplicate an existing reference to a file. -The overall format -used for redirection is: -.Pp -.D1 Oo Ar n Oc Ar redir-op file -.Pp -The -.Ar redir-op -is one of the redirection operators mentioned -previously. -The following gives some examples of how these -operators can be used. -Note that stdin and stdout are commonly used abbreviations -for standard input and standard output respectively. -.Bl -tag -width "1234567890XX" -offset indent -.It Oo Ar n Oc Ns Li > Ar file -redirect stdout (or file descriptor -.Ar n ) -to -.Ar file -.It Oo Ar n Oc Ns Li >| Ar file -same as above, but override the -.Fl C -option -.It Oo Ar n Oc Ns Li >> Ar file -append stdout (or file descriptor -.Ar n ) -to -.Ar file -.It Oo Ar n Oc Ns Li < Ar file -redirect stdin (or file descriptor -.Ar n ) -from -.Ar file -.It Oo Ar n Oc Ns Li <> Ar file -redirect stdin (or file descriptor -.Ar n ) -to and from -.Ar file -.It Oo Ar n1 Oc Ns Li <& Ns Ar n2 -duplicate stdin (or file descriptor -.Ar n1 ) -from file descriptor -.Ar n2 -.It Oo Ar n Oc Ns Li <&- -close stdin (or file descriptor -.Ar n ) -.It Oo Ar n1 Oc Ns Li >& Ns Ar n2 -duplicate stdout (or file descriptor -.Ar n1 ) -to file descriptor -.Ar n2 -.It Oo Ar n Oc Ns Li >&- -close stdout (or file descriptor -.Ar n ) -.El -.Pp -The following redirection is often called a -.Dq here-document . -.Bd -unfilled -offset indent -.Oo Ar n Oc Ns Li << Ar delimiter -.Ar here-doc-text -.Ar ... -.Ar delimiter -.Ed -.Pp -All the text on successive lines up to the delimiter is -saved away and made available to the command on standard -input, or file descriptor -.Ar n -if it is specified. -If the -.Ar delimiter -as specified on the initial line is quoted, then the -.Ar here-doc-text -is treated literally, otherwise the text is subjected to -parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic -expansion (as described in the section on -.Sx Word Expansions ) . -If the operator is -.Dq Li <<- -instead of -.Dq Li << , -then leading tabs -in the -.Ar here-doc-text -are stripped. -.Ss Search and Execution -There are three types of commands: shell functions, -built-in commands, and normal programs. -The command is searched for (by name) in that order. -The three types of commands are all executed in a different way. -.Pp -When a shell function is executed, all of the shell positional -parameters (except -.Li $0 , -which remains unchanged) are -set to the arguments of the shell function. -The variables which are explicitly placed in the environment of -the command (by placing assignments to them before the -function name) are made local to the function and are set -to the values given. -Then the command given in the function definition is executed. -The positional parameters are restored to their original values -when the command completes. -This all occurs within the current shell. -.Pp -Shell built-in commands are executed internally to the shell, without -spawning a new process. -There are two kinds of built-in commands: regular and special. -Assignments before special builtins persist after they finish -executing and assignment errors, redirection errors and certain -operand errors cause a script to be aborted. -Special builtins cannot be overridden with a function. -Both regular and special builtins can affect the shell in ways -normal programs cannot. -.Pp -Otherwise, if the command name does not match a function -or built-in command, the command is searched for as a normal -program in the file system (as described in the next section). -When a normal program is executed, the shell runs the program, -passing the arguments and the environment to the program. -If the program is not a normal executable file -(i.e., if it does not begin with the -.Dq "magic number" -whose ASCII representation is -.Dq Li #! , -resulting in an -.Er ENOEXEC -return value from -.Xr execve 2 ) -but appears to be a text file, -the shell will run a new instance of -.Nm -to interpret it. -.Pp -Note that previous versions of this document -and the source code itself misleadingly and sporadically -refer to a shell script without a magic number -as a -.Dq "shell procedure" . -.Ss Path Search -When locating a command, the shell first looks to see if -it has a shell function by that name. -Then it looks for a -built-in command by that name. -If a built-in command is not found, -one of two things happen: -.Bl -enum -.It -Command names containing a slash are simply executed without -performing any searches. -.It -The shell searches each entry in the -.Va PATH -variable -in turn for the command. -The value of the -.Va PATH -variable should be a series of -entries separated by colons. -Each entry consists of a -directory name. -The current directory -may be indicated implicitly by an empty directory name, -or explicitly by a single period. -.El -.Ss Command Exit Status -Each command has an exit status that can influence the behavior -of other shell commands. -The paradigm is that a command exits -with zero for normal or success, and non-zero for failure, -error, or a false indication. -The man page for each command -should indicate the various exit codes and what they mean. -Additionally, the built-in commands return exit codes, as does -an executed shell function. -.Pp -If a command is terminated by a signal, its exit status is greater than 128. -The signal name can be found by passing the exit status to -.Li kill -l . -.Pp -If there is no command word, -the exit status is the exit status of the last command substitution executed, -or zero if the command does not contain any command substitutions. -.Ss Complex Commands -Complex commands are combinations of simple commands -with control operators or keywords, together creating a larger complex -command. -More generally, a command is one of the following: -.Bl -item -offset indent -.It -simple command -.It -pipeline -.It -list or compound-list -.It -compound command -.It -function definition -.El -.Pp -Unless otherwise stated, the exit status of a command is -that of the last simple command executed by the command, -or zero if no simple command was executed. -.Ss Pipelines -A pipeline is a sequence of one or more commands separated -by the control operator -.Ql \&| . -The standard output of all but -the last command is connected to the standard input -of the next command. -The standard output of the last -command is inherited from the shell, as usual. -.Pp -The format for a pipeline is: -.Pp -.D1 Oo Li \&! Oc Ar command1 Op Li \&| Ar command2 ... -.Pp -The standard output of -.Ar command1 -is connected to the standard input of -.Ar command2 . -The standard input, standard output, or -both of a command is considered to be assigned by the -pipeline before any redirection specified by redirection -operators that are part of the command. -.Pp -Note that unlike some other shells, -.Nm -executes each process in a pipeline with more than one command -in a subshell environment and as a child of the -.Nm -process. -.Pp -If the pipeline is not in the background (discussed later), -the shell waits for all commands to complete. -.Pp -If the keyword -.Ic !\& -does not precede the pipeline, the -exit status is the exit status of the last command specified -in the pipeline if the -.Cm pipefail -option is not set or all commands returned zero, -or the last non-zero exit status of any command in the pipeline otherwise. -Otherwise, the exit status is the logical -NOT of that exit status. -That is, if -that status is zero, the exit status is 1; if -that status is greater than zero, the exit status -is zero. -.Pp -Because pipeline assignment of standard input or standard -output or both takes place before redirection, it can be -modified by redirection. -For example: -.Pp -.Dl "command1 2>&1 | command2" -.Pp -sends both the standard output and standard error of -.Ar command1 -to the standard input of -.Ar command2 . -.Pp -A -.Ql \&; -or newline terminator causes the preceding -AND-OR-list -(described below in the section called -.Sx Short-Circuit List Operators ) -to be executed sequentially; -an -.Ql & -causes asynchronous execution of the preceding AND-OR-list. -.Ss Background Commands (&) -If a command is terminated by the control operator ampersand -.Pq Ql & , -the shell executes the command in a subshell environment (see -.Sx Grouping Commands Together -below) and asynchronously; -the shell does not wait for the