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-rw-r--r--bin/.gitignore36
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/.gitignore13
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/1sh-kill.1157
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/1sh-printf.1385
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/1sh-test.1395
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/1sh.12917
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/Makefile84
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/TOUR301
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/alias.c256
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/alias.h45
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/arith.h37
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/arith_yacc.c381
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/arith_yacc.h94
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/arith_yylex.c276
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/bltin.h81
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/builtins.def96
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/cd.c430
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/cd.h32
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/echo.c109
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/error.c199
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/error.h95
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/eval.c1381
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/eval.h70
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/exec.c784
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/exec.h76
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/expand.c1553
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/expand.h62
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/histedit.c558
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/input.c520
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/input.h65
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/jobs.c1569
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/jobs.h67
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/kill.c215
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/mail.c120
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/mail.h38
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/main.c356
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/main.h42
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/memalloc.c344
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/memalloc.h88
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/miscbltin.c534
-rwxr-xr-xbin/1sh/mkbuiltins137
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/mknodes.c461
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/mksyntax.c332
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/mktokens93
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/myhistedit.h45
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/mystring.c100
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/mystring.h43
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/nodes.c.pat193
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/nodetypes145
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/options.c594
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/options.h117
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/output.c376
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/output.h87
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/parser.c2182
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/parser.h88
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/printf.c686
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/redir.c365
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/redir.h47
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/shell.h77
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/show.c410
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/show.h42
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/test.c630
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/trap.c553
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/trap.h50
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/var.c983
-rw-r--r--bin/1sh/var.h140
-rw-r--r--bin/LICENSE661
-rw-r--r--bin/Makefile153
-rw-r--r--bin/README.783
-rw-r--r--bin/beef.c141
-rw-r--r--bin/bibsort.pl66
-rw-r--r--bin/bit.y194
-rw-r--r--bin/bri.c85
-rw-r--r--bin/c.sh87
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/.gitignore42
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/COPYING56
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/ChangeLog806
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/ChangeLog.O1023
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/Makefile.am1
-rwxr-xr-xbin/dash/autogen.sh6
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/configure.ac191
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/.gitignore13
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/Makefile.am70
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/TOUR343
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/alias.c227
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/alias.h52
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/arith_yacc.c304
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/arith_yacc.h89
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/arith_yylex.c240
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/bltin/bltin.h89
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/bltin/echo.1109
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/bltin/printf.1354
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/bltin/printf.c478
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/bltin/test.1309
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/bltin/test.c700
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/bltin/times.c42
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/builtins.def.in94
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/cd.c332
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/cd.h35
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/dash.12357
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/error.c238
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/error.h129
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/eval.c1147
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/eval.h65
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/exec.c908
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/exec.h84
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/expand.c1753
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/expand.h83
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/funcs/cmv47
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/funcs/dirs71
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/funcs/kill47
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/funcs/login36
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/funcs/newgrp35
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/funcs/popd71
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/funcs/pushd71
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/funcs/suspend39
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/histedit.c494
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/init.h40
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/input.c502
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/input.h101
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/jobs.c1545
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/jobs.h113
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/machdep.h47
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/mail.c115
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/mail.h38
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/main.c363
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/main.h54
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/memalloc.c300
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/memalloc.h101
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/miscbltin.c506
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/miscbltin.h31
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/mkbuiltins120
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/mkinit.c493
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/mknodes.c448
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/mksignames.c417
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/mksyntax.c315
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/mktokens97
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/myhistedit.h46
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/mystring.c257
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/mystring.h63
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/nodes.c.pat166
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/nodetypes151
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/options.c558
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/options.h86
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/output.c429
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/output.h126
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/parser.c1647
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/parser.h102
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/redir.c483
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/redir.h52
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/shell.h104
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/show.c406
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/show.h45
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/system.c199
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/system.h118
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/trap.c446
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/trap.h57
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/var.c674
-rw-r--r--bin/dash/src/var.h169
-rw-r--r--bin/dtch.c271
-rw-r--r--bin/ever.c116
-rw-r--r--bin/fbatt.c123
-rw-r--r--bin/fbclock.c132
-rw-r--r--bin/glitch.c538
-rw-r--r--bin/hi.c766
-rw-r--r--bin/hnel.c120
-rw-r--r--bin/html.sh41
-rw-r--r--bin/man1/beef.191
-rw-r--r--bin/man1/bibsort.137
-rw-r--r--bin/man1/bit.145
-rw-r--r--bin/man1/bri.144
-rw-r--r--bin/man1/c.140
-rw-r--r--bin/man1/dtch.167
-rw-r--r--bin/man1/ever.149
-rw-r--r--bin/man1/fbatt.134
-rw-r--r--bin/man1/fbclock.136
-rw-r--r--bin/man1/glitch.177
-rw-r--r--bin/man1/hi.1173
-rw-r--r--bin/man1/hnel.136
-rw-r--r--bin/man1/modem.131
-rw-r--r--bin/man1/nudge.144
-rw-r--r--bin/man1/order.138
-rw-r--r--bin/man1/pbd.159
-rw-r--r--bin/man1/pngo.156
-rw-r--r--bin/man1/psf2png.153
-rw-r--r--bin/man1/psfed.1166
-rw-r--r--bin/man1/ptee.140
-rw-r--r--bin/man1/relay.148
-rw-r--r--bin/man1/scheme.156
-rw-r--r--bin/man1/shotty.192
-rw-r--r--bin/man1/title.151
-rw-r--r--bin/man1/ttpre.132
-rw-r--r--bin/man1/up.176
-rw-r--r--bin/man1/when.176
-rw-r--r--bin/man1/xx.168
-rw-r--r--bin/man3/png.390
-rw-r--r--bin/modem.c102
-rw-r--r--bin/nudge.c78
-rw-r--r--bin/order.y193
-rw-r--r--bin/pbd.c152
-rw-r--r--bin/png.h108
-rw-r--r--bin/pngo.c812
-rw-r--r--bin/psf2png.c107
-rw-r--r--bin/psfed.c577
-rw-r--r--bin/ptee.c116
-rw-r--r--bin/relay.c218
-rw-r--r--bin/scheme.c256
-rw-r--r--bin/shotty.c648
-rw-r--r--bin/title.c211
-rw-r--r--bin/ttpre.c66
-rw-r--r--bin/up.sh76
-rw-r--r--bin/when.y250
-rw-r--r--bin/xx.c142
213 files changed, 59141 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/bin/.gitignore b/bin/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..df322fd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+*.html
+*.o
+beef
+bibsort
+bit
+bri
+c
+config.mk
+dtch
+ever
+fbatt
+fbclock
+glitch
+hi
+hnel
+modem
+nudge
+open
+order
+pbcopy
+pbd
+pbpaste
+pngo
+psf2png
+psfed
+ptee
+relay
+scheme
+scheme.h
+shotty
+tags
+title
+ttpre
+up
+when
+xx
diff --git a/bin/1sh/.gitignore b/bin/1sh/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..54db1cf1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+*.o
+.depend
+1sh
+builtins.c
+builtins.h
+config.mk
+mknodes
+mksyntax
+nodes.c
+nodes.h
+syntax.c
+syntax.h
+token.h
diff --git a/bin/1sh/1sh-kill.1 b/bin/1sh/1sh-kill.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..110fab7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/1sh-kill.1
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+.\"-
+.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1990, 1993
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	@(#)kill.1	8.2 (Berkeley) 4/28/95
+.\" $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/kill/kill.1 314436 2017-02-28 23:42:47Z imp $
+.\"
+.Dd October 3, 2016
+.Dt 1SH-KILL 1
+.Os
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm kill
+.Nd terminate or signal a process
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Op Fl s Ar signal_name
+.Ar pid ...
+.Nm
+.Fl l
+.Op Ar exit_status
+.Nm
+.Fl Ar signal_name
+.Ar pid ...
+.Nm
+.Fl Ar signal_number
+.Ar pid ...
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+The
+.Nm
+utility sends a signal to the processes specified by the
+.Ar pid
+operands.
+.Pp
+Only the super-user may send signals to other users' processes.
+.Pp
+The options are as follows:
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+.It Fl s Ar signal_name
+A symbolic signal name specifying the signal to be sent instead of the
+default
+.Dv TERM .
+.It Fl l Op Ar exit_status
+If no operand is given, list the signal names; otherwise, write
+the signal name corresponding to
+.Ar exit_status .
+.It Fl Ar signal_name
+A symbolic signal name specifying the signal to be sent instead of the
+default
+.Dv TERM .
+.It Fl Ar signal_number
+A non-negative decimal integer, specifying the signal to be sent instead
+of the default
+.Dv TERM .
+.El
+.Pp
+The following PIDs have special meanings:
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+.It -1
+If superuser, broadcast the signal to all processes; otherwise broadcast
+to all processes belonging to the user.
+.El
+.Pp
+Some of the more commonly used signals:
+.Pp
+.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
+.It 1
+HUP (hang up)
+.It 2
+INT (interrupt)
+.It 3
+QUIT (quit)
+.It 6
+ABRT (abort)
+.It 9
+KILL (non-catchable, non-ignorable kill)
+.It 14
+ALRM (alarm clock)
+.It 15
+TERM (software termination signal)
+.El
+.Pp
+Some shells may provide a builtin
+.Nm
+command which is similar or identical to this utility.
+Consult the
+.Xr builtin 1
+manual page.
+.Sh EXIT STATUS
+.Ex -std
+.Sh EXAMPLES
+Terminate
+the processes with PIDs 142 and 157:
+.Pp
+.Dl "kill 142 157"
+.Pp
+Send the hangup signal
+.Pq Dv SIGHUP
+to the process with PID 507:
+.Pp
+.Dl "kill -s HUP 507"
+.Pp
+Terminate the process group with PGID 117:
+.Pp
+.Dl "kill -- -117"
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr builtin 1 ,
+.Xr csh 1 ,
+.Xr killall 1 ,
+.Xr ps 1 ,
+.Xr sh 1 ,
+.Xr kill 2 ,
+.Xr sigaction 2
+.Sh STANDARDS
+The
+.Nm
+utility is expected to be
+.St -p1003.2
+compatible.
+.Sh HISTORY
+A
+.Nm
+command appeared in
+.At v3
+in section 8 of the manual.
+.Sh BUGS
+A replacement for the command
+.Dq Li kill 0
+for
+.Xr csh 1
+users should be provided.
diff --git a/bin/1sh/1sh-printf.1 b/bin/1sh/1sh-printf.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..33c4b9f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/1sh-printf.1
@@ -0,0 +1,385 @@
+.\" Copyright (c) 1989, 1990, 1993
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	@(#)printf.1	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93
+.\" $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/usr.bin/printf/printf.1 350613 2019-08-05 20:19:38Z jilles $
+.\"
+.Dd July 29, 2019
+.Dt 1SH-PRINTF 1
+.Os
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm printf
+.Nd formatted output
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Ar format Op Ar arguments ...
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+The
+.Nm
+utility formats and prints its arguments, after the first, under control
+of the
+.Ar format .
+The
+.Ar format
+is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain characters,
+which are simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences which
+are converted and copied to the standard output, and format specifications,
+each of which causes printing of the next successive
+.Ar argument .
+.Pp
+The
+.Ar arguments
+after the first are treated as strings if the corresponding format is
+either
+.Cm c , b
+or
+.Cm s ;
+otherwise it is evaluated as a C constant, with the following extensions:
+.Pp
+.Bl -bullet -offset indent -compact
+.It
+A leading plus or minus sign is allowed.
+.It
+If the leading character is a single or double quote, the value is the
+character code of the next character.
+.El
+.Pp
+The format string is reused as often as necessary to satisfy the
+.Ar arguments .
+Any extra format specifications are evaluated with zero or the null
+string.
+.Pp
+Character escape sequences are in backslash notation as defined in the
+.St -ansiC ,
+with extensions.
+The characters and their meanings
+are as follows:
+.Pp
+.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
+.It Cm \ea
+Write a <bell> character.
+.It Cm \eb
+Write a <backspace> character.
+.It Cm \ef
+Write a <form-feed> character.
+.It Cm \en
+Write a <new-line> character.
+.It Cm \er
+Write a <carriage return> character.
+.It Cm \et
+Write a <tab> character.
+.It Cm \ev
+Write a <vertical tab> character.
+.It Cm \e\'
+Write a <single quote> character.
+.It Cm \e\e
+Write a backslash character.
+.It Cm \e Ns Ar num
+Write a byte whose
+value is the 1-, 2-, or 3-digit
+octal number
+.Ar num .
+Multibyte characters can be constructed using multiple
+.Cm \e Ns Ar num
+sequences.
+.El
+.Pp
+Each format specification is introduced by the percent character
+(``%'').
+The remainder of the format specification includes,
+in the following order:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It "Zero or more of the following flags:"
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It Cm #
+A `#' character
+specifying that the value should be printed in an ``alternate form''.
+For
+.Cm b , c , d , s
+and
+.Cm u
+formats, this option has no effect.
+For the
+.Cm o
+formats the precision of the number is increased to force the first
+character of the output string to a zero.
+For the
+.Cm x
+.Pq Cm X
+format, a non-zero result has the string
+.Li 0x
+.Pq Li 0X
+prepended to it.
+For
+.Cm a , A , e , E , f , F , g
+and
+.Cm G
+formats, the result will always contain a decimal point, even if no
+digits follow the point (normally, a decimal point only appears in the
+results of those formats if a digit follows the decimal point).
+For
+.Cm g
+and
+.Cm G
+formats, trailing zeros are not removed from the result as they
+would otherwise be;
+.It Cm \&\-
+A minus sign `\-' which specifies
+.Em left adjustment
+of the output in the indicated field;
+.It Cm \&+
+A `+' character specifying that there should always be
+a sign placed before the number when using signed formats.
+.It Sq \&\ \&
+A space specifying that a blank should be left before a positive number
+for a signed format.
+A `+' overrides a space if both are used;
+.It Cm \&0
+A zero `0' character indicating that zero-padding should be used
+rather than blank-padding.
+A `\-' overrides a `0' if both are used;
+.El
+.It "Field Width:"
+An optional digit string specifying a
+.Em field width ;
+if the output string has fewer bytes than the field width it will
+be blank-padded on the left (or right, if the left-adjustment indicator
+has been given) to make up the field width (note that a leading zero
+is a flag, but an embedded zero is part of a field width);
+.It Precision:
+An optional period,
+.Sq Cm \&.\& ,
+followed by an optional digit string giving a
+.Em precision
+which specifies the number of digits to appear after the decimal point,
+for
+.Cm e
+and
+.Cm f
+formats, or the maximum number of bytes to be printed
+from a string; if the digit string is missing, the precision is treated
+as zero;
+.It Format:
+A character which indicates the type of format to use (one of
+.Cm diouxXfFeEgGaAcsb ) .
+The uppercase formats differ from their lowercase counterparts only in
+that the output of the former is entirely in uppercase.
+The floating-point format specifiers
+.Pq Cm fFeEgGaA
+may be prefixed by an
+.Cm L
+to request that additional precision be used, if available.
+.El
+.Pp
+A field width or precision may be
+.Sq Cm \&*
+instead of a digit string.
+In this case an
+.Ar argument
+supplies the field width or precision.
+.Pp
+The format characters and their meanings are:
+.Bl -tag -width Fl
+.It Cm diouXx
+The
+.Ar argument
+is printed as a signed decimal (d or i), unsigned octal, unsigned decimal,
+or unsigned hexadecimal (X or x), respectively.
+.It Cm fF
+The
+.Ar argument
+is printed in the style `[\-]ddd.ddd' where the number of d's
+after the decimal point is equal to the precision specification for
+the argument.
+If the precision is missing, 6 digits are given; if the precision
+is explicitly 0, no digits and no decimal point are printed.
+The values \*[If] and \*[Na] are printed as
+.Ql inf
+and
+.Ql nan ,
+respectively.
+.It Cm eE
+The
+.Ar argument
+is printed in the style
+.Cm e
+.Sm off
+.Sq Op - Ar d.ddd No \(+- Ar dd
+.Sm on
+where there
+is one digit before the decimal point and the number after is equal to
+the precision specification for the argument; when the precision is
+missing, 6 digits are produced.
+The values \*[If] and \*[Na] are printed as
+.Ql inf
+and
+.Ql nan ,
+respectively.
+.It Cm gG
+The
+.Ar argument
+is printed in style
+.Cm f
+.Pq Cm F
+or in style
+.Cm e
+.Pq Cm E
+whichever gives full precision in minimum space.
+.It Cm aA
+The
+.Ar argument
+is printed in style
+.Sm off
+.Sq Op - Ar h.hhh No \(+- Li p Ar d
+.Sm on
+where there is one digit before the hexadecimal point and the number
+after is equal to the precision specification for the argument;
+when the precision is missing, enough digits are produced to convey
+the argument's exact double-precision floating-point representation.
+The values \*[If] and \*[Na] are printed as
+.Ql inf
+and
+.Ql nan ,
+respectively.
+.It Cm c
+The first byte of
+.Ar argument
+is printed.
+.It Cm s
+Bytes from the string
+.Ar argument
+are printed until the end is reached or until the number of bytes
+indicated by the precision specification is reached; however if the
+precision is 0 or missing, the string is printed entirely.
+.It Cm b
+As for
+.Cm s ,
+but interpret character escapes in backslash notation in the string
+.Ar argument .
+The permitted escape sequences are slightly different in that
+octal escapes are
+.Cm \e0 Ns Ar num
+instead of
+.Cm \e Ns Ar num
+and that an additional escape sequence
+.Cm \ec
+stops further output from this
+.Nm
+invocation.
+.It Cm n$
+Allows reordering of the output according to
+.Ar argument .
+.It Cm \&%
+Print a `%'; no argument is used.
+.El
+.Pp
+The decimal point
+character is defined in the program's locale (category
+.Dv LC_NUMERIC ) .
+.Pp
+In no case does a non-existent or small field width cause truncation of
+a field; padding takes place only if the specified field width exceeds
+the actual width.
+.Pp
+Some shells may provide a builtin
+.Nm
+command which is similar or identical to this utility.
+Consult the
+.Xr builtin 1
+manual page.
+.Sh EXIT STATUS
+.Ex -std
+.Sh COMPATIBILITY
+The traditional
+.Bx
+behavior of converting arguments of numeric formats not beginning
+with a digit to the
+.Tn ASCII
+code of the first character is not supported.
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr builtin 1 ,
+.Xr echo 1 ,
+.Xr sh 1 ,
+.Xr printf 3
+.Sh STANDARDS
+The
+.Nm
+command is expected to be compatible with the
+.St -p1003.2
+specification.
+.Sh HISTORY
+The
+.Nm
+command appeared in
+.Bx 4.3 Reno .
+It is modeled
+after the standard library function,
+.Xr printf 3 .
+.Sh CAVEATS
+.Tn ANSI
+hexadecimal character constants were deliberately not provided.
+.Pp
+Trying to print a dash ("-") as the first character causes
+.Nm
+to interpret the dash as a program argument.
+.Nm --
+must be used before
+.Ar format .
+.Pp
+If the locale contains multibyte characters
+(such as UTF-8),
+the
+.Cm c
+format and
+.Cm b
+and
+.Cm s
+formats with a precision
+may not operate as expected.
+.Sh BUGS
+Since the floating point numbers are translated from
+.Tn ASCII
+to floating-point and
+then back again, floating-point precision may be lost.
+(By default, the number is translated to an IEEE-754 double-precision
+value before being printed.
+The
+.Cm L
+modifier may produce additional precision, depending on the hardware platform.)
+.Pp
+The escape sequence \e000 is the string terminator.
+When present in the argument for the
+.Cm b
+format, the argument will be truncated at the \e000 character.
+.Pp
+Multibyte characters are not recognized in format strings (this is only
+a problem if
+.Ql %
+can appear inside a multibyte character).
diff --git a/bin/1sh/1sh-test.1 b/bin/1sh/1sh-test.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8ad8d0f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/1sh-test.1
@@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
+.\"-
+.\" Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"     @(#)test.1	8.1 (Berkeley) 5/31/93
+.\" $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/test/test.1 314436 2017-02-28 23:42:47Z imp $
+.\"
+.Dd October 5, 2016
+.Dt 1SH-TEST 1
+.Os
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm test ,
+.Nm \&[
+.Nd condition evaluation utility
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Ar expression
+.Nm \&[
+.Ar expression Cm \&]
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+The
+.Nm
+utility evaluates the expression and, if it evaluates
+to true, returns a zero (true) exit status; otherwise
+it returns 1 (false).
+If there is no expression,
+.Nm
+also
+returns 1 (false).
+.Pp
+All operators and flags are separate arguments to the
+.Nm
+utility.
+.Pp
+The following primaries are used to construct expression:
+.Bl -tag -width Ar
+.It Fl b Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is a block special
+file.
+.It Fl c Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is a character
+special file.
+.It Fl d Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is a directory.
+.It Fl e Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists (regardless of type).
+.It Fl f Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is a regular file.
+.It Fl g Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and its set group ID flag
+is set.
+.It Fl h Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is a symbolic link.
+This operator is retained for compatibility with previous versions of
+this program.
+Do not rely on its existence; use
+.Fl L
+instead.
+.It Fl k Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and its sticky bit is set.
+.It Fl n Ar string
+True if the length of
+.Ar string
+is nonzero.
+.It Fl p Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+is a named pipe
+.Pq Tn FIFO .
+.It Fl r Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is readable.
+.It Fl s Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and has a size greater
+than zero.
+.It Fl t Ar file_descriptor
+True if the file whose file descriptor number
+is
+.Ar file_descriptor
+is open and is associated with a terminal.
+.It Fl u Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and its set user ID flag
+is set.
+.It Fl w Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is writable.
+True
+indicates only that the write flag is on.
+The file is not writable on a read-only file
+system even if this test indicates true.
+.It Fl x Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is executable.
+True
+indicates only that the execute flag is on.
+If
+.Ar file
+is a directory, true indicates that
+.Ar file
+can be searched.
+.It Fl z Ar string
+True if the length of
+.Ar string
+is zero.
+.It Fl L Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is a symbolic link.
+.It Fl O Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and its owner matches the effective user id of this process.
+.It Fl G Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and its group matches the effective group id of this process.
+.It Fl S Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is a socket.
+.It Ar file1 Fl nt Ar file2
+True if
+.Ar file1
+exists and is newer than
+.Ar file2 .
+.It Ar file1 Fl ot Ar file2
+True if
+.Ar file1
+exists and is older than
+.Ar file2 .
+.It Ar file1 Fl ef Ar file2
+True if
+.Ar file1
+and
+.Ar file2
+exist and refer to the same file.
+.It Ar string
+True if
+.Ar string
+is not the null
+string.
+.It Ar s1 Cm = Ar s2
+True if the strings
+.Ar s1
+and
+.Ar s2
+are identical.
+.It Ar s1 Cm != Ar s2
+True if the strings
+.Ar s1
+and
+.Ar s2
+are not identical.
+.It Ar s1 Cm < Ar s2
+True if string
+.Ar s1
+comes before
+.Ar s2
+based on the binary value of their characters.
+.It Ar s1 Cm > Ar s2
+True if string
+.Ar s1
+comes after
+.Ar s2
+based on the binary value of their characters.
+.It Ar n1 Fl eq Ar n2
+True if the integers
+.Ar n1
+and
+.Ar n2
+are algebraically
+equal.
+.It Ar n1 Fl ne Ar n2
+True if the integers
+.Ar n1
+and
+.Ar n2
+are not
+algebraically equal.
+.It Ar n1 Fl gt Ar n2
+True if the integer
+.Ar n1
+is algebraically
+greater than the integer
+.Ar n2 .
+.It Ar n1 Fl ge Ar n2
+True if the integer
+.Ar n1
+is algebraically
+greater than or equal to the integer
+.Ar n2 .
+.It Ar n1 Fl lt Ar n2
+True if the integer
+.Ar n1
+is algebraically less
+than the integer
+.Ar n2 .
+.It Ar n1 Fl le Ar n2
+True if the integer
+.Ar n1
+is algebraically less
+than or equal to the integer
+.Ar n2 .
+.El
+.Pp
+If
+.Ar file
+is a symbolic link,
+.Nm
+will fully dereference it and then evaluate the expression
+against the file referenced, except for the
+.Fl h
+and
+.Fl L
+primaries.
+.Pp
+These primaries can be combined with the following operators:
+.Bl -tag -width Ar
+.It Cm \&! Ar expression
+True if
+.Ar expression
+is false.
+.It Ar expression1 Fl a Ar expression2
+True if both
+.Ar expression1
+and
+.Ar expression2
+are true.
+.It Ar expression1 Fl o Ar expression2
+True if either
+.Ar expression1
+or
+.Ar expression2
+are true.
+.It Cm \&( Ar expression Cm \&)
+True if expression is true.
+.El
+.Pp
+The
+.Fl a
+operator has higher precedence than the
+.Fl o
+operator.
+.Pp
+Some shells may provide a builtin
+.Nm
+command which is similar or identical to this utility.
+Consult the
+.Xr builtin 1
+manual page.
+.Sh GRAMMAR AMBIGUITY
+The
+.Nm
+grammar is inherently ambiguous.
+In order to assure a degree of consistency,
+the cases described in the
+.St -p1003.2 ,
+section D11.2/4.62.4, standard
+are evaluated consistently according to the rules specified in the
+standards document.
+All other cases are subject to the ambiguity in the
+command semantics.
+.Pp
+In particular, only expressions containing
+.Fl a ,
+.Fl o ,
+.Cm \&(
+or
+.Cm \&)
+can be ambiguous.
+.Sh EXIT STATUS
+The
+.Nm
+utility exits with one of the following values:
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+.It 0
+expression evaluated to true.
+.It 1
+expression evaluated to false or expression was
+missing.
+.It >1
+An error occurred.
+.El
+.Sh EXAMPLES
+Implement
+.Li test FILE1 -nt FILE2
+using only
+.Tn POSIX
+functionality:
+.Pp
+.Dl test -n \&"$(find -L -- FILE1 -prune -newer FILE2 2>/dev/null)\&"
+.Pp
+This can be modified using non-standard
+.Xr find 1
+primaries like
+.Cm -newerca
+to compare other timestamps.
+.Sh COMPATIBILITY
+For compatibility with some other implementations,
+the
+.Cm =
+primary can be substituted with
+.Cm ==
+with the same meaning.
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr builtin 1 ,
+.Xr expr 1 ,
+.Xr find 1 ,
+.Xr sh 1 ,
+.Xr stat 1 ,
+.Xr symlink 7
+.Sh STANDARDS
+The
+.Nm
+utility implements a superset of the
+.St -p1003.2
+specification.
+The primaries
+.Cm < ,
+.Cm == ,
+.Cm > ,
+.Fl ef ,
+.Fl nt ,
+.Fl ot ,
+.Fl G ,
+and
+.Fl O
+are extensions.
+.Sh HISTORY
+A
+.Nm
+utility appeared in
+.At v7 .
+.Sh BUGS
+Both sides are always evaluated in
+.Fl a
+and
+.Fl o .
+For instance, the writable status of
+.Pa file
+will be tested by the following command even though the former expression
+indicated false, which results in a gratuitous access to the file system:
+.Dl "[ -z abc -a -w file ]"
+To avoid this, write
+.Dl "[ -z abc ] && [ -w file ]"
diff --git a/bin/1sh/1sh.1 b/bin/1sh/1sh.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aa906bca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/1sh.1
@@ -0,0 +1,2917 @@
+.\"-
+.\" Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+.\" Kenneth Almquist.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	from: @(#)sh.1	8.6 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+.\" $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/sh.1 345487 2019-03-24 22:10:26Z jilles $
+.\"
+.Dd March  9, 2020
+.Dt 1SH 1
+.Os
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm 1sh
+.Nd command interpreter (shell)
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Op Fl /+abCEefhIimnPpTuVvx
+.Op Fl /+o Ar longname
+.Oo
+.Ar script
+.Op Ar arg ...
+.Oc
+.Nm
+.Op Fl /+abCEefhIimnPpTuVvx
+.Op Fl /+o Ar longname
+.Fl c Ar string
+.Oo
+.Ar name
+.Op Ar arg ...
+.Oc
+.Nm
+.Op Fl /+abCEefhIimnPpTuVvx
+.Op Fl /+o Ar longname
+.Fl s
+.Op Ar arg ...
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+The
+.Nm
+utility is a command interpreter.
+The current version of
+.Nm
+is close to the
+.St -p1003.1
+specification for the shell.
+It only supports features
+designated by POSIX,
+plus a few Berkeley extensions.
+This man page is not intended to be a tutorial nor a complete
+specification of the shell.
+.Ss Overview
+The shell is a command that reads lines from
+either a file or the terminal, interprets them, and
+generally executes other commands.
+It is the program that is started when a user logs into the system,
+although a user can select a different shell with the
+.Xr chsh 1
+command.
+The shell
+implements a language that has flow control constructs,
+a macro facility that provides a variety of features in
+addition to data storage, along with built-in history and line
+editing capabilities.
+It incorporates many features to
+aid interactive use and has the advantage that the interpretative
+language is common to both interactive and non-interactive
+use (shell scripts).
+That is, commands can be typed directly
+to the running shell or can be put into a file,
+which can be executed directly by the shell.
+.Ss Invocation
+.\"
+.\" XXX This next sentence is incredibly confusing.
+.\"
+If no arguments are present and if the standard input of the shell
+is connected to a terminal
+(or if the
+.Fl i
+option is set),
+the shell is considered an interactive shell.
+An interactive shell
+generally prompts before each command and handles programming
+and command errors differently (as described below).
+When first starting, the shell inspects argument 0, and
+if it begins with a dash
+.Pq Ql - ,
+the shell is also considered a login shell.
+This is normally done automatically by the system
+when the user first logs in.
+A login shell first reads commands
+from the files
+.Pa /etc/profile
+and then
+.Pa .profile
+in a user's home directory,
+if they exist.
+If the environment variable
+.Ev ENV
+is set on entry to a shell, or is set in the
+.Pa .profile
+of a login shell, the shell then subjects its value to parameter expansion
+and arithmetic expansion and reads commands from the named file.
+Therefore, a user should place commands that are to be executed only
+at login time in the
+.Pa .profile
+file, and commands that are executed for every shell inside the
+.Ev ENV
+file.
+The user can set the
+.Ev ENV
+variable to some file by placing the following line in the file
+.Pa .profile
+in the home directory,
+substituting for
+.Pa .shrc
+the filename desired:
+.Pp
+.Dl "ENV=$HOME/.shrc; export ENV"
+.Pp
+The first non-option argument specified on the command line
+will be treated as the
+name of a file from which to read commands (a shell script), and
+the remaining arguments are set as the positional parameters
+of the shell
+.Li ( $1 , $2 ,
+etc.).
+Otherwise, the shell reads commands
+from its standard input.
+.Pp
+Unlike older versions of
+.Nm
+the
+.Ev ENV
+script is only sourced on invocation of interactive shells.
+This
+closes a well-known, and sometimes easily exploitable security
+hole related to poorly thought out
+.Ev ENV
+scripts.
+.Ss Argument List Processing
+All of the single letter options to
+.Nm
+have a corresponding long name,
+with the exception of
+.Fl c
+and
+.Fl /+o .
+These long names are provided next to the single letter options
+in the descriptions below.
+The long name for an option may be specified as an argument to the
+.Fl /+o
+option of
+.Nm .
+Once the shell is running,
+the long name for an option may be specified as an argument to the
+.Fl /+o
+option of the
+.Ic set
+built-in command
+(described later in the section called
+.Sx Built-in Commands ) .
+Introducing an option with a dash
+.Pq Ql -
+enables the option,
+while using a plus
+.Pq Ql +
+disables the option.
+A
+.Dq Li --
+or plain
+.Ql -
+will stop option processing and will force the remaining
+words on the command line to be treated as arguments.
+The
+.Fl /+o
+and
+.Fl c
+options do not have long names.
+They take arguments and are described after the single letter options.
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+.It Fl a Li allexport
+Flag variables for export when assignments are made to them.
+.It Fl b Li notify
+Enable asynchronous notification of background job
+completion.
+(UNIMPLEMENTED)
+.It Fl C Li noclobber
+Do not overwrite existing files with
+.Ql > .
+.It Fl E Li emacs
+Enable the built-in
+.Xr emacs 1
+command line editor (disables the
+.Fl V
+option if it has been set;
+set automatically when interactive on terminals).
+.It Fl e Li errexit
+Exit immediately if any untested command fails in non-interactive mode.
+The exit status of a command is considered to be
+explicitly tested if the command is part of the list used to control
+an
+.Ic if , elif , while ,
+or
+.Ic until ;
+if the command is the left
+hand operand of an
+.Dq Li &&
+or
+.Dq Li ||
+operator; or if the command is a pipeline preceded by the
+.Ic !\&
+keyword.
+If a shell function is executed and its exit status is explicitly
+tested, all commands of the function are considered to be tested as
+well.
+.Pp
+It is recommended to check for failures explicitly
+instead of relying on
+.Fl e
+because it tends to behave in unexpected ways,
+particularly in larger scripts.
+.It Fl f Li noglob
+Disable pathname expansion.
+.It Fl h Li trackall
+A do-nothing option for POSIX compliance.
+.It Fl I Li ignoreeof
+Ignore
+.Dv EOF Ap s
+from input when in interactive mode.
+.It Fl i Li interactive
+Force the shell to behave interactively.
+.It Fl m Li monitor
+Turn on job control (set automatically when interactive).
+A new process group is created for each pipeline (called a job).
+It is possible to suspend jobs or to have them run in the foreground or
+in the background.
+In a non-interactive shell,
+this option can be set even if no terminal is available
+and is useful to place processes in separate process groups.
+.It Fl n Li noexec
+If not interactive, read commands but do not
+execute them.
+This is useful for checking the
+syntax of shell scripts.
+.It Fl P Li physical
+Change the default for the
+.Ic cd
+and
+.Ic pwd
+commands from
+.Fl L
+(logical directory layout)
+to
+.Fl P
+(physical directory layout).
+.It Fl p Li privileged
+Turn on privileged mode.
+This mode is enabled on startup
+if either the effective user or group ID is not equal to the
+real user or group ID.
+Turning this mode off sets the
+effective user and group IDs to the real user and group IDs.
+When this mode is enabled for interactive shells, the file
+.Pa /etc/suid_profile
+is sourced instead of
+.Pa ~/.profile
+after
+.Pa /etc/profile
+is sourced, and the contents of the
+.Ev ENV
+variable are ignored.
+.It Fl s Li stdin
+Read commands from standard input (set automatically
+if no file arguments are present).
+This option has
+no effect when set after the shell has already started
+running (i.e., when set with the
+.Ic set
+command).
+.It Fl T Li trapsasync
+When waiting for a child, execute traps immediately.
+If this option is not set,
+traps are executed after the child exits,
+as specified in
+.St -p1003.2 .
+This nonstandard option is useful for putting guarding shells around
+children that block signals.
+The surrounding shell may kill the child
+or it may just return control to the tty and leave the child alone,
+like this:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+1sh -T -c "trap 'exit 1' 2 ; some-blocking-program"
+.Ed
+.It Fl u Li nounset
+Write a message to standard error when attempting
+to expand a variable, a positional parameter or
+the special parameter
+.Va \&!
+that is not set, and if the
+shell is not interactive, exit immediately.
+.It Fl V Li vi
+Enable the built-in
+.Xr vi 1
+command line editor (disables
+.Fl E
+if it has been set).
+.It Fl v Li verbose
+The shell writes its input to standard error
+as it is read.
+Useful for debugging.
+.It Fl x Li xtrace
+Write each command
+(preceded by the value of the
+.Va PS4
+variable subjected to parameter expansion and arithmetic expansion)
+to standard error before it is executed.
+Useful for debugging.
+.It Li nolog
+Another do-nothing option for POSIX compliance.
+It only has a long name.
+.It Li pipefail
+Change the exit status of a pipeline to the last non-zero exit status of
+any command in the pipeline, if any.
+Since an exit due to
+.Dv SIGPIPE
+counts as a non-zero exit status,
+this option may cause non-zero exit status for successful pipelines
+if a command such as
+.Xr head 1
+in the pipeline terminates with status 0 without reading its
+input completely.
+This option only has a long name.
+.El
+.Pp
+The
+.Fl c
+option causes the commands to be read from the
+.Ar string
+operand instead of from the standard input.
+Keep in mind that this option only accepts a single string as its
+argument, hence multi-word strings must be quoted.
+.Pp
+The
+.Fl /+o
+option takes as its only argument the long name of an option
+to be enabled or disabled.
+For example, the following two invocations of
+.Nm
+both enable the built-in
+.Xr emacs 1
+command line editor:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+set -E
+set -o emacs
+.Ed
+.Pp
+If used without an argument, the
+.Fl o
+option displays the current option settings in a human-readable format.
+If
+.Cm +o
+is used without an argument, the current option settings are output
+in a format suitable for re-input into the shell.
+.Ss Lexical Structure
+The shell reads input in terms of lines from a file and breaks
+it up into words at whitespace (blanks and tabs), and at
+certain sequences of
+characters called
+.Dq operators ,
+which are special to the shell.
+There are two types of operators: control operators and
+redirection operators (their meaning is discussed later).
+The following is a list of valid operators:
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+.It Control operators:
+.Bl -column "XXX" "XXX" "XXX" "XXX" "XXX" -offset center -compact
+.It Li & Ta Li && Ta Li \&( Ta Li \&) Ta Li \en
+.It Li ;; Ta Li ;& Ta Li \&; Ta Li \&| Ta Li ||
+.El
+.It Redirection operators:
+.Bl -column "XXX" "XXX" "XXX" "XXX" "XXX" -offset center -compact
+.It Li < Ta Li > Ta Li << Ta Li >> Ta Li <>
+.It Li <& Ta Li >& Ta Li <<- Ta Li >| Ta \&
+.El
+.El
+.Pp
+The character
+.Ql #
+introduces a comment if used at the beginning of a word.
+The word starting with
+.Ql #
+and the rest of the line are ignored.
+.Pp
+ASCII
+.Dv NUL
+characters (character code 0) are not allowed in shell input.
+.Ss Quoting
+Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters
+or words to the shell, such as operators, whitespace, keywords,
+or alias names.
+.Pp
+There are four types of quoting: matched single quotes,
+dollar-single quotes,
+matched double quotes, and backslash.
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+.It Single Quotes
+Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal
+meaning of all the characters (except single quotes, making
+it impossible to put single-quotes in a single-quoted string).
+.It Dollar-Single Quotes
+Enclosing characters between
+.Li $'
+and
+.Li '
+preserves the literal meaning of all characters
+except backslashes and single quotes.
+A backslash introduces a C-style escape sequence:
+.Bl -tag -width xUnnnnnnnn
+.It \ea
+Alert (ring the terminal bell)
+.It \eb
+Backspace
+.It \ec Ns Ar c
+The control character denoted by
+.Li ^ Ns Ar c
+in
+.Xr stty 1 .
+If
+.Ar c
+is a backslash, it must be doubled.
+.It \ee
+The ESC character (ASCII 0x1b)
+.It \ef
+Formfeed
+.It \en
+Newline
+.It \er
+Carriage return
+.It \et
+Horizontal tab
+.It \ev
+Vertical tab
+.It \e\e
+Literal backslash
+.It \e\&'
+Literal single-quote
+.It \e\&"
+Literal double-quote
+.It \e Ns Ar nnn
+The byte whose octal value is
+.Ar nnn
+(one to three digits)
+.It \ex Ns Ar nn
+The byte whose hexadecimal value is
+.Ar nn
+(one or more digits only the last two of which are used)
+.It \eu Ns Ar nnnn
+The Unicode code point
+.Ar nnnn
+(four hexadecimal digits)
+.It \eU Ns Ar nnnnnnnn
+The Unicode code point
+.Ar nnnnnnnn
+(eight hexadecimal digits)
+.El
+.Pp
+The sequences for Unicode code points are currently only useful with
+UTF-8 locales.
+They reject code point 0 and UTF-16 surrogates.
+.Pp
+If an escape sequence would produce a byte with value 0,
+that byte and the rest of the string until the matching single-quote
+are ignored.
+.Pp
+Any other string starting with a backslash is an error.
+.It Double Quotes
+Enclosing characters within double quotes preserves the literal
+meaning of all characters except dollar sign
+.Pq Ql $ ,
+backquote
+.Pq Ql ` ,
+and backslash
+.Pq Ql \e .
+The backslash inside double quotes is historically weird.
+It remains literal unless it precedes the following characters,
+which it serves to quote:
+.Pp
+.Bl -column "XXX" "XXX" "XXX" "XXX" "XXX" -offset center -compact
+.It Li $ Ta Li ` Ta Li \&" Ta Li \e Ta Li \en
+.El
+.It Backslash
+A backslash preserves the literal meaning of the following
+character, with the exception of the newline character
+.Pq Ql \en .
+A backslash preceding a newline is treated as a line continuation.
+.El
+.Ss Keywords
+Keywords or reserved words are words that have special meaning to the
+shell and are recognized at the beginning of a line and
+after a control operator.
+The following are keywords:
+.Bl -column "doneXX" "elifXX" "elseXX" "untilXX" "whileX" -offset center
+.It Li \&! Ta { Ta } Ta Ic case Ta Ic do
+.It Ic done Ta Ic elif Ta Ic else Ta Ic esac Ta Ic fi
+.It Ic for Ta Ic if Ta Ic then Ta Ic until Ta Ic while
+.El
+.Ss Aliases
+An alias is a name and corresponding value set using the
+.Ic alias
+built-in command.
+Wherever the command word of a simple command may occur,
+and after checking for keywords if a keyword may occur, the shell
+checks the word to see if it matches an alias.
+If it does, it replaces it in the input stream with its value.
+For example, if there is an alias called
+.Dq Li lf
+with the value
+.Dq Li "ls -F" ,
+then the input
+.Pp
+.Dl "lf foobar"
+.Pp
+would become
+.Pp
+.Dl "ls -F foobar"
+.Pp
+Aliases are also recognized after an alias
+whose value ends with a space or tab.
+For example, if there is also an alias called
+.Dq Li nohup
+with the value
+.Dq Li "nohup " ,
+then the input
+.Pp
+.Dl "nohup lf foobar"
+.Pp
+would become
+.Pp
+.Dl "nohup ls -F foobar"
+.Pp
+Aliases provide a convenient way for naive users to
+create shorthands for commands without having to learn how
+to create functions with arguments.
+Using aliases in scripts is discouraged
+because the command that defines them must be executed
+before the code that uses them is parsed.
+This is fragile and not portable.
+.Pp
+An alias name may be escaped in a command line, so that it is not
+replaced by its alias value, by using quoting characters within or
+adjacent to the alias name.
+This is most often done by prefixing
+an alias name with a backslash to execute a function, built-in, or
+normal program with the same name.
+See the
+.Sx Quoting
+subsection.
+.Ss Commands
+The shell interprets the words it reads according to a
+language, the specification of which is outside the scope
+of this man page (refer to the BNF in the
+.St -p1003.2
+document).
+Essentially though, a line is read and if
+the first word of the line (or after a control operator)
+is not a keyword, then the shell has recognized a
+simple command.
+Otherwise, a complex command or some
+other special construct may have been recognized.
+.Ss Simple Commands
+If a simple command has been recognized, the shell performs
+the following actions:
+.Bl -enum
+.It
+Leading words of the form
+.Dq Li name=value
+are stripped off and assigned to the environment of
+the simple command
+(they do not affect expansions).
+Redirection operators and
+their arguments (as described below) are stripped
+off and saved for processing.
+.It
+The remaining words are expanded as described in
+the section called
+.Sx Word Expansions ,
+and the first remaining word is considered the command
+name and the command is located.
+The remaining
+words are considered the arguments of the command.
+If no command name resulted, then the
+.Dq Li name=value
+variable assignments recognized in 1) affect the
+current shell.
+.It
+Redirections are performed as described in
+the next section.
+.El
+.Ss Redirections
+Redirections are used to change where a command reads its input
+or sends its output.
+In general, redirections open, close, or
+duplicate an existing reference to a file.
+The overall format
+used for redirection is:
+.Pp
+.D1 Oo Ar n Oc Ar redir-op file
+.Pp
+The
+.Ar redir-op
+is one of the redirection operators mentioned
+previously.
+The following gives some examples of how these
+operators can be used.
+Note that stdin and stdout are commonly used abbreviations
+for standard input and standard output respectively.
+.Bl -tag -width "1234567890XX" -offset indent
+.It Oo Ar n Oc Ns Li > Ar file
+redirect stdout (or file descriptor
+.Ar n )
+to
+.Ar file
+.It Oo Ar n Oc Ns Li >| Ar file
+same as above, but override the
+.Fl C
+option
+.It Oo Ar n Oc Ns Li >> Ar file
+append stdout (or file descriptor
+.Ar n )
+to
+.Ar file
+.It Oo Ar n Oc Ns Li < Ar file
+redirect stdin (or file descriptor
+.Ar n )
+from
+.Ar file
+.It Oo Ar n Oc Ns Li <> Ar file
+redirect stdin (or file descriptor
+.Ar n )
+to and from
+.Ar file
+.It Oo Ar n1 Oc Ns Li <& Ns Ar n2
+duplicate stdin (or file descriptor
+.Ar n1 )
+from file descriptor
+.Ar n2
+.It Oo Ar n Oc Ns Li <&-
+close stdin (or file descriptor
+.Ar n )
+.It Oo Ar n1 Oc Ns Li >& Ns Ar n2
+duplicate stdout (or file descriptor
+.Ar n1 )
+to file descriptor
+.Ar n2
+.It Oo Ar n Oc Ns Li >&-
+close stdout (or file descriptor
+.Ar n )
+.El
+.Pp
+The following redirection is often called a
+.Dq here-document .
+.Bd -unfilled -offset indent
+.Oo Ar n Oc Ns Li << Ar delimiter
+.Ar here-doc-text
+.Ar ...
+.Ar delimiter
+.Ed
+.Pp
+All the text on successive lines up to the delimiter is
+saved away and made available to the command on standard
+input, or file descriptor
+.Ar n
+if it is specified.
+If the
+.Ar delimiter
+as specified on the initial line is quoted, then the
+.Ar here-doc-text
+is treated literally, otherwise the text is subjected to
+parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
+expansion (as described in the section on
+.Sx Word Expansions ) .
+If the operator is
+.Dq Li <<-
+instead of
+.Dq Li << ,
+then leading tabs
+in the
+.Ar here-doc-text
+are stripped.