command to finish -before executing the next command. -.Pp -The format for running a command in background is: -.Pp -.D1 Ar command1 Li & Op Ar command2 Li & Ar ... -.Pp -If the shell is not interactive, the standard input of an -asynchronous command is set to -.Pa /dev/null . -.Pp -The exit status is zero. -.Ss Lists (Generally Speaking) -A list is a sequence of zero or more commands separated by -newlines, semicolons, or ampersands, -and optionally terminated by one of these three characters. -The commands in a -list are executed in the order they are written. -If command is followed by an ampersand, the shell starts the -command and immediately proceeds onto the next command; -otherwise it waits for the command to terminate before -proceeding to the next one. -.Ss Short-Circuit List Operators -.Dq Li && -and -.Dq Li || -are AND-OR list operators. -.Dq Li && -executes the first command, and then executes the second command -if the exit status of the first command is zero. -.Dq Li || -is similar, but executes the second command if the exit -status of the first command is nonzero. -.Dq Li && -and -.Dq Li || -both have the same priority. -.Ss Flow-Control Constructs (if, while, for, case) -The syntax of the -.Ic if -command is: -.Bd -unfilled -offset indent -compact -.Ic if Ar list -.Ic then Ar list -.Oo Ic elif Ar list -.Ic then Ar list Oc Ar ... -.Op Ic else Ar list -.Ic fi -.Ed -.Pp -The exit status is that of selected -.Ic then -or -.Ic else -list, -or zero if no list was selected. -.Pp -The syntax of the -.Ic while -command is: -.Bd -unfilled -offset indent -compact -.Ic while Ar list -.Ic do Ar list -.Ic done -.Ed -.Pp -The two lists are executed repeatedly while the exit status of the -first list is zero. -The -.Ic until -command is similar, but has the word -.Ic until -in place of -.Ic while , -which causes it to -repeat until the exit status of the first list is zero. -.Pp -The exit status is that of the last execution of the second list, -or zero if it was never executed. -.Pp -The syntax of the -.Ic for -command is: -.Bd -unfilled -offset indent -compact -.Ic for Ar variable Op Ic in Ar word ... -.Ic do Ar list -.Ic done -.Ed -.Pp -If -.Ic in -and the following words are omitted, -.Ic in Li \&"$@\&" -is used instead. -The words are expanded, and then the list is executed -repeatedly with the variable set to each word in turn. -The -.Ic do -and -.Ic done -commands may be replaced with -.Ql { -and -.Ql } . -.Pp -The syntax of the -.Ic break -and -.Ic continue -commands is: -.D1 Ic break Op Ar num -.D1 Ic continue Op Ar num -.Pp -The -.Ic break -command terminates the -.Ar num -innermost -.Ic for -or -.Ic while -loops. -The -.Ic continue -command continues with the next iteration of the innermost loop. -These are implemented as special built-in commands. -.Pp -The syntax of the -.Ic case -command is: -.Bd -unfilled -offset indent -compact -.Ic case Ar word Ic in -.Ar pattern ) Ar list Li ;; -.Ar ... -.Ic esac -.Ed -.Pp -The pattern can actually be one or more patterns -(see -.Sx Shell Patterns -described later), -separated by -.Ql \&| -characters. -Tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, -arithmetic expansion and quote removal are applied to the word. -Then, each pattern is expanded in turn using tilde expansion, -parameter expansion, command substitution and arithmetic expansion and -the expanded form of the word is checked against it. -If a match is found, the corresponding list is executed. -If the selected list is terminated by the control operator -.Ql ;& -instead of -.Ql ;; , -execution continues with the next list, -continuing until a list terminated with -.Ql ;; -or the end of the -.Ic case -command. -.Ss Grouping Commands Together -Commands may be grouped by writing either -.Pp -.Sm off -.Bd -literal -offset -ident -.Po Ar list Pc -.Ed -.Sm on -.Pp -or -.Bd -literal -offset -ident -.No { Ar list ; } -.Ed -.Pp -The first form executes the commands in a subshell environment. -A subshell environment has its own copy of: -.Bl -enum -.It -The current working directory as set by -.Ic cd . -.It -The file creation mask as set by -.Ic umask . -.It -Resource limits as set by -.Ic ulimit . -.It -References to open files. -.It -Traps as set by -.Ic trap . -.It -Known jobs. -.It -Positional parameters and variables. -.It -Shell options. -.It -Shell functions. -.It -Shell aliases. -.El -.Pp -These are copied from the parent shell environment, -except that trapped (but not ignored) signals are reset to the default action -and known jobs are cleared. -Any changes do not affect the parent shell environment. -.Pp -A subshell environment may be implemented as a child process or differently. -If job control is enabled in an interactive shell, -commands grouped in parentheses can be suspended and continued as a unit. -.Pp -For compatibility with other shells, -two open parentheses in sequence should be separated by whitespace. -.Pp -The second form never forks another shell, -so it is slightly more efficient. -Grouping commands together this way allows the user to -redirect their output as though they were one program: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -{ echo -n "hello"; echo " world"; } > greeting -.Ed -.Ss Functions -The syntax of a function definition is -.Pp -.D1 Ar name Li \&( \&) Ar command -.Pp -A function definition is an executable statement; when -executed it installs a function named -.Ar name -and returns an -exit status of zero. -The -.Ar command -is normally a list -enclosed between -.Ql { -and -.Ql } . -.Pp -Variables may be declared to be local to a function by -using the -.Ic local -command. -This should appear as the first statement of a function, -and the syntax is: -.Pp -.D1 Ic local Oo Ar variable ... Oc Op Fl -.Pp -The -.Ic local -command is implemented as a built-in command. -The exit status is zero -unless the command is not in a function or a variable name is invalid. -.Pp -When a variable is made local, it inherits the initial -value and exported and readonly flags from the variable -with the same name in the surrounding scope, if there is -one. -Otherwise, the variable is initially unset. -The shell -uses dynamic scoping, so that if the variable -.Va x -is made local to function -.Em f , -which then calls function -.Em g , -references to the variable -.Va x -made inside -.Em g -will refer to the variable -.Va x -declared inside -.Em f , -not to the global variable named -.Va x . -.Pp -The only special parameter that can be made local is -.Ql - . -Making -.Ql - -local causes any shell options -(including those that only have long names) -that are -changed via the -.Ic set -command inside the function to be -restored to their original values when the function -returns. -.Pp -The syntax of the -.Ic return -command is -.Pp -.D1 Ic return Op Ar exitstatus -.Pp -It terminates the current executional scope, returning from the closest -nested function or sourced script; -if no function or sourced script is being executed, -it exits the shell instance. -The -.Ic return -command is implemented as a special built-in command. -.Ss Variables and Parameters -The shell maintains a set of parameters. -A parameter -denoted by a name -(consisting solely -of alphabetics, numerics, and underscores, -and starting with an alphabetic or an underscore) -is called a variable. -When starting up, -the shell turns all environment variables with valid names into shell -variables. -New variables can be set using the form -.Pp -.D1 Ar name Ns = Ns Ar value -.Pp -A parameter can also be denoted by a number -or a special character as explained below. -.Pp -Assignments are expanded differently from other words: -tilde expansion is also performed after the equals sign and after any colon -and usernames are also terminated by colons, -and field splitting and pathname expansion are not performed. -.Pp -This special expansion applies not only to assignments that form a simple -command by themselves or precede a command word, -but also to words passed to the -.Ic export , -.Ic local -or -.Ic readonly -built-in commands that have this form. -For this, the builtin's name must be literal -(not the result of an expansion) -and may optionally be preceded by one or more literal instances of -.Ic command -without options. -.Ss Positional Parameters -A positional parameter is a parameter denoted by a number greater than zero. -The shell sets these initially to the values of its command line -arguments that follow the name of the shell script. -The -.Ic set -built-in command can also be used to set or reset them. -.Ss Special Parameters -Special parameters are parameters denoted by a single special character -or the digit zero. -They are shown in the following list, exactly as they would appear in input -typed by the user or in the source of a shell script. -.Bl -hang -.It Li $* -Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. -When -the expansion occurs within a double-quoted string -it expands to a single field with the value of each parameter -separated by the first character of the -.Va IFS -variable, -or by a space if -.Va IFS -is unset. -.It Li $@ -Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. -When -the expansion occurs within double-quotes, each positional -parameter expands as a separate argument. -If there are no positional parameters, the -expansion of -.Li @ -generates zero arguments, even when -.Li @ -is double-quoted. -What this basically means, for example, is -if -.Li $1 -is -.Dq Li abc -and -.Li $2 -is -.Dq Li "def ghi" , -then -.Li \&"$@\&" -expands to -the two arguments: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -"abc" "def ghi" -.Ed -.It Li $# -Expands to the number of positional parameters. -.It Li $? -Expands to the exit status of the most recent pipeline. -.It Li $- -(hyphen) Expands to the current option flags (the single-letter -option names concatenated into a string) as specified on -invocation, by the -.Ic set -built-in command, or implicitly -by the shell. -.It Li $$ -Expands to the process ID of the invoked shell. -A subshell -retains the same value of -.Va $ -as its parent. -.It Li $! -Expands to the process ID of the most recent background -command executed from the current shell. -For a -pipeline, the process ID is that of the last command in the -pipeline. -If this parameter is referenced, the shell will remember -the process ID and its exit status until the -.Ic wait -built-in command reports completion of the process. -.It Li $0 -(zero) Expands to the name of the shell script if passed on the command line, -the -.Ar name -operand if given (with -.Fl c ) -or otherwise argument 0 passed to the shell. -.El -.Ss Special Variables -The following variables are set by the shell or -have special meaning to it: -.Bl -tag -width ".Va HISTSIZE" -.It Va CDPATH -The search path used with the -.Ic cd -built-in. -.It Va EDITOR -The fallback editor used with the -.Ic fc -built-in. -If not set, the default editor is -.Xr ed 1 . -.It Va FCEDIT -The default editor used with the -.Ic fc -built-in. -.It Va HISTSIZE -The number of previous commands that are accessible. -.It Va HOME -The user's home directory, -used in tilde expansion and as a default directory for the -.Ic cd -built-in. -.It Va IFS -Input Field Separators. -This is initialized at startup to -.Aq space , -.Aq tab , -and -.Aq newline -in that order. -This value also applies if -.Va IFS -is unset, but not if it is set to the empty string. -See the -.Sx White Space Splitting -section for more details. -.It Va LINENO -The current line number in the script or function. -.It Va MAIL -The name of a mail file, that will be checked for the arrival of new -mail. -Overridden by -.Va MAILPATH . -.It Va MAILPATH -A colon -.Pq Ql \&: -separated list of file names, for the shell to check for incoming -mail. -This variable overrides the -.Va MAIL -setting. -There is a maximum of 10 mailboxes that can be monitored at once. -.It Va OPTIND -The index of the next argument to be processed by -.Ic getopts . -This is initialized to 1 at startup. -.It Va PATH -The default search path for executables. -See the -.Sx Path Search -section for details. -.It Va PPID -The parent process ID of the invoked shell. -This is set at startup -unless this variable is in the environment. -A later change of parent process ID is not reflected. -A subshell retains the same value of -.Va PPID . -.It Va PS1 -The primary prompt string, which defaults to -.Dq Li "$ " , -unless you are the superuser, in which case it defaults to -.Dq Li "# " . -.Va PS1 -may include any of the following formatting sequences, -which are replaced by the given information: -.Bl -tag -width indent -.It Li \eH -This system's fully-qualified hostname (FQDN). -.It Li \eh -This system's hostname. -.It Li \eW -The final component of the current working directory. -.It Li \ew -The entire path of the current working directory. -.It Li \e$ -Superuser status. -.Dq Li "$ " -for normal users and -.Dq Li "# " -for superusers. -.It Li \e\e -A literal backslash. -.El -.It Va PS2 -The secondary prompt string, which defaults to -.Dq Li "> " . -.Va PS2 -may include any of the formatting sequences from -.Va PS1 . -.It Va PS4 -The prefix for the trace output (if -.Fl x -is active). -The default is -.Dq Li "+ " . -.El -.Ss Word Expansions -This clause describes the various expansions that are -performed on words. -Not all expansions are performed on -every word, as explained later. -.Pp -Tilde expansions, parameter expansions, command substitutions, -arithmetic expansions, and quote removals that occur within -a single word expand to a single field. -It is only field -splitting or pathname expansion that can create multiple -fields from a single word. -The single exception to this rule is -the expansion of the special parameter -.Va @ -within double-quotes, -as was described above. -.Pp -The order of word expansion is: -.Bl -enum -.It -Tilde Expansion, Parameter Expansion, Command Substitution, -Arithmetic Expansion (these all occur at the same time). -.It -Field Splitting is performed on fields generated by step (1) -unless the -.Va IFS -variable is null. -.It -Pathname Expansion (unless the -.Fl f -option is in effect). -.It -Quote Removal. -.El -.Pp -The -.Ql $ -character is used to introduce parameter expansion, command -substitution, or arithmetic expansion. -.Ss Tilde Expansion (substituting a user's home directory) -A word beginning with an unquoted tilde character -.Pq Ql ~ -is -subjected to tilde expansion. -All the characters up to a slash -.Pq Ql / -or the end of the word are treated as a username -and are replaced with the user's home directory. -If the -username is missing (as in -.Pa ~/foobar ) , -the tilde is replaced with the value of the -.Va HOME -variable (the current user's home directory). -.Ss Parameter Expansion -The format for parameter expansion is as follows: -.Pp -.D1 Li ${ Ns Ar expression Ns Li } -.Pp -where -.Ar expression -consists of all characters until the matching -.Ql } . -Any -.Ql } -escaped by a backslash or within a single-quoted or double-quoted -string, and characters in -embedded arithmetic expansions, command substitutions, and variable -expansions, are not examined in determining the matching -.Ql } . -If the variants with -.Ql + , -.Ql - , -.Ql = -or -.Ql ?\& -occur within a double-quoted string, -as an extension there may be unquoted parts -(via double-quotes inside the expansion); -.Ql } -within such parts are also not examined in determining the matching -.Ql } . -.Pp -The simplest form for parameter expansion is: -.Pp -.D1 Li ${ Ns Ar parameter Ns Li } -.Pp -The value, if any, of -.Ar parameter -is substituted. -.Pp -The parameter name or symbol can be enclosed in braces, which are -optional except for positional parameters with more than one digit or -when parameter is followed by a character that could be interpreted as -part of the name. -If a parameter expansion occurs inside double-quotes: -.Bl -enum -.It -Field splitting is not performed on the results of the -expansion, with the exception of the special parameter -.Va @ . -.It -Pathname expansion is not performed on the results of the -expansion. -.El -.Pp -In addition, a parameter expansion can be modified by using one of the -following formats. -.Bl -tag -width indent -.It Li ${ Ns Ar parameter Ns Li :- Ns Ar word Ns Li } -Use Default Values. -If -.Ar parameter -is unset or null, the expansion of -.Ar word -is substituted; otherwise, the value of -.Ar parameter -is substituted. -.It Li ${ Ns Ar parameter Ns Li := Ns Ar word Ns Li } -Assign Default Values. -If -.Ar parameter -is unset or null, the expansion of -.Ar word -is assigned to -.Ar parameter . -In all cases, the -final value of -.Ar parameter -is