+.Ss Search and Execution
+There are three types of commands: shell functions,
+built-in commands, and normal programs.
+The command is searched for (by name) in that order.
+The three types of commands are all executed in a different way.
+.Pp
+When a shell function is executed, all of the shell positional
+parameters (except
+.Li $0 ,
+which remains unchanged) are
+set to the arguments of the shell function.
+The variables which are explicitly placed in the environment of
+the command (by placing assignments to them before the
+function name) are made local to the function and are set
+to the values given.
+Then the command given in the function definition is executed.
+The positional parameters are restored to their original values
+when the command completes.
+This all occurs within the current shell.
+.Pp
+Shell built-in commands are executed internally to the shell, without
+spawning a new process.
+There are two kinds of built-in commands: regular and special.
+Assignments before special builtins persist after they finish
+executing and assignment errors, redirection errors and certain
+operand errors cause a script to be aborted.
+Special builtins cannot be overridden with a function.
+Both regular and special builtins can affect the shell in ways
+normal programs cannot.
+.Pp
+Otherwise, if the command name does not match a function
+or built-in command, the command is searched for as a normal
+program in the file system (as described in the next section).
+When a normal program is executed, the shell runs the program,
+passing the arguments and the environment to the program.
+If the program is not a normal executable file
+(i.e., if it does not begin with the
+.Dq "magic number"
+whose ASCII representation is
+.Dq Li #! ,
+resulting in an
+.Er ENOEXEC
+return value from
+.Xr execve 2 )
+but appears to be a text file,
+the shell will run a new instance of
+.Nm
+to interpret it.
+.Pp
+Note that previous versions of this document
+and the source code itself misleadingly and sporadically
+refer to a shell script without a magic number
+as a
+.Dq "shell procedure" .
+.Ss Path Search
+When locating a command, the shell first looks to see if
+it has a shell function by that name.
+Then it looks for a
+built-in command by that name.
+If a built-in command is not found,
+one of two things happen:
+.Bl -enum
+.It
+Command names containing a slash are simply executed without
+performing any searches.
+.It
+The shell searches each entry in the
+.Va PATH
+variable
+in turn for the command.
+The value of the
+.Va PATH
+variable should be a series of
+entries separated by colons.
+Each entry consists of a
+directory name.
+The current directory
+may be indicated implicitly by an empty directory name,
+or explicitly by a single period.
+.El
+.Ss Command Exit Status
+Each command has an exit status that can influence the behavior
+of other shell commands.
+The paradigm is that a command exits
+with zero for normal or success, and non-zero for failure,
+error, or a false indication.
+The man page for each command
+should indicate the various exit codes and what they mean.
+Additionally, the built-in commands return exit codes, as does
+an executed shell function.
+.Pp
+If a command is terminated by a signal, its exit status is greater than 128.
+The signal name can be found by passing the exit status to
+.Li kill -l .
+.Pp
+If there is no command word,
+the exit status is the exit status of the last command substitution executed,
+or zero if the command does not contain any command substitutions.
+.Ss Complex Commands
+Complex commands are combinations of simple commands
+with control operators or keywords, together creating a larger complex
+command.
+More generally, a command is one of the following:
+.Bl -item -offset indent
+.It
+simple command
+.It
+pipeline
+.It
+list or compound-list
+.It
+compound command
+.It
+function definition
+.El
+.Pp
+Unless otherwise stated, the exit status of a command is
+that of the last simple command executed by the command,
+or zero if no simple command was executed.
+.Ss Pipelines
+A pipeline is a sequence of one or more commands separated
+by the control operator
+.Ql \&| .
+The standard output of all but
+the last command is connected to the standard input
+of the next command.
+The standard output of the last
+command is inherited from the shell, as usual.
+.Pp
+The format for a pipeline is:
+.Pp
+.D1 Oo Li \&! Oc Ar command1 Op Li \&| Ar command2 ...
+.Pp
+The standard output of
+.Ar command1
+is connected to the standard input of
+.Ar command2 .
+The standard input, standard output, or
+both of a command is considered to be assigned by the
+pipeline before any redirection specified by redirection
+operators that are part of the command.
+.Pp
+Note that unlike some other shells,
+.Nm
+executes each process in a pipeline with more than one command
+in a subshell environment and as a child of the
+.Nm
+process.
+.Pp
+If the pipeline is not in the background (discussed later),
+the shell waits for all commands to complete.
+.Pp
+If the keyword
+.Ic !\&
+does not precede the pipeline, the
+exit status is the exit status of the last command specified
+in the pipeline if the
+.Cm pipefail
+option is not set or all commands returned zero,
+or the last non-zero exit status of any command in the pipeline otherwise.
+Otherwise, the exit status is the logical
+NOT of that exit status.
+That is, if
+that status is zero, the exit status is 1; if
+that status is greater than zero, the exit status
+is zero.
+.Pp
+Because pipeline assignment of standard input or standard
+output or both takes place before redirection, it can be
+modified by redirection.
+For example:
+.Pp
+.Dl "command1 2>&1 | command2"
+.Pp
+sends both the standard output and standard error of
+.Ar command1
+to the standard input of
+.Ar command2 .
+.Pp
+A
+.Ql \&;
+or newline terminator causes the preceding
+AND-OR-list
+(described below in the section called
+.Sx Short-Circuit List Operators )
+to be executed sequentially;
+an
+.Ql &
+causes asynchronous execution of the preceding AND-OR-list.
+.Ss Background Commands (&)
+If a command is terminated by the control operator ampersand
+.Pq Ql & ,
+the shell executes the command in a subshell environment (see
+.Sx Grouping Commands Together
+below) and asynchronously;
+the shell does not wait for the command to finish
+before executing the next command.
+.Pp
+The format for running a command in background is:
+.Pp
+.D1 Ar command1 Li & Op Ar command2 Li & Ar ...
+.Pp
+If the shell is not interactive, the standard input of an
+asynchronous command is set to
+.Pa /dev/null .
+.Pp
+The exit status is zero.
+.Ss Lists (Generally Speaking)
+A list is a sequence of zero or more commands separated by
+newlines, semicolons, or ampersands,
+and optionally terminated by one of these three characters.
+The commands in a
+list are executed in the order they are written.
+If command is followed by an ampersand, the shell starts the
+command and immediately proceeds onto the next command;
+otherwise it waits for the command to terminate before
+proceeding to the next one.
+.Ss Short-Circuit List Operators
+.Dq Li &&
+and
+.Dq Li ||
+are AND-OR list operators.
+.Dq Li &&
+executes the first command, and then executes the second command
+if the exit status of the first command is zero.
+.Dq Li ||
+is similar, but executes the second command if the exit
+status of the first command is nonzero.
+.Dq Li &&
+and
+.Dq Li ||
+both have the same priority.
+.Ss Flow-Control Constructs (if, while, for, case)
+The syntax of the
+.Ic if
+command is:
+.Bd -unfilled -offset indent -compact
+.Ic if Ar list
+.Ic then Ar list
+.Oo Ic elif Ar list
+.Ic then Ar list Oc Ar ...
+.Op Ic else Ar list
+.Ic fi
+.Ed
+.Pp
+The exit status is that of selected
+.Ic then
+or
+.Ic else
+list,
+or zero if no list was selected.
+.Pp
+The syntax of the
+.Ic while
+command is:
+.Bd -unfilled -offset indent -compact
+.Ic while Ar list
+.Ic do Ar list
+.Ic done
+.Ed
+.Pp
+The two lists are executed repeatedly while the exit status of the
+first list is zero.
+The
+.Ic until
+command is similar, but has the word
+.Ic until
+in place of
+.Ic while ,
+which causes it to
+repeat until the exit status of the first list is zero.
+.Pp
+The exit status is that of the last execution of the second list,
+or zero if it was never executed.
+.Pp
+The syntax of the
+.Ic for
+command is:
+.Bd -unfilled -offset indent -compact
+.Ic for Ar variable Op Ic in Ar word ...
+.Ic do Ar list
+.Ic done
+.Ed
+.Pp
+If
+.Ic in
+and the following words are omitted,
+.Ic in Li \&"$@\&"
+is used instead.
+The words are expanded, and then the list is executed
+repeatedly with the variable set to each word in turn.
+The
+.Ic do
+and
+.Ic done
+commands may be replaced with
+.Ql {
+and
+.Ql } .
+.Pp
+The syntax of the
+.Ic break
+and
+.Ic continue
+commands is:
+.D1 Ic break Op Ar num
+.D1 Ic continue Op Ar num
+.Pp
+The
+.Ic break
+command terminates the
+.Ar num
+innermost
+.Ic for
+or
+.Ic while
+loops.
+The
+.Ic continue
+command continues with the next iteration of the innermost loop.
+These are implemented as special built-in commands.
+.Pp
+The syntax of the
+.Ic case
+command is:
+.Bd -unfilled -offset indent -compact
+.Ic case Ar word Ic in
+.Ar pattern ) Ar list Li ;;
+.Ar ...
+.Ic esac
+.Ed
+.Pp
+The pattern can actually be one or more patterns
+(see
+.Sx Shell Patterns
+described later),
+separated by
+.Ql \&|
+characters.
+Tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution,
+arithmetic expansion and quote removal are applied to the word.
+Then, each pattern is expanded in turn using tilde expansion,
+parameter expansion, command substitution and arithmetic expansion and
+the expanded form of the word is checked against it.
+If a match is found, the corresponding list is executed.
+If the selected list is terminated by the control operator
+.Ql ;&
+instead of
+.Ql ;; ,
+execution continues with the next list,
+continuing until a list terminated with
+.Ql ;;
+or the end of the
+.Ic case
+command.
+.Ss Grouping Commands Together
+Commands may be grouped by writing either
+.Pp
+.Sm off
+.Bd -literal -offset -ident
+.Po Ar list Pc
+.Ed
+.Sm on
+.Pp
+or
+.Bd -literal -offset -ident
+.No { Ar list ; }
+.Ed
+.Pp
+The first form executes the commands in a subshell environment.
+A subshell environment has its own copy of:
+.Bl -enum
+.It
+The current working directory as set by
+.Ic cd .
+.It
+The file creation mask as set by
+.Ic umask .
+.It
+Resource limits as set by
+.Ic ulimit .
+.It
+References to open files.
+.It
+Traps as set by
+.Ic trap .
+.It
+Known jobs.
+.It
+Positional parameters and variables.
+.It
+Shell options.
+.It
+Shell functions.
+.It
+Shell aliases.
+.El
+.Pp
+These are copied from the parent shell environment,
+except that trapped (but not ignored) signals are reset to the default action
+and known jobs are cleared.
+Any changes do not affect the parent shell environment.
+.Pp
+A subshell environment may be implemented as a child process or differently.
+If job control is enabled in an interactive shell,
+commands grouped in parentheses can be suspended and continued as a unit.
+.Pp
+For compatibility with other shells,
+two open parentheses in sequence should be separated by whitespace.
+.Pp
+The second form never forks another shell,
+so it is slightly more efficient.
+Grouping commands together this way allows the user to
+redirect their output as though they were one program:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+{ echo -n "hello"; echo " world"; } > greeting
+.Ed
+.Ss Functions
+The syntax of a function definition is
+.Pp
+.D1 Ar name Li \&( \&) Ar command
+.Pp
+A function definition is an executable statement; when
+executed it installs a function named
+.Ar name
+and returns an
+exit status of zero.
+The
+.Ar command
+is normally a list
+enclosed between
+.Ql {
+and
+.Ql } .
+.Pp
+Variables may be declared to be local to a function by
+using the
+.Ic local
+command.
+This should appear as the first statement of a function,
+and the syntax is:
+.Pp
+.D1 Ic local Oo Ar variable ... Oc Op Fl
+.Pp
+The
+.Ic local
+command is implemented as a built-in command.
+The exit status is zero
+unless the command is not in a function or a variable name is invalid.
+.Pp
+When a variable is made local, it inherits the initial
+value and exported and readonly flags from the variable
+with the same name in the surrounding scope, if there is
+one.
+Otherwise, the variable is initially unset.
+The shell
+uses dynamic scoping, so that if the variable
+.Va x
+is made local to function
+.Em f ,
+which then calls function
+.Em g ,
+references to the variable
+.Va x
+made inside
+.Em g
+will refer to the variable
+.Va x
+declared inside
+.Em f ,
+not to the global variable named
+.Va x .
+.Pp
+The only special parameter that can be made local is
+.Ql - .
+Making
+.Ql -
+local causes any shell options
+(including those that only have long names)
+that are
+changed via the
+.Ic set
+command inside the function to be
+restored to their original values when the function
+returns.
+.Pp
+The syntax of the
+.Ic return
+command is
+.Pp
+.D1 Ic return Op Ar exitstatus
+.Pp
+It terminates the current executional scope, returning from the closest
+nested function or sourced script;
+if no function or sourced script is being executed,
+it exits the shell instance.
+The
+.Ic return
+command is implemented as a special built-in command.
+.Ss Variables and Parameters
+The shell maintains a set of parameters.
+A parameter
+denoted by a name
+(consisting solely
+of alphabetics, numerics, and underscores,
+and starting with an alphabetic or an underscore)
+is called a variable.
+When starting up,
+the shell turns all environment variables with valid names into shell
+variables.
+New variables can be set using the form
+.Pp
+.D1 Ar name Ns = Ns Ar value
+.Pp
+A parameter can also be denoted by a number
+or a special character as explained below.
+.Pp
+Assignments are expanded differently from other words:
+tilde expansion is also performed after the equals sign and after any colon
+and usernames are also terminated by colons,
+and field splitting and pathname expansion are not performed.
+.Pp
+This special expansion applies not only to assignments that form a simple
+command by themselves or precede a command word,
+but also to words passed to the
+.Ic export ,
+.Ic local
+or
+.Ic readonly
+built-in commands that have this form.
+For this, the builtin's name must be literal
+(not the result of an expansion)
+and may optionally be preceded by one or more literal instances of
+.Ic command
+without options.
+.Ss Positional Parameters
+A positional parameter is a parameter denoted by a number greater than zero.
+The shell sets these initially to the values of its command line
+arguments that follow the name of the shell script.
+The
+.Ic set
+built-in command can also be used to set or reset them.
+.Ss Special Parameters
+Special parameters are parameters denoted by a single special character
+or the digit zero.
+They are shown in the following list, exactly as they would appear in input
+typed by the user or in the source of a shell script.
+.Bl -hang
+.It Li $*
+Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
+When
+the expansion occurs within a double-quoted string
+it expands to a single field with the value of each parameter
+separated by the first character of the
+.Va IFS
+variable,
+or by a space if
+.Va IFS
+is unset.
+.It Li $@
+Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
+When
+the expansion occurs within double-quotes, each positional
+parameter expands as a separate argument.
+If there are no positional parameters, the
+expansion of
+.Li @
+generates zero arguments, even when
+.Li @
+is double-quoted.
+What this basically means, for example, is
+if
+.Li $1
+is
+.Dq Li abc
+and
+.Li $2
+is
+.Dq Li "def ghi" ,
+then
+.Li \&"$@\&"
+expands to
+the two arguments:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+"abc"   "def ghi"
+.Ed
+.It Li $#
+Expands to the number of positional parameters.
+.It Li $?
+Expands to the exit status of the most recent pipeline.
+.It Li $-
+(hyphen) Expands to the current option flags (the single-letter
+option names concatenated into a string) as specified on
+invocation, by the
+.Ic set
+built-in command, or implicitly
+by the shell.
+.It Li $$
+Expands to the process ID of the invoked shell.
+A subshell
+retains the same value of
+.Va $
+as its parent.
+.It Li $!
+Expands to the process ID of the most recent background
+command executed from the current shell.
+For a
+pipeline, the process ID is that of the last command in the
+pipeline.
+If this parameter is referenced, the shell will remember
+the process ID and its exit status until the
+.Ic wait
+built-in command reports completion of the process.
+.It Li $0
+(zero) Expands to the name of the shell script if passed on the command line,
+the
+.Ar name
+operand if given (with
+.Fl c )
+or otherwise argument 0 passed to the shell.
+.El
+.Ss Special Variables
+The following variables are set by the shell or
+have special meaning to it:
+.Bl -tag -width ".Va HISTSIZE"
+.It Va CDPATH
+The search path used with the
+.Ic cd
+built-in.
+.It Va EDITOR
+The fallback editor used with the
+.Ic fc
+built-in.
+If not set, the default editor is
+.Xr ed 1 .
+.It Va FCEDIT
+The default editor used with the
+.Ic fc
+built-in.
+.It Va HISTFILE
+The path to the file in which command history is saved.
+History is loaded when
+.Va HISTFILE
+is set and saved on exit.
+.It Va HISTSIZE
+The number of previous commands that are accessible.
+.It Va HOME
+The user's home directory,
+used in tilde expansion and as a default directory for the
+.Ic cd
+built-in.
+.It Va IFS
+Input Field Separators.
+This is initialized at startup to
+.Aq space ,
+.Aq tab ,
+and
+.Aq newline
+in that order.
+This value also applies if
+.Va IFS
+is unset, but not if it is set to the empty string.
+See the
+.Sx White Space Splitting
+section for more details.
+.It Va LINENO
+The current line number in the script or function.
+.It Va MAIL
+The name of a mail file, that will be checked for the arrival of new
+mail.
+Overridden by
+.Va MAILPATH .
+.It Va MAILPATH
+A colon
+.Pq Ql \&:
+separated list of file names, for the shell to check for incoming
+mail.
+This variable overrides the
+.Va MAIL
+setting.
+There is a maximum of 10 mailboxes that can be monitored at once.
+.It Va OPTIND
+The index of the next argument to be processed by
+.Ic getopts .
+This is initialized to 1 at startup.
+.It Va PATH
+The default search path for executables.
+See the
+.Sx Path Search
+section for details.
+.It Va PPID
+The parent process ID of the invoked shell.
+This is set at startup
+unless this variable is in the environment.
+A later change of parent process ID is not reflected.
+A subshell retains the same value of
+.Va PPID .
+.It Va PS0
+The pre-prompt string,
+which is printed before each new prompt.
+.Va PS0
+may include any of the formatting sequences from
+.Va PS1 .
+.It Va PS1
+The primary prompt string, which defaults to
+.Dq Li "$ " ,
+unless you are the superuser, in which case it defaults to
+.Dq Li "# " .
+.Va PS1
+may include any of the following formatting sequences,
+which are replaced by the given information:
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+.It Li \eH
+This system's fully-qualified hostname (FQDN).
+.It Li \eh
+This system's hostname.
+.It Li \eW
+The final component of the current working directory.
+.It Li \ew
+The entire path of the current working directory.
+.It Li \e?
+Exit status if it is non-zero, empty string otherwise.
+.It Li \e$
+Superuser status.
+.Dq Li "$ "
+for normal users and
+.Dq Li "# "
+for superusers.
+.It Li \e\e
+A literal backslash.
+.El
+.It Va PS2
+The secondary prompt string, which defaults to
+.Dq Li "> " .
+.Va PS2
+may include any of the formatting sequences from
+.Va PS1 .
+.It Va PS4
+The prefix for the trace output (if
+.Fl x
+is active).
+The default is
+.Dq Li "+ " .
+.It Va RPS1
+The primary right prompt string.
+.Va RPS1
+may include any of the formatting sequences from
+.Va PS1 .
+.It Va RPS2
+The secondary right prompt string.
+.Va RPS2
+may include any of the formatting sequences from
+.Va PS1 .
+.El
+.Ss Word Expansions
+This clause describes the various expansions that are
+performed on words.
+Not all expansions are performed on
+every word, as explained later.
+.Pp
+Tilde expansions, parameter expansions, command substitutions,
+arithmetic expansions, and quote removals that occur within
+a single word expand to a single field.
+It is only field
+splitting or pathname expansion that can create multiple
+fields from a single word.
+The single exception to this rule is
+the expansion of the special parameter
+.Va @
+within double-quotes,
+as was described above.
+.Pp
+The order of word expansion is:
+.Bl -enum
+.It
+Tilde Expansion, Parameter Expansion, Command Substitution,
+Arithmetic Expansion (these all occur at the same time).
+.It
+Field Splitting is performed on fields generated by step (1)
+unless the
+.Va IFS
+variable is null.
+.It
+Pathname Expansion (unless the
+.Fl f
+option is in effect).
+.It
+Quote Removal.
+.El
+.Pp
+The
+.Ql $
+character is used to introduce parameter expansion, command
+substitution, or arithmetic expansion.
+.Ss Tilde Expansion (substituting a user's home directory)
+A word beginning with an unquoted tilde character
+.Pq Ql ~
+is
+subjected to tilde expansion.
+All the characters up to a slash
+.Pq Ql /
+or the end of the word are treated as a username
+and are replaced with the user's home directory.
+If the
+username is missing (as in
+.Pa ~/foobar ) ,
+the tilde is replaced with the value of the
+.Va HOME
+variable (the current user's home directory).
+.Ss Parameter Expansion
+The format for parameter expansion is as follows:
+.Pp
+.D1 Li ${ Ns Ar expression Ns Li }
+.Pp
+where
+.Ar expression
+consists of all characters until the matching
+.Ql } .
+Any
+.Ql }
+escaped by a backslash or within a single-quoted or double-quoted
+string, and characters in
+embedded arithmetic expansions, command substitutions, and variable
+expansions, are not examined in determining the matching
+.Ql } .
+If the variants with
+.Ql + ,
+.Ql - ,
+.Ql =
+or
+.Ql ?\&
+occur within a double-quoted string,
+as an extension there may be unquoted parts
+(via double-quotes inside the expansion);
+.Ql }
+within such parts are also not examined in determining the matching
+.Ql } .
+.Pp
+The simplest form for parameter expansion is:
+.Pp
+.D1 Li ${ Ns Ar parameter Ns Li }
+.Pp
+The value, if any, of
+.Ar parameter
+is substituted.
+.Pp
+The parameter name or symbol can be enclosed in braces, which are
+optional except for positional parameters with more than one digit or
+when parameter is followed by a character that could be interpreted as
+part of the name.
+If a parameter expansion occurs inside double-quotes:
+.Bl -enum
+.It
+Field splitting is not performed on the results of the
+expansion, with the exception of the special parameter
+.Va @ .
+.It
+Pathname expansion is not performed on the results of the
+expansion.
+.El
+.Pp
+In addition, a parameter expansion can be modified by using one of the
+following formats.
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+.It Li ${ Ns Ar parameter Ns Li :- Ns Ar word Ns Li }
+Use Default Values.
+If
+.Ar parameter
+is unset or null, the expansion of
+.Ar word
+is substituted; otherwise, the value of
+.Ar parameter
+is substituted.
+.It Li ${ Ns Ar parameter Ns Li := Ns Ar word Ns Li }
+Assign Default Values.
+If
+.Ar parameter
+is unset or null, the expansion of
+.Ar word
+is assigned to
+.Ar parameter .
+In all cases, the
+final value of
+.Ar parameter
+is substituted.
+Quoting inside
+.Ar word
+does not prevent field splitting or pathname expansion.
+Only variables, not positional
+parameters or special parameters, can be
+assigned in this way.
+.It Li ${ Ns Ar parameter Ns Li :? Ns Oo Ar word Oc Ns Li }
+Indicate Error if Null or Unset.
+If
+.Ar parameter
+is unset or null, the expansion of
+.Ar word
+(or a message indicating it is unset if
+.Ar word
+is omitted) is written to standard
+error and the shell exits with a nonzero
+exit status.
+Otherwise, the value of
+.Ar parameter
+is substituted.
+An
+interactive shell need not exit.
+.It Li ${ Ns Ar parameter Ns Li :+ Ns Ar word Ns Li }
+Use Alternate Value.
+If
+.Ar parameter
+is unset or null, null is substituted;
+otherwise, the expansion of
+.Ar word
+is substituted.
+.El
+.Pp
+In the parameter expansions shown previously, use of the colon in the
+format results in a test for a parameter that is unset or null; omission
+of the colon results in a test for a parameter that is only unset.
+.Pp
+The
+.Ar word
+inherits the type of quoting
+(unquoted, double-quoted or here-document)
+from the surroundings,
+with the exception that a backslash that quotes a closing brace is removed
+during quote removal.
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+.It Li ${# Ns Ar parameter Ns Li }
+String Length.
+The length in characters of
+the value of
+.Ar parameter .
+.El
+.Pp
+The following four varieties of parameter expansion provide for substring
+processing.
+In each case, pattern matching notation
+(see
+.Sx Shell Patterns ) ,
+rather than regular expression notation,
+is used to evaluate the patterns.
+If parameter is one of the special parameters
+.Va *
+or
+.Va @ ,
+the result of the expansion is unspecified.
+Enclosing the full parameter expansion string in double-quotes does not
+cause the following four varieties of pattern characters to be quoted,
+whereas quoting characters within the braces has this effect.
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+.It Li ${ Ns Ar parameter Ns Li % Ns Ar word Ns Li }
+Remove Smallest Suffix Pattern.
+The
+.Ar word
+is expanded to produce a pattern.
+The
+parameter expansion then results in
+.Ar parameter ,
+with the smallest portion of the
+suffix matched by the pattern deleted.
+.It Li ${ Ns Ar parameter Ns Li %% Ns Ar word Ns Li }
+Remove Largest Suffix Pattern.
+The
+.Ar word
+is expanded to produce a pattern.
+The
+parameter expansion then results in
+.Ar parameter ,
+with the largest portion of the
+suffix matched by the pattern deleted.
+.It Li ${ Ns Ar parameter Ns Li # Ns Ar word Ns Li }
+Remove Smallest Prefix Pattern.
+The
+.Ar word
+is expanded to produce a pattern.
+The
+parameter expansion then results in
+.Ar parameter ,
+with the smallest portion of the
+prefix matched by the pattern deleted.
+.It Li ${ Ns Ar parameter Ns Li ## Ns Ar word Ns Li }
+Remove Largest Prefix Pattern.
+The
+.Ar word
+is expanded to produce a pattern.
+The
+parameter expansion then results in
+.Ar parameter ,
+with the largest portion of the
+prefix matched by the pattern deleted.
+.El
+.Ss Command Substitution
+Command substitution allows the output of a command to be substituted in
+place of the command name itself.
+Command substitution occurs when
+the command is enclosed as follows:
+.Pp
+.D1 Li $( Ns Ar command Ns Li )\&
+.Pp
+or the backquoted version:
+.Pp
+.D1 Li ` Ns Ar command Ns Li `
+.Pp
+The shell expands the command substitution by executing command
+and replacing the command substitution
+with the standard output of the command,
+removing sequences of one or more newlines at the end of the substitution.
+Embedded newlines before the end of the output are not removed;
+however, during field splitting, they may be translated into spaces
+depending on the value of
+.Va IFS
+and the quoting that is in effect.
+The command is executed in a subshell environment,
+except that the built-in commands
+.Ic jobid ,
+.Ic jobs ,
+and
+.Ic trap
+return information about the parent shell environment
+and
+.Ic times
+returns information about the same process
+if they are the only command in a command substitution.
+.Pp
+If a command substitution of the
+.Li $(
+form begins with a subshell,
+the
+.Li $(
+and
+.Li (\&
+must be separated by whitespace
+to avoid ambiguity with arithmetic expansion.
+.Ss Arithmetic Expansion
+Arithmetic expansion provides a mechanism for evaluating an arithmetic
+expression and substituting its value.
+The format for arithmetic expansion is as follows:
+.Pp
+.D1 Li $(( Ns Ar expression Ns Li ))
+.Pp
+The
+.Ar expression
+is treated as if it were in double-quotes, except
+that a double-quote inside the expression is not treated specially.
+The
+shell expands all tokens in the
+.Ar expression
+for parameter expansion,
+command substitution,
+arithmetic expansion
+and quote removal.
+.Pp
+The allowed expressions are a subset of C expressions,
+summarized below.
+.Bl -tag -width "Variables" -offset indent
+.It Values
+All values are of type
+.Ft intmax_t .
+.It Constants
+Decimal, octal (starting with
+.Li 0 )
+and hexadecimal (starting with
+.Li 0x )
+integer constants.
+.It Variables
+Shell variables can be read and written
+and contain integer constants.
+.It Unary operators
+.Li "! ~ + -"
+.It Binary operators
+.Li "* / % + - << >> < <= > >= == != & ^ | && ||"\&
+.It Assignment operators
+.Li "= += -= *= /= %= <<= >>= &= ^= |="
+.It Conditional operator
+.Li "? :"\&
+.El
+.Pp
+The result of the expression is substituted in decimal.
+.Ss White Space Splitting (Field Splitting)
+In certain contexts,
+after parameter expansion, command substitution, and
+arithmetic expansion the shell scans the results of
+expansions and substitutions that did not occur in double-quotes for
+field splitting and multiple fields can result.
+.Pp
+Characters in
+.Va IFS
+that are whitespace
+.Po
+.Aq space ,
+.Aq tab ,
+and
+.Aq newline
+.Pc
+are treated differently from other characters in
+.Va IFS .
+.Pp
+Whitespace in
+.Va IFS
+at the beginning or end of a word is discarded.
+.Pp
+Subsequently, a field is delimited by either
+.Bl -enum
+.It
+a non-whitespace character in
+.Va IFS
+with any whitespace in
+.Va IFS
+surrounding it, or
+.It
+one or more whitespace characters in
+.Va IFS .
+.El
+.Pp
+If a word ends with a non-whitespace character in
+.Va IFS ,
+there is no empty field after this character.
+.Pp
+If no field is delimited, the word is discarded.
+In particular, if a word consists solely of an unquoted substitution
+and the result of the substitution is null,
+it is removed by field splitting even if
+.Va IFS
+is null.
+.Ss Pathname Expansion (File Name Generation)
+Unless the
+.Fl f
+option is set,
+file name generation is performed
+after word splitting is complete.
+Each word is
+viewed as a series of patterns, separated by slashes.
+The
+process of expansion replaces the word with the names of
+all existing files whose names can be formed by replacing
+each pattern with a string that matches the specified pattern.
+There are two restrictions on this: first, a pattern cannot match
+a string containing a slash, and second,
+a pattern cannot match a string starting with a period
+unless the first character of the pattern is a period.
+The next section describes the patterns used for
+Pathname Expansion,
+the four varieties of parameter expansion for substring processing and the
+.Ic case
+command.
+.Ss Shell Patterns
+A pattern consists of normal characters, which match themselves,
+and meta-characters.
+The meta-characters are
+.Ql * ,
+.Ql \&? ,
+and
+.Ql \&[ .
+These characters lose their special meanings if they are quoted.
+When command or variable substitution is performed and the dollar sign
+or back quotes are not double-quoted, the value of the
+variable or the output of the command is scanned for these
+characters and they are turned into meta-characters.
+.Pp
+An asterisk
+.Pq Ql *
+matches any string of characters.
+A question mark
+.Pq Ql \&?
+matches any single character.
+A left bracket
+.Pq Ql \&[
+introduces a character class.
+The end of the character class is indicated by a
+.Ql \&] ;
+if the
+.Ql \&]
+is missing then the
+.Ql \&[
+matches a
+.Ql \&[
+rather than introducing a character class.
+A character class matches any of the characters between the square brackets.
+A locale-dependent range of characters may be specified using a minus sign.
+A named class of characters (see
+.Xr wctype 3 )
+may be specified by surrounding the name with
+.Ql \&[:\&
+and
+.Ql :\&] .
+For example,
+.Ql \&[\&[:alpha:\&]\&]
+is a shell pattern that matches a single letter.
+The character class may be complemented by making an exclamation point
+.Pq Ql !\&
+the first character of the character class.
+A caret
+.Pq Ql ^
+has the same effect but is non-standard.
+.Pp
+To include a
+.Ql \&]
+in a character class, make it the first character listed
+(after the
+.Ql \&!
+or
+.Ql ^ ,
+if any).
+To include a
+.Ql - ,
+make it the first or last character listed.
+.Ss Built-in Commands
+This section lists the built-in commands.
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+.It Ic \&:
+A null command that returns a 0 (true) exit value.
+.It Ic \&. Ar file
+The commands in the specified file are read and executed by the shell.
+The
+.Ic return
+command may be used to return to the
+.Ic \&.
+command's caller.
+If
+.Ar file
+contains any
+.Ql /
+characters, it is used as is.
+Otherwise, the shell searches the
+.Va PATH
+for the file.
+If it is not found in the
+.Va PATH ,
+it is sought in the current working directory.
+.It Ic \&[
+A built-in equivalent of
+.Xr test 1 .
+.It Ic alias Oo Ar name Ns Oo = Ns Ar string Oc ... Oc
+If
+.Ar name Ns = Ns Ar string
+is specified, the shell defines the alias
+.Ar name
+with value
+.Ar string .
+If just
+.Ar name
+is specified, the value of the alias
+.Ar name
+is printed.
+With no arguments, the
+.Ic alias
+built-in command prints the names and values of all defined aliases
+(see
+.Ic unalias ) .
+Alias values are written with appropriate quoting so that they are
+suitable for re-input to the shell.
+Also see the
+.Sx Aliases
+subsection.
+.It Ic bg Op Ar job ...
+Continue the specified jobs
+(or the current job if no jobs are given)
+in the background.
+.It Ic bind Oo Fl aeklrsv Oc Oo Ar key Oo Ar command Oc Oc
+List or alter key bindings for the line editor.
+This command is documented in
+.Xr editrc 5 .
+.It Ic break Op Ar num
+See the
+.Sx Flow-Control Constructs
+subsection.
+.It Ic builtin Ar cmd Op Ar arg ...
+Execute the specified built-in command,
+.Ar cmd .
+This is useful when the user wishes to override a shell function
+with the same name as a built-in command.
+.It Ic cd Oo Fl L | P Oc Oo Fl e Oc Op Ar directory
+.It Ic cd Fl
+Switch to the specified
+.Ar directory ,
+to the directory specified in the
+.Va HOME
+environment variable if no
+.Ar directory
+is specified or
+to the directory specified in the
+.Va OLDPWD
+environment variable if
+.Ar directory
+is
+.Fl .
+If
+.Ar directory
+does not begin with
+.Pa / , \&. ,
+or
+.Pa .. ,
+then the directories listed in the
+.Va CDPATH
+variable will be
+searched for the specified
+.Ar directory .
+If
+.Va CDPATH
+is unset, the current directory is searched.
+The format of
+.Va CDPATH
+is the same as that of
+.Va PATH .
+In an interactive shell,
+the
+.Ic cd
+command will print out the name of the directory
+that it actually switched to
+if the
+.Va CDPATH
+mechanism was used or if
+.Ar directory
+was
+.Fl .
+.Pp
+If the
+.Fl P
+option is specified,
+.Pa ..
+is handled physically and symbolic links are resolved before
+.Pa ..
+components are processed.
+If the
+.Fl L
+option is specified,
+.Pa ..
+is handled logically.
+This is the default.
+.Pp
+The
+.Fl e
+option causes
+.Ic cd
+to return exit status 1 if the full pathname of the new directory
+cannot be determined reliably or at all.
+Normally this is not considered an error,
+although a warning is printed.
+.Pp
+If changing the directory fails, the exit status is greater than 1.
+If the directory is changed, the exit status is 0, or also 1 if
+.Fl e
+was given.
+.It Ic chdir
+A synonym for the
+.Ic cd
+built-in command.
+.It Ic command Oo Fl p Oc Op Ar utility Op Ar argument ...
+.It Ic command Oo Fl p Oc Fl v Ar utility
+.It Ic command Oo Fl p Oc Fl V Ar utility
+The first form of invocation executes the specified
+.Ar utility ,
+ignoring shell functions in the search.
+If
+.Ar utility
+is a special builtin,
+it is executed as if it were a regular builtin.
+.Pp
+If the
+.Fl p
+option is specified, the command search is performed using a
+default value of
+.Va PATH
+that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities.
+.Pp
+If the
+.Fl v
+option is specified,
+.Ar utility
+is not executed but a description of its interpretation by the shell is
+printed.
+For ordinary commands the output is the path name; for shell built-in
+commands, shell functions and keywords only the name is written.
+Aliases are printed as
+.Dq Ic alias Ar name Ns = Ns Ar value .
+.Pp
+The
+.Fl V
+option is identical to
+.Fl v
+except for the output.
+It prints
+.Dq Ar utility Ic is Ar description
+where
+.Ar description
+is either
+the path name to
+.Ar utility ,
+a special shell builtin,
+a shell builtin,
+a shell function,
+a shell keyword
+or
+an alias for
+.Ar value .
+.It Ic continue Op Ar num
+See the
+.Sx Flow-Control Constructs
+subsection.
+.It Ic echo Oo Fl e | n Oc Op Ar string ...
+Print a space-separated list of the arguments to the standard output
+and append a newline character.
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+.It Fl n
+Suppress the output of the trailing newline.
+.It Fl e
+Process C-style backslash escape sequences.
+The
+.Ic echo
+command understands the following character escapes:
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+.It \ea
+Alert (ring the terminal bell)
+.It \eb
+Backspace
+.It \ec
+Suppress the trailing newline (this has the side-effect of truncating the
+line if it is not the last character)
+.It \ee
+The ESC character (ASCII 0x1b)
+.It \ef
+Formfeed
+.It \en
+Newline
+.It \er
+Carriage return
+.It \et
+Horizontal tab
+.It \ev
+Vertical tab
+.It \e\e
+Literal backslash
+.It \e0nnn
+(Zero) The character whose octal value is
+.Ar nnn
+.El
+.Pp
+If
+.Ar string
+is not enclosed in quotes then the backslash itself must be escaped
+with a backslash to protect it from the shell.
+For example
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+$ echo -e "a\evb"
+a
+ b
+$ echo -e a\e\evb
+a
+ b
+$ echo -e "a\e\eb"
+a\eb
+$ echo -e a\e\e\e\eb
+a\eb
+.Ed
+.El
+.Pp
+Only one of the
+.Fl e
+and
+.Fl n
+options may be specified.
+.It Ic eval Ar string ...
+Concatenate all the arguments with spaces.
+Then re-parse and execute the command.
+.It Ic exec Op Ar command Op arg ...
+Unless
+.Ar command
+is omitted,
+the shell process is replaced with the specified program
+(which must be a real program, not a shell built-in command or function).
+Any redirections on the
+.Ic exec
+command are marked as permanent,
+so that they are not undone when the
+.Ic exec
+command finishes.
+.It Ic exit Op Ar exitstatus
+Terminate the shell process.
+If
+.Ar exitstatus
+is given
+it is used as the exit status of the shell.
+Otherwise, if the shell is executing an
+.Cm EXIT
+trap, the exit status of the last command before the trap is used;
+if the shell is executing a trap for a signal,
+the shell exits by resending the signal to itself.
+Otherwise, the exit status of the preceding command is used.
+The exit status should be an integer between 0 and 255.
+.It Ic export Ar name ...
+.It Ic export Op Fl p
+The specified names are exported so that they will
+appear in the environment of subsequent commands.
+The only way to un-export a variable is to
+.Ic unset
+it.
+The shell allows the value of a variable to be set
+at the same time as it is exported by writing
+.Pp
+.D1 Ic export Ar name Ns = Ns Ar value
+.Pp
+With no arguments the
+.Ic export
+command lists the names
+of all exported variables.
+If the
+.Fl p
+option is specified, the exported variables are printed as
+.Dq Ic export Ar name Ns = Ns Ar value
+lines, suitable for re-input to the shell.
+.It Ic false
+A null command that returns a non-zero (false) exit value.
+.It Ic fc Oo Fl e Ar editor Oc Op Ar first Op Ar last
+.It Ic fc Fl l Oo Fl nr Oc Op Ar first Op Ar last
+.It Ic fc Fl s Oo Ar old Ns = Ns Ar new Oc Op Ar first
+The
+.Ic fc
+built-in command lists, or edits and re-executes,
+commands previously entered to an interactive shell.
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+.It Fl e Ar editor
+Use the editor named by
+.Ar editor
+to edit the commands.
+The
+.Ar editor
+string is a command name,
+subject to search via the
+.Va PATH
+variable.
+The value in the
+.Va FCEDIT
+variable is used as a default when
+.Fl e
+is not specified.
+If
+.Va FCEDIT
+is null or unset, the value of the
+.Va EDITOR
+variable is used.
+If
+.Va EDITOR
+is null or unset,
+.Xr ed 1
+is used as the editor.
+.It Fl l No (ell)
+List the commands rather than invoking
+an editor on them.
+The commands are written in the
+sequence indicated by the
+.Ar first
+and
+.Ar last
+operands, as affected by
+.Fl r ,
+with each command preceded by the command number.
+.It Fl n
+Suppress command numbers when listing with
+.Fl l .
+.It Fl r
+Reverse the order of the commands listed
+(with
+.Fl l )
+or edited
+(with neither
+.Fl l
+nor
+.Fl s ) .
+.It Fl s
+Re-execute the command without invoking an editor.
+.It Ar first
+.It Ar last
+Select the commands to list or edit.
+The number of previous commands that can be accessed
+are determined by the value of the
+.Va HISTSIZE
+variable.
+The value of
+.Ar first
+or
+.Ar last
+or both are one of the following:
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+.It Oo Cm + Oc Ns Ar num
+A positive number representing a command number;
+command numbers can be displayed with the
+.Fl l
+option.
+.It Fl Ar num
+A negative decimal number representing the
+command that was executed
+.Ar num
+of
+commands previously.
+For example, \-1 is the immediately previous command.
+.It Ar string
+A string indicating the most recently entered command
+that begins with that string.
+If the
+.Ar old Ns = Ns Ar new
+operand is not also specified with
+.Fl s ,
+the string form of the first operand cannot contain an embedded equal sign.
+.El
+.El
+.Pp
+The following variables affect the execution of
+.Ic fc :
+.Bl -tag -width ".Va HISTSIZE"
+.It Va FCEDIT
+Name of the editor to use for history editing.
+.It Va HISTSIZE
+The number of previous commands that are accessible.
+.El
+.It Ic fg Op Ar job
+Move the specified
+.Ar job
+or the current job to the foreground.
+.It Ic getopts Ar optstring var
+The POSIX
+.Ic getopts
+command.
+The
+.Ic getopts
+command deprecates the older
+.Xr getopt 1
+command.
+The first argument should be a series of letters, each possibly
+followed by a colon which indicates that the option takes an argument.
+The specified variable is set to the parsed option.
+The index of
+the next argument is placed into the shell variable
+.Va OPTIND .
+If an option takes an argument, it is placed into the shell variable
+.Va OPTARG .
+If an invalid option is encountered,
+.Ar var
+is set to
+.Ql \&? .
+It returns a false value (1) when it encounters the end of the options.
+A new set of arguments may be parsed by assigning
+.Li OPTIND=1 .
+.It Ic hash Oo Fl rv Oc Op Ar command ...
+The shell maintains a hash table which remembers the locations of commands.
+With no arguments whatsoever, the
+.Ic hash
+command prints out the contents of this table.
+.Pp
+With arguments, the
+.Ic hash
+command removes each specified
+.Ar command
+from the hash table (unless they are functions) and then locates it.
+With the
+.Fl v
+option,
+.Ic hash
+prints the locations of the commands as it finds them.
+The
+.Fl r
+option causes the
+.Ic hash
+command to delete all the entries in the hash table except for functions.
+.It Ic jobid Op Ar job
+Print the process IDs of the processes in the specified
+.Ar job .
+If the
+.Ar job
+argument is omitted, use the current job.
+.It Ic jobs Oo Fl lps Oc Op Ar job ...
+Print information about the specified jobs, or all jobs if no
+.Ar job
+argument is given.
+The information printed includes job ID, status and command name.
+.Pp
+If the
+.Fl l
+option is specified, the PID of each job is also printed.
+If the
+.Fl p
+option is specified, only the process IDs for the process group leaders
+are printed, one per line.
+If the
+.Fl s
+option is specified, only the PIDs of the job commands are printed, one per
+line.
+.It Ic kill
+A built-in equivalent of
+.Xr kill 1
+that additionally supports sending signals to jobs.
+.It Ic local Oo Ar variable ... Oc Op Fl
+See the
+.Sx Functions
+subsection.
+.It Ic printf
+A built-in equivalent of
+.Xr printf 1 .
+.It Ic pwd Op Fl L | P
+Print the path of the current directory.
+The built-in command may
+differ from the program of the same name because the
+built-in command remembers what the current directory
+is rather than recomputing it each time.
+This makes
+it faster.
+However, if the current directory is
+renamed,
+the built-in version of
+.Xr pwd 1
+will continue to print the old name for the directory.
+.Pp
+If the
+.Fl P
+option is specified, symbolic links are resolved.
+If the
+.Fl L
+option is specified, the shell's notion of the current directory
+is printed (symbolic links are not resolved).
+This is the default.
+.It Ic read Oo Fl p Ar prompt Oc Oo
+.Fl t Ar timeout Oc Oo Fl er Oc Ar variable ...
+The
+.Ar prompt
+is printed if the
+.Fl p
+option is specified
+and the standard input is a terminal.
+Then a line is
+read from the standard input.
+The trailing newline
+is deleted from the line and the line is split as
+described in the section on
+.Sx White Space Splitting (Field Splitting)\&
+above, and
+the pieces are assigned to the variables in order.
+If there are more pieces than variables, the remaining
+pieces (along with the characters in
+.Va IFS
+that separated them)
+are assigned to the last variable.
+If there are more variables than pieces, the remaining
+variables are assigned the null string.
+.Pp
+Backslashes are treated specially, unless the
+.Fl r
+option is
+specified.
+If a backslash is followed by
+a newline, the backslash and the newline will be
+deleted.
+If a backslash is followed by any other
+character, the backslash will be deleted and the following
+character will be treated as though it were not in
+.Va IFS ,
+even if it is.
+.Pp
+If the
+.Fl t
+option is specified and the
+.Ar timeout
+elapses before a complete line of input is supplied,
+the
+.Ic read
+command will return an exit status as if terminated by
+.Dv SIGALRM
+without assigning any values.
+The
+.Ar timeout
+value may optionally be followed by one of
+.Ql s ,
+.Ql m
+or
+.Ql h
+to explicitly specify seconds, minutes or hours.
+If none is supplied,
+.Ql s
+is assumed.
+.Pp
+The
+.Fl e
+option exists only for backward compatibility with older scripts.
+.Pp
+The exit status is 0 on success, 1 on end of file,
+between 2 and 128 if an error occurs
+and greater than 128 if a trapped signal interrupts
+.Ic read .
+.It Ic readonly Oo Fl p Oc Op Ar name ...
+Each specified
+.Ar name
+is marked as read only,
+so that it cannot be subsequently modified or unset.