substituted. -Quoting inside -.Ar word -does not prevent field splitting or pathname expansion. -Only variables, not positional -parameters or special parameters, can be -assigned in this way. -.It Li ${ Ns Ar parameter Ns Li :? Ns Oo Ar word Oc Ns Li } -Indicate Error if Null or Unset. -If -.Ar parameter -is unset or null, the expansion of -.Ar word -(or a message indicating it is unset if -.Ar word -is omitted) is written to standard -error and the shell exits with a nonzero -exit status. -Otherwise, the value of -.Ar parameter -is substituted. -An -interactive shell need not exit. -.It Li ${ Ns Ar parameter Ns Li :+ Ns Ar word Ns Li } -Use Alternate Value. -If -.Ar parameter -is unset or null, null is substituted; -otherwise, the expansion of -.Ar word -is substituted. -.El -.Pp -In the parameter expansions shown previously, use of the colon in the -format results in a test for a parameter that is unset or null; omission -of the colon results in a test for a parameter that is only unset. -.Pp -The -.Ar word -inherits the type of quoting -(unquoted, double-quoted or here-document) -from the surroundings, -with the exception that a backslash that quotes a closing brace is removed -during quote removal. -.Bl -tag -width indent -.It Li ${# Ns Ar parameter Ns Li } -String Length. -The length in characters of -the value of -.Ar parameter . -.El -.Pp -The following four varieties of parameter expansion provide for substring -processing. -In each case, pattern matching notation -(see -.Sx Shell Patterns ) , -rather than regular expression notation, -is used to evaluate the patterns. -If parameter is one of the special parameters -.Va * -or -.Va @ , -the result of the expansion is unspecified. -Enclosing the full parameter expansion string in double-quotes does not -cause the following four varieties of pattern characters to be quoted, -whereas quoting characters within the braces has this effect. -.Bl -tag -width indent -.It Li ${ Ns Ar parameter Ns Li % Ns Ar word Ns Li } -Remove Smallest Suffix Pattern. -The -.Ar word -is expanded to produce a pattern. -The -parameter expansion then results in -.Ar parameter , -with the smallest portion of the -suffix matched by the pattern deleted. -.It Li ${ Ns Ar parameter Ns Li %% Ns Ar word Ns Li } -Remove Largest Suffix Pattern. -The -.Ar word -is expanded to produce a pattern. -The -parameter expansion then results in -.Ar parameter , -with the largest portion of the -suffix matched by the pattern deleted. -.It Li ${ Ns Ar parameter Ns Li # Ns Ar word Ns Li } -Remove Smallest Prefix Pattern. -The -.Ar word -is expanded to produce a pattern. -The -parameter expansion then results in -.Ar parameter , -with the smallest portion of the -prefix matched by the pattern deleted. -.It Li ${ Ns Ar parameter Ns Li ## Ns Ar word Ns Li } -Remove Largest Prefix Pattern. -The -.Ar word -is expanded to produce a pattern. -The -parameter expansion then results in -.Ar parameter , -with the largest portion of the -prefix matched by the pattern deleted. -.El -.Ss Command Substitution -Command substitution allows the output of a command to be substituted in -place of the command name itself. -Command substitution occurs when -the command is enclosed as follows: -.Pp -.D1 Li $( Ns Ar command Ns Li )\& -.Pp -or the backquoted version: -.Pp -.D1 Li ` Ns Ar command Ns Li ` -.Pp -The shell expands the command substitution by executing command -and replacing the command substitution -with the standard output of the command, -removing sequences of one or more newlines at the end of the substitution. -Embedded newlines before the end of the output are not removed; -however, during field splitting, they may be translated into spaces -depending on the value of -.Va IFS -and the quoting that is in effect. -The command is executed in a subshell environment, -except that the built-in commands -.Ic jobid , -.Ic jobs , -and -.Ic trap -return information about the parent shell environment -and -.Ic times -returns information about the same process -if they are the only command in a command substitution. -.Pp -If a command substitution of the -.Li $( -form begins with a subshell, -the -.Li $( -and -.Li (\& -must be separated by whitespace -to avoid ambiguity with arithmetic expansion. -.Ss Arithmetic Expansion -Arithmetic expansion provides a mechanism for evaluating an arithmetic -expression and substituting its value. -The format for arithmetic expansion is as follows: -.Pp -.D1 Li $(( Ns Ar expression Ns Li )) -.Pp -The -.Ar expression -is treated as if it were in double-quotes, except -that a double-quote inside the expression is not treated specially. -The -shell expands all tokens in the -.Ar expression -for parameter expansion, -command substitution, -arithmetic expansion -and quote removal. -.Pp -The allowed expressions are a subset of C expressions, -summarized below. -.Bl -tag -width "Variables" -offset indent -.It Values -All values are of type -.Ft intmax_t . -.It Constants -Decimal, octal (starting with -.Li 0 ) -and hexadecimal (starting with -.Li 0x ) -integer constants. -.It Variables -Shell variables can be read and written -and contain integer constants. -.It Unary operators -.Li "! ~ + -" -.It Binary operators -.Li "* / % + - << >> < <= > >= == != & ^ | && ||"\& -.It Assignment operators -.Li "= += -= *= /= %= <<= >>= &= ^= |=" -.It Conditional operator -.Li "? :"\& -.El -.Pp -The result of the expression is substituted in decimal. -.Ss White Space Splitting (Field Splitting) -In certain contexts, -after parameter expansion, command substitution, and -arithmetic expansion the shell scans the results of -expansions and substitutions that did not occur in double-quotes for -field splitting and multiple fields can result. -.Pp -Characters in -.Va IFS -that are whitespace -.Po -.Aq space , -.Aq tab , -and -.Aq newline -.Pc -are treated differently from other characters in -.Va IFS . -.Pp -Whitespace in -.Va IFS -at the beginning or end of a word is discarded. -.Pp -Subsequently, a field is delimited by either -.Bl -enum -.It -a non-whitespace character in -.Va IFS -with any whitespace in -.Va IFS -surrounding it, or -.It -one or more whitespace characters in -.Va IFS . -.El -.Pp -If a word ends with a non-whitespace character in -.Va IFS , -there is no empty field after this character. -.Pp -If no field is delimited, the word is discarded. -In particular, if a word consists solely of an unquoted substitution -and the result of the substitution is null, -it is removed by field splitting even if -.Va IFS -is null. -.Ss Pathname Expansion (File Name Generation) -Unless the -.Fl f -option is set, -file name generation is performed -after word splitting is complete. -Each word is -viewed as a series of patterns, separated by slashes. -The -process of expansion replaces the word with the names of -all existing files whose names can be formed by replacing -each pattern with a string that matches the specified pattern. -There are two restrictions on this: first, a pattern cannot match -a string containing a slash, and second, -a pattern cannot match a string starting with a period -unless the first character of the pattern is a period. -The next section describes the patterns used for -Pathname Expansion, -the four varieties of parameter expansion for substring processing and the -.Ic case -command. -.Ss Shell Patterns -A pattern consists of normal characters, which match themselves, -and meta-characters. -The meta-characters are -.Ql * , -.Ql \&? , -and -.Ql \&[ . -These characters lose their special meanings if they are quoted. -When command or variable substitution is performed and the dollar sign -or back quotes are not double-quoted, the value of the -variable or the output of the command is scanned for these -characters and they are turned into meta-characters. -.Pp -An asterisk -.Pq Ql * -matches any string of characters. -A question mark -.Pq Ql \&? -matches any single character. -A left bracket -.Pq Ql \&[ -introduces a character class. -The end of the character class is indicated by a -.Ql \&] ; -if the -.Ql \&] -is missing then the -.Ql \&[ -matches a -.Ql \&[ -rather than introducing a character class. -A character class matches any of the characters between the square brackets. -A locale-dependent range of characters may be specified using a minus sign. -A named class of characters (see -.Xr wctype 3 ) -may be specified by surrounding the name with -.Ql \&[:\& -and -.Ql :\&] . -For example, -.Ql \&[\&[:alpha:\&]\&] -is a shell pattern that matches a single letter. -The character class may be complemented by making an exclamation point -.Pq Ql !\& -the first character of the character class. -A caret -.Pq Ql ^ -has the same effect but is non-standard. -.Pp -To include a -.Ql \&] -in a character class, make it the first character listed -(after the -.Ql \&! -or -.Ql ^ , -if any). -To include a -.Ql - , -make it the first or last character listed. -.Ss Built-in Commands -This section lists the built-in commands. -.Bl -tag -width indent -.It Ic \&: -A null command that returns a 0 (true) exit value. -.It Ic \&. Ar file -The commands in the specified file are read and executed by the shell. -The -.Ic return -command may be used to return to the -.Ic \&. -command's caller. -If -.Ar file -contains any -.Ql / -characters, it is used as is. -Otherwise, the shell searches the -.Va PATH -for the file. -If it is not found in the -.Va PATH , -it is sought in the current working directory. -.It Ic \&[ -A built-in equivalent of -.Xr test 1 . -.It Ic alias Oo Ar name Ns Oo = Ns Ar string Oc ... Oc -If -.Ar name Ns = Ns Ar string -is specified, the shell defines the alias -.Ar name -with value -.Ar string . -If just -.Ar name -is specified, the value of the alias -.Ar name -is printed. -With no arguments, the -.Ic alias -built-in command prints the names and values of all defined aliases -(see -.Ic unalias ) . -Alias values are written with appropriate quoting so that they are -suitable for re-input to the shell. -Also see the -.Sx Aliases -subsection. -.It Ic bg Op Ar job ... -Continue the specified jobs -(or the current job if no jobs are given) -in the background. -.It Ic bind Oo Fl aeklrsv Oc Oo Ar key Oo Ar command Oc Oc -List or alter key bindings for the line editor. -This command is documented in -.Xr editrc 5 . -.It Ic break Op Ar num -See the -.Sx Flow-Control Constructs -subsection. -.It Ic builtin Ar cmd Op Ar arg ... -Execute the specified built-in command, -.Ar cmd . -This is useful when the user wishes to override a shell function -with the same name as a built-in command. -.It Ic cd Oo Fl L | P Oc Oo Fl e Oc Op Ar directory -.It Ic cd Fl -Switch to the specified -.Ar directory , -to the directory specified in the -.Va HOME -environment variable if no -.Ar directory -is specified or -to the directory specified in the -.Va OLDPWD -environment variable if -.Ar directory -is -.Fl . -If -.Ar directory -does not begin with -.Pa / , \&. , -or -.Pa .. , -then the directories listed in the -.Va CDPATH -variable will be -searched for the specified -.Ar directory . -If -.Va CDPATH -is unset, the current directory is searched. -The format of -.Va CDPATH -is the same as that of -.Va PATH . -In an interactive shell, -the -.Ic cd -command will print out the name of the directory -that it actually switched to -if the -.Va CDPATH -mechanism was used or if -.Ar directory -was -.Fl . -.Pp -If the -.Fl P -option is specified, -.Pa .. -is handled physically and symbolic links are resolved before -.Pa .. -components are processed. -If the -.Fl L -option is specified, -.Pa .. -is handled logically. -This is the default. -.Pp -The -.Fl e -option causes -.Ic cd -to return exit status 1 if the full pathname of the new directory -cannot be determined reliably or at all. -Normally this is not considered an error, -although a warning is printed. -.Pp -If changing the directory fails, the exit status is greater than 1. -If the directory is changed, the exit status is 0, or also 1 if -.Fl e -was given. -.It Ic chdir -A synonym for the -.Ic cd -built-in command. -.It Ic command Oo Fl p Oc Op Ar utility Op Ar argument ... -.It Ic command Oo Fl p Oc Fl v Ar utility -.It Ic command Oo Fl p Oc Fl V Ar utility -The first form of invocation executes the specified -.Ar utility , -ignoring shell functions in the search. -If -.Ar utility -is a special builtin, -it is executed as if it were a regular builtin. -.Pp -If the -.Fl p -option is specified, the command search is performed using a -default value of -.Va PATH -that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities. -.Pp -If the -.Fl v -option is specified, -.Ar utility -is not executed but a description of its interpretation by the shell is -printed. -For ordinary commands the output is the path name; for shell built-in -commands, shell functions and keywords only the name is written. -Aliases are printed as -.Dq Ic alias Ar name Ns = Ns Ar value . -.Pp -The -.Fl V -option is identical to -.Fl v -except for the output. -It prints -.Dq Ar utility Ic is Ar description -where -.Ar description -is either -the path name to -.Ar utility , -a special shell builtin, -a shell builtin, -a shell function, -a shell keyword -or -an alias for -.Ar value . -.It Ic continue Op Ar num -See the -.Sx Flow-Control Constructs -subsection. -.It Ic echo Oo Fl e | n Oc Op Ar string ... -Print a space-separated list of the arguments to the standard output -and append a newline character. -.Bl -tag -width indent -.It Fl n -Suppress the output of the trailing newline. -.It Fl e -Process C-style backslash escape sequences. -The -.Ic echo -command understands the following character escapes: -.Bl -tag -width indent -.It \ea -Alert (ring the terminal bell) -.It \eb -Backspace -.It \ec -Suppress the trailing newline (this has the side-effect of truncating the -line if it is not the last character) -.It \ee -The ESC character (ASCII 0x1b) -.It \ef -Formfeed -.It \en -Newline -.It \er -Carriage return -.It \et -Horizontal tab -.It \ev -Vertical tab -.It \e\e -Literal backslash -.It \e0nnn -(Zero) The character whose octal value is -.Ar nnn -.El -.Pp -If -.Ar string -is not enclosed in quotes then the backslash itself must be escaped -with a backslash to protect it from the shell. -For example -.Bd -literal -offset indent -$ echo -e "a\evb" -a - b -$ echo -e a\e\evb -a - b -$ echo -e "a\e\eb" -a\eb -$ echo -e a\e\e\e\eb -a\eb -.Ed -.El -.Pp -Only one of the -.Fl e -and -.Fl n -options may be specified. -.It Ic eval Ar string ... -Concatenate all the arguments with spaces. -Then re-parse and execute the command. -.It Ic exec Op Ar command Op arg ... -Unless -.Ar command -is omitted, -the shell process is replaced with the specified program -(which must be a real program, not a shell built-in command or function). -Any redirections on the -.Ic exec -command are marked as permanent, -so that they are not undone when the -.Ic exec -command finishes. -.It Ic exit Op Ar exitstatus -Terminate the shell process. -If -.Ar exitstatus -is given -it is used as the exit status of the shell. -Otherwise, if the shell is executing an -.Cm EXIT -trap, the exit status of the last command before the trap is used; -if the shell is executing a trap for a signal, -the shell exits by resending the signal to itself. -Otherwise, the exit status of the preceding command is used. -The exit status should be an integer between 0 and 255. -.It Ic export Ar name ... -.It Ic export Op Fl p -The specified names are exported so that they will -appear in the environment of subsequent commands. -The only way to un-export a variable is to -.Ic unset -it. -The shell allows the value of a variable to be set -at the same time as it is exported by writing -.Pp -.D1 Ic export Ar name Ns = Ns Ar value -.Pp -With no arguments the -.Ic export -command lists the names -of all exported variables. -If the -.Fl p -option is specified, the exported variables are printed as -.Dq Ic export Ar name Ns = Ns Ar value -lines, suitable for re-input to the shell. -.It Ic false -A null command that returns a non-zero (false) exit value. -.It Ic fc Oo Fl e Ar editor Oc Op Ar first Op Ar last -.It Ic fc Fl l Oo Fl nr Oc Op Ar first Op Ar last -.It Ic fc Fl s Oo Ar old Ns = Ns Ar new Oc Op Ar first -The -.Ic fc -built-in command lists, or edits and re-executes, -commands previously entered to an interactive shell. -.Bl -tag -width indent -.It Fl e Ar editor -Use the editor named by -.Ar editor -to edit the commands. -The -.Ar editor -string is a command name, -subject to search via the -.Va PATH -variable. -The value in the -.Va FCEDIT -variable is used as a default when -.Fl e -is not specified. -If -.Va FCEDIT -is null or unset, the value of the -.Va EDITOR -variable is used. -If -.Va EDITOR -is null