+The shell allows the value of a variable to be set
+at the same time as it is marked read only
+by using the following form:
+.Pp
+.D1 Ic readonly Ar name Ns = Ns Ar value
+.Pp
+With no arguments the
+.Ic readonly
+command lists the names of all read only variables.
+If the
+.Fl p
+option is specified, the read-only variables are printed as
+.Dq Ic readonly Ar name Ns = Ns Ar value
+lines, suitable for re-input to the shell.
+.It Ic return Op Ar exitstatus
+See the
+.Sx Functions
+subsection.
+.It Ic set Oo Fl /+abCEefIimnpTuVvx Oc Oo Fl /+o Ar longname Oc Oo
+.Fl c Ar string Oc Op Fl - Ar arg ...
+The
+.Ic set
+command performs three different functions:
+.Bl -item
+.It
+With no arguments, it lists the values of all shell variables.
+.It
+If options are given,
+either in short form or using the long
+.Dq Fl /+o Ar longname
+form,
+it sets or clears the specified options as described in the section called
+.Sx Argument List Processing .
+.It
+If the
+.Dq Fl -
+option is specified,
+.Ic set
+will replace the shell's positional parameters with the subsequent
+arguments.
+If no arguments follow the
+.Dq Fl -
+option,
+all the positional parameters will be cleared,
+which is equivalent to executing the command
+.Dq Li "shift $#" .
+The
+.Dq Fl -
+flag may be omitted when specifying arguments to be used
+as positional replacement parameters.
+This is not recommended,
+because the first argument may begin with a dash
+.Pq Ql -
+or a plus
+.Pq Ql + ,
+which the
+.Ic set
+command will interpret as a request to enable or disable options.
+.El
+.It Ic setvar Ar variable value
+Assigns the specified
+.Ar value
+to the specified
+.Ar variable .
+The
+.Ic setvar
+command is intended to be used in functions that
+assign values to variables whose names are passed as parameters.
+In general it is better to write
+.Dq Ar variable Ns = Ns Ar value
+rather than using
+.Ic setvar .
+.It Ic shift Op Ar n
+Shift the positional parameters
+.Ar n
+times, or once if
+.Ar n
+is not specified.
+A shift sets the value of
+.Li $1
+to the value of
+.Li $2 ,
+the value of
+.Li $2
+to the value of
+.Li $3 ,
+and so on,
+decreasing the value of
+.Li $#
+by one.
+For portability, shifting if there are zero positional parameters
+should be avoided, since the shell may abort.
+.It Ic test
+A built-in equivalent of
+.Xr test 1 .
+.It Ic times
+Print the amount of time spent executing the shell process and its children.
+The first output line shows the user and system times for the shell process
+itself, the second one contains the user and system times for the
+children.
+.It Ic trap Oo Ar action Oc Ar signal ...
+.It Ic trap Fl l
+Cause the shell to parse and execute
+.Ar action
+when any specified
+.Ar signal
+is received.
+The signals are specified by name or number.
+In addition, the pseudo-signal
+.Cm EXIT
+may be used to specify an
+.Ar action
+that is performed when the shell terminates.
+The
+.Ar action
+may be an empty string or a dash
+.Pq Ql - ;
+the former causes the specified signal to be ignored
+and the latter causes the default action to be taken.
+Omitting the
+.Ar action
+and using only signal numbers is another way to request the default action.
+In a subshell or utility environment,
+the shell resets trapped (but not ignored) signals to the default action.
+The
+.Ic trap
+command has no effect on signals that were ignored on entry to the shell.
+.Pp
+Option
+.Fl l
+causes the
+.Ic trap
+command to display a list of valid signal names.
+.It Ic true
+A null command that returns a 0 (true) exit value.
+.It Ic type Op Ar name ...
+Interpret each
+.Ar name
+as a command and print the resolution of the command search.
+Possible resolutions are:
+shell keyword, alias, special shell builtin, shell builtin, command,
+tracked alias
+and not found.
+For aliases the alias expansion is printed;
+for commands and tracked aliases
+the complete pathname of the command is printed.
+.It Ic ulimit Oo Fl HSabcdfklmnopstuvw Oc Op Ar limit
+Set or display resource limits (see
+.Xr getrlimit 2 ) .
+If
+.Ar limit
+is specified, the named resource will be set;
+otherwise the current resource value will be displayed.
+.Pp
+If
+.Fl H
+is specified, the hard limits will be set or displayed.
+While everybody is allowed to reduce a hard limit,
+only the superuser can increase it.
+The
+.Fl S
+option
+specifies the soft limits instead.
+When displaying limits,
+only one of
+.Fl S
+or
+.Fl H
+can be given.
+The default is to display the soft limits,
+and to set both the hard and the soft limits.
+.Pp
+Option
+.Fl a
+causes the
+.Ic ulimit
+command to display all resources.
+The parameter
+.Ar limit
+is not acceptable in this mode.
+.Pp
+The remaining options specify which resource value is to be
+displayed or modified.
+They are mutually exclusive.
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+.It Fl b Ar sbsize
+The maximum size of socket buffer usage, in bytes.
+.It Fl c Ar coredumpsize
+The maximal size of core dump files, in 512-byte blocks.
+Setting
+.Ar coredumpsize
+to 0 prevents core dump files from being created.
+.It Fl d Ar datasize
+The maximal size of the data segment of a process, in kilobytes.
+.It Fl f Ar filesize
+The maximal size of a file, in 512-byte blocks.
+.It Fl k Ar kqueues
+The maximal number of kqueues
+(see
+.Xr kqueue 2 )
+for this user ID.
+.It Fl l Ar lockedmem
+The maximal size of memory that can be locked by a process, in
+kilobytes.
+.It Fl m Ar memoryuse
+The maximal resident set size of a process, in kilobytes.
+.It Fl n Ar nofiles
+The maximal number of descriptors that could be opened by a process.
+.It Fl o Ar umtxp
+The maximal number of process-shared locks
+(see
+.Xr pthread 3 )
+for this user ID.
+.It Fl p Ar pseudoterminals
+The maximal number of pseudo-terminals for this user ID.
+.It Fl s Ar stacksize
+The maximal size of the stack segment, in kilobytes.
+.It Fl t Ar time
+The maximal amount of CPU time to be used by each process, in seconds.
+.It Fl u Ar userproc
+The maximal number of simultaneous processes for this user ID.
+.It Fl v Ar virtualmem
+The maximal virtual size of a process, in kilobytes.
+.It Fl w Ar swapuse
+The maximum amount of swap space reserved or used for this user ID,
+in kilobytes.
+.El
+.It Ic umask Oo Fl S Oc Op Ar mask
+Set the file creation mask (see
+.Xr umask 2 )
+to the octal or symbolic (see
+.Xr chmod 1 )
+value specified by
+.Ar mask .
+If the argument is omitted, the current mask value is printed.
+If the
+.Fl S
+option is specified, the output is symbolic, otherwise the output is octal.
+.It Ic unalias Oo Fl a Oc Op Ar name ...
+The specified alias names are removed.
+If
+.Fl a
+is specified, all aliases are removed.
+.It Ic unset Oo Fl fv Oc Ar name ...
+The specified variables or functions are unset and unexported.
+If the
+.Fl v
+option is specified or no options are given, the
+.Ar name
+arguments are treated as variable names.
+If the
+.Fl f
+option is specified, the
+.Ar name
+arguments are treated as function names.
+.It Ic wait Op Ar job ...
+Wait for each specified
+.Ar job
+to complete and return the exit status of the last process in the
+last specified
+.Ar job .
+If any
+.Ar job
+specified is unknown to the shell, it is treated as if it
+were a known job that exited with exit status 127.
+If no operands are given, wait for all jobs to complete
+and return an exit status of zero.
+.El
+.Ss Command Line Editing
+When
+.Nm
+is being used interactively from a terminal, the current command
+and the command history
+(see
+.Ic fc
+in
+.Sx Built-in Commands )
+can be edited using
+.Nm vi Ns -mode
+command line editing.
+This mode uses commands similar
+to a subset of those described in the
+.Xr vi 1
+man page.
+The command
+.Dq Li "set -o vi"
+(or
+.Dq Li "set -V" )
+enables
+.Nm vi Ns -mode
+editing and places
+.Nm
+into
+.Nm vi
+insert mode.
+With
+.Nm vi Ns -mode
+enabled,
+.Nm
+can be switched between insert mode and command mode by typing
+.Aq ESC .
+Hitting
+.Aq return
+while in command mode will pass the line to the shell.
+.Pp
+Similarly, the
+.Dq Li "set -o emacs"
+(or
+.Dq Li "set -E" )
+command can be used to enable a subset of
+.Nm emacs Ns -style
+command line editing features.
+.Sh ENVIRONMENT
+The following environment variables affect the execution of
+.Nm :
+.Bl -tag -width ".Ev LANGXXXXXX"
+.It Ev ENV
+Initialization file for interactive shells.
+.It Ev LANG , Ev LC_*
+Locale settings.
+These are inherited by children of the shell,
+and is used in a limited manner by the shell itself.
+.It Ev OLDPWD
+The previous current directory.
+This is used and updated by
+.Ic cd .
+.It Ev PWD
+An absolute pathname for the current directory,
+possibly containing symbolic links.
+This is used and updated by the shell.
+.It Ev TERM
+The default terminal setting for the shell.
+This is inherited by children of the shell, and is used in the history
+editing modes.
+.El
+.Pp
+Additionally, environment variables are turned into shell variables
+at startup,
+which may affect the shell as described under
+.Sx Special Variables .
+.Sh FILES
+.Bl -tag -width "/etc/suid_profileXX" -compact
+.It Pa ~/.profile
+User's login profile.
+.It Pa /etc/profile
+System login profile.
+.It Pa /etc/shells
+Shell database.
+.It Pa /etc/suid_profile
+Privileged shell profile.
+.El
+.Sh EXIT STATUS
+Errors that are detected by the shell, such as a syntax error, will
+cause the shell to exit with a non-zero exit status.
+If the shell is not an interactive shell, the execution of the shell
+file will be aborted.
+Otherwise the shell will return the exit status of the last command
+executed, or if the
+.Ic exit
+builtin is used with a numeric argument, it
+will return the argument.
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr 1sh-kill 1 ,
+.Xr 1sh-printf 1 ,
+.Xr 1sh-test 1 ,
+.Xr builtin 1 ,
+.Xr chsh 1 ,
+.Xr echo 1 ,
+.Xr ed 1 ,
+.Xr emacs 1 ,
+.Xr pwd 1 ,
+.Xr vi 1 ,
+.Xr execve 2 ,
+.Xr getrlimit 2 ,
+.Xr umask 2 ,
+.Xr wctype 3 ,
+.Xr editrc 5 ,
+.Xr shells 5
+.Sh HISTORY
+A
+.Nm sh
+command, the Thompson shell, appeared in
+.At v1 .
+It was superseded in
+.At v7
+by the Bourne shell, which inherited the name
+.Nm sh .
+.Pp
+This version of
+.Nm sh
+was rewritten in 1989 under the
+.Bx
+license after the Bourne shell from
+.At V.4 .
+The
+.Nm
+command is based on sources from
+.Fx 12.1 .
+.Sh AUTHORS
+This version of
+.Nm
+was originally written by
+.An Kenneth Almquist .
+.Sh BUGS
+The
+.Nm
+utility does not recognize multibyte characters other than UTF-8.
+Splitting using
+.Va IFS
+does not recognize multibyte characters.
diff --git a/bin/1sh/Makefile b/bin/1sh/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..26ce125f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+PREFIX = /usr/local
+MANDIR = ${PREFIX}/share/man
+
+CFLAGS += -std=c99 -Wall -Wextra -DSHELL
+LDLIBS = -ledit
+
+-include config.mk
+
+SRCS += alias.c
+SRCS += arith_yacc.c
+SRCS += arith_yylex.c
+SRCS += cd.c
+SRCS += echo.c
+SRCS += error.c
+SRCS += eval.c
+SRCS += exec.c
+SRCS += expand.c
+SRCS += histedit.c
+SRCS += input.c
+SRCS += jobs.c
+SRCS += kill.c
+SRCS += mail.c
+SRCS += main.c
+SRCS += memalloc.c
+SRCS += miscbltin.c
+SRCS += mystring.c
+SRCS += options.c
+SRCS += output.c
+SRCS += parser.c
+SRCS += printf.c
+SRCS += redir.c
+SRCS += show.c
+SRCS += test.c
+SRCS += trap.c
+SRCS += var.c
+
+GENSRCS = builtins.c nodes.c syntax.c
+GENHDRS = builtins.h nodes.h syntax.h token.h
+
+SRCS += ${GENSRCS}
+OBJS = ${SRCS:.c=.o}
+
+MANS = 1sh.1 1sh-kill.1 1sh-printf.1 1sh-test.1
+
+all: tags 1sh
+
+1sh: ${OBJS}
+	${CC} ${LDFLAGS} ${OBJS} ${LDLIBS} -o $@
+
+${OBJS}: ${GENHDRS}
+
+builtins.c builtins.h: mkbuiltins builtins.def
+	sh mkbuiltins .
+
+nodes.c nodes.h: mknodes nodetypes nodes.c.pat
+	./mknodes nodetypes nodes.c.pat
+
+syntax.c syntax.h: mksyntax
+	./mksyntax
+
+token.h: mktokens
+	sh mktokens
+
+tags: *.h *.c
+	ctags -w *.h *.c
+
+depend: ${SRCS} ${GENHDRS}
+	${CC} ${CFLAGS} -MM ${SRCS} > .depend
+
+-include .depend
+
+clean:
+	rm -f 1sh ${OBJS} mknodes mksyntax ${GENSRCS} ${GENHDRS} tags .depend
+
+install: 1sh ${MANS}
+	install -d ${PREFIX}/bin ${MANDIR}/man1
+	install 1sh ${PREFIX}/bin
+	for man in ${MANS}; do gzip -c $$man > ${MANDIR}/man1/$$man.gz; done
+	grep -q '^${PREFIX}/bin/1sh$$' /etc/shells \
+		|| echo '${PREFIX}/bin/1sh' >> /etc/shells
+
+uninstall:
+	rm -f ${PREFIX}/bin/1sh ${MANS:%=${MANDIR}/man1/%.gz}
+	sed -i sed '\;^${PREFIX}/bin/1sh$$;d' /etc/shells
diff --git a/bin/1sh/TOUR b/bin/1sh/TOUR
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3f196c9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/TOUR
@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+#	@(#)TOUR	8.1 (Berkeley) 5/31/93
+# $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/TOUR 317882 2017-05-06 13:28:42Z jilles $
+
+NOTE -- This is the original TOUR paper distributed with ash and
+does not represent the current state of the shell.  It is provided anyway
+since it provides helpful information for how the shell is structured,
+but be warned that things have changed -- the current shell is
+still under development.
+
+================================================================
+
+                       A Tour through Ash
+
+               Copyright 1989 by Kenneth Almquist.
+
+
+DIRECTORIES:  The subdirectory bltin contains commands which can
+be compiled stand-alone.  The rest of the source is in the main
+ash directory.
+
+SOURCE CODE GENERATORS:  Files whose names begin with "mk" are
+programs that generate source code.  A complete list of these
+programs is:
+
+        program         input files         generates
+        -------         -----------         ---------
+        mkbuiltins      builtins.def        builtins.h builtins.c
+        mknodes         nodetypes           nodes.h nodes.c
+        mksyntax            -               syntax.h syntax.c
+        mktokens            -               token.h
+
+There are undoubtedly too many of these.
+
+EXCEPTIONS:  Code for dealing with exceptions appears in
+exceptions.c.  The C language doesn't include exception handling,
+so I implement it using setjmp and longjmp.  The global variable
+exception contains the type of exception.  EXERROR is raised by
+calling error.  EXINT is an interrupt.
+
+INTERRUPTS:  In an interactive shell, an interrupt will cause an
+EXINT exception to return to the main command loop.  (Exception:
+EXINT is not raised if the user traps interrupts using the trap
+command.)  The INTOFF and INTON macros (defined in exception.h)
+provide uninterruptible critical sections.  Between the execution
+of INTOFF and the execution of INTON, interrupt signals will be
+held for later delivery.  INTOFF and INTON can be nested.
+
+MEMALLOC.C:  Memalloc.c defines versions of malloc and realloc
+which call error when there is no memory left.  It also defines a
+stack oriented memory allocation scheme.  Allocating off a stack
+is probably more efficient than allocation using malloc, but the
+big advantage is that when an exception occurs all we have to do
+to free up the memory in use at the time of the exception is to
+restore the stack pointer.  The stack is implemented using a
+linked list of blocks.
+
+STPUTC:  If the stack were contiguous, it would be easy to store
+strings on the stack without knowing in advance how long the
+string was going to be:
+        p = stackptr;
+        *p++ = c;       /* repeated as many times as needed */
+        stackptr = p;
+The following three macros (defined in memalloc.h) perform these
+operations, but grow the stack if you run off the end:
+        STARTSTACKSTR(p);
+        STPUTC(c, p);   /* repeated as many times as needed */
+        grabstackstr(p);
+
+We now start a top-down look at the code:
+
+MAIN.C:  The main routine performs some initialization, executes
+the user's profile if necessary, and calls cmdloop.  Cmdloop
+repeatedly parses and executes commands.
+
+OPTIONS.C:  This file contains the option processing code.  It is
+called from main to parse the shell arguments when the shell is
+invoked, and it also contains the set builtin.  The -i and -m op-
+tions (the latter turns on job control) require changes in signal
+handling.  The routines setjobctl (in jobs.c) and setinteractive
+(in trap.c) are called to handle changes to these options.
+
+PARSING:  The parser code is all in parser.c.  A recursive des-
+cent parser is used.  Syntax tables (generated by mksyntax) are
+used to classify characters during lexical analysis.  There are
+four tables:  one for normal use, one for use when inside single
+quotes and dollar single quotes, one for use when inside double
+quotes and one for use in arithmetic.  The tables are machine
+dependent because they are indexed by character variables and
+the range of a char varies from machine to machine.
+
+PARSE OUTPUT:  The output of the parser consists of a tree of
+nodes.  The various types of nodes are defined in the file node-
+types.
+
+Nodes of type NARG are used to represent both words and the con-
+tents of here documents.  An early version of ash kept the con-
+tents of here documents in temporary files, but keeping here do-
+cuments in memory typically results in significantly better per-
+formance.  It would have been nice to make it an option to use
+temporary files for here documents, for the benefit of small
+machines, but the code to keep track of when to delete the tem-
+porary files was complex and I never fixed all the bugs in it.
+(AT&T has been maintaining the Bourne shell for more than ten
+years, and to the best of my knowledge they still haven't gotten
+it to handle temporary files correctly in obscure cases.)
+
+The text field of a NARG structure points to the text of the
+word.  The text consists of ordinary characters and a number of
+special codes defined in parser.h.  The special codes are:
+
+        CTLVAR              Parameter expansion
+        CTLENDVAR           End of parameter expansion
+        CTLBACKQ            Command substitution
+        CTLBACKQ|CTLQUOTE   Command substitution inside double quotes
+        CTLARI              Arithmetic expansion
+        CTLENDARI           End of arithmetic expansion
+        CTLESC              Escape next character
+
+A variable substitution contains the following elements:
+
+        CTLVAR type name '=' [ alternative-text CTLENDVAR ]
+
+The type field is a single character specifying the type of sub-
+stitution.  The possible types are:
+
+        VSNORMAL            $var
+        VSMINUS             ${var-text}
+        VSMINUS|VSNUL       ${var:-text}
+        VSPLUS              ${var+text}
+        VSPLUS|VSNUL        ${var:+text}
+        VSQUESTION          ${var?text}
+        VSQUESTION|VSNUL    ${var:?text}
+        VSASSIGN            ${var=text}
+        VSASSIGN|VSNUL      ${var:=text}
+        VSTRIMLEFT          ${var#text}
+        VSTRIMLEFTMAX       ${var##text}
+        VSTRIMRIGHT         ${var%text}
+        VSTRIMRIGHTMAX      ${var%%text}
+        VSLENGTH            ${#var}
+        VSERROR             delayed error
+
+In addition, the type field will have the VSQUOTE flag set if the
+variable is enclosed in double quotes and the VSLINENO flag if
+LINENO is being expanded (the parameter name is the decimal line
+number).  The parameter's name comes next, terminated by an equals
+sign.  If the type is not VSNORMAL (including when it is VSLENGTH),
+then the text field in the substitution follows, terminated by a
+CTLENDVAR byte.
+
+The type VSERROR is used to allow parsing bad substitutions like
+${var[7]} and generate an error when they are expanded.
+
+Commands in back quotes are parsed and stored in a linked list.
+The locations of these commands in the string are indicated by
+CTLBACKQ and CTLBACKQ+CTLQUOTE characters, depending upon whether
+the back quotes were enclosed in double quotes.
+
+Arithmetic expansion starts with CTLARI and ends with CTLENDARI.
+
+The character CTLESC escapes the next character, so that in case
+any of the CTL characters mentioned above appear in the input,
+they can be passed through transparently.  CTLESC is also used to
+escape '*', '?', '[', and '!' characters which were quoted by the
+user and thus should not be used for file name generation.
+
+CTLESC characters have proved to be particularly tricky to get
+right.  In the case of here documents which are not subject to
+variable and command substitution, the parser doesn't insert any
+CTLESC characters to begin with (so the contents of the text
+field can be written without any processing).  Other here docu-
+ments, and words which are not subject to file name generation,
+have the CTLESC characters removed during the variable and command
+substitution phase.  Words which are subject to file name
+generation have the CTLESC characters removed as part of the file
+name phase.
+
+EXECUTION:  Command execution is handled by the following files:
+        eval.c     The top level routines.
+        redir.c    Code to handle redirection of input and output.
+        jobs.c     Code to handle forking, waiting, and job control.
+        exec.c     Code to do path searches and the actual exec sys call.
+        expand.c   Code to evaluate arguments.
+        var.c      Maintains the variable symbol table.  Called from expand.c.
+
+EVAL.C:  Evaltree recursively executes a parse tree.  The exit
+status is returned in the global variable exitstatus.  The alter-
+native entry evalbackcmd is called to evaluate commands in back
+quotes.  It saves the result in memory if the command is a buil-
+tin; otherwise it forks off a child to execute the command and
+connects the standard output of the child to a pipe.
+
+JOBS.C:  To create a process, you call makejob to return a job
+structure, and then call forkshell (passing the job structure as
+an argument) to create the process.  Waitforjob waits for a job
+to complete.  These routines take care of process groups if job
+control is defined.
+
+REDIR.C:  Ash allows file descriptors to be redirected and then
+restored without forking off a child process.  This is accom-
+plished by duplicating the original file descriptors.  The redir-
+tab structure records where the file descriptors have been dupli-
+cated to.
+
+EXEC.C:  The routine find_command locates a command, and enters
+the command in the hash table if it is not already there.  The
+third argument specifies whether it is to print an error message
+if the command is not found.  (When a pipeline is set up,
+find_command is called for all the commands in the pipeline be-
+fore any forking is done, so to get the commands into the hash
+table of the parent process.  But to make command hashing as
+transparent as possible, we silently ignore errors at that point
+and only print error messages if the command cannot be found
+later.)
+
+The routine shellexec is the interface to the exec system call.
+
+EXPAND.C:  As the routine argstr generates words by parameter
+expansion, command substitution and arithmetic expansion, it
+performs word splitting on the result.  As each word is output,
+the routine expandmeta performs file name generation (if enabled).
+
+VAR.C:  Variables are stored in a hash table.  Probably we should
+switch to extensible hashing.  The variable name is stored in the
+same string as the value (using the format "name=value") so that
+no string copying is needed to create the environment of a com-
+mand.  Variables which the shell references internally are preal-
+located so that the shell can reference the values of these vari-
+ables without doing a lookup.
+
+When a program is run, the code in eval.c sticks any environment
+variables which precede the command (as in "PATH=xxx command") in
+the variable table as the simplest way to strip duplicates, and
+then calls "environment" to get the value of the environment.
+
+BUILTIN COMMANDS:  The procedures for handling these are scat-
+tered throughout the code, depending on which location appears
+most appropriate.  They can be recognized because their names al-
+ways end in "cmd".  The mapping from names to procedures is
+specified in the file builtins.def, which is processed by the
+mkbuiltins command.
+
+A builtin command is invoked with argc and argv set up like a
+normal program.  A builtin command is allowed to overwrite its
+arguments.  Builtin routines can call nextopt to do option pars-
+ing.  This is kind of like getopt, but you don't pass argc and
+argv to it.  Builtin routines can also call error.  This routine
+normally terminates the shell (or returns to the main command
+loop if the shell is interactive), but when called from a non-
+special builtin command it causes the builtin command to
+terminate with an exit status of 2.
+
+The directory bltins contains commands which can be compiled in-
+dependently but can also be built into the shell for efficiency
+reasons.  The header file bltin.h takes care of most of the
+differences between the ash and the stand-alone environment.
+The user should call the main routine "main", and #define main to
+be the name of the routine to use when the program is linked into
+ash.  This #define should appear before bltin.h is included;
+bltin.h will #undef main if the program is to be compiled
+stand-alone. A similar approach is used for a few utilities from
+bin and usr.bin.
+
+CD.C:  This file defines the cd and pwd builtins.
+
+SIGNALS:  Trap.c implements the trap command.  The routine set-
+signal figures out what action should be taken when a signal is
+received and invokes the signal system call to set the signal ac-
+tion appropriately.  When a signal that a user has set a trap for
+is caught, the routine "onsig" sets a flag.  The routine dotrap
+is called at appropriate points to actually handle the signal.
+When an interrupt is caught and no trap has been set for that
+signal, the routine "onint" in error.c is called.
+
+OUTPUT:  Ash uses its own output routines.  There are three out-
+put structures allocated.  "Output" represents the standard out-
+put, "errout" the standard error, and "memout" contains output
+which is to be stored in memory.  This last is used when a buil-
+tin command appears in backquotes, to allow its output to be col-
+lected without doing any I/O through the UNIX operating system.
+The variables out1 and out2 normally point to output and errout,
+respectively, but they are set to point to memout when appropri-
+ate inside backquotes.
+
+INPUT:  The basic input routine is pgetc, which reads from the
+current input file.  There is a stack of input files; the current
+input file is the top file on this stack.  The code allows the
+input to come from a string rather than a file.  (This is for the
+-c option and the "." and eval builtin commands.)  The global
+variable plinno is saved and restored when files are pushed and
+popped from the stack.  The parser routines store the number of
+the current line in this variable.
+
+DEBUGGING:  If DEBUG is defined in shell.h, then the shell will
+write debugging information to the file $HOME/trace.  Most of
+this is done using the TRACE macro, which takes a set of printf
+arguments inside two sets of parenthesis.  Example:
+"TRACE(("n=%d0, n))".  The double parenthesis are necessary be-
+cause the preprocessor can't handle functions with a variable
+number of arguments.  Defining DEBUG also causes the shell to
+generate a core dump if it is sent a quit signal.  The tracing
+code is in show.c.
diff --git a/bin/1sh/alias.c b/bin/1sh/alias.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e343b853
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/alias.c
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef lint
+#if 0
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)alias.c	8.3 (Berkeley) 5/4/95";
+#endif
+#endif /* not lint */
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+/* $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/alias.c 317039 2017-04-16 22:10:02Z jilles $ */
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+#include "alias.h"
+#include "options.h"
+#include "builtins.h"
+
+#define ATABSIZE 39
+
+static struct alias *atab[ATABSIZE];
+static int aliases;
+
+static void setalias(const char *, const char *);
+static int unalias(const char *);
+static struct alias **hashalias(const char *);
+
+static
+void
+setalias(const char *name, const char *val)
+{
+	struct alias *ap, **app;
+
+	unalias(name);
+	app = hashalias(name);
+	INTOFF;
+	ap = ckmalloc(sizeof (struct alias));
+	ap->name = savestr(name);
+	ap->val = savestr(val);
+	ap->flag = 0;
+	ap->next = *app;
+	*app = ap;
+	aliases++;
+	INTON;
+}
+
+static void
+freealias(struct alias *ap)
+{
+	ckfree(ap->name);
+	ckfree(ap->val);
+	ckfree(ap);
+}
+
+static int
+unalias(const char *name)
+{
+	struct alias *ap, **app;
+
+	app = hashalias(name);
+
+	for (ap = *app; ap; app = &(ap->next), ap = ap->next) {
+		if (equal(name, ap->name)) {
+			/*
+			 * if the alias is currently in use (i.e. its
+			 * buffer is being used by the input routine) we
+			 * just null out the name instead of freeing it.
+			 * We could clear it out later, but this situation
+			 * is so rare that it hardly seems worth it.
+			 */
+			if (ap->flag & ALIASINUSE)
+				*ap->name = '\0';
+			else {
+				INTOFF;
+				*app = ap->next;
+				freealias(ap);
+				INTON;
+			}
+			aliases--;
+			return (0);
+		}
+	}
+
+	return (1);
+}
+
+static void
+rmaliases(void)
+{
+	struct alias *ap, **app;
+	int i;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	for (i = 0; i < ATABSIZE; i++) {
+		app = &atab[i];
+		while (*app) {
+			ap = *app;
+			if (ap->flag & ALIASINUSE) {
+				*ap->name = '\0';
+				app = &(*app)->next;
+			} else {
+				*app = ap->next;
+				freealias(ap);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	aliases = 0;
+	INTON;
+}
+
+struct alias *
+lookupalias(const char *name, int check)
+{
+	struct alias *ap;
+
+	if (aliases == 0)
+		return (NULL);
+	for (ap = *hashalias(name); ap; ap = ap->next) {
+		if (equal(name, ap->name)) {
+			if (check && (ap->flag & ALIASINUSE))
+				return (NULL);
+			return (ap);
+		}
+	}
+
+	return (NULL);
+}
+
+static int
+comparealiases(const void *p1, const void *p2)
+{
+	const struct alias *const *a1 = p1;
+	const struct alias *const *a2 = p2;
+
+	return strcmp((*a1)->name, (*a2)->name);
+}
+
+static void
+printalias(const struct alias *a)
+{
+	out1fmt("%s=", a->name);
+	out1qstr(a->val);
+	out1c('\n');
+}
+
+static void
+printaliases(void)
+{
+	int i, j;
+	struct alias **sorted, *ap;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	sorted = ckmalloc(aliases * sizeof(*sorted));
+	j = 0;
+	for (i = 0; i < ATABSIZE; i++)
+		for (ap = atab[i]; ap; ap = ap->next)
+			if (*ap->name != '\0')
+				sorted[j++] = ap;
+	qsort(sorted, aliases, sizeof(*sorted), comparealiases);
+	for (i = 0; i < aliases; i++) {
+		printalias(sorted[i]);
+		if (int_pending())
+			break;
+	}
+	ckfree(sorted);
+	INTON;
+}
+
+int
+aliascmd(int argc __unused, char **argv __unused)
+{
+	char *n, *v;
+	int ret = 0;
+	struct alias *ap;
+
+	nextopt("");
+
+	if (*argptr == NULL) {
+		printaliases();
+		return (0);
+	}
+	while ((n = *argptr++) != NULL) {
+		if ((v = strchr(n+1, '=')) == NULL) /* n+1: funny ksh stuff */
+			if ((ap = lookupalias(n, 0)) == NULL) {
+				warning("%s: not found", n);
+				ret = 1;
+			} else
+				printalias(ap);
+		else {
+			*v++ = '\0';
+			setalias(n, v);
+		}
+	}
+
+	return (ret);
+}
+
+int
+unaliascmd(int argc __unused, char **argv __unused)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	while ((i = nextopt("a")) != '\0') {
+		if (i == 'a') {
+			rmaliases();
+			return (0);
+		}
+	}
+	for (i = 0; *argptr; argptr++)
+		i |= unalias(*argptr);
+
+	return (i);
+}
+
+static struct alias **
+hashalias(const char *p)
+{
+	unsigned int hashval;
+
+	hashval = (unsigned char)*p << 4;
+	while (*p)
+		hashval+= *p++;
+	return &atab[hashval % ATABSIZE];
+}
diff --git a/bin/1sh/alias.h b/bin/1sh/alias.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..625d1a50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/alias.h
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)alias.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ * $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/alias.h 314436 2017-02-28 23:42:47Z imp $
+ */
+
+#define ALIASINUSE	1
+
+struct alias {
+	struct alias *next;
+	char *name;
+	char *val;
+	int flag;
+};
+
+struct alias *lookupalias(const char *, int);
diff --git a/bin/1sh/arith.h b/bin/1sh/arith.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ecaad30f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/arith.h
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1995
+ *      The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)arith.h	1.1 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ * $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/arith.h 315511 2017-03-18 20:41:07Z jilles $
+ */
+
+#include "shell.h"
+
+#define DIGITS(var) (3 + (2 + CHAR_BIT * sizeof((var))) / 3)
+
+arith_t arith(const char *);
diff --git a/bin/1sh/arith_yacc.c b/bin/1sh/arith_yacc.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..57285831
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/arith_yacc.c
@@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2007
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+/* $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/arith_yacc.c 345117 2019-03-13 21:53:10Z jilles $ */
+
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include "arith.h"
+#include "arith_yacc.h"
+#include "expand.h"
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "options.h"
+#include "var.h"
+
+#if ARITH_BOR + 11 != ARITH_BORASS || ARITH_ASS + 11 != ARITH_EQ
+#error Arithmetic tokens are out of order.
+#endif
+
+static const char *arith_startbuf;
+
+const char *arith_buf;
+union yystype yylval;
+
+static int last_token;
+
+#define ARITH_PRECEDENCE(op, prec) [op - ARITH_BINOP_MIN] = prec
+
+static const char prec[ARITH_BINOP_MAX - ARITH_BINOP_MIN] = {
+	ARITH_PRECEDENCE(ARITH_MUL, 0),
+	ARITH_PRECEDENCE(ARITH_DIV, 0),
+	ARITH_PRECEDENCE(ARITH_REM, 0),
+	ARITH_PRECEDENCE(ARITH_ADD, 1),
+	ARITH_PRECEDENCE(ARITH_SUB, 1),
+	ARITH_PRECEDENCE(ARITH_LSHIFT, 2),
+	ARITH_PRECEDENCE(ARITH_RSHIFT, 2),
+	ARITH_PRECEDENCE(ARITH_LT, 3),
+	ARITH_PRECEDENCE(ARITH_LE, 3),
+	ARITH_PRECEDENCE(ARITH_GT, 3),
+	ARITH_PRECEDENCE(ARITH_GE, 3),
+	ARITH_PRECEDENCE(ARITH_EQ, 4),
+	ARITH_PRECEDENCE(ARITH_NE, 4),
+	ARITH_PRECEDENCE(ARITH_BAND, 5),
+	ARITH_PRECEDENCE(ARITH_BXOR, 6),
+	ARITH_PRECEDENCE(ARITH_BOR, 7),
+};
+
+#define ARITH_MAX_PREC 8
+
+int letcmd(int, char **);
+
+static __attribute__((noreturn)) void yyerror(const char *s)
+{
+	error("arithmetic expression: %s: \"%s\"", s, arith_startbuf);
+	/* NOTREACHED */
+}
+
+static arith_t arith_lookupvarint(char *varname)
+{
+	const char *str;
+	char *p;
+	arith_t result;
+
+	str = lookupvar(varname);
+	if (uflag && str == NULL)
+		yyerror("variable not set");
+	if (str == NULL || *str == '\0')
+		str = "0";
+	errno = 0;
+	result = strtoarith_t(str, &p);
+	if (errno != 0 || *p != '\0')
+		yyerror("variable conversion error");
+	return result;
+}
+
+static inline int arith_prec(int op)
+{
+	return prec[op - ARITH_BINOP_MIN];
+}
+
+static inline int higher_prec(int op1, int op2)
+{
+	return arith_prec(op1) < arith_prec(op2);
+}
+
+static arith_t do_binop(int op, arith_t a, arith_t b)
+{
+
+	switch (op) {
+	default:
+	case ARITH_REM:
+	case ARITH_DIV:
+		if (!b)
+			yyerror("division by zero");
+		if (a == ARITH_MIN && b == -1)
+			yyerror("divide error");
+		return op == ARITH_REM ? a % b : a / b;
+	case ARITH_MUL:
+		return (uintmax_t)a * (uintmax_t)b;
+	case ARITH_ADD:
+		return (uintmax_t)a + (uintmax_t)b;
+	case ARITH_SUB:
+		return (uintmax_t)a - (uintmax_t)b;
+	case ARITH_LSHIFT:
+		return (uintmax_t)a << (b & (sizeof(uintmax_t) * CHAR_BIT - 1));
+	case ARITH_RSHIFT:
+		return a >> (b & (sizeof(uintmax_t) * CHAR_BIT - 1));
+	case ARITH_LT:
+		return a < b;
+	case ARITH_LE:
+		return a <= b;
+	case ARITH_GT:
+		return a > b;
+	case ARITH_GE:
+		return a >= b;
+	case ARITH_EQ:
+		return a == b;
+	case ARITH_NE:
+		return a != b;
+	case ARITH_BAND:
+		return a & b;
+	case ARITH_BXOR:
+		return a ^ b;
+	case ARITH_BOR:
+		return a | b;
+	}
+}
+
+static arith_t assignment(int var, int noeval);
+
+static arith_t primary(int token, union yystype *val, int op, int noeval)
+{
+	arith_t result;
+
+again:
+	switch (token) {
+	case ARITH_LPAREN:
+		result = assignment(op, noeval);
+		if (last_token != ARITH_RPAREN)
+			yyerror("expecting ')'");
+		last_token = yylex();
+		return result;
+	case ARITH_NUM:
+		last_token = op;
+		return val->val;
+	case ARITH_VAR:
+		last_token = op;
+		return noeval ? val->val : arith_lookupvarint(val->name);
+	case ARITH_ADD:
+		token = op;
+		*val = yylval;
+		op = yylex();
+		goto again;
+	case ARITH_SUB:
+		*val = yylval;
+		return -primary(op, val, yylex(), noeval);
+	case ARITH_NOT:
+		*val = yylval;
+		return !primary(op, val, yylex(), noeval);
+	case ARITH_BNOT:
+		*val = yylval;
+		return ~primary(op, val, yylex(), noeval);
+	default:
+		yyerror("expecting primary");
+	}
+}
+
+static arith_t binop2(arith_t a, int op, int precedence, int noeval)
+{
+	for (;;) {
+		union yystype val;
+		arith_t b;
+		int op2;
+		int token;
+
+		token = yylex();
+		val = yylval;
+
+		b = primary(token, &val, yylex(), noeval);
+
+		op2 = last_token;
+		if (op2 >= ARITH_BINOP_MIN && op2 < ARITH_BINOP_MAX &&
+		    higher_prec(op2, op)) {
+			b = binop2(b, op2, arith_prec(op), noeval);
+			op2 = last_token;
+		}
+
+		a = noeval ? b : do_binop(op, a, b);
+
+		if (op2 < ARITH_BINOP_MIN || op2 >= ARITH_BINOP_MAX ||
+		    arith_prec(op2) >= precedence)
+			return a;
+
+		op = op2;
+	}
+}
+
+static arith_t binop(int token, union yystype *val, int op, int noeval)
+{
+	arith_t a = primary(token, val, op, noeval);
+
+	op = last_token;
+	if (op < ARITH_BINOP_MIN || op >= ARITH_BINOP_MAX)
+		return a;
+
+	return binop2(a, op, ARITH_MAX_PREC, noeval);
+}
+
+static arith_t and(int token, union yystype *val, int op, int noeval)
+{
+	arith_t a = binop(token, val, op, noeval);
+	arith_t b;
+
+	op = last_token;
+	if (op != ARITH_AND)
+		return a;
+
+	token = yylex();
+	*val = yylval;
+
+	b = and(token, val, yylex(), noeval | !a);
+
+	return a && b;
+}
+
+static arith_t or(int token, union yystype *val, int op, int noeval)
+{
+	arith_t a = and(token, val, op, noeval);
+	arith_t b;
+
+	op = last_token;
+	if (op != ARITH_OR)
+		return a;
+
+	token = yylex();
+	*val = yylval;
+
+	b = or(token, val, yylex(), noeval | !!a);
+
+	return a || b;
+}
+
+static arith_t cond(int token, union yystype *val, int op, int noeval)
+{
+	arith_t a = or(token, val, op, noeval);
+	arith_t b;
+	arith_t c;
+
+	if (last_token != ARITH_QMARK)
+		return a;
+
+	b = assignment(yylex(), noeval | !a);
+
+	if (last_token != ARITH_COLON)
+		yyerror("expecting ':'");
+
+	token = yylex();
+	*val = yylval;
+
+	c = cond(token, val, yylex(), noeval | !!a);
+
+	return a ? b : c;
+}
+
+static arith_t assignment(int var, int noeval)
+{
+	union yystype val = yylval;
+	int op = yylex();
+	arith_t result;
+	char sresult[DIGITS(result) + 1];
+
+	if (var != ARITH_VAR)
+		return cond(var, &val, op, noeval);
+
+	if (op != ARITH_ASS && (op < ARITH_ASS_MIN || op >= ARITH_ASS_MAX))
+		return cond(var, &val, op, noeval);
+
+	result = assignment(yylex(), noeval);
+	if (noeval)
+		return result;
+
+	if (op != ARITH_ASS)
+		result = do_binop(op - 11, arith_lookupvarint(val.name), result);
+	snprintf(sresult, sizeof(sresult), ARITH_FORMAT_STR, result);
+	setvar(val.name, sresult, 0);
+	return result;
+}
+
+arith_t arith(const char *s)
+{
+	struct stackmark smark;
+	arith_t result;
+
+	setstackmark(&smark);
+
+	arith_buf = arith_startbuf = s;
+
+	result = assignment(yylex(), 0);
+
+	if (last_token)
+		yyerror("expecting EOF");
+
+	popstackmark(&smark);
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  The exp(1) builtin.
+ */
+int
+letcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	const char *p;
+	char *concat;
+	char **ap;
+	arith_t i;
+
+	if (argc > 1) {
+		p = argv[1];
+		if (argc > 2) {
+			/*
+			 * Concatenate arguments.
+			 */
+			STARTSTACKSTR(concat);
+			ap = argv + 2;
+			for (;;) {
+				while (*p)
+					STPUTC(*p++, concat);
+				if ((p = *ap++) == NULL)
+					break;
+				STPUTC(' ', concat);
+			}
+			STPUTC('\0', concat);
+			p = grabstackstr(concat);
+		}
+	} else
+		p = "";
+
+	i = arith(p);
+
+	out1fmt(ARITH_FORMAT_STR "\n", i);
+	return !i;
+}
diff --git a/bin/1sh/arith_yacc.h b/bin/1sh/arith_yacc.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..433481bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/arith_yacc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2007
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ * $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/arith_yacc.h 345117 2019-03-13 21:53:10Z jilles $
+ */
+
+#define ARITH_ASS 1
+
+#define ARITH_OR 2
+#define ARITH_AND 3
+#define ARITH_BAD 4
+#define ARITH_NUM 5
+#define ARITH_VAR 6
+#define ARITH_NOT 7
+
+#define ARITH_BINOP_MIN 8
+#define ARITH_LE 8
+#define ARITH_GE 9
+#define ARITH_LT 10
+#define ARITH_GT 11
+#define ARITH_EQ 12
+#define ARITH_REM 13
+#define ARITH_BAND 14
+#define ARITH_LSHIFT 15
+#define ARITH_RSHIFT 16
+#define ARITH_MUL 17
+#define ARITH_ADD 18
+#define ARITH_BOR 19
+#define ARITH_SUB 20
+#define ARITH_BXOR 21
+#define ARITH_DIV 22
+#define ARITH_NE 23
+#define ARITH_BINOP_MAX 24
+
+#define ARITH_ASS_MIN 24
+#define ARITH_REMASS 24
+#define ARITH_BANDASS 25
+#define ARITH_LSHIFTASS 26
+#define ARITH_RSHIFTASS 27
+#define ARITH_MULASS 28
+#define ARITH_ADDASS 29
+#define ARITH_BORASS 30
+#define ARITH_SUBASS 31
+#define ARITH_BXORASS 32
+#define ARITH_DIVASS 33
+#define ARITH_ASS_MAX 34
+
+#define ARITH_LPAREN 34
+#define ARITH_RPAREN 35
+#define ARITH_BNOT 36
+#define ARITH_QMARK 37
+#define ARITH_COLON 38
+
+extern const char *arith_buf;
+
+union yystype {
+	arith_t val;
+	char *name;
+};
+
+extern union yystype yylval;
+
+arith_t strtoarith_t(const char *restrict nptr, char **restrict endptr);
+int yylex(void);
diff --git a/bin/1sh/arith_yylex.c b/bin/1sh/arith_yylex.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..da3a4f70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/arith_yylex.c
@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 2002
+ *	Herbert Xu.
+ * Copyright (c) 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+/* $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/arith_yylex.c 345117 2019-03-13 21:53:10Z jilles $ */
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "arith_yacc.h"
+#include "expand.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "syntax.h"
+
+#if ARITH_BOR + 11 != ARITH_BORASS || ARITH_ASS + 11 != ARITH_EQ
+#error Arithmetic tokens are out of order.