or unset, -.Xr ed 1 -is used as the editor. -.It Fl l No (ell) -List the commands rather than invoking -an editor on them. -The commands are written in the -sequence indicated by the -.Ar first -and -.Ar last -operands, as affected by -.Fl r , -with each command preceded by the command number. -.It Fl n -Suppress command numbers when listing with -.Fl l . -.It Fl r -Reverse the order of the commands listed -(with -.Fl l ) -or edited -(with neither -.Fl l -nor -.Fl s ) . -.It Fl s -Re-execute the command without invoking an editor. -.It Ar first -.It Ar last -Select the commands to list or edit. -The number of previous commands that can be accessed -are determined by the value of the -.Va HISTSIZE -variable. -The value of -.Ar first -or -.Ar last -or both are one of the following: -.Bl -tag -width indent -.It Oo Cm + Oc Ns Ar num -A positive number representing a command number; -command numbers can be displayed with the -.Fl l -option. -.It Fl Ar num -A negative decimal number representing the -command that was executed -.Ar num -of -commands previously. -For example, \-1 is the immediately previous command. -.It Ar string -A string indicating the most recently entered command -that begins with that string. -If the -.Ar old Ns = Ns Ar new -operand is not also specified with -.Fl s , -the string form of the first operand cannot contain an embedded equal sign. -.El -.El -.Pp -The following variables affect the execution of -.Ic fc : -.Bl -tag -width ".Va HISTSIZE" -.It Va FCEDIT -Name of the editor to use for history editing. -.It Va HISTSIZE -The number of previous commands that are accessible. -.El -.It Ic fg Op Ar job -Move the specified -.Ar job -or the current job to the foreground. -.It Ic getopts Ar optstring var -The POSIX -.Ic getopts -command. -The -.Ic getopts -command deprecates the older -.Xr getopt 1 -command. -The first argument should be a series of letters, each possibly -followed by a colon which indicates that the option takes an argument. -The specified variable is set to the parsed option. -The index of -the next argument is placed into the shell variable -.Va OPTIND . -If an option takes an argument, it is placed into the shell variable -.Va OPTARG . -If an invalid option is encountered, -.Ar var -is set to -.Ql \&? . -It returns a false value (1) when it encounters the end of the options. -A new set of arguments may be parsed by assigning -.Li OPTIND=1 . -.It Ic hash Oo Fl rv Oc Op Ar command ... -The shell maintains a hash table which remembers the locations of commands. -With no arguments whatsoever, the -.Ic hash -command prints out the contents of this table. -.Pp -With arguments, the -.Ic hash -command removes each specified -.Ar command -from the hash table (unless they are functions) and then locates it. -With the -.Fl v -option, -.Ic hash -prints the locations of the commands as it finds them. -The -.Fl r -option causes the -.Ic hash -command to delete all the entries in the hash table except for functions. -.It Ic jobid Op Ar job -Print the process IDs of the processes in the specified -.Ar job . -If the -.Ar job -argument is omitted, use the current job. -.It Ic jobs Oo Fl lps Oc Op Ar job ... -Print information about the specified jobs, or all jobs if no -.Ar job -argument is given. -The information printed includes job ID, status and command name. -.Pp -If the -.Fl l -option is specified, the PID of each job is also printed. -If the -.Fl p -option is specified, only the process IDs for the process group leaders -are printed, one per line. -If the -.Fl s -option is specified, only the PIDs of the job commands are printed, one per -line. -.It Ic kill -A built-in equivalent of -.Xr kill 1 -that additionally supports sending signals to jobs. -.It Ic local Oo Ar variable ... Oc Op Fl -See the -.Sx Functions -subsection. -.It Ic printf -A built-in equivalent of -.Xr printf 1 . -.It Ic pwd Op Fl L | P -Print the path of the current directory. -The built-in command may -differ from the program of the same name because the -built-in command remembers what the current directory -is rather than recomputing it each time. -This makes -it faster. -However, if the current directory is -renamed, -the built-in version of -.Xr pwd 1 -will continue to print the old name for the directory. -.Pp -If the -.Fl P -option is specified, symbolic links are resolved. -If the -.Fl L -option is specified, the shell's notion of the current directory -is printed (symbolic links are not resolved). -This is the default. -.It Ic read Oo Fl p Ar prompt Oc Oo -.Fl t Ar timeout Oc Oo Fl er Oc Ar variable ... -The -.Ar prompt -is printed if the -.Fl p -option is specified -and the standard input is a terminal. -Then a line is -read from the standard input. -The trailing newline -is deleted from the line and the line is split as -described in the section on -.Sx White Space Splitting (Field Splitting)\& -above, and -the pieces are assigned to the variables in order. -If there are more pieces than variables, the remaining -pieces (along with the characters in -.Va IFS -that separated them) -are assigned to the last variable. -If there are more variables than pieces, the remaining -variables are assigned the null string. -.Pp -Backslashes are treated specially, unless the -.Fl r -option is -specified. -If a backslash is followed by -a newline, the backslash and the newline will be -deleted. -If a backslash is followed by any other -character, the backslash will be deleted and the following -character will be treated as though it were not in -.Va IFS , -even if it is. -.Pp -If the -.Fl t -option is specified and the -.Ar timeout -elapses before a complete line of input is supplied, -the -.Ic read -command will return an exit status as if terminated by -.Dv SIGALRM -without assigning any values. -The -.Ar timeout -value may optionally be followed by one of -.Ql s , -.Ql m -or -.Ql h -to explicitly specify seconds, minutes or hours. -If none is supplied, -.Ql s -is assumed. -.Pp -The -.Fl e -option exists only for backward compatibility with older scripts. -.Pp -The exit status is 0 on success, 1 on end of file, -between 2 and 128 if an error occurs -and greater than 128 if a trapped signal interrupts -.Ic read . -.It Ic readonly Oo Fl p Oc Op Ar name ... -Each specified -.Ar name -is marked as read only, -so that it cannot be subsequently modified or unset. -The shell allows the value of a variable to be set -at the same time as it is marked read only -by using the following form: -.Pp -.D1 Ic readonly Ar name Ns = Ns Ar value -.Pp -With no arguments the -.Ic readonly -command lists the names of all read only variables. -If the -.Fl p -option is specified, the read-only variables are printed as -.Dq Ic readonly Ar name Ns = Ns Ar value -lines, suitable for re-input to the shell. -.It Ic return Op Ar exitstatus -See the -.Sx Functions -subsection. -.It Ic set Oo Fl /+abCEefIimnpTuVvx Oc Oo Fl /+o Ar longname Oc Oo -.Fl c Ar string Oc Op Fl - Ar arg ... -The -.Ic set -command performs three different functions: -.Bl -item -.It -With no arguments, it lists the values of all shell variables. -.It -If options are given, -either in short form or using the long -.Dq Fl /+o Ar longname -form, -it sets or clears the specified options as described in the section called -.Sx Argument List Processing . -.It -If the -.Dq Fl - -option is specified, -.Ic set -will replace the shell's positional parameters with the subsequent -arguments. -If no arguments follow the -.Dq Fl - -option, -all the positional parameters will be cleared, -which is equivalent to executing the command -.Dq Li "shift $#" . -The -.Dq Fl - -flag may be omitted when specifying arguments to be used -as positional replacement parameters. -This is not recommended, -because the first argument may begin with a dash -.Pq Ql - -or a plus -.Pq Ql + , -which the -.Ic set -command will interpret as a request to enable or disable options. -.El -.It Ic setvar Ar variable value -Assigns the specified -.Ar value -to the specified -.Ar variable . -The -.Ic setvar -command is intended to be used in functions that -assign values to variables whose names are passed as parameters. -In general it is better to write -.Dq Ar variable Ns = Ns Ar value -rather than using -.Ic setvar . -.It Ic shift Op Ar n -Shift the positional parameters -.Ar n -times, or once if -.Ar n -is not specified. -A shift sets the value of -.Li $1 -to the value of -.Li $2 , -the value of -.Li $2 -to the value of -.Li $3 , -and so on, -decreasing the value of -.Li $# -by one. -For portability, shifting if there are zero positional parameters -should be avoided, since the shell may abort. -.It Ic test -A built-in equivalent of -.Xr test 1 . -.It Ic times -Print the amount of time spent executing the shell process and its children. -The first output line shows the user and system times for the shell process -itself, the second one contains the user and system times for the -children. -.It Ic trap Oo Ar action Oc Ar signal ... -.It Ic trap Fl l -Cause the shell to parse and execute -.Ar action -when any specified -.Ar signal -is received. -The signals are specified by name or number. -In addition, the pseudo-signal -.Cm EXIT -may be used to specify an -.Ar action -that is performed when the shell terminates. -The -.Ar action -may be an empty string or a dash -.Pq Ql - ; -the former causes the specified signal to be ignored -and the latter causes the default action to be taken. -Omitting the -.Ar action -and using only signal numbers is another way to request the default action. -In a subshell or utility environment, -the shell resets trapped (but not ignored) signals to the default action. -The -.Ic trap -command has no effect on signals that were ignored on entry to the shell. -.Pp -Option -.Fl l -causes the -.Ic trap -command to display a list of valid signal names. -.It Ic true -A null command that returns a 0 (true) exit value. -.It Ic type Op Ar name ... -Interpret each -.Ar name -as a command and print the resolution of the command search. -Possible resolutions are: -shell keyword, alias, special shell builtin, shell builtin, command, -tracked alias -and not found. -For aliases the alias expansion is printed; -for commands and tracked aliases -the complete pathname of the command is printed. -.It Ic ulimit Oo Fl HSabcdfklmnopstuvw Oc Op Ar limit -Set or display resource limits (see -.Xr getrlimit 2 ) . -If -.Ar limit -is specified, the named resource will be set; -otherwise the current resource value will be displayed. -.Pp -If -.Fl H -is specified, the hard limits will be set or displayed. -While everybody is allowed to reduce a hard limit, -only the superuser can increase it. -The -.Fl S -option -specifies the soft limits instead. -When displaying limits, -only one of -.Fl S -or -.Fl H -can be given. -The default is to display the soft limits, -and to set both the hard and the soft limits. -.Pp -Option -.Fl a -causes the -.Ic ulimit -command to display all resources. -The parameter -.Ar limit -is not acceptable in this mode. -.Pp -The remaining options specify which resource value is to be -displayed or modified. -They are mutually exclusive. -.Bl -tag -width indent -.It Fl b Ar sbsize -The maximum size of socket buffer usage, in bytes. -.It Fl c Ar coredumpsize -The maximal size of core dump files, in 512-byte blocks. -Setting -.Ar coredumpsize -to 0 prevents core dump files from being created. -.It Fl d Ar datasize -The maximal size of the data segment of a process, in kilobytes. -.It Fl f Ar filesize -The maximal size of a file, in 512-byte blocks. -.It Fl k Ar kqueues -The maximal number of kqueues -(see -.Xr kqueue 2 ) -for this user ID. -.It Fl l Ar lockedmem -The maximal size of memory that can be locked by a process, in -kilobytes. -.It Fl m Ar memoryuse -The maximal resident set size of a process, in kilobytes. -.It Fl n Ar nofiles -The maximal number of descriptors that could be opened by a process. -.It Fl o Ar umtxp -The maximal number of process-shared locks -(see -.Xr pthread 3 ) -for this user ID. -.It Fl p Ar pseudoterminals -The maximal number of pseudo-terminals for this user ID. -.It Fl s Ar stacksize -The maximal size of the stack segment, in kilobytes. -.It Fl t Ar time -The maximal amount of CPU time to be used by each process, in seconds. -.It Fl u Ar userproc -The maximal number of simultaneous processes for this user ID. -.It Fl v Ar virtualmem -The maximal virtual size of a process, in kilobytes. -.It Fl w Ar swapuse -The maximum amount of swap space reserved or used for this user ID, -in kilobytes. -.El -.It Ic umask Oo Fl S Oc Op Ar mask -Set the file creation mask (see -.Xr umask 2 ) -to the octal or symbolic (see -.Xr chmod 1 ) -value specified by -.Ar mask . -If the argument is omitted, the current mask value is printed. -If the -.Fl S -option is specified, the output is symbolic, otherwise the output is octal. -.It Ic unalias Oo Fl a Oc Op Ar name ... -The specified alias names are removed. -If -.Fl a -is specified, all aliases are removed. -.It Ic unset Oo Fl fv Oc Ar name ... -The specified variables or functions are unset and unexported. -If the -.Fl v -option is specified or no options are given, the -.Ar name -arguments are treated as variable names. -If the -.Fl f -option is specified, the -.Ar name -arguments are treated as function names. -.It Ic wait Op Ar job ... -Wait for each specified -.Ar job -to complete and return the exit status of the last process in the -last specified -.Ar job . -If any -.Ar job -specified is unknown to the shell, it is treated as if it -were a known job that exited with exit status 127. -If no operands are given, wait for all jobs to complete -and return an exit status of zero. -.El -.Ss Command Line Editing -When -.Nm -is being used interactively from a terminal, the current command -and the command history -(see -.Ic fc -in -.Sx Built-in Commands ) -can be edited using -.Nm vi Ns -mode -command line editing. -This mode uses commands similar -to a subset of those described in the -.Xr vi 1 -man page. -The command -.Dq Li "set -o vi" -(or -.Dq Li "set -V" ) -enables -.Nm vi Ns -mode -editing and places -.Nm -into -.Nm vi -insert mode. -With -.Nm vi Ns -mode -enabled, -.Nm -can be switched between insert mode and command mode by typing -.Aq ESC . -Hitting -.Aq return -while in command mode will pass the line to the shell. -.Pp -Similarly, the -.Dq Li "set -o emacs" -(or -.Dq Li "set -E" ) -command can be used to enable a subset of -.Nm emacs Ns -style -command line editing features. -.Sh ENVIRONMENT -The following environment variables affect the execution of -.Nm : -.Bl -tag -width ".Ev LANGXXXXXX" -.It Ev ENV -Initialization file for interactive shells. -.It Ev LANG , Ev LC_* -Locale settings. -These are inherited by children of the shell, -and is used in a limited manner by the shell itself. -.It Ev OLDPWD -The previous current directory. -This is used and updated by -.Ic cd . -.It Ev PWD -An absolute pathname for the current directory, -possibly containing symbolic links. -This is used and updated by the shell. -.It Ev TERM -The default terminal setting for the shell. -This is inherited by children of the shell, and is used in the history -editing modes. -.El -.Pp -Additionally, environment variables are turned into shell variables -at startup, -which may affect the shell as described under -.Sx Special Variables . -.Sh FILES -.Bl -tag -width "/etc/suid_profileXX" -compact -.It Pa ~/.profile -User's login profile. -.It Pa /etc/profile -System login profile. -.It Pa /etc/shells -Shell database. -.It Pa /etc/suid_profile -Privileged shell profile. -.El -.Sh EXIT STATUS -Errors that are detected by the shell, such as a syntax error, will -cause the shell to exit with a non-zero exit status. -If the shell is not an interactive shell, the execution of the shell -file will be aborted. -Otherwise the shell will return the exit status of the last command -executed, or if the -.Ic exit -builtin is used with a numeric argument, it -will return the argument. -.Sh SEE ALSO -.Xr builtin 1 , -.Xr chsh 1 , -.Xr echo 1 , -.Xr ed 1 , -.Xr emacs 1 , -.Xr kill 1 , -.Xr printf 1 , -.Xr pwd 1 , -.Xr test 1 , -.Xr vi 1 , -.Xr execve 2 , -.Xr getrlimit 2 , -.Xr umask 2 , -.Xr wctype 3 , -.Xr editrc 5 , -.Xr shells 5 -.Sh HISTORY -A -.Nm -command, the Thompson shell, appeared in -.At v1 . -It was superseded in -.At v7 -by the Bourne shell, which inherited the name -.Nm . -.Pp -This version of -.Nm -was rewritten in 1989 under the -.Bx -license after the Bourne shell from -.At V.4 . -.Sh AUTHORS -This version of -.Nm -was originally written by -.An Kenneth Almquist . -.Sh BUGS -The -.Nm -utility does not recognize multibyte characters other than UTF-8. -Splitting using -.Va IFS -does not recognize multibyte characters. diff --git a/bin/1sh/test.1 b/bin/1sh/test.1 deleted file mode 100644 index 01c25e91..00000000 --- a/bin/1sh/test.1 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,395 +0,0 @@ -.