+#endif
+
+arith_t
+strtoarith_t(const char *restrict nptr, char **restrict endptr)
+{
+	arith_t val;
+
+	while (isspace((unsigned char)*nptr))
+		nptr++;
+	switch (*nptr) {
+		case '-':
+			return strtoimax(nptr, endptr, 0);
+		case '0':
+			return (arith_t)strtoumax(nptr, endptr, 0);
+		default:
+			val = (arith_t)strtoumax(nptr, endptr, 0);
+			if (val >= 0)
+				return val;
+			else if (val == ARITH_MIN) {
+				errno = ERANGE;
+				return ARITH_MIN;
+			} else {
+				errno = ERANGE;
+				return ARITH_MAX;
+			}
+	}
+}
+
+int
+yylex(void)
+{
+	int value;
+	const char *buf = arith_buf;
+	char *end;
+	const char *p;
+
+	for (;;) {
+		value = *buf;
+		switch (value) {
+		case ' ':
+		case '\t':
+		case '\n':
+			buf++;
+			continue;
+		default:
+			return ARITH_BAD;
+		case '0':
+		case '1':
+		case '2':
+		case '3':
+		case '4':
+		case '5':
+		case '6':
+		case '7':
+		case '8':
+		case '9':
+			yylval.val = strtoarith_t(buf, &end);
+			arith_buf = end;
+			return ARITH_NUM;
+		case 'A':
+		case 'B':
+		case 'C':
+		case 'D':
+		case 'E':
+		case 'F':
+		case 'G':
+		case 'H':
+		case 'I':
+		case 'J':
+		case 'K':
+		case 'L':
+		case 'M':
+		case 'N':
+		case 'O':
+		case 'P':
+		case 'Q':
+		case 'R':
+		case 'S':
+		case 'T':
+		case 'U':
+		case 'V':
+		case 'W':
+		case 'X':
+		case 'Y':
+		case 'Z':
+		case '_':
+		case 'a':
+		case 'b':
+		case 'c':
+		case 'd':
+		case 'e':
+		case 'f':
+		case 'g':
+		case 'h':
+		case 'i':
+		case 'j':
+		case 'k':
+		case 'l':
+		case 'm':
+		case 'n':
+		case 'o':
+		case 'p':
+		case 'q':
+		case 'r':
+		case 's':
+		case 't':
+		case 'u':
+		case 'v':
+		case 'w':
+		case 'x':
+		case 'y':
+		case 'z':
+			p = buf;
+			while (buf++, is_in_name(*buf))
+				;
+			yylval.name = stalloc(buf - p + 1);
+			memcpy(yylval.name, p, buf - p);
+			yylval.name[buf - p] = '\0';
+			value = ARITH_VAR;
+			goto out;
+		case '=':
+			value += ARITH_ASS - '=';
+checkeq:
+			buf++;
+checkeqcur:
+			if (*buf != '=')
+				goto out;
+			value += 11;
+			break;
+		case '>':
+			switch (*++buf) {
+			case '=':
+				value += ARITH_GE - '>';
+				break;
+			case '>':
+				value += ARITH_RSHIFT - '>';
+				goto checkeq;
+			default:
+				value += ARITH_GT - '>';
+				goto out;
+			}
+			break;
+		case '<':
+			switch (*++buf) {
+			case '=':
+				value += ARITH_LE - '<';
+				break;
+			case '<':
+				value += ARITH_LSHIFT - '<';
+				goto checkeq;
+			default:
+				value += ARITH_LT - '<';
+				goto out;
+			}
+			break;
+		case '|':
+			if (*++buf != '|') {
+				value += ARITH_BOR - '|';
+				goto checkeqcur;
+			}
+			value += ARITH_OR - '|';
+			break;
+		case '&':
+			if (*++buf != '&') {
+				value += ARITH_BAND - '&';
+				goto checkeqcur;
+			}
+			value += ARITH_AND - '&';
+			break;
+		case '!':
+			if (*++buf != '=') {
+				value += ARITH_NOT - '!';
+				goto out;
+			}
+			value += ARITH_NE - '!';
+			break;
+		case 0:
+			goto out;
+		case '(':
+			value += ARITH_LPAREN - '(';
+			break;
+		case ')':
+			value += ARITH_RPAREN - ')';
+			break;
+		case '*':
+			value += ARITH_MUL - '*';
+			goto checkeq;
+		case '/':
+			value += ARITH_DIV - '/';
+			goto checkeq;
+		case '%':
+			value += ARITH_REM - '%';
+			goto checkeq;
+		case '+':
+			if (buf[1] == '+')
+				return ARITH_BAD;
+			value += ARITH_ADD - '+';
+			goto checkeq;
+		case '-':
+			if (buf[1] == '-')
+				return ARITH_BAD;
+			value += ARITH_SUB - '-';
+			goto checkeq;
+		case '~':
+			value += ARITH_BNOT - '~';
+			break;
+		case '^':
+			value += ARITH_BXOR - '^';
+			goto checkeq;
+		case '?':
+			value += ARITH_QMARK - '?';
+			break;
+		case ':':
+			value += ARITH_COLON - ':';
+			break;
+		}
+		break;
+	}
+
+	buf++;
+out:
+	arith_buf = buf;
+	return value;
+}
diff --git a/bin/1sh/bltin.h b/bin/1sh/bltin.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3d2cb4d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/bltin.h
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+/*-
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)bltin.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ * $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/bltin/bltin.h 326025 2017-11-20 19:49:47Z pfg $
+ */
+
+/*
+ * This file is included by programs which are optionally built into the
+ * shell.  If SHELL is defined, we try to map the standard UNIX library
+ * routines to ash routines using defines.
+ */
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+#ifdef SHELL
+#include "error.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "builtins.h"
+#define FILE struct output
+#undef stdout
+#define stdout out1
+#undef stderr
+#define stderr out2
+#define printf out1fmt
+#undef putc
+#define putc(c, file)	outc(c, file)
+#undef putchar
+#define putchar(c)	out1c(c)
+#define fprintf outfmt
+#define fputs outstr
+#define fwrite(ptr, size, nmemb, file) outbin(ptr, (size) * (nmemb), file)
+#define fflush flushout
+#define INITARGS(argv)
+#define warnx warning
+#define warn(fmt, ...) warning(fmt ": %s", __VA_ARGS__, strerror(errno))
+#define errx(exitstatus, ...) error(__VA_ARGS__)
+
+#else
+#undef NULL
+#include <stdio.h>
+#undef main
+#define INITARGS(argv)	if ((commandname = argv[0]) == NULL) {fputs("Argc is zero\n", stderr); exit(2);} else
+#endif
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+pointer stalloc(int);
+int killjob(const char *, int);
+
+extern char *commandname;
diff --git a/bin/1sh/builtins.def b/bin/1sh/builtins.def
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5986a5a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/builtins.def
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+#!/bin/sh -
+
+#-
+# Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+#	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+#
+# This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+# Kenneth Almquist.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+# are met:
+# 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+# 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+#    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+# 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+#    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+#    without specific prior written permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+# ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+# ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+# FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+# DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+# OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+# HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+# LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+# OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+# SUCH DAMAGE.
+#
+#	@(#)builtins.def	8.4 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+# $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/builtins.def 319576 2017-06-04 21:02:48Z bdrewery $
+
+#
+# This file lists all the builtin commands.  The first column is the name
+# of a C routine.
+# The -j flag specifies that this command is to be excluded from systems
+# without job control.
+# The -h flag specifies that this command is to be excluded from systems
+# based on the NO_HISTORY compile-time symbol.
+# The -n flag specifies that this command can safely be run in the same
+# process when it is the only command in a command substitution.  Some
+# commands have special logic defined in safe_builtin().
+# The -s flag specifies that this is a POSIX 'special built-in' command.
+# The rest of the line specifies the command name or names used to run the
+# command.  The entry for bltincmd, which is run when the user does not specify
+# a command, must come first.
+#
+# NOTE: bltincmd must come first!
+
+bltincmd -n	builtin
+aliascmd	alias
+bgcmd -j	bg
+bindcmd		bind
+breakcmd	-s break -s continue
+cdcmd		cd chdir
+commandcmd -n	command
+dotcmd		-s .
+echocmd -n	echo
+evalcmd		-s eval
+execcmd		-s exec
+exitcmd		-s exit
+letcmd		let
+exportcmd	-s export -s readonly
+#exprcmd		expr
+falsecmd -n	false
+fgcmd -j	fg
+freebsd_wordexpcmd	freebsd_wordexp
+getoptscmd	getopts
+hashcmd		hash
+histcmd -h	fc
+jobidcmd -n	jobid
+jobscmd -n	jobs
+killcmd -n	kill
+localcmd	local
+printfcmd -n	printf
+pwdcmd -n	pwd
+readcmd		read
+returncmd	-s return
+setcmd		-s set
+setvarcmd	setvar
+shiftcmd	-s shift
+testcmd -n	test [
+timescmd -n	-s times
+trapcmd		-s trap
+truecmd -n	-s : true
+typecmd -n	type
+ulimitcmd	ulimit
+umaskcmd	umask
+unaliascmd	unalias
+unsetcmd	-s unset
+waitcmd		wait
+wordexpcmd	wordexp
diff --git a/bin/1sh/cd.c b/bin/1sh/cd.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..61bb60cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/cd.c
@@ -0,0 +1,430 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef lint
+#if 0
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)cd.c	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95";
+#endif
+#endif /* not lint */
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+/* $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/cd.c 336320 2018-07-15 21:55:17Z jilles $ */
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+
+/*
+ * The cd and pwd commands.
+ */
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "var.h"
+#include "nodes.h"	/* for jobs.h */
+#include "jobs.h"
+#include "options.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "exec.h"
+#include "redir.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+#include "show.h"
+#include "cd.h"
+#include "builtins.h"
+
+static int cdlogical(char *);
+static int cdphysical(char *);
+static int docd(char *, int, int);
+static char *getcomponent(char **);
+static char *findcwd(char *);
+static void updatepwd(char *);
+static char *getpwd(void);
+static char *getpwd2(void);
+
+static char *curdir = NULL;	/* current working directory */
+
+int
+cdcmd(int argc __unused, char **argv __unused)
+{
+	const char *dest;
+	const char *path;
+	char *p;
+	struct stat statb;
+	int ch, phys, print = 0, getcwderr = 0;
+	int rc;
+	int errno1 = ENOENT;
+
+	phys = Pflag;
+	while ((ch = nextopt("eLP")) != '\0') {
+		switch (ch) {
+		case 'e':
+			getcwderr = 1;
+			break;
+		case 'L':
+			phys = 0;
+			break;
+		case 'P':
+			phys = 1;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (*argptr != NULL && argptr[1] != NULL)
+		error("too many arguments");
+
+	if ((dest = *argptr) == NULL && (dest = bltinlookup("HOME", 1)) == NULL)
+		error("HOME not set");
+	if (*dest == '\0')
+		dest = ".";
+	if (dest[0] == '-' && dest[1] == '\0') {
+		dest = bltinlookup("OLDPWD", 1);
+		if (dest == NULL)
+			error("OLDPWD not set");
+		print = 1;
+	}
+	if (dest[0] == '/' ||
+	    (dest[0] == '.' && (dest[1] == '/' || dest[1] == '\0')) ||
+	    (dest[0] == '.' && dest[1] == '.' && (dest[2] == '/' || dest[2] == '\0')) ||
+	    (path = bltinlookup("CDPATH", 1)) == NULL)
+		path = "";
+	while ((p = padvance(&path, NULL, dest)) != NULL) {
+		if (stat(p, &statb) < 0) {
+			if (errno != ENOENT)
+				errno1 = errno;
+		} else if (!S_ISDIR(statb.st_mode))
+			errno1 = ENOTDIR;
+		else {
+			if (!print) {
+				/*
+				 * XXX - rethink
+				 */
+				if (p[0] == '.' && p[1] == '/' && p[2] != '\0')
+					print = strcmp(p + 2, dest);
+				else
+					print = strcmp(p, dest);
+			}
+			rc = docd(p, print, phys);
+			if (rc >= 0)
+				return getcwderr ? rc : 0;
+			if (errno != ENOENT)
+				errno1 = errno;
+		}
+	}
+	error("%s: %s", dest, strerror(errno1));
+	/*NOTREACHED*/
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Actually change the directory.  In an interactive shell, print the
+ * directory name if "print" is nonzero.
+ */
+static int
+docd(char *dest, int print, int phys)
+{
+	int rc;
+
+	TRACE(("docd(\"%s\", %d, %d) called\n", dest, print, phys));
+
+	/* If logical cd fails, fall back to physical. */
+	if ((phys || (rc = cdlogical(dest)) < 0) && (rc = cdphysical(dest)) < 0)
+		return (-1);
+
+	if (print && iflag && curdir) {
+		out1fmt("%s\n", curdir);
+		/*
+		 * Ignore write errors to preserve the invariant that the
+		 * current directory is changed iff the exit status is 0
+		 * (or 1 if -e was given and the full pathname could not be
+		 * determined).
+		 */
+		flushout(out1);
+		outclearerror(out1);
+	}
+
+	return (rc);
+}
+
+static int
+cdlogical(char *dest)
+{
+	char *p;
+	char *q;
+	char *component;
+	char *path;
+	struct stat statb;
+	int first;
+	int badstat;
+
+	/*
+	 *  Check each component of the path. If we find a symlink or
+	 *  something we can't stat, clear curdir to force a getcwd()
+	 *  next time we get the value of the current directory.
+	 */
+	badstat = 0;
+	path = stsavestr(dest);
+	STARTSTACKSTR(p);
+	if (*dest == '/') {
+		STPUTC('/', p);
+		path++;
+	}
+	first = 1;
+	while ((q = getcomponent(&path)) != NULL) {
+		if (q[0] == '\0' || (q[0] == '.' && q[1] == '\0'))
+			continue;
+		if (! first)
+			STPUTC('/', p);
+		first = 0;
+		component = q;
+		STPUTS(q, p);
+		if (equal(component, ".."))
+			continue;
+		STACKSTRNUL(p);
+		if (lstat(stackblock(), &statb) < 0) {
+			badstat = 1;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	INTOFF;
+	if ((p = findcwd(badstat ? NULL : dest)) == NULL || chdir(p) < 0) {
+		INTON;
+		return (-1);
+	}
+	updatepwd(p);
+	INTON;
+	return (0);
+}
+
+static int
+cdphysical(char *dest)
+{
+	char *p;
+	int rc = 0;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	if (chdir(dest) < 0) {
+		INTON;
+		return (-1);
+	}
+	p = findcwd(NULL);
+	if (p == NULL) {
+		warning("warning: failed to get name of current directory");
+		rc = 1;
+	}
+	updatepwd(p);
+	INTON;
+	return (rc);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the next component of the path name pointed to by *path.
+ * This routine overwrites *path and the string pointed to by it.
+ */
+static char *
+getcomponent(char **path)
+{
+	char *p;
+	char *start;
+
+	if ((p = *path) == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+	start = *path;
+	while (*p != '/' && *p != '\0')
+		p++;
+	if (*p == '\0') {
+		*path = NULL;
+	} else {
+		*p++ = '\0';
+		*path = p;
+	}
+	return start;
+}
+
+
+static char *
+findcwd(char *dir)
+{
+	char *new;
+	char *p;
+	char *path;
+
+	/*
+	 * If our argument is NULL, we don't know the current directory
+	 * any more because we traversed a symbolic link or something
+	 * we couldn't stat().
+	 */
+	if (dir == NULL || curdir == NULL)
+		return getpwd2();
+	path = stsavestr(dir);
+	STARTSTACKSTR(new);
+	if (*dir != '/') {
+		STPUTS(curdir, new);
+		if (STTOPC(new) == '/')
+			STUNPUTC(new);
+	}
+	while ((p = getcomponent(&path)) != NULL) {
+		if (equal(p, "..")) {
+			while (new > stackblock() && (STUNPUTC(new), *new) != '/');
+		} else if (*p != '\0' && ! equal(p, ".")) {
+			STPUTC('/', new);
+			STPUTS(p, new);
+		}
+	}
+	if (new == stackblock())
+		STPUTC('/', new);
+	STACKSTRNUL(new);
+	return stackblock();
+}
+
+/*
+ * Update curdir (the name of the current directory) in response to a
+ * cd command.  We also call hashcd to let the routines in exec.c know
+ * that the current directory has changed.
+ */
+static void
+updatepwd(char *dir)
+{
+	char *prevdir;
+
+	hashcd();				/* update command hash table */
+
+	setvar("PWD", dir, VEXPORT);
+	setvar("OLDPWD", curdir, VEXPORT);
+	prevdir = curdir;
+	curdir = dir ? savestr(dir) : NULL;
+	ckfree(prevdir);
+}
+
+int
+pwdcmd(int argc __unused, char **argv __unused)
+{
+	char *p;
+	int ch, phys;
+
+	phys = Pflag;
+	while ((ch = nextopt("LP")) != '\0') {
+		switch (ch) {
+		case 'L':
+			phys = 0;
+			break;
+		case 'P':
+			phys = 1;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (*argptr != NULL)
+		error("too many arguments");
+
+	if (!phys && getpwd()) {
+		out1str(curdir);
+		out1c('\n');
+	} else {
+		if ((p = getpwd2()) == NULL)
+			error(".: %s", strerror(errno));
+		out1str(p);
+		out1c('\n');
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the current directory and cache the result in curdir.
+ */
+static char *
+getpwd(void)
+{
+	char *p;
+
+	if (curdir)
+		return curdir;
+
+	p = getpwd2();
+	if (p != NULL)
+		curdir = savestr(p);
+
+	return curdir;
+}
+
+#define MAXPWD 256
+
+/*
+ * Return the current directory.
+ */
+static char *
+getpwd2(void)
+{
+	char *pwd;
+	int i;
+
+	for (i = MAXPWD;; i *= 2) {
+		pwd = stalloc(i);
+		if (getcwd(pwd, i) != NULL)
+			return pwd;
+		stunalloc(pwd);
+		if (errno != ERANGE)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Initialize PWD in a new shell.
+ * If the shell is interactive, we need to warn if this fails.
+ */
+void
+pwd_init(int warn)
+{
+	char *pwd;
+	struct stat stdot, stpwd;
+
+	pwd = lookupvar("PWD");
+	if (pwd && *pwd == '/' && stat(".", &stdot) != -1 &&
+	    stat(pwd, &stpwd) != -1 &&
+	    stdot.st_dev == stpwd.st_dev &&
+	    stdot.st_ino == stpwd.st_ino) {
+		if (curdir)
+			ckfree(curdir);
+		curdir = savestr(pwd);
+	}
+	if (getpwd() == NULL && warn)
+		out2fmt_flush("sh: cannot determine working directory\n");
+	setvar("PWD", curdir, VEXPORT);
+}
diff --git a/bin/1sh/cd.h b/bin/1sh/cd.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dfa5c3e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/cd.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1995
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ * $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/cd.h 314436 2017-02-28 23:42:47Z imp $
+ */
+
+void	 pwd_init(int);
diff --git a/bin/1sh/echo.c b/bin/1sh/echo.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5fd50f59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/echo.c
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+/*-
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)echo.c	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ */
+
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+/* $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/bltin/echo.c 326025 2017-11-20 19:49:47Z pfg $ */
+
+/*
+ * Echo command.
+ */
+
+#define main echocmd
+
+#include "bltin.h"
+
+/* #define eflag 1 */
+
+int
+main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+	char **ap;
+	char *p;
+	char c;
+	int count;
+	int nflag = 0;
+#ifndef eflag
+	int eflag = 0;
+#endif
+
+	ap = argv;
+	if (argc)
+		ap++;
+	if ((p = *ap) != NULL) {
+		if (equal(p, "-n")) {
+			nflag++;
+			ap++;
+		} else if (equal(p, "-e")) {
+#ifndef eflag
+			eflag++;
+#endif
+			ap++;
+		}
+	}
+	while ((p = *ap++) != NULL) {
+		while ((c = *p++) != '\0') {
+			if (c == '\\' && eflag) {
+				switch (*p++) {
+				case 'a':  c = '\a';  break;
+				case 'b':  c = '\b';  break;
+				case 'c':  return 0;		/* exit */
+				case 'e':  c = '\033';  break;
+				case 'f':  c = '\f';  break;
+				case 'n':  c = '\n';  break;
+				case 'r':  c = '\r';  break;
+				case 't':  c = '\t';  break;
+				case 'v':  c = '\v';  break;
+				case '\\':  break;		/* c = '\\' */
+				case '0':
+					c = 0;
+					count = 3;
+					while (--count >= 0 && (unsigned)(*p - '0') < 8)
+						c = (c << 3) + (*p++ - '0');
+					break;
+				default:
+					p--;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+			putchar(c);
+		}
+		if (*ap)
+			putchar(' ');
+	}
+	if (! nflag)
+		putchar('\n');
+	return 0;
+}
diff --git a/bin/1sh/error.c b/bin/1sh/error.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..57c10fae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/error.c
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef lint
+#if 0
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)error.c	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95";
+#endif
+#endif /* not lint */
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+/* $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/error.c 314436 2017-02-28 23:42:47Z imp $ */
+
+/*
+ * Errors and exceptions.
+ */
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "eval.h"
+#include "main.h"
+#include "options.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "nodes.h" /* show.h needs nodes.h */
+#include "show.h"
+#include "trap.h"
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+
+
+/*
+ * Code to handle exceptions in C.
+ */
+
+struct jmploc *handler;
+volatile sig_atomic_t exception;
+volatile sig_atomic_t suppressint;
+volatile sig_atomic_t intpending;
+
+
+static void exverror(int, const char *, va_list) __attribute__((format(printf, 2, 0))) __attribute__((noreturn));
+
+/*
+ * Called to raise an exception.  Since C doesn't include exceptions, we
+ * just do a longjmp to the exception handler.  The type of exception is
+ * stored in the global variable "exception".
+ *
+ * Interrupts are disabled; they should be reenabled when the exception is
+ * caught.
+ */
+
+void
+exraise(int e)
+{
+	INTOFF;
+	if (handler == NULL)
+		abort();
+	exception = e;
+	longjmp(handler->loc, 1);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Called from trap.c when a SIGINT is received and not suppressed, or when
+ * an interrupt is pending and interrupts are re-enabled using INTON.
+ * (If the user specifies that SIGINT is to be trapped or ignored using the
+ * trap builtin, then this routine is not called.)  Suppressint is nonzero
+ * when interrupts are held using the INTOFF macro.  If SIGINTs are not
+ * suppressed and the shell is not a root shell, then we want to be
+ * terminated if we get here, as if we were terminated directly by a SIGINT.
+ * Arrange for this here.
+ */
+
+void
+onint(void)
+{
+	sigset_t sigs;
+
+	intpending = 0;
+	sigemptyset(&sigs);
+	sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &sigs, NULL);
+
+	/*
+	 * This doesn't seem to be needed, since main() emits a newline.
+	 */
+#if 0
+	if (tcgetpgrp(0) == getpid())
+		write(STDERR_FILENO, "\n", 1);
+#endif
+	if (rootshell && iflag)
+		exraise(EXINT);
+	else {
+		signal(SIGINT, SIG_DFL);
+		kill(getpid(), SIGINT);
+		_exit(128 + SIGINT);
+	}
+}
+
+
+static void
+vwarning(const char *msg, va_list ap)
+{
+	if (commandname)
+		outfmt(out2, "%s: ", commandname);
+	else if (arg0)
+		outfmt(out2, "%s: ", arg0);
+	doformat(out2, msg, ap);
+	out2fmt_flush("\n");
+}
+
+
+void
+warning(const char *msg, ...)
+{
+	va_list ap;
+	va_start(ap, msg);
+	vwarning(msg, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Exverror is called to raise the error exception.  If the first argument
+ * is not NULL then error prints an error message using printf style
+ * formatting.  It then raises the error exception.
+ */
+static void
+exverror(int cond, const char *msg, va_list ap)
+{
+	/*
+	 * An interrupt trumps an error.  Certain places catch error
+	 * exceptions or transform them to a plain nonzero exit code
+	 * in child processes, and if an error exception can be handled,
+	 * an interrupt can be handled as well.
+	 *
+	 * exraise() will disable interrupts for the exception handler.
+	 */
+	FORCEINTON;
+
+#ifdef DEBUG
+	if (msg)
+		TRACE(("exverror(%d, \"%s\") pid=%d\n", cond, msg, getpid()));
+	else
+		TRACE(("exverror(%d, NULL) pid=%d\n", cond, getpid()));
+#endif
+	if (msg)
+		vwarning(msg, ap);
+	flushall();
+	exraise(cond);
+}
+
+
+void
+error(const char *msg, ...)
+{
+	va_list ap;
+	va_start(ap, msg);
+	exverror(EXERROR, msg, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+}
+
+
+void
+exerror(int cond, const char *msg, ...)
+{
+	va_list ap;
+	va_start(ap, msg);
+	exverror(cond, msg, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+}
diff --git a/bin/1sh/error.h b/bin/1sh/error.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0401598f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/error.h
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)error.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ * $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/error.h 319591 2017-06-04 21:58:02Z jilles $
+ */
+
+/*
+ * We enclose jmp_buf in a structure so that we can declare pointers to
+ * jump locations.  The global variable handler contains the location to
+ * jump to when an exception occurs, and the global variable exception
+ * contains a code identifying the exception.  To implement nested
+ * exception handlers, the user should save the value of handler on entry
+ * to an inner scope, set handler to point to a jmploc structure for the
+ * inner scope, and restore handler on exit from the scope.
+ */
+
+#include <setjmp.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+
+struct jmploc {
+	jmp_buf loc;
+};
+
+extern struct jmploc *handler;
+extern volatile sig_atomic_t exception;
+
+/* exceptions */
+#define EXINT 0		/* SIGINT received */
+#define EXERROR 1	/* a generic error */
+#define EXEXEC 2	/* command execution failed */
+#define EXEXIT 3	/* call exitshell(exitstatus) */
+
+
+/*
+ * These macros allow the user to suspend the handling of interrupt signals
+ * over a period of time.  This is similar to SIGHOLD to or sigblock, but
+ * much more efficient and portable.  (But hacking the kernel is so much
+ * more fun than worrying about efficiency and portability. :-))
+ */
+
+extern volatile sig_atomic_t suppressint;
+extern volatile sig_atomic_t intpending;
+
+#define INTOFF suppressint++
+#define INTON { if (--suppressint == 0 && intpending) onint(); }
+#define is_int_on() suppressint
+#define SETINTON(s) do { suppressint = (s); if (suppressint == 0 && intpending) onint(); } while (0)
+#define FORCEINTON {suppressint = 0; if (intpending) onint();}
+#define SET_PENDING_INT intpending = 1
+#define CLEAR_PENDING_INT intpending = 0
+#define int_pending() intpending
+
+void exraise(int) __attribute__((noreturn));
+void onint(void) __attribute__((noreturn));
+void warning(const char *, ...) __attribute__((format(printf, 1, 2)));
+void error(const char *, ...) __attribute__((format(printf, 1, 2))) __attribute__((noreturn));
+void exerror(int, const char *, ...) __attribute__((format(printf, 2, 3))) __attribute__((noreturn));
+
+
+/*
+ * BSD setjmp saves the signal mask, which violates ANSI C and takes time,
+ * so we use _setjmp instead.
+ */
+
+#define setjmp(jmploc)	_setjmp(jmploc)
+#define longjmp(jmploc, val)	_longjmp(jmploc, val)
diff --git a/bin/1sh/eval.c b/bin/1sh/eval.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f4baf39e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/eval.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1381 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef lint
+#if 0
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)eval.c	8.9 (Berkeley) 6/8/95";
+#endif
+#endif /* not lint */
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+/* $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/eval.c 327212 2017-12-26 16:23:18Z jilles $ */
+
+#include <paths.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/resource.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+
+/*
+ * Evaluate a command.
+ */
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "nodes.h"
+#include "syntax.h"
+#include "expand.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "jobs.h"
+#include "eval.h"
+#include "builtins.h"
+#include "options.h"
+#include "exec.h"
+#include "redir.h"
+#include "input.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "trap.h"
+#include "var.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "show.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+#ifndef NO_HISTORY
+#include "myhistedit.h"
+#endif
+
+
+int evalskip;			/* set if we are skipping commands */
+int skipcount;			/* number of levels to skip */
+static int loopnest;		/* current loop nesting level */
+int funcnest;			/* depth of function calls */
+static int builtin_flags;	/* evalcommand flags for builtins */
+
+
+char *commandname;
+struct arglist *cmdenviron;
+int exitstatus;			/* exit status of last command */
+int oexitstatus;		/* saved exit status */
+
+
+static void evalloop(union node *, int);
+static void evalfor(union node *, int);
+static union node *evalcase(union node *);
+static void evalsubshell(union node *, int);
+static void evalredir(union node *, int);
+static void exphere(union node *, struct arglist *);
+static void expredir(union node *);
+static void evalpipe(union node *);
+static int is_valid_fast_cmdsubst(union node *n);
+static void evalcommand(union node *, int, struct backcmd *);
+static void prehash(union node *);
+
+
+/*
+ * Called to reset things after an exception.
+ */
+
+void
+reseteval(void)
+{
+	evalskip = 0;
+	loopnest = 0;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * The eval command.
+ */
+
+int
+evalcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+        char *p;
+        char *concat;
+        char **ap;
+
+        if (argc > 1) {
+                p = argv[1];
+                if (argc > 2) {
+                        STARTSTACKSTR(concat);
+                        ap = argv + 2;
+                        for (;;) {
+                                STPUTS(p, concat);
+                                if ((p = *ap++) == NULL)
+                                        break;
+                                STPUTC(' ', concat);
+                        }
+                        STPUTC('\0', concat);
+                        p = grabstackstr(concat);
+                }
+                evalstring(p, builtin_flags);
+        } else
+                exitstatus = 0;
+        return exitstatus;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Execute a command or commands contained in a string.
+ */
+
+void
+evalstring(const char *s, int flags)
+{
+	union node *n;
+	struct stackmark smark;
+	int flags_exit;
+	int any;
+
+	flags_exit = flags & EV_EXIT;
+	flags &= ~EV_EXIT;
+	any = 0;
+	setstackmark(&smark);
+	setinputstring(s, 1);
+	while ((n = parsecmd(0)) != NEOF) {
+		if (n != NULL && !nflag) {
+			if (flags_exit && preadateof())
+				evaltree(n, flags | EV_EXIT);
+			else
+				evaltree(n, flags);
+			any = 1;
+			if (evalskip)
+				break;
+		}
+		popstackmark(&smark);
+		setstackmark(&smark);
+	}
+	popfile();
+	popstackmark(&smark);
+	if (!any)
+		exitstatus = 0;
+	if (flags_exit)
+		exraise(EXEXIT);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Evaluate a parse tree.  The value is left in the global variable
+ * exitstatus.
+ */
+
+void
+evaltree(union node *n, int flags)
+{
+	int do_etest;
+	union node *next;
+	struct stackmark smark;
+
+	setstackmark(&smark);
+	do_etest = 0;
+	if (n == NULL) {
+		TRACE(("evaltree(NULL) called\n"));
+		exitstatus = 0;
+		goto out;
+	}
+	do {
+		next = NULL;
+#ifndef NO_HISTORY
+		displayhist = 1;	/* show history substitutions done with fc */
+#endif
+		TRACE(("evaltree(%p: %d) called\n", (void *)n, n->type));
+		switch (n->type) {
+		case NSEMI:
+			evaltree(n->nbinary.ch1, flags & ~EV_EXIT);
+			if (evalskip)
+				goto out;
+			next = n->nbinary.ch2;
+			break;
+		case NAND:
+			evaltree(n->nbinary.ch1, EV_TESTED);
+			if (evalskip || exitstatus != 0) {
+				goto out;
+			}
+			next = n->nbinary.ch2;
+			break;
+		case NOR:
+			evaltree(n->nbinary.ch1, EV_TESTED);
+			if (evalskip || exitstatus == 0)
+				goto out;
+			next = n->nbinary.ch2;
+			break;
+		case NREDIR:
+			evalredir(n, flags);
+			break;
+		case NSUBSHELL:
+			evalsubshell(n, flags);
+			do_etest = !(flags & EV_TESTED);
+			break;
+		case NBACKGND:
+			evalsubshell(n, flags);
+			break;
+		case NIF: {
+			evaltree(n->nif.test, EV_TESTED);
+			if (evalskip)
+				goto out;
+			if (exitstatus == 0)
+				next = n->nif.ifpart;
+			else if (n->nif.elsepart)
+				next = n->nif.elsepart;
+			else
+				exitstatus = 0;
+			break;
+		}
+		case NWHILE:
+		case NUNTIL:
+			evalloop(n, flags & ~EV_EXIT);
+			break;
+		case NFOR:
+			evalfor(n, flags & ~EV_EXIT);
+			break;
+		case NCASE:
+			next = evalcase(n);
+			break;
+		case NCLIST:
+			next = n->nclist.body;
+			break;
+		case NCLISTFALLTHRU:
+			if (n->nclist.body) {
+				evaltree(n->nclist.body, flags & ~EV_EXIT);
+				if (evalskip)
+					goto out;
+			}
+			next = n->nclist.next;
+			break;
+		case NDEFUN:
+			defun(n->narg.text, n->narg.next);
+			exitstatus = 0;
+			break;
+		case NNOT:
+			evaltree(n->nnot.com, EV_TESTED);
+			if (evalskip)
+				goto out;
+			exitstatus = !exitstatus;
+			break;
+
+		case NPIPE:
+			evalpipe(n);
+			do_etest = !(flags & EV_TESTED);
+			break;
+		case NCMD:
+			evalcommand(n, flags, (struct backcmd *)NULL);
+			do_etest = !(flags & EV_TESTED);
+			break;
+		default:
+			out1fmt("Node type = %d\n", n->type);
+			flushout(&output);
+			break;
+		}
+		n = next;
+		popstackmark(&smark);
+		setstackmark(&smark);
+	} while (n != NULL);
+out:
+	popstackmark(&smark);
+	if (pendingsig)
+		dotrap();
+	if (eflag && exitstatus != 0 && do_etest)
+		exitshell(exitstatus);
+	if (flags & EV_EXIT)
+		exraise(EXEXIT);
+}
+
+
+static void
+evalloop(union node *n, int flags)
+{
+	int status;
+
+	loopnest++;
+	status = 0;
+	for (;;) {
+		if (!evalskip)
+			evaltree(n->nbinary.ch1, EV_TESTED);
+		if (evalskip) {
+			if (evalskip == SKIPCONT && --skipcount <= 0) {
+				evalskip = 0;
+				continue;
+			}
+			if (evalskip == SKIPBREAK && --skipcount <= 0)
+				evalskip = 0;
+			if (evalskip == SKIPRETURN)
+				status = exitstatus;
+			break;
+		}
+		if (n->type == NWHILE) {
+			if (exitstatus != 0)
+				break;
+		} else {
+			if (exitstatus == 0)
+				break;
+		}
+		evaltree(n->nbinary.ch2, flags);
+		status = exitstatus;
+	}
+	loopnest--;
+	exitstatus = status;
+}
+
+
+
+static void
+evalfor(union node *n, int flags)
+{
+	struct arglist arglist;
+	union node *argp;
+	int i;
+	int status;
+
+	emptyarglist(&arglist);
+	for (argp = n->nfor.args ; argp ; argp = argp->narg.next) {
+		oexitstatus = exitstatus;
+		expandarg(argp, &arglist, EXP_FULL | EXP_TILDE);
+	}
+
+	loopnest++;
+	status = 0;
+	for (i = 0; i < arglist.count; i++) {
+		setvar(n->nfor.var, arglist.args[i], 0);
+		evaltree(n->nfor.body, flags);
+		status = exitstatus;
+		if (evalskip) {
+			if (evalskip == SKIPCONT && --skipcount <= 0) {
+				evalskip = 0;
+				continue;
+			}
+			if (evalskip == SKIPBREAK && --skipcount <= 0)
+				evalskip = 0;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	loopnest--;
+	exitstatus = status;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Evaluate a case statement, returning the selected tree.
+ *
+ * The exit status needs care to get right.
+ */
+
+static union node *
+evalcase(union node *n)
+{
+	union node *cp;
+	union node *patp;
+	struct arglist arglist;
+
+	emptyarglist(&arglist);
+	oexitstatus = exitstatus;
+	expandarg(n->ncase.expr, &arglist, EXP_TILDE);
+	for (cp = n->ncase.cases ; cp ; cp = cp->nclist.next) {
+		for (patp = cp->nclist.pattern ; patp ; patp = patp->narg.next) {
+			if (casematch(patp, arglist.args[0])) {
+				while (cp->nclist.next &&
+				    cp->type == NCLISTFALLTHRU &&
+				    cp->nclist.body == NULL)
+					cp = cp->nclist.next;
+				if (cp->nclist.next &&
+				    cp->type == NCLISTFALLTHRU)
+					return (cp);
+				if (cp->nclist.body == NULL)
+					exitstatus = 0;
+				return (cp->nclist.body);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	exitstatus = 0;
+	return (NULL);
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Kick off a subshell to evaluate a tree.
+ */
+
+static void
+evalsubshell(union node *n, int flags)
+{
+	struct job *jp;
+	int backgnd = (n->type == NBACKGND);
+
+	oexitstatus = exitstatus;
+	expredir(n->nredir.redirect);
+	if ((!backgnd && flags & EV_EXIT && !have_traps()) ||
+			forkshell(jp = makejob(n, 1), n, backgnd) == 0) {
+		if (backgnd)
+			flags &=~ EV_TESTED;
+		redirect(n->nredir.redirect, 0);
+		evaltree(n->nredir.n, flags | EV_EXIT);	/* never returns */
+	} else if (! backgnd) {
+		INTOFF;
+		exitstatus = waitforjob(jp, (int *)NULL);
+		INTON;
+	} else
+		exitstatus = 0;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Evaluate a redirected compound command.
+ */
+
+static void
+evalredir(union node *n, int flags)
+{
+	struct jmploc jmploc;
+	struct jmploc *savehandler;
+	volatile int in_redirect = 1;
+
+	oexitstatus = exitstatus;
+	expredir(n->nredir.redirect);
+	savehandler = handler;
+	if (setjmp(jmploc.loc)) {
+		int e;
+
+		handler = savehandler;
+		e = exception;
+		popredir();
+		if (e == EXERROR || e == EXEXEC) {
+			if (in_redirect) {
+				exitstatus = 2;
+				FORCEINTON;
+				return;
+			}
+		}
+		longjmp(handler->loc, 1);
+	} else {
+		INTOFF;
+		handler = &jmploc;
+		redirect(n->nredir.redirect, REDIR_PUSH);
+		in_redirect = 0;
+		INTON;
+		evaltree(n->nredir.n, flags);
+	}
+	INTOFF;
+	handler = savehandler;
+	popredir();
+	INTON;
+}
+
+
+static void
+exphere(union node *redir, struct arglist *fn)
+{
+	struct jmploc jmploc;
+	struct jmploc *savehandler;
+	struct localvar *savelocalvars;
+	int need_longjmp = 0;
+	unsigned char saveoptreset;
+
+	redir->nhere.expdoc = "";
+	savelocalvars = localvars;
+	localvars = NULL;
+	saveoptreset = shellparam.reset;
+	forcelocal++;
+	savehandler = handler;
+	if (setjmp(jmploc.loc))
+		need_longjmp = exception != EXERROR && exception != EXEXEC;
+	else {
+		handler = &jmploc;
+		expandarg(redir->nhere.doc, fn, 0);
+		redir->nhere.expdoc = fn->args[0];
+		INTOFF;
+	}
+	handler = savehandler;
+	forcelocal--;
+	poplocalvars();
+	localvars = savelocalvars;
+	shellparam.reset = saveoptreset;
+	if (need_longjmp)
+		longjmp(handler->loc, 1);
+	INTON;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Compute the names of the files in a redirection list.
+ */
+
+static void
+expredir(union node *n)
+{
+	union node *redir;
+
+	for (redir = n ; redir ; redir = redir->nfile.next) {
+		struct arglist fn;
+		emptyarglist(&fn);
+		switch (redir->type) {
+		case NFROM:
+		case NTO:
+		case NFROMTO:
+		case NAPPEND:
+		case NCLOBBER:
+			expandarg(redir->nfile.fname, &fn, EXP_TILDE);
+			redir->nfile.expfname = fn.args[0];
+			break;
+		case NFROMFD:
+		case NTOFD:
+			if (redir->ndup.vname) {
+				expandarg(redir->ndup.vname, &fn, EXP_TILDE);
+				fixredir(redir, fn.args[0], 1);
+			}
+			break;
+		case NXHERE:
+			exphere(redir, &fn);
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Evaluate a pipeline.  All the processes in the pipeline are children
+ * of the process creating the pipeline.  (This differs from some versions
+ * of the shell, which make the last process in a pipeline the parent
+ * of all the rest.)
+ */
+
+static void
+evalpipe(union node *n)
+{
+	struct job *jp;
+	struct nodelist *lp;
+	int pipelen;
+	int prevfd;
+	int pip[2];
+
+	TRACE(("evalpipe(%p) called\n", (void *)n));
+	pipelen = 0;
+	for (lp = n->npipe.cmdlist ; lp ; lp = lp->next)
+		pipelen++;
+	INTOFF;
+	jp = makejob(n, pipelen);
+	prevfd = -1;
+	for (lp = n->npipe.cmdlist ; lp ; lp = lp->next) {
+		prehash(lp->n);
+		pip[1] = -1;
+		if (lp->next) {
+			if (pipe(pip) < 0) {
+				if (prevfd >= 0)
+					close(prevfd);
+				error("Pipe call failed: %s", strerror(errno));
+			}
+		}
+		if (forkshell(jp, lp->n, n->npipe.backgnd) == 0) {
+			INTON;
+			if (prevfd > 0) {
+				dup2(prevfd, 0);
+				close(prevfd);
+			}
+			if (pip[1] >= 0) {
+				if (!(prevfd >= 0 && pip[0] == 0))
+					close(pip[0]);
+				if (pip[1] != 1) {
+					dup2(pip[1], 1);
+					close(pip[1]);
+				}
+			}
+			evaltree(lp->n, EV_EXIT);
+		}
+		if (prevfd >= 0)
+			close(prevfd);
+		prevfd = pip[0];
+		if (pip[1] != -1)
+			close(pip[1]);
+	}
+	INTON;
+	if (n->npipe.backgnd == 0) {
+		INTOFF;
+		exitstatus = waitforjob(jp, (int *)NULL);
+		TRACE(("evalpipe:  job done exit status %d\n", exitstatus));
+		INTON;
+	} else
+		exitstatus = 0;
+}
+
+
+
+static int
+is_valid_fast_cmdsubst(union node *n)
+{
+
+	return (n->type == NCMD);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Execute a command inside back quotes.  If it's a builtin command, we
+ * want to save its output in a block obtained from malloc.  Otherwise
+ * we fork off a subprocess and get the output of the command via a pipe.
+ * Should be called with interrupts off.
+ */
+
+void
+evalbackcmd(union node *n, struct backcmd *result)
+{
+	int pip[2];
+	struct job *jp;
+	struct stackmark smark;
+	struct jmploc jmploc;
+	struct jmploc *savehandler;
+	struct localvar *savelocalvars;
+	unsigned char saveoptreset;
+
+	result->fd = -1;
+	result->buf = NULL;
+	result->nleft = 0;
+	result->jp = NULL;
+	if (n == NULL) {
+		exitstatus = 0;
+		return;
+	}
+	setstackmark(&smark);
+	exitstatus = oexitstatus;
+	if (is_valid_fast_cmdsubst(n)) {
+		savelocalvars = localvars;
+		localvars = NULL;
+		saveoptreset = shellparam.reset;
+		forcelocal++;
+		savehandler = handler;
+		if (setjmp(jmploc.loc)) {
+			if (exception == EXERROR || exception == EXEXEC)
+				exitstatus = 2;
+			else if (exception != 0) {
+				handler = savehandler;
+				forcelocal--;
+				poplocalvars();
+				localvars = savelocalvars;
+				shellparam.reset = saveoptreset;
+				longjmp(handler->loc, 1);
+			}
+		} else {
+			handler = &jmploc;
+			evalcommand(n, EV_BACKCMD, result);
+		}
+		handler = savehandler;
+		forcelocal--;
+		poplocalvars();
+		localvars = savelocalvars;
+		shellparam.reset = saveoptreset;
+	} else {
+		if (pipe(pip) < 0)
+			error("Pipe call failed: %s", strerror(errno));
+		jp = makejob(n, 1);
+		if (forkshell(jp, n, FORK_NOJOB) == 0) {
+			FORCEINTON;
+			close(pip[0]);
+			if (pip[1] != 1) {
+				dup2(pip[1], 1);
+				close(pip[1]);
+			}
+			evaltree(n, EV_EXIT);
+		}
+		close(pip[1]);
+		result->fd = pip[0];
+		result->jp = jp;
+	}
+	popstackmark(&smark);
+	TRACE(("evalbackcmd done: fd=%d buf=%p nleft=%d jp=%p\n",
+		result->fd, result->buf, result->nleft, result->jp));
+}
+
+static int
+mustexpandto(const char *argtext, const char *mask)
+{
+	for (;;) {
+		if (*argtext == CTLQUOTEMARK || *argtext == CTLQUOTEEND) {
+			argtext++;
+			continue;
+		}
+		if (*argtext == CTLESC)
+			argtext++;
+		else if (BASESYNTAX[(int)*argtext] == CCTL)
+			return (0);
+		if (*argtext != *mask)
+			return (0);
+		if (*argtext == '\0')
+			return (1);
+		argtext++;
+		mask++;
+	}
+}
+
+static int
+isdeclarationcmd(struct narg *arg)
+{
+	int have_command = 0;
+
+	if (arg == NULL)
+		return (0);
+	while (mustexpandto(arg->text, "command")) {
+		have_command = 1;
+		arg = &arg->next->narg;
+		if (arg == NULL)
+			return (0);
+		/*
+		 * To also allow "command -p" and "command --" as part of
+		 * a declaration command, add code here.
+		 * We do not do this, as ksh does not do it either and it
+		 * is not required by POSIX.
+		 */
+	}
+	return (mustexpandto(arg->text, "export") ||
+	    mustexpandto(arg->text, "readonly") ||
+	    (mustexpandto(arg->text, "local") &&
+		(have_command || !isfunc("local"))));
+}
+
+static void
+xtracecommand(struct arglist *varlist, int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	char sep = 0;
+	const char *text, *p, *ps4;
+	int i;
+
+	ps4 = expandstr(ps4val());
+	out2str(ps4 != NULL ? ps4 : ps4val());
+	for (i = 0; i < varlist->count; i++) {
+		text = varlist->args[i];
+		if (sep != 0)
+			out2c(' ');
+		p = strchr(text, '=');
+		if (p != NULL) {
+			p++;
+			outbin(text, p - text, out2);
+			out2qstr(p);
+		} else
+			out2qstr(text);
+		sep = ' ';
+	}
+	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
+		text = argv[i];
+		if (sep != 0)
+			out2c(' ');
+		out2qstr(text);
+		sep = ' ';
+	}
+	out2c('\n');
+	flushout(&errout);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check if a builtin can safely be executed in the same process,
+ * even though it should be in a subshell (command substitution).
+ * Note that jobid, jobs, times and trap can show information not
+ * available in a child process; this is deliberate.
+ * The arguments should already have been expanded.
+ */
+static int
+safe_builtin(int idx, int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	/* Generated from builtins.def. */
+	if (safe_builtin_always(idx))
+		return (1);
+	if (idx == EXPORTCMD || idx == TRAPCMD || idx == ULIMITCMD ||
+	    idx == UMASKCMD)
+		return (argc <= 1 || (argc == 2 && argv[1][0] == '-'));
+	if (idx == SETCMD)
+		return (argc <= 1 || (argc == 2 && (argv[1][0] == '-' ||
+		    argv[1][0] == '+') && argv[1][1] == 'o' &&
+		    argv[1][2] == '\0'));
+	return (0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Execute a simple command.
+ * Note: This may or may not return if (flags & EV_EXIT).
+ */
+
+static void
+evalcommand(union node *cmd, int flags, struct backcmd *backcmd)
+{
+	union node *argp;
+	struct arglist arglist;
+	struct arglist varlist;
+	char **argv;
+	int argc;
+	char **envp;
+	int varflag;
+	int mode;
+	int pip[2];
+	struct cmdentry cmdentry;
+	struct job *jp;
+	struct jmploc jmploc;
+	struct jmploc *savehandler;
+	char *savecmdname;
+	struct shparam saveparam;
+	struct localvar *savelocalvars;
+	struct parsefile *savetopfile;
+	volatile int e;
+	char *lastarg;
+	int signaled;
+	int do_clearcmdentry;
+	const char *path = pathval();
+	int i;
+
+	/* First expand the arguments. */
+	TRACE(("evalcommand(%p, %d) called\n", (void *)cmd, flags));
+	emptyarglist(&arglist);
+	emptyarglist(&varlist);
+	varflag = 1;
+	jp = NULL;
+	do_clearcmdentry = 0;
+	oexitstatus = exitstatus;
+	exitstatus = 0;
+	/* Add one slot at the beginning for tryexec(). */
+	appendarglist(&arglist, nullstr);
+	for (argp = cmd->ncmd.args ; argp ; argp = argp->narg.next) {
+		if (varflag && isassignment(argp->narg.text)) {
+			expandarg(argp, varflag == 1 ? &varlist : &arglist,
+			    EXP_VARTILDE);
+			continue;
+		} else if (varflag == 1)
+			varflag = isdeclarationcmd(&argp->narg) ? 2 : 0;
+		expandarg(argp, &arglist, EXP_FULL | EXP_TILDE);
+	}
+	appendarglist(&arglist, nullstr);
+	expredir(cmd->ncmd.redirect);
+	argc = arglist.count - 2;
+	argv = &arglist.args[1];
+
+	argv[argc] = NULL;
+	lastarg = NULL;
+	if (iflag && funcnest == 0 && argc > 0)
+		lastarg = argv[argc - 1];
+
+	/* Print the command if xflag is set. */
+	if (xflag)
+		xtracecommand(&varlist, argc, argv);
+
+	/* Now locate the command. */
+	if (argc == 0) {
+		/* Variable assignment(s) without command */
+		cmdentry.cmdtype = CMDBUILTIN;
+		cmdentry.u.index = BLTINCMD;
+		cmdentry.special = 0;
+	} else {
+		static const char PATH[] = "PATH=";
+		int cmd_flags = 0, bltinonly = 0;
+
+		/*
+		 * Modify the command lookup path, if a PATH= assignment
+		 * is present
+		 */
+		for (i = 0; i < varlist.count; i++)
+			if (strncmp(varlist.args[i], PATH, sizeof(PATH) - 1) == 0) {
+				path = varlist.args[i] + sizeof(PATH) - 1;
+				/*
+				 * On `PATH=... command`, we need to make
+				 * sure that the command isn't using the
+				 * non-updated hash table of the outer PATH
+				 * setting and we need to make sure that
+				 * the hash table isn't filled with items
+				 * from the temporary setting.
+				 *
+				 * It would be better to forbit using and
+				 * updating the table while this command
+				 * runs, by the command finding mechanism
+				 * is heavily integrated with hash handling,
+				 * so we just delete the hash before and after
+				 * the command runs. Partly deleting like
+				 * changepatch() does doesn't seem worth the
+				 * bookinging effort, since most such runs add
+				 * directories in front of the new PATH.
+				 */
+				clearcmdentry();
+				do_clearcmdentry = 1;
+			}
+
+		for (;;) {
+			if (bltinonly) {
+				cmdentry.u.index = find_builtin(*argv, &cmdentry.special);
+				if (cmdentry.u.index < 0) {
+					cmdentry.u.index = BLTINCMD;
+					argv--;
+					argc++;
+					break;
+				}
+			} else
+				find_command(argv[0], &cmdentry, cmd_flags, path);
+			/* implement the bltin and command builtins here */
+			if (cmdentry.cmdtype != CMDBUILTIN)
+				break;
+			if (cmdentry.u.index == BLTINCMD) {
+				if (argc == 1)
+					break;
+				argv++;
+				argc--;
+				bltinonly = 1;
+			} else if (cmdentry.u.index == COMMANDCMD) {
+				if (argc == 1)
+					break;
+				if (!strcmp(argv[1], "-p")) {
+					if (argc == 2)
+						break;
+					if (argv[2][0] == '-') {
+						if (strcmp(argv[2], "--"))
+							break;
+						if (argc == 3)
+							break;
+						argv += 3;
+						argc -= 3;
+					} else {
+						argv += 2;
+						argc -= 2;
+					}
+					path = _PATH_STDPATH;
+					clearcmdentry();
+					do_clearcmdentry = 1;
+				} else if (!strcmp(argv[1], "--")) {
+					if (argc == 2)
+						break;
+					argv += 2;
+					argc -= 2;
+				} else if (argv[1][0] == '-')
+					break;
+				else {
+					argv++;
+					argc--;
+				}
+				cmd_flags |= DO_NOFUNC;
+				bltinonly = 0;
+			} else
+				break;
+		}
+		/*
+		 * Special builtins lose their special properties when
+		 * called via 'command'.
+		 */
+		if (cmd_flags & DO_NOFUNC)
+			cmdentry.special = 0;
+	}
+
+	/* Fork off a child process if necessary. */
+	if (((cmdentry.cmdtype == CMDNORMAL || cmdentry.cmdtype == CMDUNKNOWN)
+	    && ((flags & EV_EXIT) == 0 || have_traps()))
+	 || ((flags & EV_BACKCMD) != 0
+	    && (cmdentry.cmdtype != CMDBUILTIN ||
+		 !safe_builtin(cmdentry.u.index, argc, argv)))) {
+		jp = makejob(cmd, 1);
+		mode = FORK_FG;
+		if (flags & EV_BACKCMD) {
+			mode = FORK_NOJOB;
+			if (pipe(pip) < 0)
+				error("Pipe call failed: %s", strerror(errno));
+		}
+		if (cmdentry.cmdtype == CMDNORMAL &&
+		    cmd->ncmd.redirect == NULL &&
+		    varlist.count == 0 &&
+		    (mode == FORK_FG || mode == FORK_NOJOB) &&
+		    !disvforkset() && !iflag && !mflag) {
+			vforkexecshell(jp, argv, environment(), path,
+			    cmdentry.u.index, flags & EV_BACKCMD ? pip : NULL);
+			goto parent;
+		}
+		if (forkshell(jp, cmd, mode) != 0)
+			goto parent;	/* at end of routine */
+		if (flags & EV_BACKCMD) {
+			FORCEINTON;
+			close(pip[0]);
+			if (pip[1] != 1) {
+				dup2(pip[1], 1);
+				close(pip[1]);
+			}
+			flags &= ~EV_BACKCMD;
+		}
+		flags |= EV_EXIT;
+	}
+
+	/* This is the child process if a fork occurred. */
+	/* Execute the command. */
+	if (cmdentry.cmdtype == CMDFUNCTION) {
+#ifdef DEBUG
+		trputs("Shell function:  ");  trargs(argv);
+#endif
+		saveparam = shellparam;
+		shellparam.malloc = 0;
+		shellparam.reset = 1;
+		shellparam.nparam = argc - 1;
+		shellparam.p = argv + 1;
+		shellparam.optp = NULL;
+		shellparam.optnext = NULL;
+		INTOFF;
+		savelocalvars = localvars;
+		localvars = NULL;
+		reffunc(cmdentry.u.func);
+		savehandler = handler;
+		if (setjmp(jmploc.loc)) {
+			popredir();
+			unreffunc(cmdentry.u.func);
+			poplocalvars();
+			localvars = savelocalvars;
+			freeparam(&shellparam);
+			shellparam = saveparam;
+			funcnest--;
+			handler = savehandler;
+			longjmp(handler->loc, 1);
+		}
+		handler = &jmploc;
+		funcnest++;
+		redirect(cmd->ncmd.redirect, REDIR_PUSH);
+		INTON;
+		for (i = 0; i < varlist.count; i++)
+			mklocal(varlist.args[i]);
+		exitstatus = oexitstatus;
+		evaltree(getfuncnode(cmdentry.u.func),
+		    flags & (EV_TESTED | EV_EXIT));
+		INTOFF;
+		unreffunc(cmdentry.u.func);
+		poplocalvars();
+		localvars = savelocalvars;
+		freeparam(&shellparam);
+		shellparam = saveparam;
+		handler = savehandler;
+		funcnest--;
+		popredir();
+		INTON;
+		if (evalskip == SKIPRETURN) {
+			evalskip = 0;
+			skipcount = 0;
+		}
+		if (jp)
+			exitshell(exitstatus);
+	} else if (cmdentry.cmdtype == CMDBUILTIN) {
+#ifdef DEBUG
+		trputs("builtin command:  ");  trargs(argv);
+#endif
+		mode = (cmdentry.u.index == EXECCMD)? 0 : REDIR_PUSH;
+		if (flags == EV_BACKCMD) {
+			memout.nextc = memout.buf;
+			mode |= REDIR_BACKQ;
+		}
+		savecmdname = commandname;
+		savetopfile = getcurrentfile();
+		cmdenviron = &varlist;
+		e = -1;
+		savehandler = handler;
+		if (setjmp(jmploc.loc)) {
+			e = exception;
+			if (e == EXINT)
+				exitstatus = SIGINT+128;
+			else if (e != EXEXIT)
+				exitstatus = 2;
+			goto cmddone;
+		}
+		handler = &jmploc;
+		redirect(cmd->ncmd.redirect, mode);
+		outclearerror(out1);
+		/*
+		 * If there is no command word, redirection errors should
+		 * not be fatal but assignment errors should.
+		 */
+		if (argc == 0)
+			cmdentry.special = 1;
+		listsetvar(cmdenviron, cmdentry.special ? 0 : VNOSET);
+		if (argc > 0)
+			bltinsetlocale();
+		commandname = argv[0];
+		argptr = argv + 1;
+		nextopt_optptr = NULL;		/* initialize nextopt */
+		builtin_flags = flags;
+		exitstatus = (*builtinfunc[cmdentry.u.index])(argc, argv);
+		flushall();
+		if (outiserror(out1)) {
+			warning("write error on stdout");
+			if (exitstatus == 0 || exitstatus == 1)
+				exitstatus = 2;
+		}
+cmddone:
+		if (argc > 0)
+			bltinunsetlocale();
+		cmdenviron = NULL;
+		out1 = &output;
+		out2 = &errout;
+		freestdout();
+		handler = savehandler;
+		commandname = savecmdname;
+		if (jp)
+			exitshell(exitstatus);
+		if (flags == EV_BACKCMD) {
+			backcmd->buf = memout.buf;
+			backcmd->nleft = memout.buf != NULL ?
+			    memout.nextc - memout.buf : 0;
+			memout.buf = NULL;
+			memout.nextc = NULL;
+			memout.bufend = NULL;
+			memout.bufsize = 64;
+		}
+		if (cmdentry.u.index != EXECCMD)
+			popredir();
+		if (e != -1) {
+			if ((e != EXERROR && e != EXEXEC)
+			    || cmdentry.special)
+				exraise(e);
+			popfilesupto(savetopfile);
+			if (flags != EV_BACKCMD)
+				FORCEINTON;
+		}
+	} else {
+#ifdef DEBUG
+		trputs("normal command:  ");  trargs(argv);
+#endif
+		redirect(cmd->ncmd.redirect, 0);
+		for (i = 0; i < varlist.count; i++)
+			setvareq(varlist.args[i], VEXPORT|VSTACK);
+		envp = environment();
+		shellexec(argv, envp, path, cmdentry.u.index);
+		/*NOTREACHED*/
+	}
+	goto out;
+
+parent:	/* parent process gets here (if we forked) */
+	if (mode == FORK_FG) {	/* argument to fork */
+		INTOFF;
+		exitstatus = waitforjob(jp, &signaled);
+		INTON;
+		if (iflag && loopnest > 0 && signaled) {
+			evalskip = SKIPBREAK;
+			skipcount = loopnest;
+		}
+	} else if (mode == FORK_NOJOB) {
+		backcmd->fd = pip[0];
+		close(pip[1]);
+		backcmd->jp = jp;
+	}
+
+out:
+	if (lastarg)
+		setvar("_", lastarg, 0);
+	if (do_clearcmdentry)
+		clearcmdentry();
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Search for a command.  This is called before we fork so that the
+ * location of the command will be available in the parent as well as
+ * the child.  The check for "goodname" is an overly conservative
+ * check that the name will not be subject to expansion.
+ */
+
+static void
+prehash(union node *n)
+{
+	struct cmdentry entry;
+
+	if (n && n->type == NCMD && n->ncmd.args)
+		if (goodname(n->ncmd.args->narg.text))
+			find_command(n->ncmd.args->narg.text, &entry, 0,
+				     pathval());
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Builtin commands.  Builtin commands whose functions are closely
+ * tied to evaluation are implemented here.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * No command given, a bltin command with no arguments, or a bltin command
+ * with an invalid name.
+ */
+
+int
+bltincmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	if (argc > 1) {
+		out2fmt_flush("%s: not found\n", argv[1]);
+		return 127;
+	}
+	/*
+	 * Preserve exitstatus of a previous possible command substitution
+	 * as POSIX mandates
+	 */
+	return exitstatus;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Handle break and continue commands.  Break, continue, and return are
+ * all handled by setting the evalskip flag.  The evaluation routines
+ * above all check this flag, and if it is set they start skipping
+ * commands rather than executing them.  The variable skipcount is
+ * the number of loops to break/continue, or the number of function
+ * levels to return.  (The latter is always 1.)  It should probably
+ * be an error to break out of more loops than exist, but it isn't
+ * in the standard shell so we don't make it one here.
+ */
+
+int
+breakcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	long n;
+	char *end;
+
+	if (argc > 1) {
+		/* Allow arbitrarily large numbers. */
+		n = strtol(argv[1], &end, 10);
+		if (!is_digit(argv[1][0]) || *end != '\0')
+			error("Illegal number: %s", argv[1]);
+	} else
+		n = 1;
+	if (n > loopnest)
+		n = loopnest;
+	if (n > 0) {
+		evalskip = (**argv == 'c')? SKIPCONT : SKIPBREAK;
+		skipcount = n;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * The `command' command.
+ */
+int
+commandcmd(int argc __unused, char **argv __unused)
+{
+	const char *path;
+	int ch;
+	int cmd = -1;
+
+	path = bltinlookup("PATH", 1);
+
+	while ((ch = nextopt("pvV")) != '\0') {
+		switch (ch) {
+		case 'p':
+			path = _PATH_STDPATH;
+			break;
+		case 'v':
+			cmd = TYPECMD_SMALLV;
+			break;
+		case 'V':
+			cmd = TYPECMD_BIGV;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (cmd != -1) {
+		if (*argptr == NULL || argptr[1] != NULL)
+			error("wrong number of arguments");
+		return typecmd_impl(2, argptr - 1, cmd, path);
+	}
+	if (*argptr != NULL)
+		error("commandcmd bad call");
+
+	/*
+	 * Do nothing successfully if no command was specified;
+	 * ksh also does this.
+	 */
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * The return command.
+ */
+
+int
+returncmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	int ret = argc > 1 ? number(argv[1]) : oexitstatus;
+
+	evalskip = SKIPRETURN;
+	skipcount = 1;
+	return ret;
+}
+
+
+int
+falsecmd(int argc __unused, char **argv __unused)
+{
+	return 1;
+}
+
+
+int
+truecmd(int argc __unused, char **argv __unused)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+int
+execcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	/*
+	 * Because we have historically not supported any options,
+	 * only treat "--" specially.
+	 */
+	if (argc > 1 && strcmp(argv[1], "--") == 0)
+		argc--, argv++;
+	if (argc > 1) {
+		iflag = 0;		/* exit on error */
+		mflag = 0;
+		optschanged();
+		for (i = 0; i < cmdenviron->count; i++)
+			setvareq(cmdenviron->args[i], VEXPORT|VSTACK);
+		shellexec(argv + 1, environment(), pathval(), 0);
+
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+int
+timescmd(int argc __unused, char **argv __unused)
+{
+	struct rusage ru;
+	long shumins, shsmins, chumins, chsmins;
+	double shusecs, shssecs, chusecs, chssecs;
+
+	if (getrusage(RUSAGE_SELF, &ru) < 0)
+		return 1;
+	shumins = ru.ru_utime.tv_sec / 60;
+	shusecs = ru.ru_utime.tv_sec % 60 + ru.ru_utime.tv_usec / 1000000.;
+	shsmins = ru.ru_stime.tv_sec / 60;
+	shssecs = ru.ru_stime.tv_sec % 60 + ru.ru_stime.tv_usec / 1000000.;
+	if (getrusage(RUSAGE_CHILDREN, &ru) < 0)
+		return 1;
+	chumins = ru.ru_utime.tv_sec / 60;
+	chusecs = ru.ru_utime.tv_sec % 60 + ru.ru_utime.tv_usec / 1000000.;
+	chsmins = ru.ru_stime.tv_sec / 60;
+	chssecs = ru.ru_stime.tv_sec % 60 + ru.ru_stime.tv_usec / 1000000.;
+	out1fmt("%ldm%.3fs %ldm%.3fs\n%ldm%.3fs %ldm%.3fs\n", shumins,
+	    shusecs, shsmins, shssecs, chumins, chusecs, chsmins, chssecs);
+	return 0;
+}
diff --git a/bin/1sh/eval.h b/bin/1sh/eval.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d413ccd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/eval.h
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)eval.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ * $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/eval.h 314436 2017-02-28 23:42:47Z imp $
+ */
+
+extern char *commandname;	/* currently executing command */
+extern int exitstatus;		/* exit status of last command */
+extern int oexitstatus;		/* saved exit status */
+extern struct arglist *cmdenviron;  /* environment for builtin command */
+
+
+struct backcmd {		/* result of evalbackcmd */
+	int fd;			/* file descriptor to read from */
+	char *buf;		/* buffer */
+	int nleft;		/* number of chars in buffer */
+	struct job *jp;		/* job structure for command */
+};
+
+void reseteval(void);
+
+/* flags in argument to evaltree/evalstring */
+#define EV_EXIT 01		/* exit after evaluating tree */
+#define EV_TESTED 02		/* exit status is checked; ignore -e flag */
+#define EV_BACKCMD 04		/* command executing within back quotes */
+
+void evalstring(const char *, int);
+union node;	/* BLETCH for ansi C */
+void evaltree(union node *, int);
+void evalbackcmd(union node *, struct backcmd *);
+
+/* in_function returns nonzero if we are currently evaluating a function */
+#define in_function()	funcnest
+extern int funcnest;
+extern int evalskip;
+extern int skipcount;
+
+/* reasons for skipping commands (see comment on breakcmd routine) */
+#define SKIPBREAK	1
+#define SKIPCONT	2
+#define SKIPRETURN	3
diff --git a/bin/1sh/exec.c b/bin/1sh/exec.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..81efa565
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/exec.c
@@ -0,0 +1,784 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef lint
+#if 0
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)exec.c	8.4 (Berkeley) 6/8/95";
+#endif
+#endif /* not lint */
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+/* $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/exec.c 336320 2018-07-15 21:55:17Z jilles $ */
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <paths.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+/*
+ * When commands are first encountered, they are entered in a hash table.
+ * This ensures that a full path search will not have to be done for them
+ * on each invocation.
+ *
+ * We should investigate converting to a linear search, even though that
+ * would make the command name "hash" a misnomer.
+ */
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "main.h"
+#include "nodes.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "redir.h"
+#include "eval.h"
+#include "exec.h"
+#include "builtins.h"
+#include "var.h"
+#include "options.h"
+#include "input.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "syntax.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+#include "show.h"
+#include "jobs.h"
+#include "alias.h"
+
+
+#define CMDTABLESIZE 31		/* should be prime */
+
+
+
+struct tblentry {
+	struct tblentry *next;	/* next entry in hash chain */
+	union param param;	/* definition of builtin function */
+	int special;		/* flag for special builtin commands */
+	signed char cmdtype;	/* index identifying command */
+	char cmdname[];		/* name of command */
+};
+
+
+static struct tblentry *cmdtable[CMDTABLESIZE];
+static int cmdtable_cd = 0;	/* cmdtable contains cd-dependent entries */
+int exerrno = 0;			/* Last exec error */
+
+
+static void tryexec(char *, char **, char **);
+static void printentry(struct tblentry *, int);
+static struct tblentry *cmdlookup(const char *, int);
+static void delete_cmd_entry(void);
+static void addcmdentry(const char *, struct cmdentry *);
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Exec a program.  Never returns.  If you change this routine, you may
+ * have to change the find_command routine as well.
+ *
+ * The argv array may be changed and element argv[-1] should be writable.
+ */
+
+void
+shellexec(char **argv, char **envp, const char *path, int idx)
+{
+	char *cmdname;
+	const char *opt;
+	int e;
+
+	if (strchr(argv[0], '/') != NULL) {
+		tryexec(argv[0], argv, envp);
+		e = errno;
+	} else {
+		e = ENOENT;
+		while ((cmdname = padvance(&path, &opt, argv[0])) != NULL) {
+			if (--idx < 0 && opt == NULL) {
+				tryexec(cmdname, argv, envp);
+				if (errno != ENOENT && errno != ENOTDIR)
+					e = errno;
+				if (e == ENOEXEC)
+					break;
+			}
+			stunalloc(cmdname);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Map to POSIX errors */
+	if (e == ENOENT || e == ENOTDIR) {
+		exerrno = 127;
+		exerror(EXEXEC, "%s: not found", argv[0]);
+	} else {
+		exerrno = 126;
+		exerror(EXEXEC, "%s: %s", argv[0], strerror(e));
+	}
+}
+
+
+static void
+tryexec(char *cmd, char **argv, char **envp)
+{
+	int e, in;
+	ssize_t n;
+	char buf[256];
+
+	execve(cmd, argv, envp);
+	e = errno;
+	if (e == ENOEXEC) {
+		INTOFF;
+		in = open(cmd, O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK);
+		if (in != -1) {
+			n = pread(in, buf, sizeof buf, 0);
+			close(in);
+			if (n > 0 && memchr(buf, '\0', n) != NULL) {
+				errno = ENOEXEC;
+				return;
+			}
+		}
+		*argv = cmd;
+		*--argv = (char *)(_PATH_BSHELL);
+		execve(_PATH_BSHELL, argv, envp);
+	}
+	errno = e;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Do a path search.  The variable path (passed by reference) should be
+ * set to the start of the path before the first call; padvance will update
+ * this value as it proceeds.  Successive calls to padvance will return
+ * the possible path expansions in sequence.  If popt is not NULL, options
+ * are processed: if an option (indicated by a percent sign) appears in
+ * the path entry then *popt will be set to point to it; else *popt will be
+ * set to NULL.  If popt is NULL, percent signs are not special.
+ */
+
+char *
+padvance(const char **path, const char **popt, const char *name)
+{
+	const char *p, *start;
+	char *q;
+	size_t len, namelen;
+
+	if (*path == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+	start = *path;
+	if (popt != NULL)
+		for (p = start; *p && *p != ':' && *p != '%'; p++)
+			; /* nothing */
+	else
+		for (p = start; *p && *p != ':'; p++)
+			; /* nothing */
+	namelen = strlen(name);
+	len = p - start + namelen + 2;	/* "2" is for '/' and '\0' */
+	STARTSTACKSTR(q);
+	CHECKSTRSPACE(len, q);
+	if (p != start) {
+		memcpy(q, start, p - start);
+		q += p - start;
+		*q++ = '/';
+	}
+	memcpy(q, name, namelen + 1);
+	if (popt != NULL) {
+		if (*p == '%') {
+			*popt = ++p;
+			while (*p && *p != ':')  p++;
+		} else
+			*popt = NULL;
+	}
+	if (*p == ':')
+		*path = p + 1;
+	else
+		*path = NULL;
+	return stalloc(len);
+}
+
+
+
+/*** Command hashing code ***/
+
+
+int
+hashcmd(int argc __unused, char **argv __unused)
+{
+	struct tblentry **pp;
+	struct tblentry *cmdp;
+	int c;
+	int verbose;
+	struct cmdentry entry;
+	char *name;
+	int errors;
+
+	errors = 0;
+	verbose = 0;
+	while ((c = nextopt("rv")) != '\0') {
+		if (c == 'r') {
+			clearcmdentry();
+		} else if (c == 'v') {
+			verbose++;
+		}
+	}
+	if (*argptr == NULL) {
+		for (pp = cmdtable ; pp < &cmdtable[CMDTABLESIZE] ; pp++) {
+			for (cmdp = *pp ; cmdp ; cmdp = cmdp->next) {
+				if (cmdp->cmdtype == CMDNORMAL)
+					printentry(cmdp, verbose);
+			}
+		}
+		return 0;
+	}
+	while ((name = *argptr) != NULL) {
+		if ((cmdp = cmdlookup(name, 0)) != NULL
+		 && cmdp->cmdtype == CMDNORMAL)
+			delete_cmd_entry();
+		find_command(name, &entry, DO_ERR, pathval());
+		if (entry.cmdtype == CMDUNKNOWN)
+			errors = 1;
+		else if (verbose) {
+			cmdp = cmdlookup(name, 0);
+			if (cmdp != NULL)
+				printentry(cmdp, verbose);
+			else {
+				outfmt(out2, "%s: not found\n", name);
+				errors = 1;
+			}
+			flushall();
+		}
+		argptr++;
+	}
+	return errors;
+}
+
+
+static void
+printentry(struct tblentry *cmdp, int verbose)
+{
+	int idx;
+	const char *path, *opt;
+	char *name;
+
+	if (cmdp->cmdtype == CMDNORMAL) {
+		idx = cmdp->param.index;
+		path = pathval();
+		do {
+			name = padvance(&path, &opt, cmdp->cmdname);
+			stunalloc(name);
+		} while (--idx >= 0);
+		out1str(name);
+	} else if (cmdp->cmdtype == CMDBUILTIN) {
+		out1fmt("builtin %s", cmdp->cmdname);
+	} else if (cmdp->cmdtype == CMDFUNCTION) {
+		out1fmt("function %s", cmdp->cmdname);
+		if (verbose) {
+			INTOFF;
+			name = commandtext(getfuncnode(cmdp->param.func));
+			out1c(' ');
+			out1str(name);
+			ckfree(name);
+			INTON;
+		}
+#ifdef DEBUG
+	} else {
+		error("internal error: cmdtype %d", cmdp->cmdtype);
+#endif
+	}
+	out1c('\n');
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Resolve a command name.  If you change this routine, you may have to
+ * change the shellexec routine as well.
+ */
+
+void
+find_command(const char *name, struct cmdentry *entry, int act,
+    const char *path)
+{
+	struct tblentry *cmdp, loc_cmd;
+	int idx;
+	const char *opt;
+	char *fullname;
+	struct stat statb;
+	int e;
+	int i;
+	int spec;
+	int cd;
+
+	/* If name contains a slash, don't use the hash table */
+	if (strchr(name, '/') != NULL) {
+		entry->cmdtype = CMDNORMAL;
+		entry->u.index = 0;
+		entry->special = 0;
+		return;
+	}
+
+	cd = 0;
+
+	/* If name is in the table, we're done */
+	if ((cmdp = cmdlookup(name, 0)) != NULL) {
+		if (cmdp->cmdtype == CMDFUNCTION && act & DO_NOFUNC)
+			cmdp = NULL;
+		else
+			goto success;
+	}
+
+	/* Check for builtin next */
+	if ((i = find_builtin(name, &spec)) >= 0) {
+		INTOFF;
+		cmdp = cmdlookup(name, 1);
+		if (cmdp->cmdtype == CMDFUNCTION)
+			cmdp = &loc_cmd;
+		cmdp->cmdtype = CMDBUILTIN;
+		cmdp->param.index = i;
+		cmdp->special = spec;
+		INTON;
+		goto success;
+	}
+
+	/* We have to search path. */
+
+	e = ENOENT;
+	idx = -1;
+	for (;(fullname = padvance(&path, &opt, name)) != NULL;
+	    stunalloc(fullname)) {
+		idx++;
+		if (opt) {
+			if (strncmp(opt, "func", 4) == 0) {
+				/* handled below */
+			} else {
+				continue; /* ignore unimplemented options */
+			}
+		}
+		if (fullname[0] != '/')
+			cd = 1;
+		if (stat(fullname, &statb) < 0) {
+			if (errno != ENOENT && errno != ENOTDIR)
+				e = errno;
+			continue;
+		}
+		e = EACCES;	/* if we fail, this will be the error */
+		if (!S_ISREG(statb.st_mode))
+			continue;
+		if (opt) {		/* this is a %func directory */
+			readcmdfile(fullname);
+			if ((cmdp = cmdlookup(name, 0)) == NULL || cmdp->cmdtype != CMDFUNCTION)
+				error("%s not defined in %s", name, fullname);
+			stunalloc(fullname);
+			goto success;
+		}
+#ifdef notdef
+		if (statb.st_uid == geteuid()) {
+			if ((statb.st_mode & 0100) == 0)
+				goto loop;
+		} else if (statb.st_gid == getegid()) {
+			if ((statb.st_mode & 010) == 0)
+				goto loop;
+		} else {
+			if ((statb.st_mode & 01) == 0)
+				goto loop;
+		}
+#endif
+		TRACE(("searchexec \"%s\" returns \"%s\"\n", name, fullname));
+		INTOFF;
+		stunalloc(fullname);
+		cmdp = cmdlookup(name, 1);
+		if (cmdp->cmdtype == CMDFUNCTION)
+			cmdp = &loc_cmd;
+		cmdp->cmdtype = CMDNORMAL;
+		cmdp->param.index = idx;
+		cmdp->special = 0;
+		INTON;
+		goto success;
+	}
+
+	if (act & DO_ERR) {
+		if (e == ENOENT || e == ENOTDIR)
+			outfmt(out2, "%s: not found\n", name);
+		else
+			outfmt(out2, "%s: %s\n", name, strerror(e));
+	}
+	entry->cmdtype = CMDUNKNOWN;
+	entry->u.index = 0;
+	entry->special = 0;
+	return;
+
+success:
+	if (cd)
+		cmdtable_cd = 1;
+	entry->cmdtype = cmdp->cmdtype;
+	entry->u = cmdp->param;
+	entry->special = cmdp->special;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Search the table of builtin commands.
+ */
+
+int
+find_builtin(const char *name, int *special)
+{
+	const unsigned char *bp;
+	size_t len;
+
+	len = strlen(name);
+	for (bp = builtincmd ; *bp ; bp += 2 + bp[0]) {
+		if (bp[0] == len && memcmp(bp + 2, name, len) == 0) {
+			*special = (bp[1] & BUILTIN_SPECIAL) != 0;
+			return bp[1] & ~BUILTIN_SPECIAL;
+		}
+	}
+	return -1;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Called when a cd is done.  If any entry in cmdtable depends on the current
+ * directory, simply clear cmdtable completely.
+ */
+
+void
+hashcd(void)
+{
+	if (cmdtable_cd)
+		clearcmdentry();
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Called before PATH is changed.  The argument is the new value of PATH;
+ * pathval() still returns the old value at this point.  Called with
+ * interrupts off.
+ */
+
+void
+changepath(const char *newval __unused)
+{
+	clearcmdentry();
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Clear out cached utility locations.
+ */
+
+void
+clearcmdentry(void)
+{
+	struct tblentry **tblp;
+	struct tblentry **pp;
+	struct tblentry *cmdp;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	for (tblp = cmdtable ; tblp < &cmdtable[CMDTABLESIZE] ; tblp++) {
+		pp = tblp;
+		while ((cmdp = *pp) != NULL) {
+			if (cmdp->cmdtype == CMDNORMAL) {
+				*pp = cmdp->next;
+				ckfree(cmdp);
+			} else {
+				pp = &cmdp->next;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	cmdtable_cd = 0;
+	INTON;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Locate a command in the command hash table.  If "add" is nonzero,
+ * add the command to the table if it is not already present.  The
+ * variable "lastcmdentry" is set to point to the address of the link
+ * pointing to the entry, so that delete_cmd_entry can delete the
+ * entry.
+ */
+
+static struct tblentry **lastcmdentry;
+
+
+static struct tblentry *
+cmdlookup(const char *name, int add)
+{
+	unsigned int hashval;
+	const char *p;
+	struct tblentry *cmdp;
+	struct tblentry **pp;
+	size_t len;
+
+	p = name;
+	hashval = (unsigned char)*p << 4;
+	while (*p)
+		hashval += *p++;
+	pp = &cmdtable[hashval % CMDTABLESIZE];
+	for (cmdp = *pp ; cmdp ; cmdp = cmdp->next) {
+		if (equal(cmdp->cmdname, name))
+			break;
+		pp = &cmdp->next;
+	}
+	if (add && cmdp == NULL) {
+		INTOFF;
+		len = strlen(name);
+		cmdp = *pp = ckmalloc(sizeof (struct tblentry) + len + 1);
+		cmdp->next = NULL;
+		cmdp->cmdtype = CMDUNKNOWN;
+		memcpy(cmdp->cmdname, name, len + 1);
+		INTON;
+	}
+	lastcmdentry = pp;
+	return cmdp;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Delete the command entry returned on the last lookup.
+ */
+
+static void
+delete_cmd_entry(void)
+{
+	struct tblentry *cmdp;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	cmdp = *lastcmdentry;
+	*lastcmdentry = cmdp->next;
+	ckfree(cmdp);
+	INTON;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Add a new command entry, replacing any existing command entry for
+ * the same name.
+ */
+
+static void
+addcmdentry(const char *name, struct cmdentry *entry)
+{
+	struct tblentry *cmdp;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	cmdp = cmdlookup(name, 1);
+	if (cmdp->cmdtype == CMDFUNCTION) {
+		unreffunc(cmdp->param.func);
+	}
+	cmdp->cmdtype = entry->cmdtype;
+	cmdp->param = entry->u;
+	cmdp->special = entry->special;
+	INTON;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Define a shell function.
+ */
+
+void
+defun(const char *name, union node *func)
+{
+	struct cmdentry entry;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	entry.cmdtype = CMDFUNCTION;
+	entry.u.func = copyfunc(func);
+	entry.special = 0;
+	addcmdentry(name, &entry);
+	INTON;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Delete a function if it exists.
+ * Called with interrupts off.
+ */
+
+int
+unsetfunc(const char *name)
+{
+	struct tblentry *cmdp;
+
+	if ((cmdp = cmdlookup(name, 0)) != NULL && cmdp->cmdtype == CMDFUNCTION) {
+		unreffunc(cmdp->param.func);
+		delete_cmd_entry();
+		return (0);
+	}
+	return (0);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Check if a function by a certain name exists.
+ */
+int
+isfunc(const char *name)
+{
+	struct tblentry *cmdp;
+	cmdp = cmdlookup(name, 0);
+	return (cmdp != NULL && cmdp->cmdtype == CMDFUNCTION);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Shared code for the following builtin commands:
+ *    type, command -v, command -V
+ */
+
+int
+typecmd_impl(int argc, char **argv, int cmd, const char *path)
+{
+	struct cmdentry entry;
+	struct tblentry *cmdp;
+	const char *const *pp;
+	struct alias *ap;
+	int i;
+	int error1 = 0;
+
+	if (path != pathval())
+		clearcmdentry();
+
+	for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
+		/* First look at the keywords */
+		for (pp = parsekwd; *pp; pp++)
+			if (**pp == *argv[i] && equal(*pp, argv[i]))
+				break;
+
+		if (*pp) {
+			if (cmd == TYPECMD_SMALLV)
+				out1fmt("%s\n", argv[i]);
+			else
+				out1fmt("%s is a shell keyword\n", argv[i]);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		/* Then look at the aliases */
+		if ((ap = lookupalias(argv[i], 1)) != NULL) {
+			if (cmd == TYPECMD_SMALLV) {
+				out1fmt("alias %s=", argv[i]);
+				out1qstr(ap->val);
+				outcslow('\n', out1);
+			} else
+				out1fmt("%s is an alias for %s\n", argv[i],
+				    ap->val);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		/* Then check if it is a tracked alias */
+		if ((cmdp = cmdlookup(argv[i], 0)) != NULL) {
+			entry.cmdtype = cmdp->cmdtype;
+			entry.u = cmdp->param;
+			entry.special = cmdp->special;
+		}
+		else {
+			/* Finally use brute force */
+			find_command(argv[i], &entry, 0, path);
+		}
+
+		switch (entry.cmdtype) {
+		case CMDNORMAL: {
+			if (strchr(argv[i], '/') == NULL) {
+				const char *path2 = path;
+				const char *opt2;
+				char *name;
+				int j = entry.u.index;
+				do {
+					name = padvance(&path2, &opt2, argv[i]);
+					stunalloc(name);
+				} while (--j >= 0);
+				if (cmd == TYPECMD_SMALLV)
+					out1fmt("%s\n", name);
+				else
+					out1fmt("%s is%s %s\n", argv[i],
+					    (cmdp && cmd == TYPECMD_TYPE) ?
+						" a tracked alias for" : "",
+					    name);
+			} else {
+				if (faccessat(AT_FDCWD, argv[i], X_OK, AT_EACCESS) == 0) {
+					if (cmd == TYPECMD_SMALLV)
+						out1fmt("%s\n", argv[i]);
+					else
+						out1fmt("%s is %s\n", argv[i],
+						    argv[i]);
+				} else {
+					if (cmd != TYPECMD_SMALLV)
+						outfmt(out2, "%s: %s\n",
+						    argv[i], strerror(errno));
+					error1 |= 127;
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+		case CMDFUNCTION:
+			if (cmd == TYPECMD_SMALLV)
+				out1fmt("%s\n", argv[i]);
+			else
+				out1fmt("%s is a shell function\n", argv[i]);
+			break;
+
+		case CMDBUILTIN:
+			if (cmd == TYPECMD_SMALLV)
+				out1fmt("%s\n", argv[i]);
+			else if (entry.special)
+				out1fmt("%s is a special shell builtin\n",
+				    argv[i]);
+			else
+				out1fmt("%s is a shell builtin\n", argv[i]);
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			if (cmd != TYPECMD_SMALLV)
+				outfmt(out2, "%s: not found\n", argv[i]);
+			error1 |= 127;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (path != pathval())
+		clearcmdentry();
+
+	return error1;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Locate and print what a word is...
+ */
+
+int
+typecmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	if (argc > 2 && strcmp(argv[1], "--") == 0)
+		argc--, argv++;
+	return typecmd_impl(argc, argv, TYPECMD_TYPE, bltinlookup("PATH", 1));
+}
diff --git a/bin/1sh/exec.h b/bin/1sh/exec.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f93c14c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/exec.h
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)exec.h	8.3 (Berkeley) 6/8/95
+ * $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/exec.h 336320 2018-07-15 21:55:17Z jilles $
+ */
+
+/* values of cmdtype */
+#define CMDUNKNOWN -1		/* no entry in table for command */
+#define CMDNORMAL 0		/* command is an executable program */
+#define CMDBUILTIN 1		/* command is a shell builtin */
+#define CMDFUNCTION 2		/* command is a shell function */
+
+/* values for typecmd_impl's third parameter */
+enum {
+	TYPECMD_SMALLV,		/* command -v */
+	TYPECMD_BIGV,		/* command -V */
+	TYPECMD_TYPE		/* type */
+};
+
+union node;
+struct cmdentry {
+	int cmdtype;
+	union param {
+		int index;
+		struct funcdef *func;
+	} u;
+	int special;
+};
+
+
+/* action to find_command() */
+#define DO_ERR		0x01	/* prints errors */
+#define DO_NOFUNC	0x02	/* don't return shell functions, for command */
+
+extern int exerrno;		/* last exec error */
+
+void shellexec(char **, char **, const char *, int) __attribute__((noreturn));
+char *padvance(const char **, const char **, const char *);
+void find_command(const char *, struct cmdentry *, int, const char *);
+int find_builtin(const char *, int *);
+void hashcd(void);
+void changepath(const char *);
+void defun(const char *, union node *);
+int unsetfunc(const char *);
+int isfunc(const char *);
+int typecmd_impl(int, char **, int, const char *);
+void clearcmdentry(void);
diff --git a/bin/1sh/expand.c b/bin/1sh/expand.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3bdd0733
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/expand.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1553 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2010-2015
+ *	Jilles Tjoelker <jilles@stack.nl>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef lint
+#if 0
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)expand.c	8.5 (Berkeley) 5/15/95";
+#endif
+#endif /* not lint */
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+/* $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/expand.c 341767 2018-12-09 19:14:21Z jilles $ */
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <pwd.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <wchar.h>
+#include <wctype.h>
+
+/*
+ * Routines to expand arguments to commands.  We have to deal with
+ * backquotes, shell variables, and file metacharacters.
+ */
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "main.h"
+#include "nodes.h"
+#include "eval.h"
+#include "expand.h"
+#include "syntax.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "jobs.h"
+#include "options.h"
+#include "var.h"
+#include "input.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+#include "arith.h"
+#include "show.h"
+#include "builtins.h"
+
+enum wordstate { WORD_IDLE, WORD_WS_DELIMITED, WORD_QUOTEMARK };
+
+struct worddest {
+	struct arglist *list;
+	enum wordstate state;
+};
+
+static char *expdest;			/* output of current string */
+
+static const char *argstr(const char *, struct nodelist **restrict, int,
+    struct worddest *);
+static const char *exptilde(const char *, int);
+static const char *expari(const char *, struct nodelist **restrict, int,
+    struct worddest *);
+static void expbackq(union node *, int, int, struct worddest *);
+static const char *subevalvar_trim(const char *, struct nodelist **restrict,
+    int, int, int);
+static const char *subevalvar_misc(const char *, struct nodelist **restrict,
+    const char *, int, int, int);
+static const char *evalvar(const char *, struct nodelist **restrict, int,
+    struct worddest *);
+static int varisset(const char *, int);
+static void strtodest(const char *, int, int, int, struct worddest *);
+static void reprocess(int, int, int, int, struct worddest *);
+static void varvalue(const char *, int, int, int, struct worddest *);
+static void expandmeta(char *, struct arglist *);
+static void expmeta(char *, char *, struct arglist *);
+static int expsortcmp(const void *, const void *);
+static int patmatch(const char *, const char *);
+static void cvtnum(int, char *);
+static int collate_range_cmp(wchar_t, wchar_t);
+
+void
+emptyarglist(struct arglist *list)
+{
+
+	list->args = list->smallarg;
+	list->count = 0;
+	list->capacity = sizeof(list->smallarg) / sizeof(list->smallarg[0]);
+}
+
+void
+appendarglist(struct arglist *list, char *str)
+{
+	char **newargs;
+	int newcapacity;
+
+	if (list->count >= list->capacity) {
+		newcapacity = list->capacity * 2;
+		if (newcapacity < 16)
+			newcapacity = 16;
+		if (newcapacity > INT_MAX / (int)sizeof(newargs[0]))
+			error("Too many entries in arglist");
+		newargs = stalloc(newcapacity * sizeof(newargs[0]));
+		memcpy(newargs, list->args, list->count * sizeof(newargs[0]));
+		list->args = newargs;
+		list->capacity = newcapacity;
+	}
+	list->args[list->count++] = str;
+}
+
+static int
+collate_range_cmp(wchar_t c1, wchar_t c2)
+{
+	wchar_t s1[2], s2[2];
+
+	s1[0] = c1;
+	s1[1] = L'\0';
+	s2[0] = c2;
+	s2[1] = L'\0';
+	return (wcscoll(s1, s2));
+}
+
+static char *
+stputs_quotes(const char *data, const char *syntax, char *p)
+{
+	while (*data) {
+		CHECKSTRSPACE(2, p);
+		if (syntax[(int)*data] == CCTL)
+			USTPUTC(CTLESC, p);
+		USTPUTC(*data++, p);
+	}
+	return (p);
+}
+#define STPUTS_QUOTES(data, syntax, p) p = stputs_quotes((data), syntax, p)
+
+static char *
+nextword(char c, int flag, char *p, struct worddest *dst)
+{
+	int is_ws;
+
+	is_ws = c == '\t' || c == '\n' || c == ' ';
+	if (p != stackblock() || (is_ws ? dst->state == WORD_QUOTEMARK :
+	    dst->state != WORD_WS_DELIMITED) || c == '\0') {
+		STPUTC('\0', p);
+		if (flag & EXP_GLOB)
+			expandmeta(grabstackstr(p), dst->list);
+		else
+			appendarglist(dst->list, grabstackstr(p));
+		dst->state = is_ws ? WORD_WS_DELIMITED : WORD_IDLE;
+	} else if (!is_ws && dst->state == WORD_WS_DELIMITED)
+		dst->state = WORD_IDLE;
+	/* Reserve space while the stack string is empty. */
+	appendarglist(dst->list, NULL);
+	dst->list->count--;
+	STARTSTACKSTR(p);
+	return p;
+}
+#define NEXTWORD(c, flag, p, dstlist) p = nextword(c, flag, p, dstlist)
+
+static char *
+stputs_split(const char *data, const char *syntax, int flag, char *p,
+    struct worddest *dst)
+{
+	const char *ifs;
+	char c;
+
+	ifs = ifsset() ? ifsval() : " \t\n";
+	while (*data) {
+		CHECKSTRSPACE(2, p);
+		c = *data++;
+		if (strchr(ifs, c) != NULL) {
+			NEXTWORD(c, flag, p, dst);
+			continue;
+		}
+		if (flag & EXP_GLOB && syntax[(int)c] == CCTL)
+			USTPUTC(CTLESC, p);
+		USTPUTC(c, p);
+	}
+	return (p);
+}
+#define STPUTS_SPLIT(data, syntax, flag, p, dst) p = stputs_split((data), syntax, flag, p, dst)
+
+/*
+ * Perform expansions on an argument, placing the resulting list of arguments
+ * in arglist.  Parameter expansion, command substitution and arithmetic
+ * expansion are always performed; additional expansions can be requested
+ * via flag (EXP_*).