\"- -.\" Copyright (c) 1991, 1993 -.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. -.\" -.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by -.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. -.\" -.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without -.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions -.\" are met: -.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright -.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. -.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright -.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the -.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. -.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors -.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software -.\" without specific prior written permission. -.\" -.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND -.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE -.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE -.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE -.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL -.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS -.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) -.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT -.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY -.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF -.\" SUCH DAMAGE. -.\" -.\" @(#)test.1 8.1 (Berkeley) 5/31/93 -.\" $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/test/test.1 314436 2017-02-28 23:42:47Z imp $ -.\" -.Dd October 5, 2016 -.Dt TEST 1 -.Os -.Sh NAME -.Nm test , -.Nm \&[ -.Nd condition evaluation utility -.Sh SYNOPSIS -.Nm -.Ar expression -.Nm \&[ -.Ar expression Cm \&] -.Sh DESCRIPTION -The -.Nm -utility evaluates the expression and, if it evaluates -to true, returns a zero (true) exit status; otherwise -it returns 1 (false). -If there is no expression, -.Nm -also -returns 1 (false). -.Pp -All operators and flags are separate arguments to the -.Nm -utility. -.Pp -The following primaries are used to construct expression: -.Bl -tag -width Ar -.It Fl b Ar file -True if -.Ar file -exists and is a block special -file. -.It Fl c Ar file -True if -.Ar file -exists and is a character -special file. -.It Fl d Ar file -True if -.Ar file -exists and is a directory. -.It Fl e Ar file -True if -.Ar file -exists (regardless of type). -.It Fl f Ar file -True if -.Ar file -exists and is a regular file. -.It Fl g Ar file -True if -.Ar file -exists and its set group ID flag -is set. -.It Fl h Ar file -True if -.Ar file -exists and is a symbolic link. -This operator is retained for compatibility with previous versions of -this program. -Do not rely on its existence; use -.Fl L -instead. -.It Fl k Ar file -True if -.Ar file -exists and its sticky bit is set. -.It Fl n Ar string -True if the length of -.Ar string -is nonzero. -.It Fl p Ar file -True if -.Ar file -is a named pipe -.Pq Tn FIFO . -.It Fl r Ar file -True if -.Ar file -exists and is readable. -.It Fl s Ar file -True if -.Ar file -exists and has a size greater -than zero. -.It Fl t Ar file_descriptor -True if the file whose file descriptor number -is -.Ar file_descriptor -is open and is associated with a terminal. -.It Fl u Ar file -True if -.Ar file -exists and its set user ID flag -is set. -.It Fl w Ar file -True if -.Ar file -exists and is writable. -True -indicates only that the write flag is on. -The file is not writable on a read-only file -system even if this test indicates true. -.It Fl x Ar file -True if -.Ar file -exists and is executable. -True -indicates only that the execute flag is on. -If -.Ar file -is a directory, true indicates that -.Ar file -can be searched. -.It Fl z Ar string -True if the length of -.Ar string -is zero. -.It Fl L Ar file -True if -.Ar file -exists and is a symbolic link. -.It Fl O Ar file -True if -.Ar file -exists and its owner matches the effective user id of this process. -.It Fl G Ar file -True if -.Ar file -exists and its group matches the effective group id of this process. -.It Fl S Ar file -True if -.Ar file -exists and is a socket. -.It Ar file1 Fl nt Ar file2 -True if -.Ar file1 -exists and is newer than -.Ar file2 . -.It Ar file1 Fl ot Ar file2 -True if -.Ar file1 -exists and is older than -.Ar file2 . -.It Ar file1 Fl ef Ar file2 -True if -.Ar file1 -and -.Ar file2 -exist and refer to the same file. -.It Ar string -True if -.Ar string -is not the null -string. -.It Ar s1 Cm = Ar s2 -True if the strings -.Ar s1 -and -.Ar s2 -are identical. -.It Ar s1 Cm != Ar s2 -True if the strings -.Ar s1 -and -.Ar s2 -are not identical. -.It Ar s1 Cm < Ar s2 -True if string -.Ar s1 -comes before -.Ar s2 -based on the binary value of their characters. -.It Ar s1 Cm > Ar s2 -True if string -.Ar s1 -comes after -.Ar s2 -based on the binary value of their characters. -.It Ar n1 Fl eq Ar n2 -True if the integers -.Ar n1 -and -.Ar n2 -are algebraically -equal. -.It Ar n1 Fl ne Ar n2 -True if the integers -.Ar n1 -and -.Ar n2 -are not -algebraically equal. -.It Ar n1 Fl gt Ar n2 -True if the integer -.Ar n1 -is algebraically -greater than the integer -.Ar n2 . -.It Ar n1 Fl ge Ar n2 -True if the integer -.Ar n1 -is algebraically -greater than or equal to the integer -.Ar n2 . -.It Ar n1 Fl lt Ar n2 -True if the integer -.Ar n1 -is algebraically less -than the integer -.Ar n2 . -.It Ar n1 Fl le Ar n2 -True if the integer -.Ar n1 -is algebraically less -than or equal to the integer -.Ar n2 . -.El -.Pp -If -.Ar file -is a symbolic link, -.Nm -will fully dereference it and then evaluate the expression -against the file referenced, except for the -.Fl h -and -.Fl L -primaries. -.Pp -These primaries can be combined with the following operators: -.Bl -tag -width Ar -.It Cm \&! Ar expression -True if -.Ar expression -is false. -.It Ar expression1 Fl a Ar expression2 -True if both -.Ar expression1 -and -.Ar expression2 -are true. -.It Ar expression1 Fl o Ar expression2 -True if either -.Ar expression1 -or -.Ar expression2 -are true. -.It Cm \&( Ar expression Cm \&) -True if expression is true. -.El -.Pp -The -.Fl a -operator has higher precedence than the -.Fl o -operator. -.Pp -Some shells may provide a builtin -.Nm -command which is similar or identical to this utility. -Consult the -.Xr builtin 1 -manual page. -.Sh GRAMMAR AMBIGUITY -The -.Nm -grammar is inherently ambiguous. -In order to assure a degree of consistency, -the cases described in the -.St -p1003.2 , -section D11.2/4.62.4, standard -are evaluated consistently according to the rules specified in the -standards document. -All other cases are subject to the ambiguity in the -command semantics. -.Pp -In particular, only expressions containing -.Fl a , -.Fl o , -.Cm \&( -or -.Cm \&) -can be ambiguous. -.Sh EXIT STATUS -The -.Nm -utility exits with one of the following values: -.Bl -tag -width indent -.It 0 -expression evaluated to true. -.It 1 -expression evaluated to false or expression was -missing. -.It >1 -An error occurred. -.El -.Sh EXAMPLES -Implement -.Li test FILE1 -nt FILE2 -using only -.Tn POSIX -functionality: -.Pp -.Dl test -n \&"$(find -L -- FILE1 -prune -newer FILE2 2>/dev/null)\&" -.Pp -This can be modified using non-standard -.Xr find 1 -primaries like -.Cm -newerca -to compare other timestamps. -.Sh COMPATIBILITY -For compatibility with some other implementations, -the -.Cm = -primary can be substituted with -.Cm == -with the same meaning. -.Sh SEE ALSO -.Xr builtin 1 , -.Xr expr 1 , -.Xr find 1 , -.Xr sh 1 , -.Xr stat 1 , -.Xr symlink 7 -.Sh STANDARDS -The -.Nm -utility implements a superset of the -.St -p1003.2 -specification. -The primaries -.Cm < , -.Cm == , -.Cm > , -.Fl ef , -.Fl nt , -.Fl ot , -.Fl G , -and -.Fl O -are extensions. -.Sh HISTORY -A -.Nm -utility appeared in -.At v7 . -.Sh BUGS -Both sides are always evaluated in -.Fl a -and -.Fl o . -For instance, the writable status of -.Pa file -will be tested by the following command even though the former expression -indicated false, which results in a gratuitous access to the file system: -.Dl "[ -z abc -a -w file ]" -To avoid this, write -.Dl "[ -z abc ] && [ -w file ]" -- cgit 1.4.1