+ * The result is left in the stack string.
+ * When arglist is NULL, perform here document expansion.
+ *
+ * When doing something that may cause this to be re-entered, make sure
+ * the stack string is empty via grabstackstr() and do not assume expdest
+ * remains valid.
+ */
+void
+expandarg(union node *arg, struct arglist *arglist, int flag)
+{
+	struct worddest exparg;
+	struct nodelist *argbackq;
+
+	if (fflag)
+		flag &= ~EXP_GLOB;
+	argbackq = arg->narg.backquote;
+	exparg.list = arglist;
+	exparg.state = WORD_IDLE;
+	STARTSTACKSTR(expdest);
+	argstr(arg->narg.text, &argbackq, flag, &exparg);
+	if (arglist == NULL) {
+		STACKSTRNUL(expdest);
+		return;			/* here document expanded */
+	}
+	if ((flag & EXP_SPLIT) == 0 || expdest != stackblock() ||
+	    exparg.state == WORD_QUOTEMARK) {
+		STPUTC('\0', expdest);
+		if (flag & EXP_SPLIT) {
+			if (flag & EXP_GLOB)
+				expandmeta(grabstackstr(expdest), exparg.list);
+			else
+				appendarglist(exparg.list, grabstackstr(expdest));
+		}
+	}
+	if ((flag & EXP_SPLIT) == 0)
+		appendarglist(arglist, grabstackstr(expdest));
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Perform parameter expansion, command substitution and arithmetic
+ * expansion, and tilde expansion if requested via EXP_TILDE/EXP_VARTILDE.
+ * Processing ends at a CTLENDVAR or CTLENDARI character as well as '\0'.
+ * This is used to expand word in ${var+word} etc.
+ * If EXP_GLOB or EXP_CASE are set, keep and/or generate CTLESC
+ * characters to allow for further processing.
+ *
+ * If EXP_SPLIT is set, dst receives any complete words produced.
+ */
+static const char *
+argstr(const char *p, struct nodelist **restrict argbackq, int flag,
+    struct worddest *dst)
+{
+	char c;
+	int quotes = flag & (EXP_GLOB | EXP_CASE);	/* do CTLESC */
+	int firsteq = 1;
+	int split_lit;
+	int lit_quoted;
+
+	split_lit = flag & EXP_SPLIT_LIT;
+	lit_quoted = flag & EXP_LIT_QUOTED;
+	flag &= ~(EXP_SPLIT_LIT | EXP_LIT_QUOTED);
+	if (*p == '~' && (flag & (EXP_TILDE | EXP_VARTILDE)))
+		p = exptilde(p, flag);
+	for (;;) {
+		CHECKSTRSPACE(2, expdest);
+		switch (c = *p++) {
+		case '\0':
+			return (p - 1);
+		case CTLENDVAR:
+		case CTLENDARI:
+			return (p);
+		case CTLQUOTEMARK:
+			lit_quoted = 1;
+			/* "$@" syntax adherence hack */
+			if (p[0] == CTLVAR && (p[1] & VSQUOTE) != 0 &&
+			    p[2] == '@' && p[3] == '=')
+				break;
+			if ((flag & EXP_SPLIT) != 0 && expdest == stackblock())
+				dst->state = WORD_QUOTEMARK;
+			break;
+		case CTLQUOTEEND:
+			lit_quoted = 0;
+			break;
+		case CTLESC:
+			c = *p++;
+			if (split_lit && !lit_quoted &&
+			    strchr(ifsset() ? ifsval() : " \t\n", c) != NULL) {
+				NEXTWORD(c, flag, expdest, dst);
+				break;
+			}
+			if (quotes)
+				USTPUTC(CTLESC, expdest);
+			USTPUTC(c, expdest);
+			break;
+		case CTLVAR:
+			p = evalvar(p, argbackq, flag, dst);
+			break;
+		case CTLBACKQ:
+		case CTLBACKQ|CTLQUOTE:
+			expbackq((*argbackq)->n, c & CTLQUOTE, flag, dst);
+			*argbackq = (*argbackq)->next;
+			break;
+		case CTLARI:
+			p = expari(p, argbackq, flag, dst);
+			break;
+		case ':':
+		case '=':
+			/*
+			 * sort of a hack - expand tildes in variable
+			 * assignments (after the first '=' and after ':'s).
+			 */
+			if (split_lit && !lit_quoted &&
+			    strchr(ifsset() ? ifsval() : " \t\n", c) != NULL) {
+				NEXTWORD(c, flag, expdest, dst);
+				break;
+			}
+			USTPUTC(c, expdest);
+			if (flag & EXP_VARTILDE && *p == '~' &&
+			    (c != '=' || firsteq)) {
+				if (c == '=')
+					firsteq = 0;
+				p = exptilde(p, flag);
+			}
+			break;
+		default:
+			if (split_lit && !lit_quoted &&
+			    strchr(ifsset() ? ifsval() : " \t\n", c) != NULL) {
+				NEXTWORD(c, flag, expdest, dst);
+				break;
+			}
+			USTPUTC(c, expdest);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * Perform tilde expansion, placing the result in the stack string and
+ * returning the next position in the input string to process.
+ */
+static const char *
+exptilde(const char *p, int flag)
+{
+	char c;
+	const char *startp = p;
+	const char *user;
+	struct passwd *pw;
+	char *home;
+	int len;
+
+	for (;;) {
+		c = *p;
+		switch(c) {
+		case CTLESC: /* This means CTL* are always considered quoted. */
+		case CTLVAR:
+		case CTLBACKQ:
+		case CTLBACKQ | CTLQUOTE:
+		case CTLARI:
+		case CTLENDARI:
+		case CTLQUOTEMARK:
+			return (startp);
+		case ':':
+			if ((flag & EXP_VARTILDE) == 0)
+				break;
+			/* FALLTHROUGH */
+		case '\0':
+		case '/':
+		case CTLENDVAR:
+			len = p - startp - 1;
+			STPUTBIN(startp + 1, len, expdest);
+			STACKSTRNUL(expdest);
+			user = expdest - len;
+			if (*user == '\0') {
+				home = lookupvar("HOME");
+			} else {
+				pw = getpwnam(user);
+				home = pw != NULL ? pw->pw_dir : NULL;
+			}
+			STADJUST(-len, expdest);
+			if (home == NULL || *home == '\0')
+				return (startp);
+			strtodest(home, flag, VSNORMAL, 1, NULL);
+			return (p);
+		}
+		p++;
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Expand arithmetic expression.
+ */
+static const char *
+expari(const char *p, struct nodelist **restrict argbackq, int flag,
+    struct worddest *dst)
+{
+	char *q, *start;
+	arith_t result;
+	int begoff;
+	int quoted;
+	int adj;
+
+	quoted = *p++ == '"';
+	begoff = expdest - stackblock();
+	p = argstr(p, argbackq, 0, NULL);
+	STPUTC('\0', expdest);
+	start = stackblock() + begoff;
+
+	q = grabstackstr(expdest);
+	result = arith(start);
+	ungrabstackstr(q, expdest);
+
+	start = stackblock() + begoff;
+	adj = start - expdest;
+	STADJUST(adj, expdest);
+
+	CHECKSTRSPACE((int)(DIGITS(result) + 1), expdest);
+	fmtstr(expdest, DIGITS(result), ARITH_FORMAT_STR, result);
+	adj = strlen(expdest);
+	STADJUST(adj, expdest);
+	/*
+	 * If this is quoted, a '-' must not indicate a range in [...].
+	 * If this is not quoted, splitting may occur.
+	 */
+	if (quoted ?
+	    result < 0 && begoff > 1 && flag & (EXP_GLOB | EXP_CASE) :
+	    flag & EXP_SPLIT)
+		reprocess(expdest - adj - stackblock(), flag, VSNORMAL, quoted,
+		    dst);
+	return p;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Perform command substitution.
+ */
+static void
+expbackq(union node *cmd, int quoted, int flag, struct worddest *dst)
+{
+	struct backcmd in;
+	int i;
+	char buf[128];
+	char *p;
+	char *dest = expdest;
+	char lastc;
+	char const *syntax = quoted? DQSYNTAX : BASESYNTAX;
+	int quotes = flag & (EXP_GLOB | EXP_CASE);
+	size_t nnl;
+	const char *ifs;
+	int startloc;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	p = grabstackstr(dest);
+	evalbackcmd(cmd, &in);
+	ungrabstackstr(p, dest);
+
+	p = in.buf;
+	startloc = dest - stackblock();
+	nnl = 0;
+	if (!quoted && flag & EXP_SPLIT)
+		ifs = ifsset() ? ifsval() : " \t\n";
+	else
+		ifs = "";
+	/* Remove trailing newlines */
+	for (;;) {
+		if (--in.nleft < 0) {
+			if (in.fd < 0)
+				break;
+			while ((i = read(in.fd, buf, sizeof buf)) < 0 && errno == EINTR)
+				;
+			TRACE(("expbackq: read returns %d\n", i));
+			if (i <= 0)
+				break;
+			p = buf;
+			in.nleft = i - 1;
+		}
+		lastc = *p++;
+		if (lastc == '\0')
+			continue;
+		if (nnl > 0 && lastc != '\n') {
+			NEXTWORD('\n', flag, dest, dst);
+			nnl = 0;
+		}
+		if (strchr(ifs, lastc) != NULL) {
+			if (lastc == '\n')
+				nnl++;
+			else
+				NEXTWORD(lastc, flag, dest, dst);
+		} else {
+			CHECKSTRSPACE(2, dest);
+			if (quotes && syntax[(int)lastc] == CCTL)
+				USTPUTC(CTLESC, dest);
+			USTPUTC(lastc, dest);
+		}
+	}
+	while (dest > stackblock() + startloc && STTOPC(dest) == '\n')
+		STUNPUTC(dest);
+
+	if (in.fd >= 0)
+		close(in.fd);
+	if (in.buf)
+		ckfree(in.buf);
+	if (in.jp) {
+		p = grabstackstr(dest);
+		exitstatus = waitforjob(in.jp, (int *)NULL);
+		ungrabstackstr(p, dest);
+	}
+	TRACE(("expbackq: done\n"));
+	expdest = dest;
+	INTON;
+}
+
+
+
+static void
+recordleft(const char *str, const char *loc, char *startp)
+{
+	int amount;
+
+	amount = ((str - 1) - (loc - startp)) - expdest;
+	STADJUST(amount, expdest);
+	while (loc != str - 1)
+		*startp++ = *loc++;
+}
+
+static const char *
+subevalvar_trim(const char *p, struct nodelist **restrict argbackq, int strloc,
+    int subtype, int startloc)
+{
+	char *startp;
+	char *loc = NULL;
+	char *str;
+	int c = 0;
+	int amount;
+
+	p = argstr(p, argbackq, EXP_CASE | EXP_TILDE, NULL);
+	STACKSTRNUL(expdest);
+	startp = stackblock() + startloc;
+	str = stackblock() + strloc;
+
+	switch (subtype) {
+	case VSTRIMLEFT:
+		for (loc = startp; loc < str; loc++) {
+			c = *loc;
+			*loc = '\0';
+			if (patmatch(str, startp)) {
+				*loc = c;
+				recordleft(str, loc, startp);
+				return p;
+			}
+			*loc = c;
+		}
+		break;
+
+	case VSTRIMLEFTMAX:
+		for (loc = str - 1; loc >= startp;) {
+			c = *loc;
+			*loc = '\0';
+			if (patmatch(str, startp)) {
+				*loc = c;
+				recordleft(str, loc, startp);
+				return p;
+			}
+			*loc = c;
+			loc--;
+		}
+		break;
+
+	case VSTRIMRIGHT:
+		for (loc = str - 1; loc >= startp;) {
+			if (patmatch(str, loc)) {
+				amount = loc - expdest;
+				STADJUST(amount, expdest);
+				return p;
+			}
+			loc--;
+		}
+		break;
+
+	case VSTRIMRIGHTMAX:
+		for (loc = startp; loc < str - 1; loc++) {
+			if (patmatch(str, loc)) {
+				amount = loc - expdest;
+				STADJUST(amount, expdest);
+				return p;
+			}
+		}
+		break;
+
+
+	default:
+		abort();
+	}
+	amount = (expdest - stackblock() - strloc) + 1;
+	STADJUST(-amount, expdest);
+	return p;
+}
+
+
+static const char *
+subevalvar_misc(const char *p, struct nodelist **restrict argbackq,
+    const char *var, int subtype, int startloc, int varflags)
+{
+	const char *end;
+	char *startp;
+	int amount;
+
+	end = argstr(p, argbackq, EXP_TILDE, NULL);
+	STACKSTRNUL(expdest);
+	startp = stackblock() + startloc;
+
+	switch (subtype) {
+	case VSASSIGN:
+		setvar(var, startp, 0);
+		amount = startp - expdest;
+		STADJUST(amount, expdest);
+		return end;
+
+	case VSQUESTION:
+		if (*p != CTLENDVAR) {
+			outfmt(out2, "%s\n", startp);
+			error((char *)NULL);
+		}
+		error("%.*s: parameter %snot set", (int)(p - var - 1),
+		      var, (varflags & VSNUL) ? "null or " : "");
+
+	default:
+		abort();
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Expand a variable, and return a pointer to the next character in the
+ * input string.
+ */
+
+static const char *
+evalvar(const char *p, struct nodelist **restrict argbackq, int flag,
+    struct worddest *dst)
+{
+	int subtype;
+	int varflags;
+	const char *var;
+	const char *val;
+	int patloc;
+	int c;
+	int set;
+	int special;
+	int startloc;
+	int varlen;
+	int varlenb;
+	char buf[21];
+
+	varflags = (unsigned char)*p++;
+	subtype = varflags & VSTYPE;
+	var = p;
+	special = 0;
+	if (! is_name(*p))
+		special = 1;
+	p = strchr(p, '=') + 1;
+	if (varflags & VSLINENO) {
+		set = 1;
+		special = 1;
+		val = NULL;
+	} else if (special) {
+		set = varisset(var, varflags & VSNUL);
+		val = NULL;
+	} else {
+		val = bltinlookup(var, 1);
+		if (val == NULL || ((varflags & VSNUL) && val[0] == '\0')) {
+			val = NULL;
+			set = 0;
+		} else
+			set = 1;
+	}
+	varlen = 0;
+	startloc = expdest - stackblock();
+	if (!set && uflag && *var != '@' && *var != '*') {
+		switch (subtype) {
+		case VSNORMAL:
+		case VSTRIMLEFT:
+		case VSTRIMLEFTMAX:
+		case VSTRIMRIGHT:
+		case VSTRIMRIGHTMAX:
+		case VSLENGTH:
+			error("%.*s: parameter not set", (int)(p - var - 1),
+			    var);
+		}
+	}
+	if (set && subtype != VSPLUS) {
+		/* insert the value of the variable */
+		if (special) {
+			if (varflags & VSLINENO) {
+				if (p - var > (ptrdiff_t)sizeof(buf))
+					abort();
+				memcpy(buf, var, p - var - 1);
+				buf[p - var - 1] = '\0';
+				strtodest(buf, flag, subtype,
+				    varflags & VSQUOTE, dst);
+			} else
+				varvalue(var, varflags & VSQUOTE, subtype, flag,
+				    dst);
+			if (subtype == VSLENGTH) {
+				varlenb = expdest - stackblock() - startloc;
+				varlen = varlenb;
+				if (localeisutf8) {
+					val = stackblock() + startloc;
+					for (;val != expdest; val++)
+						if ((*val & 0xC0) == 0x80)
+							varlen--;
+				}
+				STADJUST(-varlenb, expdest);
+			}
+		} else {
+			if (subtype == VSLENGTH) {
+				for (;*val; val++)
+					if (!localeisutf8 ||
+					    (*val & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+						varlen++;
+			}
+			else
+				strtodest(val, flag, subtype,
+				    varflags & VSQUOTE, dst);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (subtype == VSPLUS)
+		set = ! set;
+
+	switch (subtype) {
+	case VSLENGTH:
+		cvtnum(varlen, buf);
+		strtodest(buf, flag, VSNORMAL, varflags & VSQUOTE, dst);
+		break;
+
+	case VSNORMAL:
+		return p;
+
+	case VSPLUS:
+	case VSMINUS:
+		if (!set) {
+			return argstr(p, argbackq,
+			    flag | (flag & EXP_SPLIT ? EXP_SPLIT_LIT : 0) |
+			    (varflags & VSQUOTE ? EXP_LIT_QUOTED : 0), dst);
+		}
+		break;
+
+	case VSTRIMLEFT:
+	case VSTRIMLEFTMAX:
+	case VSTRIMRIGHT:
+	case VSTRIMRIGHTMAX:
+		if (!set)
+			break;
+		/*
+		 * Terminate the string and start recording the pattern
+		 * right after it
+		 */
+		STPUTC('\0', expdest);
+		patloc = expdest - stackblock();
+		p = subevalvar_trim(p, argbackq, patloc, subtype, startloc);
+		reprocess(startloc, flag, VSNORMAL, varflags & VSQUOTE, dst);
+		if (flag & EXP_SPLIT && *var == '@' && varflags & VSQUOTE)
+			dst->state = WORD_QUOTEMARK;
+		return p;
+
+	case VSASSIGN:
+	case VSQUESTION:
+		if (!set) {
+			p = subevalvar_misc(p, argbackq, var, subtype,
+			    startloc, varflags);
+			/* assert(subtype == VSASSIGN); */
+			val = lookupvar(var);
+			strtodest(val, flag, subtype, varflags & VSQUOTE, dst);
+			return p;
+		}
+		break;
+
+	case VSERROR:
+		c = p - var - 1;
+		error("${%.*s%s}: Bad substitution", c, var,
+		    (c > 0 && *p != CTLENDVAR) ? "..." : "");
+
+	default:
+		abort();
+	}
+
+	{	/* skip to end of alternative */
+		int nesting = 1;
+		for (;;) {
+			if ((c = *p++) == CTLESC)
+				p++;
+			else if (c == CTLBACKQ || c == (CTLBACKQ|CTLQUOTE))
+				*argbackq = (*argbackq)->next;
+			else if (c == CTLVAR) {
+				if ((*p++ & VSTYPE) != VSNORMAL)
+					nesting++;
+			} else if (c == CTLENDVAR) {
+				if (--nesting == 0)
+					break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return p;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Test whether a special or positional parameter is set.
+ */
+
+static int
+varisset(const char *name, int nulok)
+{
+
+	if (*name == '!')
+		return backgndpidset();
+	else if (*name == '@' || *name == '*') {
+		if (*shellparam.p == NULL)
+			return 0;
+
+		if (nulok) {
+			char **av;
+
+			for (av = shellparam.p; *av; av++)
+				if (**av != '\0')
+					return 1;
+			return 0;
+		}
+	} else if (is_digit(*name)) {
+		char *ap;
+		long num;
+
+		errno = 0;
+		num = strtol(name, NULL, 10);
+		if (errno != 0 || num > shellparam.nparam)
+			return 0;
+
+		if (num == 0)
+			ap = arg0;
+		else
+			ap = shellparam.p[num - 1];
+
+		if (nulok && (ap == NULL || *ap == '\0'))
+			return 0;
+	}
+	return 1;
+}
+
+static void
+strtodest(const char *p, int flag, int subtype, int quoted,
+    struct worddest *dst)
+{
+	if (subtype == VSLENGTH || subtype == VSTRIMLEFT ||
+	    subtype == VSTRIMLEFTMAX || subtype == VSTRIMRIGHT ||
+	    subtype == VSTRIMRIGHTMAX)
+		STPUTS(p, expdest);
+	else if (flag & EXP_SPLIT && !quoted && dst != NULL)
+		STPUTS_SPLIT(p, BASESYNTAX, flag, expdest, dst);
+	else if (flag & (EXP_GLOB | EXP_CASE))
+		STPUTS_QUOTES(p, quoted ? DQSYNTAX : BASESYNTAX, expdest);
+	else
+		STPUTS(p, expdest);
+}
+
+static void
+reprocess(int startloc, int flag, int subtype, int quoted,
+    struct worddest *dst)
+{
+	static char *buf = NULL;
+	static size_t buflen = 0;
+	char *startp;
+	size_t len, zpos, zlen;
+
+	startp = stackblock() + startloc;
+	len = expdest - startp;
+	if (len >= SIZE_MAX / 2 || len > PTRDIFF_MAX)
+		abort();
+	INTOFF;
+	if (len >= buflen) {
+		ckfree(buf);
+		buf = NULL;
+	}
+	if (buflen < 128)
+		buflen = 128;
+	while (len >= buflen)
+		buflen <<= 1;
+	if (buf == NULL)
+		buf = ckmalloc(buflen);
+	INTON;
+	memcpy(buf, startp, len);
+	buf[len] = '\0';
+	STADJUST(-(ptrdiff_t)len, expdest);
+	for (zpos = 0;;) {
+		zlen = strlen(buf + zpos);
+		strtodest(buf + zpos, flag, subtype, quoted, dst);
+		zpos += zlen + 1;
+		if (zpos == len + 1)
+			break;
+		if (flag & EXP_SPLIT && (quoted || (zlen > 0 && zpos < len)))
+			NEXTWORD('\0', flag, expdest, dst);
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * Add the value of a special or positional parameter to the stack string.
+ */
+
+static void
+varvalue(const char *name, int quoted, int subtype, int flag,
+    struct worddest *dst)
+{
+	int num;
+	char *p;
+	int i;
+	int splitlater;
+	char sep[2];
+	char **ap;
+	char buf[(NSHORTOPTS > 10 ? NSHORTOPTS : 10) + 1];
+
+	if (subtype == VSLENGTH)
+		flag &= ~EXP_FULL;
+	splitlater = subtype == VSTRIMLEFT || subtype == VSTRIMLEFTMAX ||
+		subtype == VSTRIMRIGHT || subtype == VSTRIMRIGHTMAX;
+
+	switch (*name) {
+	case '$':
+		num = rootpid;
+		break;
+	case '?':
+		num = oexitstatus;
+		break;
+	case '#':
+		num = shellparam.nparam;
+		break;
+	case '!':
+		num = backgndpidval();
+		break;
+	case '-':
+		p = buf;
+		for (i = 0 ; i < NSHORTOPTS ; i++) {
+			if (optval[i])
+				*p++ = optletter[i];
+		}
+		*p = '\0';
+		strtodest(buf, flag, subtype, quoted, dst);
+		return;
+	case '@':
+		if (flag & EXP_SPLIT && quoted) {
+			for (ap = shellparam.p ; (p = *ap++) != NULL ; ) {
+				strtodest(p, flag, subtype, quoted, dst);
+				if (*ap) {
+					if (splitlater)
+						STPUTC('\0', expdest);
+					else
+						NEXTWORD('\0', flag, expdest,
+						    dst);
+				}
+			}
+			if (shellparam.nparam > 0)
+				dst->state = WORD_QUOTEMARK;
+			return;
+		}
+		/* FALLTHROUGH */
+	case '*':
+		if (ifsset())
+			sep[0] = ifsval()[0];
+		else
+			sep[0] = ' ';
+		sep[1] = '\0';
+		for (ap = shellparam.p ; (p = *ap++) != NULL ; ) {
+			strtodest(p, flag, subtype, quoted, dst);
+			if (!*ap)
+				break;
+			if (sep[0])
+				strtodest(sep, flag, subtype, quoted, dst);
+			else if (flag & EXP_SPLIT && !quoted && **ap != '\0') {
+				if (splitlater)
+					STPUTC('\0', expdest);
+				else
+					NEXTWORD('\0', flag, expdest, dst);
+			}
+		}
+		return;
+	default:
+		if (is_digit(*name)) {
+			num = atoi(name);
+			if (num == 0)
+				p = arg0;
+			else if (num > 0 && num <= shellparam.nparam)
+				p = shellparam.p[num - 1];
+			else
+				return;
+			strtodest(p, flag, subtype, quoted, dst);
+		}
+		return;
+	}
+	cvtnum(num, buf);
+	strtodest(buf, flag, subtype, quoted, dst);
+}
+
+
+
+static char expdir[PATH_MAX];
+#define expdir_end (expdir + sizeof(expdir))
+
+/*
+ * Perform pathname generation and remove control characters.
+ * At this point, the only control characters should be CTLESC.
+ * The results are stored in the list dstlist.
+ */
+static void
+expandmeta(char *pattern, struct arglist *dstlist)
+{
+	char *p;
+	int firstmatch;
+	char c;
+
+	firstmatch = dstlist->count;
+	p = pattern;
+	for (; (c = *p) != '\0'; p++) {
+		/* fast check for meta chars */
+		if (c == '*' || c == '?' || c == '[') {
+			INTOFF;
+			expmeta(expdir, pattern, dstlist);
+			INTON;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (dstlist->count == firstmatch) {
+		/*
+		 * no matches
+		 */
+		rmescapes(pattern);
+		appendarglist(dstlist, pattern);
+	} else {
+		qsort(&dstlist->args[firstmatch],
+		    dstlist->count - firstmatch,
+		    sizeof(dstlist->args[0]), expsortcmp);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Do metacharacter (i.e. *, ?, [...]) expansion.
+ */
+
+static void
+expmeta(char *enddir, char *name, struct arglist *arglist)
+{
+	const char *p;
+	const char *q;
+	const char *start;
+	char *endname;
+	int metaflag;
+	struct stat statb;
+	DIR *dirp;
+	struct dirent *dp;
+	int atend;
+	int matchdot;
+	int esc;
+	int namlen;
+
+	metaflag = 0;
+	start = name;
+	for (p = name; esc = 0, *p; p += esc + 1) {
+		if (*p == '*' || *p == '?')
+			metaflag = 1;
+		else if (*p == '[') {
+			q = p + 1;
+			if (*q == '!' || *q == '^')
+				q++;
+			for (;;) {
+				if (*q == CTLESC)
+					q++;
+				if (*q == '/' || *q == '\0')
+					break;
+				if (*++q == ']') {
+					metaflag = 1;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		} else if (*p == '\0')
+			break;
+		else {
+			if (*p == CTLESC)
+				esc++;
+			if (p[esc] == '/') {
+				if (metaflag)
+					break;
+				start = p + esc + 1;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if (metaflag == 0) {	/* we've reached the end of the file name */
+		if (enddir != expdir)
+			metaflag++;
+		for (p = name ; ; p++) {
+			if (*p == CTLESC)
+				p++;
+			*enddir++ = *p;
+			if (*p == '\0')
+				break;
+			if (enddir == expdir_end)
+				return;
+		}
+		if (metaflag == 0 || lstat(expdir, &statb) >= 0)
+			appendarglist(arglist, stsavestr(expdir));
+		return;
+	}
+	endname = name + (p - name);
+	if (start != name) {
+		p = name;
+		while (p < start) {
+			if (*p == CTLESC)
+				p++;
+			*enddir++ = *p++;
+			if (enddir == expdir_end)
+				return;
+		}
+	}
+	if (enddir == expdir) {
+		p = ".";
+	} else if (enddir == expdir + 1 && *expdir == '/') {
+		p = "/";
+	} else {
+		p = expdir;
+		enddir[-1] = '\0';
+	}
+	if ((dirp = opendir(p)) == NULL)
+		return;
+	if (enddir != expdir)
+		enddir[-1] = '/';
+	if (*endname == 0) {
+		atend = 1;
+	} else {
+		atend = 0;
+		*endname = '\0';
+		endname += esc + 1;
+	}
+	matchdot = 0;
+	p = start;
+	if (*p == CTLESC)
+		p++;
+	if (*p == '.')
+		matchdot++;
+	while (! int_pending() && (dp = readdir(dirp)) != NULL) {
+		if (dp->d_name[0] == '.' && ! matchdot)
+			continue;
+		if (patmatch(start, dp->d_name)) {
+			namlen = dp->d_namlen;
+			if (enddir + namlen + 1 > expdir_end)
+				continue;
+			memcpy(enddir, dp->d_name, namlen + 1);
+			if (atend)
+				appendarglist(arglist, stsavestr(expdir));
+			else {
+				if (dp->d_type != DT_UNKNOWN &&
+				    dp->d_type != DT_DIR &&
+				    dp->d_type != DT_LNK)
+					continue;
+				if (enddir + namlen + 2 > expdir_end)
+					continue;
+				enddir[namlen] = '/';
+				enddir[namlen + 1] = '\0';
+				expmeta(enddir + namlen + 1, endname, arglist);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	closedir(dirp);
+	if (! atend)
+		endname[-esc - 1] = esc ? CTLESC : '/';
+}
+
+
+static int
+expsortcmp(const void *p1, const void *p2)
+{
+	const char *s1 = *(const char * const *)p1;
+	const char *s2 = *(const char * const *)p2;
+
+	return (strcoll(s1, s2));
+}
+
+
+
+static wchar_t
+get_wc(const char **p)
+{
+	wchar_t c;
+	int chrlen;
+
+	chrlen = mbtowc(&c, *p, 4);
+	if (chrlen == 0)
+		return 0;
+	else if (chrlen == -1)
+		c = 0;
+	else
+		*p += chrlen;
+	return c;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * See if a character matches a character class, starting at the first colon
+ * of "[:class:]".
+ * If a valid character class is recognized, a pointer to the next character
+ * after the final closing bracket is stored into *end, otherwise a null
+ * pointer is stored into *end.
+ */
+static int
+match_charclass(const char *p, wchar_t chr, const char **end)
+{
+	char name[20];
+	const char *nameend;
+	wctype_t cclass;
+
+	*end = NULL;
+	p++;
+	nameend = strstr(p, ":]");
+	if (nameend == NULL || (size_t)(nameend - p) >= sizeof(name) ||
+	    nameend == p)
+		return 0;
+	memcpy(name, p, nameend - p);
+	name[nameend - p] = '\0';
+	*end = nameend + 2;
+	cclass = wctype(name);
+	/* An unknown class matches nothing but is valid nevertheless. */
+	if (cclass == 0)
+		return 0;
+	return iswctype(chr, cclass);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Returns true if the pattern matches the string.
+ */
+
+static int
+patmatch(const char *pattern, const char *string)
+{
+	const char *p, *q, *end;
+	const char *bt_p, *bt_q;
+	char c;
+	wchar_t wc, wc2;
+
+	p = pattern;
+	q = string;
+	bt_p = NULL;
+	bt_q = NULL;
+	for (;;) {
+		switch (c = *p++) {
+		case '\0':
+			if (*q != '\0')
+				goto backtrack;
+			return 1;
+		case CTLESC:
+			if (*q++ != *p++)
+				goto backtrack;
+			break;
+		case '?':
+			if (*q == '\0')
+				return 0;
+			if (localeisutf8) {
+				wc = get_wc(&q);
+				/*
+				 * A '?' does not match invalid UTF-8 but a
+				 * '*' does, so backtrack.
+				 */
+				if (wc == 0)
+					goto backtrack;
+			} else
+				q++;
+			break;
+		case '*':
+			c = *p;
+			while (c == '*')
+				c = *++p;
+			/*
+			 * If the pattern ends here, we know the string
+			 * matches without needing to look at the rest of it.
+			 */
+			if (c == '\0')
+				return 1;
+			/*
+			 * First try the shortest match for the '*' that
+			 * could work. We can forget any earlier '*' since
+			 * there is no way having it match more characters
+			 * can help us, given that we are already here.
+			 */
+			bt_p = p;
+			bt_q = q;
+			break;
+		case '[': {
+			const char *savep, *saveq;
+			int invert, found;
+			wchar_t chr;
+
+			savep = p, saveq = q;
+			invert = 0;
+			if (*p == '!' || *p == '^') {
+				invert++;
+				p++;
+			}
+			found = 0;
+			if (*q == '\0')
+				return 0;
+			if (localeisutf8) {
+				chr = get_wc(&q);
+				if (chr == 0)
+					goto backtrack;
+			} else
+				chr = (unsigned char)*q++;
+			c = *p++;
+			do {
+				if (c == '\0') {
+					p = savep, q = saveq;
+					c = '[';
+					goto dft;
+				}
+				if (c == '[' && *p == ':') {
+					found |= match_charclass(p, chr, &end);
+					if (end != NULL) {
+						p = end;
+						continue;
+					}
+				}
+				if (c == CTLESC)
+					c = *p++;
+				if (localeisutf8 && c & 0x80) {
+					p--;
+					wc = get_wc(&p);
+					if (wc == 0) /* bad utf-8 */
+						return 0;
+				} else
+					wc = (unsigned char)c;
+				if (*p == '-' && p[1] != ']') {
+					p++;
+					if (*p == CTLESC)
+						p++;
+					if (localeisutf8) {
+						wc2 = get_wc(&p);
+						if (wc2 == 0) /* bad utf-8 */
+							return 0;
+					} else
+						wc2 = (unsigned char)*p++;
+					if (   collate_range_cmp(chr, wc) >= 0
+					    && collate_range_cmp(chr, wc2) <= 0
+					   )
+						found = 1;
+				} else {
+					if (chr == wc)
+						found = 1;
+				}
+			} while ((c = *p++) != ']');
+			if (found == invert)
+				goto backtrack;
+			break;
+		}
+dft:	        default:
+			if (*q == '\0')
+				return 0;
+			if (*q++ == c)
+				break;
+backtrack:
+			/*
+			 * If we have a mismatch (other than hitting the end
+			 * of the string), go back to the last '*' seen and
+			 * have it match one additional character.
+			 */
+			if (bt_p == NULL)
+				return 0;
+			if (*bt_q == '\0')
+				return 0;
+			bt_q++;
+			p = bt_p;
+			q = bt_q;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Remove any CTLESC and CTLQUOTEMARK characters from a string.
+ */
+
+void
+rmescapes(char *str)
+{
+	char *p, *q;
+
+	p = str;
+	while (*p != CTLESC && *p != CTLQUOTEMARK && *p != CTLQUOTEEND) {
+		if (*p++ == '\0')
+			return;
+	}
+	q = p;
+	while (*p) {
+		if (*p == CTLQUOTEMARK || *p == CTLQUOTEEND) {
+			p++;
+			continue;
+		}
+		if (*p == CTLESC)
+			p++;
+		*q++ = *p++;
+	}
+	*q = '\0';
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * See if a pattern matches in a case statement.
+ */
+
+int
+casematch(union node *pattern, const char *val)
+{
+	struct stackmark smark;
+	struct nodelist *argbackq;
+	int result;
+	char *p;
+
+	setstackmark(&smark);
+	argbackq = pattern->narg.backquote;
+	STARTSTACKSTR(expdest);
+	argstr(pattern->narg.text, &argbackq, EXP_TILDE | EXP_CASE, NULL);
+	STPUTC('\0', expdest);
+	p = grabstackstr(expdest);
+	result = patmatch(p, val);
+	popstackmark(&smark);
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Our own itoa().
+ */
+
+static void
+cvtnum(int num, char *buf)
+{
+	char temp[32];
+	int neg = num < 0;
+	char *p = temp + 31;
+
+	temp[31] = '\0';
+
+	do {
+		*--p = num % 10 + '0';
+	} while ((num /= 10) != 0);
+
+	if (neg)
+		*--p = '-';
+
+	memcpy(buf, p, temp + 32 - p);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Do most of the work for wordexp(3).
+ */
+
+int
+wordexpcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	size_t len;
+	int i;
+
+	out1fmt("%08x", argc - 1);
+	for (i = 1, len = 0; i < argc; i++)
+		len += strlen(argv[i]);
+	out1fmt("%08x", (int)len);
+	for (i = 1; i < argc; i++)
+		outbin(argv[i], strlen(argv[i]) + 1, out1);
+        return (0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Do most of the work for wordexp(3), new version.
+ */
+
+int
+freebsd_wordexpcmd(int argc __unused, char **argv __unused)
+{
+	struct arglist arglist;
+	union node *args, *n;
+	size_t len;
+	int ch;
+	int protected = 0;
+	int fd = -1;
+	int i;
+
+	while ((ch = nextopt("f:p")) != '\0') {
+		switch (ch) {
+		case 'f':
+			fd = number(shoptarg);
+			break;
+		case 'p':
+			protected = 1;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (*argptr != NULL)
+		error("wrong number of arguments");
+	if (fd < 0)
+		error("missing fd");
+	INTOFF;
+	setinputfd(fd, 1);
+	INTON;
+	args = parsewordexp();
+	popfile(); /* will also close fd */
+	if (protected)
+		for (n = args; n != NULL; n = n->narg.next) {
+			if (n->narg.backquote != NULL) {
+				outcslow('C', out1);
+				error("command substitution disabled");
+			}
+		}
+	outcslow(' ', out1);
+	emptyarglist(&arglist);
+	for (n = args; n != NULL; n = n->narg.next)
+		expandarg(n, &arglist, EXP_FULL | EXP_TILDE);
+	for (i = 0, len = 0; i < arglist.count; i++)
+		len += strlen(arglist.args[i]);
+	out1fmt("%016x %016zx", arglist.count, len);
+	for (i = 0; i < arglist.count; i++)
+		outbin(arglist.args[i], strlen(arglist.args[i]) + 1, out1);
+	return (0);
+}
diff --git a/bin/1sh/expand.h b/bin/1sh/expand.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2bd9bbd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/expand.h
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)expand.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ * $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/expand.h 314436 2017-02-28 23:42:47Z imp $
+ */
+
+struct arglist {
+	char **args;
+	int count;
+	int capacity;
+	char *smallarg[1];
+};
+
+/*
+ * expandarg() flags
+ */
+#define EXP_SPLIT	0x1	/* perform word splitting */
+#define EXP_TILDE	0x2	/* do normal tilde expansion */
+#define	EXP_VARTILDE	0x4	/* expand tildes in an assignment */
+#define EXP_CASE	0x10	/* keeps quotes around for CASE pattern */
+#define EXP_SPLIT_LIT	0x20	/* IFS split literal text ${v+-a b c} */
+#define EXP_LIT_QUOTED	0x40	/* for EXP_SPLIT_LIT, start off quoted */
+#define EXP_GLOB	0x80	/* perform file globbing */
+
+#define EXP_FULL	(EXP_SPLIT | EXP_GLOB)
+
+
+void emptyarglist(struct arglist *);
+void appendarglist(struct arglist *, char *);
+union node;
+void expandarg(union node *, struct arglist *, int);
+void rmescapes(char *);
+int casematch(union node *, const char *);
diff --git a/bin/1sh/histedit.c b/bin/1sh/histedit.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e0bda06e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/histedit.c
@@ -0,0 +1,558 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef lint
+#if 0
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)histedit.c	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95";
+#endif
+#endif /* not lint */
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+/* $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/histedit.c 345613 2019-03-27 21:53:44Z jilles $ */
+
+#include <sys/param.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <paths.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+/*
+ * Editline and history functions (and glue).
+ */
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "var.h"
+#include "options.h"
+#include "main.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+#ifndef NO_HISTORY
+#include "myhistedit.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "eval.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "builtins.h"
+
+#define MAXHISTLOOPS	4	/* max recursions through fc */
+#define DEFEDITOR	"ed"	/* default editor *should* be $EDITOR */
+
+History *hist;	/* history cookie */
+EditLine *el;	/* editline cookie */
+int displayhist;
+static FILE *el_in, *el_out, *el_err;
+
+static void history_load(const char *hf);
+static void history_save(const char *hf);
+
+static char *fc_replace(const char *, char *, char *);
+static int not_fcnumber(const char *);
+static int str_to_event(const char *, int);
+
+/*
+ * Set history and editing status.  Called whenever the status may
+ * have changed (figures out what to do).
+ */
+void
+histedit(void)
+{
+
+#define editing (Eflag || Vflag)
+
+	if (iflag) {
+		if (!hist) {
+			/*
+			 * turn history on
+			 */
+			INTOFF;
+			hist = history_init();
+			INTON;
+
+			if (hist != NULL) {
+				sethistsize(histsizeval());
+				sethistfile(histfileval());
+			} else
+				out2fmt_flush("sh: can't initialize history\n");
+		}
+		if (editing && !el && isatty(0)) { /* && isatty(2) ??? */
+			/*
+			 * turn editing on
+			 */
+			char *term;
+
+			INTOFF;
+			if (el_in == NULL)
+				el_in = fdopen(0, "r");
+			if (el_err == NULL)
+				el_err = fdopen(1, "w");
+			if (el_out == NULL)
+				el_out = fdopen(2, "w");
+			if (el_in == NULL || el_err == NULL || el_out == NULL)
+				goto bad;
+			term = lookupvar("TERM");
+			if (term)
+				setenv("TERM", term, 1);
+			else
+				unsetenv("TERM");
+			el = el_init(arg0, el_in, el_out, el_err);
+			if (el != NULL) {
+				if (hist)
+					el_set(el, EL_HIST, history, hist);
+				el_set(el, EL_PROMPT, getprompt);
+				el_set(el, EL_RPROMPT, getrprompt);
+				el_set(el, EL_ADDFN, "sh-complete",
+				    "Filename completion",
+				    _el_fn_complete);
+			} else {
+bad:
+				out2fmt_flush("sh: can't initialize editing\n");
+			}
+			INTON;
+		} else if (!editing && el) {
+			INTOFF;
+			el_end(el);
+			el = NULL;
+			INTON;
+		}
+		if (el) {
+			el_source(el, NULL);
+			if (Vflag)
+				el_set(el, EL_EDITOR, "vi");
+			else if (Eflag)
+				el_set(el, EL_EDITOR, "emacs");
+			el_set(el, EL_BIND, "^I", "sh-complete", NULL);
+		}
+	} else {
+		INTOFF;
+		if (el) {	/* no editing if not interactive */
+			el_end(el);
+			el = NULL;
+		}
+		if (hist) {
+			if (*histfileval() != '\0')
+				history_save(histfileval());
+			history_end(hist);
+			hist = NULL;
+		}
+		INTON;
+	}
+}
+
+
+void
+sethistfile(const char *hf)
+{
+	if (hist != NULL && hf != NULL && *hf != '\0')
+		history_load(hf);
+}
+
+
+static void
+history_load(const char *hf)
+{
+	HistEvent he;
+
+	if (history(hist, &he, H_LOAD, hf) == -1)
+		warning("%s: %s", he.str, hf);
+}
+
+
+static void
+history_save(const char *hf)
+{
+	HistEvent he;
+
+	if (history(hist, &he, H_SAVE, hf) == -1)
+		warning("%s: %s", he.str, hf);
+}
+
+
+void
+sethistsize(const char *hs)
+{
+	int histsize;
+	HistEvent he;
+
+	if (hist != NULL) {
+		if (hs == NULL || !is_number(hs))
+			histsize = 100;
+		else
+			histsize = atoi(hs);
+		history(hist, &he, H_SETSIZE, histsize);
+		history(hist, &he, H_SETUNIQUE, 1);
+	}
+}
+
+void
+setterm(const char *term)
+{
+	if (rootshell && el != NULL && term != NULL)
+		el_set(el, EL_TERMINAL, term);
+}
+
+int
+histcmd(int argc, char **argv __unused)
+{
+	int ch;
+	const char *editor = NULL;
+	HistEvent he;
+	int lflg = 0, nflg = 0, rflg = 0, sflg = 0;
+	int i, retval;
+	const char *firststr, *laststr;
+	int first, last, direction;
+	char *pat = NULL, *repl = NULL;
+	static int active = 0;
+	struct jmploc jmploc;
+	struct jmploc *savehandler;
+	char editfilestr[PATH_MAX];
+	char *volatile editfile;
+	FILE *efp = NULL;
+	int oldhistnum;
+
+	if (hist == NULL)
+		error("history not active");
+
+	if (argc == 1)
+		error("missing history argument");
+
+	while (not_fcnumber(*argptr) && (ch = nextopt("e:lnrs")) != '\0')
+		switch ((char)ch) {
+		case 'e':
+			editor = shoptarg;
+			break;
+		case 'l':
+			lflg = 1;
+			break;
+		case 'n':
+			nflg = 1;
+			break;
+		case 'r':
+			rflg = 1;
+			break;
+		case 's':
+			sflg = 1;
+			break;
+		}
+
+	savehandler = handler;
+	/*
+	 * If executing...
+	 */
+	if (lflg == 0 || editor || sflg) {
+		lflg = 0;	/* ignore */
+		editfile = NULL;
+		/*
+		 * Catch interrupts to reset active counter and
+		 * cleanup temp files.
+		 */
+		if (setjmp(jmploc.loc)) {
+			active = 0;
+			if (editfile)
+				unlink(editfile);
+			handler = savehandler;
+			longjmp(handler->loc, 1);
+		}
+		handler = &jmploc;
+		if (++active > MAXHISTLOOPS) {
+			active = 0;
+			displayhist = 0;
+			error("called recursively too many times");
+		}
+		/*
+		 * Set editor.
+		 */
+		if (sflg == 0) {
+			if (editor == NULL &&
+			    (editor = bltinlookup("FCEDIT", 1)) == NULL &&
+			    (editor = bltinlookup("EDITOR", 1)) == NULL)
+				editor = DEFEDITOR;
+			if (editor[0] == '-' && editor[1] == '\0') {
+				sflg = 1;	/* no edit */
+				editor = NULL;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * If executing, parse [old=new] now
+	 */
+	if (lflg == 0 && *argptr != NULL &&
+	     ((repl = strchr(*argptr, '=')) != NULL)) {
+		pat = *argptr;
+		*repl++ = '\0';
+		argptr++;
+	}
+	/*
+	 * determine [first] and [last]
+	 */
+	if (*argptr == NULL) {
+		firststr = lflg ? "-16" : "-1";
+		laststr = "-1";
+	} else if (argptr[1] == NULL) {
+		firststr = argptr[0];
+		laststr = lflg ? "-1" : argptr[0];
+	} else if (argptr[2] == NULL) {
+		firststr = argptr[0];
+		laststr = argptr[1];
+	} else
+		error("too many arguments");
+	/*
+	 * Turn into event numbers.
+	 */
+	first = str_to_event(firststr, 0);
+	last = str_to_event(laststr, 1);
+
+	if (rflg) {
+		i = last;
+		last = first;
+		first = i;
+	}
+	/*
+	 * XXX - this should not depend on the event numbers
+	 * always increasing.  Add sequence numbers or offset
+	 * to the history element in next (diskbased) release.
+	 */
+	direction = first < last ? H_PREV : H_NEXT;
+
+	/*
+	 * If editing, grab a temp file.
+	 */
+	if (editor) {
+		int fd;
+		INTOFF;		/* easier */
+		sprintf(editfilestr, "%s/_shXXXXXX", _PATH_TMP);
+		if ((fd = mkstemp(editfilestr)) < 0)
+			error("can't create temporary file %s", editfile);
+		editfile = editfilestr;
+		if ((efp = fdopen(fd, "w")) == NULL) {
+			close(fd);
+			error("Out of space");
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Loop through selected history events.  If listing or executing,
+	 * do it now.  Otherwise, put into temp file and call the editor
+	 * after.
+	 *
+	 * The history interface needs rethinking, as the following
+	 * convolutions will demonstrate.
+	 */
+	history(hist, &he, H_FIRST);
+	retval = history(hist, &he, H_NEXT_EVENT, first);
+	for (;retval != -1; retval = history(hist, &he, direction)) {
+		if (lflg) {
+			if (!nflg)
+				out1fmt("%5d ", he.num);
+			out1str(he.str);
+		} else {
+			const char *s = pat ?
+			   fc_replace(he.str, pat, repl) : he.str;
+
+			if (sflg) {
+				if (displayhist) {
+					out2str(s);
+					flushout(out2);
+				}
+				evalstring(s, 0);
+				if (displayhist && hist) {
+					/*
+					 *  XXX what about recursive and
+					 *  relative histnums.
+					 */
+					oldhistnum = he.num;
+					history(hist, &he, H_ENTER, s);
+					/*
+					 * XXX H_ENTER moves the internal
+					 * cursor, set it back to the current
+					 * entry.
+					 */
+					history(hist, &he,
+					    H_NEXT_EVENT, oldhistnum);
+				}
+			} else
+				fputs(s, efp);
+		}
+		/*
+		 * At end?  (if we were to lose last, we'd sure be
+		 * messed up).
+		 */
+		if (he.num == last)
+			break;
+	}
+	if (editor) {
+		char *editcmd;
+
+		fclose(efp);
+		INTON;
+		editcmd = stalloc(strlen(editor) + strlen(editfile) + 2);
+		sprintf(editcmd, "%s %s", editor, editfile);
+		evalstring(editcmd, 0);	/* XXX - should use no JC command */
+		readcmdfile(editfile);	/* XXX - should read back - quick tst */
+		unlink(editfile);
+	}
+
+	if (lflg == 0 && active > 0)
+		--active;
+	if (displayhist)
+		displayhist = 0;
+	handler = savehandler;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static char *
+fc_replace(const char *s, char *p, char *r)
+{
+	char *dest;
+	int plen = strlen(p);
+
+	STARTSTACKSTR(dest);
+	while (*s) {
+		if (*s == *p && strncmp(s, p, plen) == 0) {
+			STPUTS(r, dest);
+			s += plen;
+			*p = '\0';	/* so no more matches */
+		} else
+			STPUTC(*s++, dest);
+	}
+	STPUTC('\0', dest);
+	dest = grabstackstr(dest);
+
+	return (dest);
+}
+
+static int
+not_fcnumber(const char *s)
+{
+	if (s == NULL)
+		return (0);
+	if (*s == '-')
+		s++;
+	return (!is_number(s));
+}
+
+static int
+str_to_event(const char *str, int last)
+{
+	HistEvent he;
+	const char *s = str;
+	int relative = 0;
+	int i, retval;
+
+	retval = history(hist, &he, H_FIRST);
+	switch (*s) {
+	case '-':
+		relative = 1;
+		/*FALLTHROUGH*/
+	case '+':
+		s++;
+	}
+	if (is_number(s)) {
+		i = atoi(s);
+		if (relative) {
+			while (retval != -1 && i--) {
+				retval = history(hist, &he, H_NEXT);
+			}
+			if (retval == -1)
+				retval = history(hist, &he, H_LAST);
+		} else {
+			retval = history(hist, &he, H_NEXT_EVENT, i);
+			if (retval == -1) {
+				/*
+				 * the notion of first and last is
+				 * backwards to that of the history package
+				 */
+				retval = history(hist, &he, last ? H_FIRST : H_LAST);
+			}
+		}
+		if (retval == -1)
+			error("history number %s not found (internal error)",
+			       str);
+	} else {
+		/*
+		 * pattern
+		 */
+		retval = history(hist, &he, H_PREV_STR, str);
+		if (retval == -1)
+			error("history pattern not found: %s", str);
+	}
+	return (he.num);
+}
+
+int
+bindcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	int ret;
+	FILE *old;
+	FILE *out;
+
+	if (el == NULL)
+		error("line editing is disabled");
+
+	INTOFF;
+
+	out = out1fp();
+	if (out == NULL)
+		error("Out of space");
+
+	el_get(el, EL_GETFP, 1, &old);
+	el_set(el, EL_SETFP, 1, out);
+
+	ret = el_parse(el, argc, (const char **)(argv));
+
+	el_set(el, EL_SETFP, 1, old);
+
+	fclose(out);
+
+	INTON;
+
+	return ret;
+}
+
+#else
+#include "error.h"
+
+int
+histcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+
+	error("not compiled with history support");
+	/*NOTREACHED*/
+	return (0);
+}
+
+int
+bindcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+
+	error("not compiled with line editing support");
+	return (0);
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/bin/1sh/input.c b/bin/1sh/input.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..37f689a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/input.c
@@ -0,0 +1,520 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef lint
+#if 0
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)input.c	8.3 (Berkeley) 6/9/95";
+#endif
+#endif /* not lint */
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+/* $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/input.c 314436 2017-02-28 23:42:47Z imp $ */
+
+#include <stdio.h>	/* defines BUFSIZ */
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+/*
+ * This file implements the input routines used by the parser.
+ */
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "redir.h"
+#include "syntax.h"
+#include "input.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "options.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "alias.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "myhistedit.h"
+#include "trap.h"
+
+#define EOF_NLEFT -99		/* value of parsenleft when EOF pushed back */
+
+struct strpush {
+	struct strpush *prev;	/* preceding string on stack */
+	const char *prevstring;
+	int prevnleft;
+	int prevlleft;
+	struct alias *ap;	/* if push was associated with an alias */
+};
+
+/*
+ * The parsefile structure pointed to by the global variable parsefile
+ * contains information about the current file being read.
+ */
+
+struct parsefile {
+	struct parsefile *prev;	/* preceding file on stack */
+	int linno;		/* current line */
+	int fd;			/* file descriptor (or -1 if string) */
+	int nleft;		/* number of chars left in this line */
+	int lleft;		/* number of lines left in this buffer */
+	const char *nextc;	/* next char in buffer */
+	char *buf;		/* input buffer */
+	struct strpush *strpush; /* for pushing strings at this level */
+	struct strpush basestrpush; /* so pushing one is fast */
+};
+
+
+int plinno = 1;			/* input line number */
+int parsenleft;			/* copy of parsefile->nleft */
+static int parselleft;		/* copy of parsefile->lleft */
+const char *parsenextc;		/* copy of parsefile->nextc */
+static char basebuf[BUFSIZ + 1];/* buffer for top level input file */
+static struct parsefile basepf = {	/* top level input file */
+	.nextc = basebuf,
+	.buf = basebuf
+};
+static struct parsefile *parsefile = &basepf;	/* current input file */
+int whichprompt;		/* 1 == PS1, 2 == PS2 */
+
+EditLine *el;			/* cookie for editline package */
+
+static void pushfile(void);
+static int preadfd(void);
+static void popstring(void);
+
+void
+resetinput(void)
+{
+	popallfiles();
+	parselleft = parsenleft = 0;	/* clear input buffer */
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Read a character from the script, returning PEOF on end of file.
+ * Nul characters in the input are silently discarded.
+ */
+
+int
+pgetc(void)
+{
+	return pgetc_macro();
+}
+
+
+static int
+preadfd(void)
+{
+	int nr;
+	parsenextc = parsefile->buf;
+
+retry:
+#ifndef NO_HISTORY
+	if (parsefile->fd == 0 && el) {
+		static const char *rl_cp;
+		static int el_len;
+
+		if (rl_cp == NULL) {
+			el_resize(el);
+			rl_cp = el_gets(el, &el_len);
+		}
+		if (rl_cp == NULL)
+			nr = el_len == 0 ? 0 : -1;
+		else {
+			nr = el_len;
+			if (nr > BUFSIZ)
+				nr = BUFSIZ;
+			memcpy(parsefile->buf, rl_cp, nr);
+			if (nr != el_len) {
+				el_len -= nr;
+				rl_cp += nr;
+			} else
+				rl_cp = NULL;
+		}
+	} else
+#endif
+		nr = read(parsefile->fd, parsefile->buf, BUFSIZ);
+
+	if (nr <= 0) {
+                if (nr < 0) {
+                        if (errno == EINTR)
+                                goto retry;
+                        if (parsefile->fd == 0 && errno == EWOULDBLOCK) {
+                                int flags = fcntl(0, F_GETFL, 0);
+                                if (flags >= 0 && flags & O_NONBLOCK) {
+                                        flags &=~ O_NONBLOCK;
+                                        if (fcntl(0, F_SETFL, flags) >= 0) {
+						out2fmt_flush("sh: turning off NDELAY mode\n");
+                                                goto retry;
+                                        }
+                                }
+                        }
+                }
+                nr = -1;
+	}
+	return nr;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Refill the input buffer and return the next input character:
+ *
+ * 1) If a string was pushed back on the input, pop it;
+ * 2) If an EOF was pushed back (parsenleft == EOF_NLEFT) or we are reading
+ *    from a string so we can't refill the buffer, return EOF.
+ * 3) If there is more in this buffer, use it else call read to fill it.
+ * 4) Process input up to the next newline, deleting nul characters.
+ */
+
+int
+preadbuffer(void)
+{
+	char *p, *q, *r, *end;
+	char savec;
+
+	while (parsefile->strpush) {
+		/*
+		 * Add a space to the end of an alias to ensure that the
+		 * alias remains in use while parsing its last word.
+		 * This avoids alias recursions.
+		 */
+		if (parsenleft == -1 && parsefile->strpush->ap != NULL)
+			return ' ';
+		popstring();
+		if (--parsenleft >= 0)
+			return (*parsenextc++);
+	}
+	if (parsenleft == EOF_NLEFT || parsefile->buf == NULL)
+		return PEOF;
+
+again:
+	if (parselleft <= 0) {
+		if ((parselleft = preadfd()) == -1) {
+			parselleft = parsenleft = EOF_NLEFT;
+			return PEOF;
+		}
+	}
+
+	p = parsefile->buf + (parsenextc - parsefile->buf);
+	end = p + parselleft;
+	*end = '\0';
+	q = strchr(p, '\n');
+	if (!q) q = strchr(p, '\0');
+	if (q != end && *q == '\0') {
+		/* delete nul characters */
+		for (r = q; q != end; q++) {
+			if (*q != '\0')
+				*r++ = *q;
+		}
+		parselleft -= end - r;
+		if (parselleft == 0)
+			goto again;
+		end = p + parselleft;
+		*end = '\0';
+		q = strchr(p, '\n');
+		if (!q) q = strchr(p, '\0');
+	}
+	if (q == end) {
+		parsenleft = parselleft;
+		parselleft = 0;
+	} else /* *q == '\n' */ {
+		q++;
+		parsenleft = q - parsenextc;
+		parselleft -= parsenleft;
+	}
+	parsenleft--;
+
+	savec = *q;
+	*q = '\0';
+
+#ifndef NO_HISTORY
+	if (parsefile->fd == 0 && hist &&
+	    parsenextc[strspn(parsenextc, " \t\n")] != '\0') {
+		HistEvent he;
+		INTOFF;
+		history(hist, &he, whichprompt == 1 ? H_ENTER : H_ADD,
+		    parsenextc);
+		INTON;
+	}
+#endif
+
+	if (vflag) {
+		out2str(parsenextc);
+		flushout(out2);
+	}
+
+	*q = savec;
+
+	return *parsenextc++;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Returns if we are certain we are at EOF. Does not cause any more input
+ * to be read from the outside world.
+ */
+
+int
+preadateof(void)
+{
+	if (parsenleft > 0)
+		return 0;
+	if (parsefile->strpush)
+		return 0;
+	if (parsenleft == EOF_NLEFT || parsefile->buf == NULL)
+		return 1;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Undo the last call to pgetc.  Only one character may be pushed back.
+ * PEOF may be pushed back.
+ */
+
+void
+pungetc(void)
+{
+	parsenleft++;
+	parsenextc--;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Push a string back onto the input at this current parsefile level.
+ * We handle aliases this way.
+ */
+void
+pushstring(const char *s, int len, struct alias *ap)
+{
+	struct strpush *sp;
+
+	INTOFF;
+/*out2fmt_flush("*** calling pushstring: %s, %d\n", s, len);*/
+	if (parsefile->strpush) {
+		sp = ckmalloc(sizeof (struct strpush));
+		sp->prev = parsefile->strpush;
+		parsefile->strpush = sp;
+	} else
+		sp = parsefile->strpush = &(parsefile->basestrpush);
+	sp->prevstring = parsenextc;
+	sp->prevnleft = parsenleft;
+	sp->prevlleft = parselleft;
+	sp->ap = ap;
+	if (ap)
+		ap->flag |= ALIASINUSE;
+	parsenextc = s;
+	parsenleft = len;
+	INTON;
+}
+
+static void
+popstring(void)
+{
+	struct strpush *sp = parsefile->strpush;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	if (sp->ap) {
+		if (parsenextc != sp->ap->val &&
+		    (parsenextc[-1] == ' ' || parsenextc[-1] == '\t'))
+			forcealias();
+		sp->ap->flag &= ~ALIASINUSE;
+	}
+	parsenextc = sp->prevstring;
+	parsenleft = sp->prevnleft;
+	parselleft = sp->prevlleft;
+/*out2fmt_flush("*** calling popstring: restoring to '%s'\n", parsenextc);*/
+	parsefile->strpush = sp->prev;
+	if (sp != &(parsefile->basestrpush))
+		ckfree(sp);
+	INTON;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Set the input to take input from a file.  If push is set, push the
+ * old input onto the stack first.
+ */
+
+void
+setinputfile(const char *fname, int push)
+{
+	int fd;
+	int fd2;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	if ((fd = open(fname, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC)) < 0)
+		error("cannot open %s: %s", fname, strerror(errno));
+	if (fd < 10) {
+		fd2 = fcntl(fd, F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC, 10);
+		close(fd);
+		if (fd2 < 0)
+			error("Out of file descriptors");
+		fd = fd2;
+	}
+	setinputfd(fd, push);
+	INTON;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Like setinputfile, but takes an open file descriptor (which should have
+ * its FD_CLOEXEC flag already set).  Call this with interrupts off.
+ */
+
+void
+setinputfd(int fd, int push)
+{
+	if (push) {
+		pushfile();
+		parsefile->buf = ckmalloc(BUFSIZ + 1);
+	}
+	if (parsefile->fd > 0)
+		close(parsefile->fd);
+	parsefile->fd = fd;
+	if (parsefile->buf == NULL)
+		parsefile->buf = ckmalloc(BUFSIZ + 1);
+	parselleft = parsenleft = 0;
+	plinno = 1;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Like setinputfile, but takes input from a string.
+ */
+
+void
+setinputstring(const char *string, int push)
+{
+	INTOFF;
+	if (push)
+		pushfile();
+	parsenextc = string;
+	parselleft = parsenleft = strlen(string);
+	parsefile->buf = NULL;
+	plinno = 1;
+	INTON;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * To handle the "." command, a stack of input files is used.  Pushfile
+ * adds a new entry to the stack and popfile restores the previous level.
+ */
+
+static void
+pushfile(void)
+{
+	struct parsefile *pf;
+
+	parsefile->nleft = parsenleft;
+	parsefile->lleft = parselleft;
+	parsefile->nextc = parsenextc;
+	parsefile->linno = plinno;
+	pf = (struct parsefile *)ckmalloc(sizeof (struct parsefile));
+	pf->prev = parsefile;
+	pf->fd = -1;
+	pf->strpush = NULL;
+	pf->basestrpush.prev = NULL;
+	parsefile = pf;
+}
+
+
+void
+popfile(void)
+{
+	struct parsefile *pf = parsefile;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	if (pf->fd >= 0)
+		close(pf->fd);
+	if (pf->buf)
+		ckfree(pf->buf);
+	while (pf->strpush)
+		popstring();
+	parsefile = pf->prev;
+	ckfree(pf);
+	parsenleft = parsefile->nleft;
+	parselleft = parsefile->lleft;
+	parsenextc = parsefile->nextc;
+	plinno = parsefile->linno;
+	INTON;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return current file (to go back to it later using popfilesupto()).
+ */
+
+struct parsefile *
+getcurrentfile(void)
+{
+	return parsefile;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Pop files until the given file is on top again. Useful for regular
+ * builtins that read shell commands from files or strings.
+ * If the given file is not an active file, an error is raised.
+ */
+
+void
+popfilesupto(struct parsefile *file)
+{
+	while (parsefile != file && parsefile != &basepf)
+		popfile();
+	if (parsefile != file)
+		error("popfilesupto() misused");
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return to top level.
+ */
+
+void
+popallfiles(void)
+{
+	while (parsefile != &basepf)
+		popfile();
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Close the file(s) that the shell is reading commands from.  Called
+ * after a fork is done.
+ */
+
+void
+closescript(void)
+{
+	popallfiles();
+	if (parsefile->fd > 0) {
+		close(parsefile->fd);
+		parsefile->fd = 0;
+	}
+}
diff --git a/bin/1sh/input.h b/bin/1sh/input.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1d0047cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/input.h
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)input.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ * $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/input.h 314436 2017-02-28 23:42:47Z imp $
+ */
+
+/* PEOF (the end of file marker) is defined in syntax.h */
+
+/*
+ * The input line number.  Input.c just defines this variable, and saves
+ * and restores it when files are pushed and popped.  The user of this
+ * package must set its value.
+ */
+extern int plinno;
+extern int parsenleft;		/* number of characters left in input buffer */
+extern const char *parsenextc;	/* next character in input buffer */
+
+struct alias;
+struct parsefile;
+
+void resetinput(void);
+int pgetc(void);
+int preadbuffer(void);
+int preadateof(void);
+void pungetc(void);
+void pushstring(const char *, int, struct alias *);
+void setinputfile(const char *, int);
+void setinputfd(int, int);
+void setinputstring(const char *, int);
+void popfile(void);
+struct parsefile *getcurrentfile(void);
+void popfilesupto(struct parsefile *);
+void popallfiles(void);
+void closescript(void);
+
+#define pgetc_macro()	(--parsenleft >= 0? *parsenextc++ : preadbuffer())
diff --git a/bin/1sh/jobs.c b/bin/1sh/jobs.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..492251e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/jobs.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1569 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef lint
+#if 0
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)jobs.c	8.5 (Berkeley) 5/4/95";
+#endif
+#endif /* not lint */
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+/* $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/jobs.c 345487 2019-03-24 22:10:26Z jilles $ */
+
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/param.h>
+#include <sys/resource.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <paths.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#if JOBS
+#include <termios.h>
+#undef CEOF			/* syntax.h redefines this */
+#endif
+#include "redir.h"
+#include "exec.h"
+#include "show.h"
+#include "main.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "nodes.h"
+#include "jobs.h"
+#include "options.h"
+#include "trap.h"
+#include "syntax.h"
+#include "input.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+#include "var.h"
+#include "builtins.h"
+
+
+/*
+ * A job structure contains information about a job.  A job is either a
+ * single process or a set of processes contained in a pipeline.  In the
+ * latter case, pidlist will be non-NULL, and will point to a -1 terminated
+ * array of pids.
+ */
+
+struct procstat {
+	pid_t pid;		/* process id */
+	int status;		/* status flags (defined above) */
+	char *cmd;		/* text of command being run */
+};
+
+
+/* states */
+#define JOBSTOPPED 1		/* all procs are stopped */
+#define JOBDONE 2		/* all procs are completed */
+
+
+struct job {
+	struct procstat ps0;	/* status of process */
+	struct procstat *ps;	/* status or processes when more than one */
+	short nprocs;		/* number of processes */
+	pid_t pgrp;		/* process group of this job */
+	char state;		/* true if job is finished */
+	char used;		/* true if this entry is in used */
+	char changed;		/* true if status has changed */
+	char foreground;	/* true if running in the foreground */
+	char remembered;	/* true if $! referenced */
+	char pipefail;		/* pass any non-zero status */
+#if JOBS
+	char jobctl;		/* job running under job control */
+	struct job *next;	/* job used after this one */
+#endif
+};
+
+
+static struct job *jobtab;	/* array of jobs */
+static int njobs;		/* size of array */
+static pid_t backgndpid = -1;	/* pid of last background process */
+static struct job *bgjob = NULL; /* last background process */
+#if JOBS
+static struct job *jobmru;	/* most recently used job list */
+static pid_t initialpgrp;	/* pgrp of shell on invocation */
+#endif
+static int ttyfd = -1;
+
+/* mode flags for dowait */
+#define DOWAIT_BLOCK	0x1 /* wait until a child exits */
+#define DOWAIT_SIG	0x2 /* if DOWAIT_BLOCK, abort on signal */
+#define DOWAIT_SIG_TRAP	0x4 /* if DOWAIT_SIG, abort on trapped signal only */
+
+#if JOBS
+static void restartjob(struct job *);
+#endif
+static void freejob(struct job *);
+static int waitcmdloop(struct job *);
+static struct job *getjob_nonotfound(const char *);
+static struct job *getjob(const char *);
+pid_t killjob(const char *, int);
+static pid_t dowait(int, struct job *);
+static void checkzombies(void);
+static void cmdtxt(union node *);
+static void cmdputs(const char *);
+#if JOBS
+static void setcurjob(struct job *);
+static void deljob(struct job *);
+static struct job *getcurjob(struct job *);
+#endif
+static int getjobstatus(const struct job *);
+static void printjobcmd(struct job *);
+static void showjob(struct job *, int);
+
+
+/*
+ * Turn job control on and off.
+ */
+
+static int jobctl;
+
+#if JOBS
+static void
+jobctl_notty(void)
+{
+	if (ttyfd >= 0) {
+		close(ttyfd);
+		ttyfd = -1;
+	}
+	if (!iflag) {
+		setsignal(SIGTSTP);
+		setsignal(SIGTTOU);
+		setsignal(SIGTTIN);
+		jobctl = 1;
+		return;
+	}
+	out2fmt_flush("sh: can't access tty; job control turned off\n");
+	mflag = 0;
+}
+
+void
+setjobctl(int on)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	if (on == jobctl || rootshell == 0)
+		return;
+	if (on) {
+		if (ttyfd != -1)
+			close(ttyfd);
+		if ((ttyfd = open(_PATH_TTY, O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC)) < 0) {
+			i = 0;
+			while (i <= 2 && !isatty(i))
+				i++;
+			if (i > 2 ||
+			    (ttyfd = fcntl(i, F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC, 10)) < 0) {
+				jobctl_notty();
+				return;
+			}
+		}
+		if (ttyfd < 10) {
+			/*
+			 * Keep our TTY file descriptor out of the way of
+			 * the user's redirections.
+			 */
+			if ((i = fcntl(ttyfd, F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC, 10)) < 0) {
+				jobctl_notty();
+				return;
+			}
+			close(ttyfd);
+			ttyfd = i;
+		}
+		do { /* while we are in the background */
+			initialpgrp = tcgetpgrp(ttyfd);
+			if (initialpgrp < 0) {
+				jobctl_notty();
+				return;
+			}
+			if (initialpgrp != getpgrp()) {
+				if (!iflag) {
+					initialpgrp = -1;
+					jobctl_notty();
+					return;
+				}
+				kill(0, SIGTTIN);
+				continue;
+			}
+		} while (0);
+		setsignal(SIGTSTP);
+		setsignal(SIGTTOU);
+		setsignal(SIGTTIN);
+		setpgid(0, rootpid);
+		tcsetpgrp(ttyfd, rootpid);
+	} else { /* turning job control off */
+		setpgid(0, initialpgrp);
+		if (ttyfd >= 0) {
+			tcsetpgrp(ttyfd, initialpgrp);
+			close(ttyfd);
+			ttyfd = -1;
+		}
+		setsignal(SIGTSTP);
+		setsignal(SIGTTOU);
+		setsignal(SIGTTIN);
+	}
+	jobctl = on;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+#if JOBS
+int
+fgcmd(int argc __unused, char **argv __unused)
+{
+	struct job *jp;
+	pid_t pgrp;
+	int status;
+
+	nextopt("");
+	jp = getjob(*argptr);
+	if (jp->jobctl == 0)
+		error("job not created under job control");
+	printjobcmd(jp);
+	flushout(&output);
+	pgrp = jp->ps[0].pid;
+	if (ttyfd >= 0)
+		tcsetpgrp(ttyfd, pgrp);
+	restartjob(jp);
+	jp->foreground = 1;
+	INTOFF;
+	status = waitforjob(jp, (int *)NULL);
+	INTON;
+	return status;
+}
+
+
+int
+bgcmd(int argc __unused, char **argv __unused)
+{
+	struct job *jp;
+
+	nextopt("");
+	do {
+		jp = getjob(*argptr);
+		if (jp->jobctl == 0)
+			error("job not created under job control");
+		if (jp->state == JOBDONE)
+			continue;
+		restartjob(jp);
+		jp->foreground = 0;
+		out1fmt("[%td] ", jp - jobtab + 1);
+		printjobcmd(jp);
+	} while (*argptr != NULL && *++argptr != NULL);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+static void
+restartjob(struct job *jp)
+{
+	struct procstat *ps;
+	int i;
+
+	if (jp->state == JOBDONE)
+		return;
+	setcurjob(jp);
+	INTOFF;
+	kill(-jp->ps[0].pid, SIGCONT);
+	for (ps = jp->ps, i = jp->nprocs ; --i >= 0 ; ps++) {
+		if (WIFSTOPPED(ps->status)) {
+			ps->status = -1;
+			jp->state = 0;
+		}
+	}
+	INTON;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+int
+jobscmd(int argc __unused, char *argv[] __unused)
+{
+	char *id;
+	int ch, mode;
+
+	mode = SHOWJOBS_DEFAULT;
+	while ((ch = nextopt("lps")) != '\0') {
+		switch (ch) {
+		case 'l':
+			mode = SHOWJOBS_VERBOSE;
+			break;
+		case 'p':
+			mode = SHOWJOBS_PGIDS;
+			break;
+		case 's':
+			mode = SHOWJOBS_PIDS;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (*argptr == NULL)
+		showjobs(0, mode);
+	else
+		while ((id = *argptr++) != NULL)
+			showjob(getjob(id), mode);
+
+	return (0);
+}
+
+static int getjobstatus(const struct job *jp)
+{
+	int i, status;
+
+	if (!jp->pipefail)
+		return (jp->ps[jp->nprocs - 1].status);
+	for (i = jp->nprocs - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+		status = jp->ps[i].status;
+		if (status != 0)
+			return (status);
+	}
+	return (0);
+}
+
+static void
+printjobcmd(struct job *jp)
+{
+	struct procstat *ps;
+	int i;
+
+	for (ps = jp->ps, i = jp->nprocs ; --i >= 0 ; ps++) {
+		out1str(ps->cmd);
+		if (i > 0)
+			out1str(" | ");
+	}
+	out1c('\n');
+}
+
+static void
+showjob(struct job *jp, int mode)
+{
+	char s[64];
+	char statebuf[16];
+	const char *statestr, *coredump;
+	struct procstat *ps;
+	struct job *j;
+	int col, curr, i, jobno, prev, procno, status;
+	char c;
+
+	procno = (mode == SHOWJOBS_PGIDS) ? 1 : jp->nprocs;
+	jobno = jp - jobtab + 1;
+	curr = prev = 0;
+#if JOBS
+	if ((j = getcurjob(NULL)) != NULL) {
+		curr = j - jobtab + 1;
+		if ((j = getcurjob(j)) != NULL)
+			prev = j - jobtab + 1;
+	}
+#endif
+	coredump = "";
+	status = getjobstatus(jp);
+	if (jp->state == 0) {
+		statestr = "Running";
+#if JOBS
+	} else if (jp->state == JOBSTOPPED) {
+		ps = jp->ps + jp->nprocs - 1;
+		while (!WIFSTOPPED(ps->status) && ps > jp->ps)
+			ps--;
+		if (WIFSTOPPED(ps->status))
+			i = WSTOPSIG(ps->status);
+		else
+			i = -1;
+		statestr = strsignal(i);
+		if (statestr == NULL)
+			statestr = "Suspended";
+#endif
+	} else if (WIFEXITED(status)) {
+		if (WEXITSTATUS(status) == 0)
+			statestr = "Done";
+		else {
+			fmtstr(statebuf, sizeof(statebuf), "Done(%d)",
+			    WEXITSTATUS(status));
+			statestr = statebuf;
+		}
+	} else {
+		i = WTERMSIG(status);
+		statestr = strsignal(i);
+		if (statestr == NULL)
+			statestr = "Unknown signal";
+		if (WCOREDUMP(status))
+			coredump = " (core dumped)";
+	}
+
+	for (ps = jp->ps ; procno > 0 ; ps++, procno--) { /* for each process */
+		if (mode == SHOWJOBS_PIDS || mode == SHOWJOBS_PGIDS) {
+			out1fmt("%d\n", (int)ps->pid);
+			continue;
+		}
+		if (mode != SHOWJOBS_VERBOSE && ps != jp->ps)
+			continue;
+		if (jobno == curr && ps == jp->ps)
+			c = '+';
+		else if (jobno == prev && ps == jp->ps)
+			c = '-';
+		else
+			c = ' ';
+		if (ps == jp->ps)
+			fmtstr(s, 64, "[%d] %c ", jobno, c);
+		else
+			fmtstr(s, 64, "    %c ", c);
+		out1str(s);
+		col = strlen(s);
+		if (mode == SHOWJOBS_VERBOSE) {
+			fmtstr(s, 64, "%d ", (int)ps->pid);
+			out1str(s);
+			col += strlen(s);
+		}
+		if (ps == jp->ps) {
+			out1str(statestr);
+			out1str(coredump);
+			col += strlen(statestr) + strlen(coredump);
+		}
+		do {
+			out1c(' ');
+			col++;
+		} while (col < 30);
+		if (mode == SHOWJOBS_VERBOSE) {
+			out1str(ps->cmd);
+			out1c('\n');
+		} else
+			printjobcmd(jp);
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * Print a list of jobs.  If "change" is nonzero, only print jobs whose
+ * statuses have changed since the last call to showjobs.
+ *
+ * If the shell is interrupted in the process of creating a job, the
+ * result may be a job structure containing zero processes.  Such structures
+ * will be freed here.
+ */
+
+void
+showjobs(int change, int mode)
+{
+	int jobno;
+	struct job *jp;
+
+	TRACE(("showjobs(%d) called\n", change));
+	checkzombies();
+	for (jobno = 1, jp = jobtab ; jobno <= njobs ; jobno++, jp++) {
+		if (! jp->used)
+			continue;
+		if (jp->nprocs == 0) {
+			freejob(jp);
+			continue;
+		}
+		if (change && ! jp->changed)
+			continue;
+		showjob(jp, mode);
+		if (mode == SHOWJOBS_DEFAULT || mode == SHOWJOBS_VERBOSE) {
+			jp->changed = 0;
+			/* Hack: discard jobs for which $! has not been
+			 * referenced in interactive mode when they terminate.
+			 */
+			if (jp->state == JOBDONE && !jp->remembered &&
+					(iflag || jp != bgjob)) {
+				freejob(jp);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Mark a job structure as unused.
+ */
+
+static void
+freejob(struct job *jp)
+{
+	struct procstat *ps;
+	int i;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	if (bgjob == jp)
+		bgjob = NULL;
+	for (i = jp->nprocs, ps = jp->ps ; --i >= 0 ; ps++) {
+		if (ps->cmd != nullstr)
+			ckfree(ps->cmd);
+	}
+	if (jp->ps != &jp->ps0)
+		ckfree(jp->ps);
+	jp->used = 0;
+#if JOBS
+	deljob(jp);
+#endif
+	INTON;
+}
+
+
+
+int
+waitcmd(int argc __unused, char **argv __unused)
+{
+	struct job *job;
+	int retval;
+
+	nextopt("");
+	if (*argptr == NULL)
+		return (waitcmdloop(NULL));
+
+	do {
+		job = getjob_nonotfound(*argptr);
+		if (job == NULL)
+			retval = 127;
+		else
+			retval = waitcmdloop(job);
+		argptr++;
+	} while (*argptr != NULL);
+
+	return (retval);
+}
+
+static int
+waitcmdloop(struct job *job)
+{
+	int status, retval, sig;
+	struct job *jp;
+
+	/*
+	 * Loop until a process is terminated or stopped, or a SIGINT is
+	 * received.
+	 */
+
+	do {
+		if (job != NULL) {
+			if (job->state == JOBDONE) {
+				status = getjobstatus(job);
+				if (WIFEXITED(status))
+					retval = WEXITSTATUS(status);
+				else
+					retval = WTERMSIG(status) + 128;
+				if (! iflag || ! job->changed)
+					freejob(job);
+				else {
+					job->remembered = 0;
+					if (job == bgjob)
+						bgjob = NULL;
+				}
+				return retval;
+			}
+		} else {
+			for (jp = jobtab ; jp < jobtab + njobs; jp++)
+				if (jp->used && jp->state == JOBDONE) {
+					if (! iflag || ! jp->changed)
+						freejob(jp);
+					else {
+						jp->remembered = 0;
+						if (jp == bgjob)
+							bgjob = NULL;
+					}
+				}
+			for (jp = jobtab ; ; jp++) {
+				if (jp >= jobtab + njobs) {	/* no running procs */
+					return 0;
+				}
+				if (jp->used && jp->state == 0)
+					break;
+			}
+		}
+	} while (dowait(DOWAIT_BLOCK | DOWAIT_SIG, (struct job *)NULL) != -1);
+
+	sig = pendingsig_waitcmd;
+	pendingsig_waitcmd = 0;
+	return sig + 128;
+}
+
+
+
+int
+jobidcmd(int argc __unused, char **argv __unused)
+{
+	struct job *jp;
+	int i;
+
+	nextopt("");
+	jp = getjob(*argptr);
+	for (i = 0 ; i < jp->nprocs ; ) {
+		out1fmt("%d", (int)jp->ps[i].pid);
+		out1c(++i < jp->nprocs? ' ' : '\n');
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Convert a job name to a job structure.
+ */
+
+static struct job *
+getjob_nonotfound(const char *name)
+{
+	int jobno;
+	struct job *found, *jp;
+	size_t namelen;
+	pid_t pid;
+	int i;
+
+	if (name == NULL) {
+#if JOBS
+		name = "%+";
+#else
+		error("No current job");
+#endif
+	}
+	if (name[0] == '%') {
+		if (is_digit(name[1])) {
+			jobno = number(name + 1);
+			if (jobno > 0 && jobno <= njobs
+			 && jobtab[jobno - 1].used != 0)
+				return &jobtab[jobno - 1];
+#if JOBS
+		} else if ((name[1] == '%' || name[1] == '+') &&
+		    name[2] == '\0') {
+			if ((jp = getcurjob(NULL)) == NULL)
+				error("No current job");
+			return (jp);
+		} else if (name[1] == '-' && name[2] == '\0') {
+			if ((jp = getcurjob(NULL)) == NULL ||
+			    (jp = getcurjob(jp)) == NULL)
+				error("No previous job");
+			return (jp);
+#endif
+		} else if (name[1] == '?') {
+			found = NULL;
+			for (jp = jobtab, i = njobs ; --i >= 0 ; jp++) {
+				if (jp->used && jp->nprocs > 0
+				 && strstr(jp->ps[0].cmd, name + 2) != NULL) {
+					if (found)
+						error("%s: ambiguous", name);
+					found = jp;
+				}
+			}
+			if (found != NULL)
+				return (found);
+		} else {
+			namelen = strlen(name);
+			found = NULL;
+			for (jp = jobtab, i = njobs ; --i >= 0 ; jp++) {
+				if (jp->used && jp->nprocs > 0
+				 && strncmp(jp->ps[0].cmd, name + 1,
+				 namelen - 1) == 0) {
+					if (found)
+						error("%s: ambiguous", name);
+					found = jp;
+				}
+			}
+			if (found)
+				return found;
+		}
+	} else if (is_number(name)) {
+		pid = (pid_t)number(name);
+		for (jp = jobtab, i = njobs ; --i >= 0 ; jp++) {
+			if (jp->used && jp->nprocs > 0
+			 && jp->ps[jp->nprocs - 1].pid == pid)
+				return jp;
+		}
+	}
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+
+static struct job *
+getjob(const char *name)
+{
+	struct job *jp;
+
+	jp = getjob_nonotfound(name);
+	if (jp == NULL)
+		error("No such job: %s", name);
+	return (jp);
+}
+
+
+int
+killjob(const char *name, int sig)
+{
+	struct job *jp;
+	int i, ret;
+
+	jp = getjob(name);
+	if (jp->state == JOBDONE)
+		return 0;
+	if (jp->jobctl)
+		return kill(-jp->ps[0].pid, sig);
+	ret = -1;
+	errno = ESRCH;
+	for (i = 0; i < jp->nprocs; i++)
+		if (jp->ps[i].status == -1 || WIFSTOPPED(jp->ps[i].status)) {
+			if (kill(jp->ps[i].pid, sig) == 0)
+				ret = 0;
+		} else
+			ret = 0;
+	return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return a new job structure,
+ */
+
+struct job *
+makejob(union node *node __unused, int nprocs)
+{
+	int i;
+	struct job *jp;
+
+	for (i = njobs, jp = jobtab ; ; jp++) {
+		if (--i < 0) {
+			INTOFF;
+			if (njobs == 0) {
+				jobtab = ckmalloc(4 * sizeof jobtab[0]);
+#if JOBS
+				jobmru = NULL;
+#endif
+			} else {
+				jp = ckmalloc((njobs + 4) * sizeof jobtab[0]);
+				memcpy(jp, jobtab, njobs * sizeof jp[0]);
+#if JOBS
+				/* Relocate `next' pointers and list head */
+				if (jobmru != NULL)
+					jobmru = &jp[jobmru - jobtab];
+				for (i = 0; i < njobs; i++)
+					if (jp[i].next != NULL)
+						jp[i].next = &jp[jp[i].next -
+						    jobtab];
+#endif
+				if (bgjob != NULL)
+					bgjob = &jp[bgjob - jobtab];
+				/* Relocate `ps' pointers */
+				for (i = 0; i < njobs; i++)
+					if (jp[i].ps == &jobtab[i].ps0)
+						jp[i].ps = &jp[i].ps0;
+				ckfree(jobtab);
+				jobtab = jp;
+			}
+			jp = jobtab + njobs;
+			for (i = 4 ; --i >= 0 ; jobtab[njobs++].used = 0)
+				;
+			INTON;
+			break;
+		}
+		if (jp->used == 0)
+			break;
+	}
+	INTOFF;
+	jp->state = 0;
+	jp->used = 1;
+	jp->changed = 0;
+	jp->nprocs = 0;
+	jp->foreground = 0;
+	jp->remembered = 0;
+	jp->pipefail = pipefailflag;
+#if JOBS
+	jp->jobctl = jobctl;
+	jp->next = NULL;
+#endif
+	if (nprocs > 1) {
+		jp->ps = ckmalloc(nprocs * sizeof (struct procstat));
+	} else {
+		jp->ps = &jp->ps0;
+	}
+	INTON;
+	TRACE(("makejob(%p, %d) returns %%%td\n", (void *)node, nprocs,
+	    jp - jobtab + 1));
+	return jp;
+}
+
+#if JOBS
+static void
+setcurjob(struct job *cj)
+{
+	struct job *jp, *prev;
+
+	for (prev = NULL, jp = jobmru; jp != NULL; prev = jp, jp = jp->next) {
+		if (jp == cj) {
+			if (prev != NULL)
+				prev->next = jp->next;
+			else
+				jobmru = jp->next;
+			jp->next = jobmru;
+			jobmru = cj;
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+	cj->next = jobmru;
+	jobmru = cj;
+}
+
+static void
+deljob(struct job *j)
+{
+	struct job *jp, *prev;
+
+	for (prev = NULL, jp = jobmru; jp != NULL; prev = jp, jp = jp->next) {
+		if (jp == j) {
+			if (prev != NULL)
+				prev->next = jp->next;
+			else
+				jobmru = jp->next;
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return the most recently used job that isn't `nj', and preferably one
+ * that is stopped.
+ */
+static struct job *
+getcurjob(struct job *nj)
+{
+	struct job *jp;
+
+	/* Try to find a stopped one.. */
+	for (jp = jobmru; jp != NULL; jp = jp->next)
+		if (jp->used && jp != nj && jp->state == JOBSTOPPED)
+			return (jp);
+	/* Otherwise the most recently used job that isn't `nj' */
+	for (jp = jobmru; jp != NULL; jp = jp->next)
+		if (jp->used && jp != nj)
+			return (jp);
+
+	return (NULL);
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Fork of a subshell.  If we are doing job control, give the subshell its
+ * own process group.  Jp is a job structure that the job is to be added to.
+ * N is the command that will be evaluated by the child.  Both jp and n may
+ * be NULL.  The mode parameter can be one of the following:
+ *	FORK_FG - Fork off a foreground process.
+ *	FORK_BG - Fork off a background process.
+ *	FORK_NOJOB - Like FORK_FG, but don't give the process its own
+ *		     process group even if job control is on.
+ *
+ * When job control is turned off, background processes have their standard
+ * input redirected to /dev/null (except for the second and later processes
+ * in a pipeline).
+ */
+
+pid_t
+forkshell(struct job *jp, union node *n, int mode)
+{
+	pid_t pid;
+	pid_t pgrp;
+
+	TRACE(("forkshell(%%%td, %p, %d) called\n", jp - jobtab, (void *)n,
+	    mode));
+	INTOFF;
+	if (mode == FORK_BG && (jp == NULL || jp->nprocs == 0))
+		checkzombies();
+	flushall();
+	pid = fork();
+	if (pid == -1) {
+		TRACE(("Fork failed, errno=%d\n", errno));
+		INTON;
+		error("Cannot fork: %s", strerror(errno));
+	}
+	if (pid == 0) {
+		struct job *p;
+		int wasroot;
+		int i;
+
+		TRACE(("Child shell %d\n", (int)getpid()));
+		wasroot = rootshell;
+		rootshell = 0;
+		handler = &main_handler;
+		closescript();
+		INTON;
+		forcelocal = 0;
+		clear_traps();
+#if JOBS
+		jobctl = 0;		/* do job control only in root shell */
+		if (wasroot && mode != FORK_NOJOB && mflag) {
+			if (jp == NULL || jp->nprocs == 0)
+				pgrp = getpid();
+			else
+				pgrp = jp->ps[0].pid;
+			if (setpgid(0, pgrp) == 0 && mode == FORK_FG &&
+			    ttyfd >= 0) {
+				/*** this causes superfluous TIOCSPGRPS ***/
+				if (tcsetpgrp(ttyfd, pgrp) < 0)
+					error("tcsetpgrp failed, errno=%d", errno);
+			}
+			setsignal(SIGTSTP);
+			setsignal(SIGTTOU);
+		} else if (mode == FORK_BG) {
+			ignoresig(SIGINT);
+			ignoresig(SIGQUIT);
+			if ((jp == NULL || jp->nprocs == 0) &&
+			    ! fd0_redirected_p ()) {
+				close(0);
+				if (open(_PATH_DEVNULL, O_RDONLY) != 0)
+					error("cannot open %s: %s",
+					    _PATH_DEVNULL, strerror(errno));
+			}
+		}
+#else
+		if (mode == FORK_BG) {
+			ignoresig(SIGINT);
+			ignoresig(SIGQUIT);
+			if ((jp == NULL || jp->nprocs == 0) &&
+			    ! fd0_redirected_p ()) {
+				close(0);
+				if (open(_PATH_DEVNULL, O_RDONLY) != 0)
+					error("cannot open %s: %s",
+					    _PATH_DEVNULL, strerror(errno));
+			}
+		}
+#endif
+		INTOFF;
+		for (i = njobs, p = jobtab ; --i >= 0 ; p++)
+			if (p->used)
+				freejob(p);
+		INTON;
+		if (wasroot && iflag) {
+			setsignal(SIGINT);
+			setsignal(SIGQUIT);
+			setsignal(SIGTERM);
+		}
+		return pid;
+	}
+	if (rootshell && mode != FORK_NOJOB && mflag) {
+		if (jp == NULL || jp->nprocs == 0)
+			pgrp = pid;
+		else
+			pgrp = jp->ps[0].pid;
+		setpgid(pid, pgrp);
+	}
+	if (mode == FORK_BG) {
+		if (bgjob != NULL && bgjob->state == JOBDONE &&
+		    !bgjob->remembered && !iflag)
+			freejob(bgjob);
+		backgndpid = pid;		/* set $! */
+		bgjob = jp;
+	}
+	if (jp) {
+		struct procstat *ps = &jp->ps[jp->nprocs++];
+		ps->pid = pid;
+		ps->status = -1;
+		ps->cmd = nullstr;
+		if (iflag && rootshell && n)
+			ps->cmd = commandtext(n);
+		jp->foreground = mode == FORK_FG;
+#if JOBS
+		setcurjob(jp);
+#endif
+	}
+	INTON;
+	TRACE(("In parent shell:  child = %d\n", (int)pid));
+	return pid;
+}
+
+
+pid_t
+vforkexecshell(struct job *jp, char **argv, char **envp, const char *path, int idx, int pip[2])
+{
+	pid_t pid;
+	struct jmploc jmploc;
+	struct jmploc *savehandler;
+
+	TRACE(("vforkexecshell(%%%td, %s, %p) called\n", jp - jobtab, argv[0],
+	    (void *)pip));
+	INTOFF;
+	flushall();
+	savehandler = handler;
+	pid = vfork();
+	if (pid == -1) {
+		TRACE(("Vfork failed, errno=%d\n", errno));
+		INTON;
+		error("Cannot fork: %s", strerror(errno));
+	}
+	if (pid == 0) {
+		TRACE(("Child shell %d\n", (int)getpid()));
+		if (setjmp(jmploc.loc))
+			_exit(exception == EXEXEC ? exerrno : 2);
+		if (pip != NULL) {
+			close(pip[0]);
+			if (pip[1] != 1) {
+				dup2(pip[1], 1);
+				close(pip[1]);
+			}
+		}
+		handler = &jmploc;
+		shellexec(argv, envp, path, idx);
+	}
+	handler = savehandler;
+	if (jp) {
+		struct procstat *ps = &jp->ps[jp->nprocs++];
+		ps->pid = pid;
+		ps->status = -1;
+		ps->cmd = nullstr;
+		jp->foreground = 1;
+#if JOBS
+		setcurjob(jp);
+#endif
+	}
+	INTON;
+	TRACE(("In parent shell:  child = %d\n", (int)pid));
+	return pid;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Wait for job to finish.
+ *
+ * Under job control we have the problem that while a child process is
+ * running interrupts generated by the user are sent to the child but not
+ * to the shell.  This means that an infinite loop started by an inter-
+ * active user may be hard to kill.  With job control turned off, an
+ * interactive user may place an interactive program inside a loop.  If
+ * the interactive program catches interrupts, the user doesn't want
+ * these interrupts to also abort the loop.  The approach we take here
+ * is to have the shell ignore interrupt signals while waiting for a
+ * foreground process to terminate, and then send itself an interrupt
+ * signal if the child process was terminated by an interrupt signal.
+ * Unfortunately, some programs want to do a bit of cleanup and then
+ * exit on interrupt; unless these processes terminate themselves by
+ * sending a signal to themselves (instead of calling exit) they will
+ * confuse this approach.
+ */
+
+int
+waitforjob(struct job *jp, int *signaled)
+{
+#if JOBS
+	int propagate_int = jp->jobctl && jp->foreground;
+#endif
+	int status;
+	int st;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	TRACE(("waitforjob(%%%td) called\n", jp - jobtab + 1));
+	while (jp->state == 0)
+		if (dowait(DOWAIT_BLOCK | (Tflag ? DOWAIT_SIG |
+		    DOWAIT_SIG_TRAP : 0), jp) == -1)
+			dotrap();
+#if JOBS
+	if (jp->jobctl) {
+		if (ttyfd >= 0 && tcsetpgrp(ttyfd, rootpid) < 0)
+			error("tcsetpgrp failed, errno=%d\n", errno);
+	}
+	if (jp->state == JOBSTOPPED)
+		setcurjob(jp);
+#endif
+	status = getjobstatus(jp);
+	if (signaled != NULL)
+		*signaled = WIFSIGNALED(status);
+	/* convert to 8 bits */
+	if (WIFEXITED(status))
+		st = WEXITSTATUS(status);
+#if JOBS
+	else if (WIFSTOPPED(status))
+		st = WSTOPSIG(status) + 128;
+#endif
+	else
+		st = WTERMSIG(status) + 128;
+	if (! JOBS || jp->state == JOBDONE)
+		freejob(jp);
+	if (int_pending()) {
+		if (!WIFSIGNALED(status) || WTERMSIG(status) != SIGINT)
+			CLEAR_PENDING_INT;
+	}
+#if JOBS
+	else if (rootshell && propagate_int &&
+			WIFSIGNALED(status) && WTERMSIG(status) == SIGINT)
+		kill(getpid(), SIGINT);
+#endif
+	INTON;
+	return st;
+}
+
+
+static void
+dummy_handler(int sig __unused)
+{
+}
+
+/*
+ * Wait for a process to terminate.
+ */
+
+static pid_t
+dowait(int mode, struct job *job)
+{
+	struct sigaction sa, osa;
+	sigset_t mask, omask;
+	pid_t pid;
+	int status;
+	struct procstat *sp;
+	struct job *jp;
+	struct job *thisjob;
+	const char *sigstr;
+	int done;
+	int stopped;
+	int sig;
+	int coredump;
+	int wflags;
+	int restore_sigchld;
+
+	TRACE(("dowait(%d, %p) called\n", mode, job));
+	restore_sigchld = 0;
+	if ((mode & DOWAIT_SIG) != 0) {
+		sigfillset(&mask);
+		sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &mask, &omask);
+		INTOFF;
+		if (!issigchldtrapped()) {
+			restore_sigchld = 1;
+			sa.sa_handler = dummy_handler;
+			sa.sa_flags = 0;
+			sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
+			sigaction(SIGCHLD, &sa, &osa);
+		}
+	}
+	do {
+#if JOBS
+		if (iflag)
+			wflags = WUNTRACED | WCONTINUED;
+		else
+#endif
+			wflags = 0;
+		if ((mode & (DOWAIT_BLOCK | DOWAIT_SIG)) != DOWAIT_BLOCK)
+			wflags |= WNOHANG;
+		pid = wait3(&status, wflags, (struct rusage *)NULL);
+		TRACE(("wait returns %d, status=%d\n", (int)pid, status));
+		if (pid == 0 && (mode & DOWAIT_SIG) != 0) {
+			pid = -1;
+			if (((mode & DOWAIT_SIG_TRAP) != 0 ?
+			    pendingsig : pendingsig_waitcmd) != 0) {
+				errno = EINTR;
+				break;
+			}
+			sigsuspend(&omask);
+			if (int_pending())
+				break;
+		}
+	} while (pid == -1 && errno == EINTR);
+	if (pid == -1 && errno == ECHILD && job != NULL)
+		job->state = JOBDONE;
+	if ((mode & DOWAIT_SIG) != 0) {
+		if (restore_sigchld)
+			sigaction(SIGCHLD, &osa, NULL);
+		sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &omask, NULL);
+		INTON;
+	}
+	if (pid <= 0)
+		return pid;
+	INTOFF;
+	thisjob = NULL;
+	for (jp = jobtab ; jp < jobtab + njobs ; jp++) {
+		if (jp->used && jp->nprocs > 0) {
+			done = 1;
+			stopped = 1;
+			for (sp = jp->ps ; sp < jp->ps + jp->nprocs ; sp++) {
+				if (sp->pid == -1)
+					continue;
+				if (sp->pid == pid && (sp->status == -1 ||
+				    WIFSTOPPED(sp->status))) {
+					TRACE(("Changing status of proc %d from 0x%x to 0x%x\n",
+						   (int)pid, sp->status,
+						   status));
+					if (WIFCONTINUED(status)) {
+						sp->status = -1;
+						jp->state = 0;
+					} else
+						sp->status = status;
+					thisjob = jp;
+				}
+				if (sp->status == -1)
+					stopped = 0;
+				else if (WIFSTOPPED(sp->status))
+					done = 0;
+			}
+			if (stopped) {		/* stopped or done */
+				int state = done? JOBDONE : JOBSTOPPED;
+				if (jp->state != state) {
+					TRACE(("Job %td: changing state from %d to %d\n", jp - jobtab + 1, jp->state, state));
+					jp->state = state;
+					if (jp != job) {
+						if (done && !jp->remembered &&
+						    !iflag && jp != bgjob)
+							freejob(jp);
+#if JOBS
+						else if (done)
+							deljob(jp);
+#endif
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	INTON;
+	if (!thisjob || thisjob->state == 0)
+		;
+	else if ((!rootshell || !iflag || thisjob == job) &&
+	    thisjob->foreground && thisjob->state != JOBSTOPPED) {
+		sig = 0;
+		coredump = 0;
+		for (sp = thisjob->ps; sp < thisjob->ps + thisjob->nprocs; sp++)
+			if (WIFSIGNALED(sp->status)) {
+				sig = WTERMSIG(sp->status);
+				coredump = WCOREDUMP(sp->status);
+			}
+		if (sig > 0 && sig != SIGINT && sig != SIGPIPE) {
+			sigstr = strsignal(sig);
+			if (sigstr != NULL)
+				out2str(sigstr);
+			else
+				out2str("Unknown signal");
+			if (coredump)
+				out2str(" (core dumped)");
+			out2c('\n');
+			flushout(out2);
+		}
+	} else {
+		TRACE(("Not printing status, rootshell=%d, job=%p\n", rootshell, job));
+		thisjob->changed = 1;
+	}
+	return pid;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * return 1 if there are stopped jobs, otherwise 0
+ */
+int job_warning = 0;
+int
+stoppedjobs(void)
+{
+	int jobno;
+	struct job *jp;
+
+	if (job_warning)
+		return (0);
+	for (jobno = 1, jp = jobtab; jobno <= njobs; jobno++, jp++) {
+		if (jp->used == 0)
+			continue;
+		if (jp->state == JOBSTOPPED) {
+			out2fmt_flush("You have stopped jobs.\n");
+			job_warning = 2;
+			return (1);
+		}
+	}
+
+	return (0);
+}
+
+
+static void
+checkzombies(void)
+{
+	while (njobs > 0 && dowait(0, NULL) > 0)
+		;
+}
+
+
+int
+backgndpidset(void)
+{
+	return backgndpid != -1;
+}
+
+
+pid_t
+backgndpidval(void)
+{
+	if (bgjob != NULL && !forcelocal)
+		bgjob->remembered = 1;
+	return backgndpid;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return a string identifying a command (to be printed by the
+ * jobs command.
+ */
+
+static char *cmdnextc;
+static int cmdnleft;
+#define MAXCMDTEXT	200
+
+char *
+commandtext(union node *n)
+{
+	char *name;
+
+	cmdnextc = name = ckmalloc(MAXCMDTEXT);
+	cmdnleft = MAXCMDTEXT - 4;
+	cmdtxt(n);
+	*cmdnextc = '\0';
+	return name;
+}
+
+
+static void
+cmdtxtdogroup(union node *n)
+{
+	cmdputs("; do ");
+	cmdtxt(n);
+	cmdputs("; done");
+}
+
+
+static void
+cmdtxtredir(union node *n, const char *op, int deffd)
+{
+	char s[2];
+
+	if (n->nfile.fd != deffd) {
+		s[0] = n->nfile.fd + '0';
+		s[1] = '\0';
+		cmdputs(s);
+	}
+	cmdputs(op);
+	if (n->type == NTOFD || n->type == NFROMFD) {
+		if (n->ndup.dupfd >= 0)
+			s[0] = n->ndup.dupfd + '0';
+		else
+			s[0] = '-';
+		s[1] = '\0';
+		cmdputs(s);
+	} else {
+		cmdtxt(n->nfile.fname);
+	}
+}
+
+
+static void
+cmdtxt(union node *n)
+{
+	union node *np;
+	struct nodelist *lp;
+
+	if (n == NULL)
+		return;
+	switch (n->type) {
+	case NSEMI:
+		cmdtxt(n->nbinary.ch1);
+		cmdputs("; ");
+		cmdtxt(n->nbinary.ch2);
+		break;
+	case NAND:
+		cmdtxt(n->nbinary.ch1);
+		cmdputs(" && ");
+		cmdtxt(n->nbinary.ch2);
+		break;
+	case NOR:
+		cmdtxt(n->nbinary.ch1);
+		cmdputs(" || ");
+		cmdtxt(n->nbinary.ch2);
+		break;
+	case NPIPE:
+		for (lp = n->npipe.cmdlist ; lp ; lp = lp->next) {
+			cmdtxt(lp->n);
+			if (lp->next)
+				cmdputs(" | ");
+		}
+		break;
+	case NSUBSHELL:
+		cmdputs("(");
+		cmdtxt(n->nredir.n);
+		cmdputs(")");
+		break;
+	case NREDIR:
+	case NBACKGND:
+		cmdtxt(n->nredir.n);
+		break;
+	case NIF:
+		cmdputs("if ");
+		cmdtxt(n->nif.test);
+		cmdputs("; then ");
+		cmdtxt(n->nif.ifpart);
+		cmdputs("...");
+		break;
+	case NWHILE:
+		cmdputs("while ");
+		cmdtxt(n->nbinary.ch1);
+		cmdtxtdogroup(n->nbinary.ch2);
+		break;
+	case NUNTIL:
+		cmdputs("until ");
+		cmdtxt(n->nbinary.ch1);
+		cmdtxtdogroup(n->nbinary.ch2);
+		break;
+	case NFOR:
+		cmdputs("for ");
+		cmdputs(n->nfor.var);
+		cmdputs(" in ...");
+		break;
+	case NCASE:
+		cmdputs("case ");
+		cmdputs(n->ncase.expr->narg.text);
+		cmdputs(" in ...");
+		break;
+	case NDEFUN:
+		cmdputs(n->narg.text);
+		cmdputs("() ...");
+		break;
+	case NNOT:
+		cmdputs("! ");
+		cmdtxt(n->nnot.com);
+		break;
+	case NCMD:
+		for (np = n->ncmd.args ; np ; np = np->narg.next) {
+			cmdtxt(np);
+			if (np->narg.next)
+				cmdputs(" ");
+		}
+		for (np = n->ncmd.redirect ; np ; np = np->nfile.next) {
+			cmdputs(" ");
+			cmdtxt(np);
+		}
+		break;
+	case NARG:
+		cmdputs(n->narg.text);
+		break;
+	case NTO:
+		cmdtxtredir(n, ">", 1);
+		break;
+	case NAPPEND:
+		cmdtxtredir(n, ">>", 1);
+		break;
+	case NTOFD:
+		cmdtxtredir(n, ">&", 1);
+		break;
+	case NCLOBBER:
+		cmdtxtredir(n, ">|", 1);
+		break;
+	case NFROM:
+		cmdtxtredir(n, "<", 0);
+		break;
+	case NFROMTO:
+		cmdtxtredir(n, "<>", 0);
+		break;
+	case NFROMFD:
+		cmdtxtredir(n, "<&", 0);
+		break;
+	case NHERE:
+	case NXHERE:
+		cmdputs("<<...");
+		break;
+	default:
+		cmdputs("???");
+		break;
+	}
+}
+
+
+
+static void
+cmdputs(const char *s)
+{
+	const char *p;
+	char *q;
+	char c;
+	int subtype = 0;
+
+	if (cmdnleft <= 0)
+		return;
+	p = s;
+	q = cmdnextc;
+	while ((c = *p++) != '\0') {
+		if (c == CTLESC)
+			*q++ = *p++;
+		else if (c == CTLVAR) {
+			*q++ = '$';
+			if (--cmdnleft > 0)
+				*q++ = '{';
+			subtype = *p++;
+			if ((subtype & VSTYPE) == VSLENGTH && --cmdnleft > 0)
+				*q++ = '#';
+		} else if (c == '=' && subtype != 0) {
+			*q = "}-+?=##%%\0X"[(subtype & VSTYPE) - VSNORMAL];
+			if (*q)
+				q++;
+			else
+				cmdnleft++;
+			if (((subtype & VSTYPE) == VSTRIMLEFTMAX ||
+			    (subtype & VSTYPE) == VSTRIMRIGHTMAX) &&
+			    --cmdnleft > 0)
+				*q = q[-1], q++;
+			subtype = 0;
+		} else if (c == CTLENDVAR) {
+			*q++ = '}';
+		} else if (c == CTLBACKQ || c == CTLBACKQ+CTLQUOTE) {
+			cmdnleft -= 5;
+			if (cmdnleft > 0) {
+				*q++ = '$';
+				*q++ = '(';
+				*q++ = '.';
+				*q++ = '.';
+				*q++ = '.';
+				*q++ = ')';
+			}
+		} else if (c == CTLARI) {
+			cmdnleft -= 2;
+			if (cmdnleft > 0) {
+				*q++ = '$';
+				*q++ = '(';
+				*q++ = '(';
+			}
+			p++;
+		} else if (c == CTLENDARI) {
+			if (--cmdnleft > 0) {
+				*q++ = ')';
+				*q++ = ')';
+			}
+		} else if (c == CTLQUOTEMARK || c == CTLQUOTEEND)
+			cmdnleft++; /* ignore */
+		else
+			*q++ = c;
+		if (--cmdnleft <= 0) {
+			*q++ = '.';
+			*q++ = '.';
+			*q++ = '.';
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	cmdnextc = q;
+}
diff --git a/bin/1sh/jobs.h b/bin/1sh/jobs.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..98c2eb5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/jobs.h
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)jobs.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ * $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/jobs.h 327475 2018-01-01 22:31:52Z jilles $
+ */
+
+/* Mode argument to forkshell.  Don't change FORK_FG or FORK_BG. */
+#define FORK_FG 0
+#define FORK_BG 1
+#define FORK_NOJOB 2
+
+#include <signal.h>		/* for sig_atomic_t */
+
+struct job;
+
+enum {
+	SHOWJOBS_DEFAULT,	/* job number, status, command */
+	SHOWJOBS_VERBOSE,	/* job number, PID, status, command */
+	SHOWJOBS_PIDS,		/* PID only */
+	SHOWJOBS_PGIDS		/* PID of the group leader only */
+};
+
+extern int job_warning;		/* user was warned about stopped jobs */
+
+void setjobctl(int);
+void showjobs(int, int);
+struct job *makejob(union node *, int);
+pid_t forkshell(struct job *, union node *, int);
+pid_t vforkexecshell(struct job *, char **, char **, const char *, int, int []);
+int waitforjob(struct job *, int *);
+int stoppedjobs(void);
+int backgndpidset(void);
+pid_t backgndpidval(void);
+char *commandtext(union node *);
+
+#if ! JOBS
+#define setjobctl(on)	/* do nothing */
+#endif
diff --git a/bin/1sh/kill.c b/bin/1sh/kill.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6003fa9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/kill.c
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+/*-
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1988, 1993, 1994
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+/*
+ * Important: This file is used both as a standalone program /bin/kill and
+ * as a builtin for /bin/sh (#define SHELL).
+ */
+
+#if 0
+#ifndef lint
+static char const copyright[] =
+"@(#) Copyright (c) 1988, 1993, 1994\n\
+	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.\n";
+#endif /* not lint */
+
+#ifndef lint
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)kill.c	8.4 (Berkeley) 4/28/95";
+#endif /* not lint */
+#endif
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+/* $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/kill/kill.c 326025 2017-11-20 19:49:47Z pfg $ */
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <err.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#ifdef SHELL
+#define main killcmd
+#include "bltin.h"
+#endif
+
+static void nosig(const char *);
+static void printsignals(FILE *);
+static int signame_to_signum(const char *);
+static void usage(void);
+
+int
+main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+	long pidl;
+	pid_t pid;
+	int errors, numsig, ret;
+	char *ep;
+
+	if (argc < 2)
+		usage();
+
+	numsig = SIGTERM;
+
+	argc--, argv++;
+	if (!strcmp(*argv, "-l")) {
+		argc--, argv++;
+		if (argc > 1)
+			usage();
+		if (argc == 1) {
+			if (!isdigit(**argv))
+				usage();
+			numsig = strtol(*argv, &ep, 10);
+			if (!**argv || *ep)
+				errx(2, "illegal signal number: %s", *argv);
+			if (numsig >= 128)
+				numsig -= 128;
+			if (numsig <= 0 || numsig >= NSIG)
+				nosig(*argv);
+			printf("%s\n", sys_signame[numsig]);
+			return (0);
+		}
+		printsignals(stdout);
+		return (0);
+	}
+
+	if (!strcmp(*argv, "-s")) {
+		argc--, argv++;
+		if (argc < 1) {
+			warnx("option requires an argument -- s");
+			usage();
+		}
+		if (strcmp(*argv, "0")) {
+			if ((numsig = signame_to_signum(*argv)) < 0)
+				nosig(*argv);
+		} else
+			numsig = 0;
+		argc--, argv++;
+	} else if (**argv == '-' && *(*argv + 1) != '-') {
+		++*argv;
+		if (isalpha(**argv)) {
+			if ((numsig = signame_to_signum(*argv)) < 0)
+				nosig(*argv);
+		} else if (isdigit(**argv)) {
+			numsig = strtol(*argv, &ep, 10);
+			if (!**argv || *ep)
+				errx(2, "illegal signal number: %s", *argv);
+			if (numsig < 0)
+				nosig(*argv);
+		} else
+			nosig(*argv);
+		argc--, argv++;
+	}
+
+	if (argc > 0 && strncmp(*argv, "--", 2) == 0)
+		argc--, argv++;
+
+	if (argc == 0)
+		usage();
+
+	for (errors = 0; argc; argc--, argv++) {
+#ifdef SHELL
+		if (**argv == '%')
+			ret = killjob(*argv, numsig);
+		else
+#endif
+		{
+			pidl = strtol(*argv, &ep, 10);
+			/* Check for overflow of pid_t. */
+			pid = (pid_t)pidl;
+			if (!**argv || *ep || pid != pidl)
+				errx(2, "illegal process id: %s", *argv);
+			ret = kill(pid, numsig);
+		}
+		if (ret == -1) {
+			warn("%s", *argv);
+			errors = 1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return (errors);
+}
+
+static int
+signame_to_signum(const char *sig)
+{
+	int n;
+
+	if (strncasecmp(sig, "SIG", 3) == 0)
+		sig += 3;
+	for (n = 1; n < NSIG; n++) {
+		if (!strcasecmp(sys_signame[n], sig))
+			return (n);
+	}
+	return (-1);
+}
+
+static void
+nosig(const char *name)
+{
+
+	warnx("unknown signal %s; valid signals:", name);
+	printsignals(stderr);
+#ifdef SHELL
+	error(NULL);
+#else
+	exit(2);
+#endif
+}
+
+static void
+printsignals(FILE *fp)
+{
+	int n;
+
+	for (n = 1; n < NSIG; n++) {
+		(void)fprintf(fp, "%s", sys_signame[n]);
+		if (n == (NSIG / 2) || n == (NSIG - 1))
+			(void)fprintf(fp, "\n");
+		else
+			(void)fprintf(fp, " ");
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+usage(void)
+{
+
+	(void)fprintf(stderr, "%s\n%s\n%s\n%s\n",
+		"usage: kill [-s signal_name] pid ...",
+		"       kill -l [exit_status]",
+		"       kill -signal_name pid ...",
+		"       kill -signal_number pid ...");
+#ifdef SHELL
+	error(NULL);
+#else
+	exit(2);
+#endif
+}
diff --git a/bin/1sh/mail.c b/bin/1sh/mail.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..adf54a06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/mail.c
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef lint
+#if 0
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)mail.c	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95";
+#endif
+#endif /* not lint */
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+/* $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/mail.c 336303 2018-07-15 09:14:30Z jilles $ */
+
+/*
+ * Routines to check for mail.  (Perhaps make part of main.c?)
+ */
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "mail.h"
+#include "var.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+
+#define MAXMBOXES 10
+
+
+static int nmboxes;			/* number of mailboxes */
+static time_t mailtime[MAXMBOXES];	/* times of mailboxes */
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Print appropriate message(s) if mail has arrived.  If the argument is
+ * nozero, then the value of MAIL has changed, so we just update the
+ * values.
+ */
+
+void
+chkmail(int silent)
+{
+	int i;
+	char *mpath;
+	char *p;
+	char *msg;
+	struct stackmark smark;
+	struct stat statb;
+
+	if (silent)
+		nmboxes = 10;
+	if (nmboxes == 0)
+		return;
+	setstackmark(&smark);
+	mpath = stsavestr(mpathset()? mpathval() : mailval());
+	for (i = 0 ; i < nmboxes ; i++) {
+		p = mpath;
+		if (*p == '\0')
+			break;
+		mpath = strchr(p, ':');
+		if (!mpath) mpath = strchr(p, '\0');
+		if (*mpath != '\0') {
+			*mpath++ = '\0';
+			if (p == mpath - 1)
+				continue;
+		}
+		msg = strchr(p, '%');
+		if (msg != NULL)
+			*msg++ = '\0';
+#ifdef notdef /* this is what the System V shell claims to do (it lies) */
+		if (stat(p, &statb) < 0)
+			statb.st_mtime = 0;
+		if (statb.st_mtime > mailtime[i] && ! silent) {
+			out2str(msg? msg : "you have mail");
+			out2c('\n');
+		}
+		mailtime[i] = statb.st_mtime;
+#else /* this is what it should do */
+		if (stat(p, &statb) < 0)
+			statb.st_size = 0;
+		if (statb.st_size > mailtime[i] && ! silent) {
+			out2str(msg? msg : "you have mail");
+			out2c('\n');
+		}
+		mailtime[i] = statb.st_size;
+#endif
+	}
+	nmboxes = i;
+	popstackmark(&smark);
+}
diff --git a/bin/1sh/mail.h b/bin/1sh/mail.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bc124ba3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/mail.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/*-
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)mail.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ * $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/mail.h 326025 2017-11-20 19:49:47Z pfg $
+ */
+
+void chkmail(int);
diff --git a/bin/1sh/main.c b/bin/1sh/main.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3f0bc1da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/main.c
@@ -0,0 +1,356 @@
+/*-
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#if 0
+static char const copyright[] =
+"@(#) Copyright (c) 1991, 1993\n\
+	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.\n";
+#endif
+
+#ifndef lint
+#if 0
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)main.c	8.6 (Berkeley) 5/28/95";
+#endif
+#endif /* not lint */
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+/* $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/main.c 336320 2018-07-15 21:55:17Z jilles $ */
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <locale.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "main.h"
+#include "mail.h"
+#include "options.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "nodes.h"
+#include "expand.h"
+#include "eval.h"
+#include "jobs.h"
+#include "input.h"
+#include "trap.h"
+#include "var.h"
+#include "show.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+#include "exec.h"
+#include "cd.h"
+#include "redir.h"
+#include "builtins.h"
+
+int rootpid;
+int rootshell;
+struct jmploc main_handler;
+int localeisutf8, initial_localeisutf8;
+
+static void reset(void);
+static void cmdloop(int);
+static void read_profile(const char *);
+static char *find_dot_file(char *);
+
+/*
+ * Main routine.  We initialize things, parse the arguments, execute
+ * profiles if we're a login shell, and then call cmdloop to execute
+ * commands.  The setjmp call sets up the location to jump to when an
+ * exception occurs.  When an exception occurs the variable "state"
+ * is used to figure out how far we had gotten.
+ */
+
+int
+main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+	struct stackmark smark, smark2;
+	volatile int state;
+	char *shinit;
+
+	(void) setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
+	initcharset();
+	state = 0;
+	if (setjmp(main_handler.loc)) {
+		switch (exception) {
+		case EXEXEC:
+			exitstatus = exerrno;
+			break;
+
+		case EXERROR:
+			exitstatus = 2;
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			break;
+		}
+
+		if (state == 0 || iflag == 0 || ! rootshell ||
+		    exception == EXEXIT)
+			exitshell(exitstatus);
+		reset();
+		if (exception == EXINT)
+			out2fmt_flush("\n");
+		popstackmark(&smark);
+		FORCEINTON;				/* enable interrupts */
+		if (state == 1)
+			goto state1;
+		else if (state == 2)
+			goto state2;
+		else if (state == 3)
+			goto state3;
+		else
+			goto state4;
+	}
+	handler = &main_handler;
+#ifdef DEBUG
+	opentrace();
+	trputs("Shell args:  ");  trargs(argv);
+#endif
+	rootpid = getpid();
+	rootshell = 1;
+	INTOFF;
+	initvar();
+	setstackmark(&smark);
+	setstackmark(&smark2);
+	procargs(argc, argv);
+	pwd_init(iflag);
+	INTON;
+	if (iflag)
+		chkmail(1);
+	if (argv[0] && argv[0][0] == '-') {
+		state = 1;
+		read_profile("/etc/profile");
+state1:
+		state = 2;
+		if (privileged == 0)
+			read_profile("${HOME-}/.profile");
+		else
+			read_profile("/etc/suid_profile");
+	}
+state2:
+	state = 3;
+	if (!privileged && iflag) {
+		if ((shinit = lookupvar("ENV")) != NULL && *shinit != '\0') {
+			state = 3;
+			read_profile(shinit);
+		}
+	}
+state3:
+	state = 4;
+	popstackmark(&smark2);
+	if (minusc) {
+		evalstring(minusc, sflag ? 0 : EV_EXIT);
+	}
+state4:
+	if (sflag || minusc == NULL) {
+		cmdloop(1);
+	}
+	iflag = 0;
+	optschanged();
+	exitshell(exitstatus);
+	/*NOTREACHED*/
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+reset(void)
+{
+	reseteval();
+	resetinput();
+}
+
+/*
+ * Read and execute commands.  "Top" is nonzero for the top level command
+ * loop; it turns on prompting if the shell is interactive.
+ */
+
+static void
+cmdloop(int top)
+{
+	union node *n;
+	struct stackmark smark;
+	int inter;
+	int numeof = 0;
+
+	TRACE(("cmdloop(%d) called\n", top));
+	setstackmark(&smark);
+	for (;;) {
+		if (pendingsig)
+			dotrap();
+		inter = 0;
+		if (iflag && top) {
+			inter++;
+			showjobs(1, SHOWJOBS_DEFAULT);
+			chkmail(0);
+			flushout(&output);
+		}
+		n = parsecmd(inter);
+		/* showtree(n); DEBUG */
+		if (n == NEOF) {
+			if (!top || numeof >= 50)
+				break;
+			if (!stoppedjobs()) {
+				if (!Iflag)
+					break;
+				out2fmt_flush("\nUse \"exit\" to leave shell.\n");
+			}
+			numeof++;
+		} else if (n != NULL && nflag == 0) {
+			job_warning = (job_warning == 2) ? 1 : 0;
+			numeof = 0;
+			evaltree(n, 0);
+		}
+		popstackmark(&smark);
+		setstackmark(&smark);
+		if (evalskip != 0) {
+			if (evalskip == SKIPRETURN)
+				evalskip = 0;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	popstackmark(&smark);
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Read /etc/profile or .profile.  Return on error.
+ */
+
+static void
+read_profile(const char *name)
+{
+	int fd;
+	const char *expandedname;
+
+	expandedname = expandstr(name);
+	if (expandedname == NULL)
+		return;
+	INTOFF;
+	if ((fd = open(expandedname, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC)) >= 0)
+		setinputfd(fd, 1);
+	INTON;
+	if (fd < 0)
+		return;
+	cmdloop(0);
+	popfile();
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Read a file containing shell functions.
+ */
+
+void
+readcmdfile(const char *name)
+{
+	setinputfile(name, 1);
+	cmdloop(0);
+	popfile();
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Take commands from a file.  To be compatible we should do a path
+ * search for the file, which is necessary to find sub-commands.
+ */
+
+
+static char *
+find_dot_file(char *basename)
+{
+	char *fullname;
+	const char *opt;
+	const char *path = pathval();
+	struct stat statb;
+
+	/* don't try this for absolute or relative paths */
+	if( strchr(basename, '/'))
+		return basename;
+
+	while ((fullname = padvance(&path, &opt, basename)) != NULL) {
+		if ((stat(fullname, &statb) == 0) && S_ISREG(statb.st_mode)) {
+			/*
+			 * Don't bother freeing here, since it will
+			 * be freed by the caller.
+			 */
+			return fullname;
+		}
+		stunalloc(fullname);
+	}
+	return basename;
+}
+
+int
+dotcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	char *filename, *fullname;
+
+	if (argc < 2)
+		error("missing filename");
+
+	exitstatus = 0;
+
+	/*
+	 * Because we have historically not supported any options,
+	 * only treat "--" specially.
+	 */
+	filename = argc > 2 && strcmp(argv[1], "--") == 0 ? argv[2] : argv[1];
+
+	fullname = find_dot_file(filename);
+	setinputfile(fullname, 1);
+	commandname = fullname;
+	cmdloop(0);
+	popfile();
+	return exitstatus;
+}
+
+
+int
+exitcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	if (stoppedjobs())
+		return 0;
+	iflag = 0;
+	optschanged();
+	if (argc > 1)
+		exitshell(number(argv[1]));
+	else
+		exitshell_savedstatus();
+}
diff --git a/bin/1sh/main.h b/bin/1sh/main.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..329a5c8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/main.h
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/*-
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)main.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ * $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/main.h 326025 2017-11-20 19:49:47Z pfg $
+ */
+
+extern int rootpid;	/* pid of main shell */
+extern int rootshell;	/* true if we aren't a child of the main shell */
+extern struct jmploc main_handler;	/* top level exception handler */
+
+void readcmdfile(const char *);
diff --git a/bin/1sh/memalloc.c b/bin/1sh/memalloc.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c53521ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/memalloc.c
@@ -0,0 +1,344 @@
+/*-
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef lint
+#if 0
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)memalloc.c	8.3 (Berkeley) 5/4/95";
+#endif
+#endif /* not lint */
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+/* $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/memalloc.c 326025 2017-11-20 19:49:47Z pfg $ */
+
+#include <sys/param.h>
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+#include "expand.h"
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+/*
+ * Like malloc, but returns an error when out of space.
+ */
+
+pointer
+ckmalloc(size_t nbytes)
+{
+	pointer p;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	p = malloc(nbytes);
+	INTON;
+	if (p == NULL)
+		error("Out of space");
+	return p;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Same for realloc.
+ */
+
+pointer
+ckrealloc(pointer p, int nbytes)
+{
+	INTOFF;
+	p = realloc(p, nbytes);
+	INTON;
+	if (p == NULL)
+		error("Out of space");
+	return p;
+}
+
+void
+ckfree(pointer p)
+{
+	INTOFF;
+	free(p);
+	INTON;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Make a copy of a string in safe storage.
+ */
+
+char *
+savestr(const char *s)
+{
+	char *p;
+	size_t len;
+
+	len = strlen(s);
+	p = ckmalloc(len + 1);
+	memcpy(p, s, len + 1);
+	return p;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Parse trees for commands are allocated in lifo order, so we use a stack
+ * to make this more efficient, and also to avoid all sorts of exception
+ * handling code to handle interrupts in the middle of a parse.
+ *
+ * The size 496 was chosen because with 16-byte alignment the total size
+ * for the allocated block is 512.
+ */
+
+#define MINSIZE 496		/* minimum size of a block. */
+
+
+struct stack_block {
+	struct stack_block *prev;
+	/* Data follows */
+};
+#define SPACE(sp)	((char*)(sp) + ALIGN(sizeof(struct stack_block)))
+
+static struct stack_block *stackp;
+char *stacknxt;
+int stacknleft;
+char *sstrend;
+
+
+static void
+stnewblock(int nbytes)
+{
+	struct stack_block *sp;
+	int allocsize;
+
+	if (nbytes < MINSIZE)
+		nbytes = MINSIZE;
+
+	allocsize = ALIGN(sizeof(struct stack_block)) + ALIGN(nbytes);
+
+	INTOFF;
+	sp = ckmalloc(allocsize);
+	sp->prev = stackp;
+	stacknxt = SPACE(sp);
+	stacknleft = allocsize - (stacknxt - (char*)sp);
+	sstrend = stacknxt + stacknleft;
+	stackp = sp;
+	INTON;
+}
+
+
+pointer
+stalloc(int nbytes)
+{
+	char *p;
+
+	nbytes = ALIGN(nbytes);
+	if (nbytes > stacknleft)
+		stnewblock(nbytes);
+	p = stacknxt;
+	stacknxt += nbytes;
+	stacknleft -= nbytes;
+	return p;
+}
+
+
+void
+stunalloc(pointer p)
+{
+	if (p == NULL) {		/*DEBUG */
+		write(STDERR_FILENO, "stunalloc\n", 10);
+		abort();
+	}
+	stacknleft += stacknxt - (char *)p;
+	stacknxt = p;
+}
+
+
+char *
+stsavestr(const char *s)
+{
+	char *p;
+	size_t len;
+
+	len = strlen(s);
+	p = stalloc(len + 1);
+	memcpy(p, s, len + 1);
+	return p;
+}
+
+
+void
+setstackmark(struct stackmark *mark)
+{
+	mark->stackp = stackp;
+	mark->stacknxt = stacknxt;
+	mark->stacknleft = stacknleft;
+	/* Ensure this block stays in place. */
+	if (stackp != NULL && stacknxt == SPACE(stackp))
+		stalloc(1);
+}
+
+
+void
+popstackmark(struct stackmark *mark)
+{
+	struct stack_block *sp;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	while (stackp != mark->stackp) {
+		sp = stackp;
+		stackp = sp->prev;
+		ckfree(sp);
+	}
+	stacknxt = mark->stacknxt;
+	stacknleft = mark->stacknleft;
+	sstrend = stacknxt + stacknleft;
+	INTON;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * When the parser reads in a string, it wants to stick the string on the
+ * stack and only adjust the stack pointer when it knows how big the
+ * string is.  Stackblock (defined in stack.h) returns a pointer to a block
+ * of space on top of the stack and stackblocklen returns the length of
+ * this block.  Growstackblock will grow this space by at least one byte,
+ * possibly moving it (like realloc).  Grabstackblock actually allocates the
+ * part of the block that has been used.
+ */
+
+static void
+growstackblock(int min)
+{
+	char *p;
+	int newlen;
+	char *oldspace;
+	int oldlen;
+	struct stack_block *sp;
+	struct stack_block *oldstackp;
+
+	if (min < stacknleft)
+		min = stacknleft;
+	if ((unsigned int)min >=
+	    INT_MAX / 2 - ALIGN(sizeof(struct stack_block)))
+		error("Out of space");
+	min += stacknleft;
+	min += ALIGN(sizeof(struct stack_block));
+	newlen = 512;
+	while (newlen < min)
+		newlen <<= 1;
+	oldspace = stacknxt;
+	oldlen = stacknleft;
+
+	if (stackp != NULL && stacknxt == SPACE(stackp)) {
+		INTOFF;
+		oldstackp = stackp;
+		stackp = oldstackp->prev;
+		sp = ckrealloc((pointer)oldstackp, newlen);
+		sp->prev = stackp;
+		stackp = sp;
+		stacknxt = SPACE(sp);
+		stacknleft = newlen - (stacknxt - (char*)sp);
+		sstrend = stacknxt + stacknleft;
+		INTON;
+	} else {
+		newlen -= ALIGN(sizeof(struct stack_block));
+		p = stalloc(newlen);
+		if (oldlen != 0)
+			memcpy(p, oldspace, oldlen);
+		stunalloc(p);
+	}
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * The following routines are somewhat easier to use that the above.
+ * The user declares a variable of type STACKSTR, which may be declared
+ * to be a register.  The macro STARTSTACKSTR initializes things.  Then
+ * the user uses the macro STPUTC to add characters to the string.  In
+ * effect, STPUTC(c, p) is the same as *p++ = c except that the stack is
+ * grown as necessary.  When the user is done, she can just leave the
+ * string there and refer to it using stackblock().  Or she can allocate
+ * the space for it using grabstackstr().  If it is necessary to allow
+ * someone else to use the stack temporarily and then continue to grow
+ * the string, the user should use grabstack to allocate the space, and
+ * then call ungrabstr(p) to return to the previous mode of operation.
+ *
+ * USTPUTC is like STPUTC except that it doesn't check for overflow.
+ * CHECKSTACKSPACE can be called before USTPUTC to ensure that there
+ * is space for at least one character.
+ */
+
+static char *
+growstrstackblock(int n, int min)
+{
+	growstackblock(min);
+	return stackblock() + n;
+}
+
+char *
+growstackstr(void)
+{
+	int len;
+
+	len = stackblocksize();
+	return (growstrstackblock(len, 0));
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Called from CHECKSTRSPACE.
+ */
+
+char *
+makestrspace(int min, char *p)
+{
+	int len;
+
+	len = p - stackblock();
+	return (growstrstackblock(len, min));
+}
+
+
+char *
+stputbin(const char *data, size_t len, char *p)
+{
+	CHECKSTRSPACE(len, p);
+	memcpy(p, data, len);
+	return (p + len);
+}
+
+char *
+stputs(const char *data, char *p)
+{
+	return (stputbin(data, strlen(data), p));
+}
diff --git a/bin/1sh/memalloc.h b/bin/1sh/memalloc.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f3acc03d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/memalloc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+/*-
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)memalloc.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ * $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/memalloc.h 326025 2017-11-20 19:49:47Z pfg $
+ */
+
+#include <string.h>
+
+struct stackmark {
+	struct stack_block *stackp;
+	char *stacknxt;
+	int stacknleft;
+};
+
+
+extern char *stacknxt;
+extern int stacknleft;
+extern char *sstrend;
+
+pointer ckmalloc(size_t);
+pointer ckrealloc(pointer, int);
+void ckfree(pointer);
+char *savestr(const char *);
+pointer stalloc(int);
+void stunalloc(pointer);
+char *stsavestr(const char *);
+void setstackmark(struct stackmark *);
+void popstackmark(struct stackmark *);
+char *growstackstr(void);
+char *makestrspace(int, char *);
+char *stputbin(const char *data, size_t len, char *p);
+char *stputs(const char *data, char *p);
+
+
+
+#define stackblock() stacknxt
+#define stackblocksize() stacknleft
+#define grabstackblock(n) stalloc(n)
+#define STARTSTACKSTR(p)	p = stackblock()
+#define STPUTC(c, p)	do { if (p == sstrend) p = growstackstr(); *p++ = (c); } while(0)
+#define CHECKSTRSPACE(n, p)	{ if ((size_t)(sstrend - p) < n) p = makestrspace(n, p); }
+#define USTPUTC(c, p)	(*p++ = (c))
+/*
+ * STACKSTRNUL's use is where we want to be able to turn a stack
+ * (non-sentinel, character counting string) into a C string,
+ * and later pretend the NUL is not there.
+ * Note: Because of STACKSTRNUL's semantics, STACKSTRNUL cannot be used
+ * on a stack that will grabstackstr()ed.
+ */
+#define STACKSTRNUL(p)	(p == sstrend ? (p = growstackstr(), *p = '\0') : (*p = '\0'))
+#define STUNPUTC(p)	(--p)
+#define STTOPC(p)	p[-1]
+#define STADJUST(amount, p)	(p += (amount))
+#define grabstackstr(p)	stalloc((char *)p - stackblock())
+#define ungrabstackstr(s, p)	stunalloc((s))
+#define STPUTBIN(s, len, p)	p = stputbin((s), (len), p)
+#define STPUTS(s, p)	p = stputs((s), p)
diff --git a/bin/1sh/miscbltin.c b/bin/1sh/miscbltin.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..66329850
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/miscbltin.c
@@ -0,0 +1,534 @@
+/*-
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef lint
+#if 0
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)miscbltin.c	8.4 (Berkeley) 5/4/95";
+#endif
+#endif /* not lint */
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+/* $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/miscbltin.c 326025 2017-11-20 19:49:47Z pfg $ */
+
+/*
+ * Miscellaneous builtins.
+ */
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <sys/resource.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "options.h"
+#include "var.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+#include "syntax.h"
+#include "trap.h"
+
+#undef eflag
+
+int readcmd(int, char **);
+int umaskcmd(int, char **);
+int ulimitcmd(int, char **);
+
+/*
+ * The read builtin.  The -r option causes backslashes to be treated like
+ * ordinary characters.
+ *
+ * This uses unbuffered input, which may be avoidable in some cases.
+ *
+ * Note that if IFS=' :' then read x y should work so that:
+ * 'a b'	x='a', y='b'
+ * ' a b '	x='a', y='b'
+ * ':b'		x='',  y='b'
+ * ':'		x='',  y=''
+ * '::'		x='',  y=''
+ * ': :'	x='',  y=''
+ * ':::'	x='',  y='::'
+ * ':b c:'	x='',  y='b c:'
+ */
+
+int
+readcmd(int argc __unused, char **argv __unused)
+{
+	char **ap;
+	int backslash;
+	char c;
+	int rflag;
+	char *prompt;
+	const char *ifs;
+	char *p;
+	int startword;
+	int status;
+	int i;
+	int is_ifs;
+	int saveall = 0;
+	ptrdiff_t lastnonifs, lastnonifsws;
+	struct timeval tv;
+	char *tvptr;
+	fd_set ifds;
+	ssize_t nread;
+	int sig;
+
+	rflag = 0;
+	prompt = NULL;
+	tv.tv_sec = -1;
+	tv.tv_usec = 0;
+	while ((i = nextopt("erp:t:")) != '\0') {
+		switch(i) {
+		case 'p':
+			prompt = shoptarg;
+			break;
+		case 'e':
+			break;
+		case 'r':
+			rflag = 1;
+			break;
+		case 't':
+			tv.tv_sec = strtol(shoptarg, &tvptr, 0);
+			if (tvptr == shoptarg)
+				error("timeout value");
+			switch(*tvptr) {
+			case 0:
+			case 's':
+				break;
+			case 'h':
+				tv.tv_sec *= 60;
+				/* FALLTHROUGH */
+			case 'm':
+				tv.tv_sec *= 60;
+				break;
+			default:
+				error("timeout unit");
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (prompt && isatty(0)) {
+		out2str(prompt);
+		flushall();
+	}
+	if (*(ap = argptr) == NULL)
+		error("arg count");
+	if ((ifs = bltinlookup("IFS", 1)) == NULL)
+		ifs = " \t\n";
+
+	if (tv.tv_sec >= 0) {
+		/*
+		 * Wait for something to become available.
+		 */
+		FD_ZERO(&ifds);
+		FD_SET(0, &ifds);
+		status = select(1, &ifds, NULL, NULL, &tv);
+		/*
+		 * If there's nothing ready, return an error.
+		 */
+		if (status <= 0) {
+			sig = pendingsig;
+			return (128 + (sig != 0 ? sig : SIGALRM));
+		}
+	}
+
+	status = 0;
+	startword = 2;
+	backslash = 0;
+	STARTSTACKSTR(p);
+	lastnonifs = lastnonifsws = -1;
+	for (;;) {
+		nread = read(STDIN_FILENO, &c, 1);
+		if (nread == -1) {
+			if (errno == EINTR) {
+				sig = pendingsig;
+				if (sig == 0)
+					continue;
+				status = 128 + sig;
+				break;
+			}
+			warning("read error: %s", strerror(errno));
+			status = 2;
+			break;
+		} else if (nread != 1) {
+			status = 1;
+			break;
+		}
+		if (c == '\0')
+			continue;
+		CHECKSTRSPACE(1, p);
+		if (backslash) {
+			backslash = 0;
+			if (c != '\n') {
+				startword = 0;
+				lastnonifs = lastnonifsws = p - stackblock();
+				USTPUTC(c, p);
+			}
+			continue;
+		}
+		if (!rflag && c == '\\') {
+			backslash++;
+			continue;
+		}
+		if (c == '\n')
+			break;
+		if (strchr(ifs, c))
+			is_ifs = strchr(" \t\n", c) ? 1 : 2;
+		else
+			is_ifs = 0;
+
+		if (startword != 0) {
+			if (is_ifs == 1) {
+				/* Ignore leading IFS whitespace */
+				if (saveall)
+					USTPUTC(c, p);
+				continue;
+			}
+			if (is_ifs == 2 && startword == 1) {
+				/* Only one non-whitespace IFS per word */
+				startword = 2;
+				if (saveall) {
+					lastnonifsws = p - stackblock();
+					USTPUTC(c, p);
+				}
+				continue;
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (is_ifs == 0) {
+			/* append this character to the current variable */
+			startword = 0;
+			if (saveall)
+				/* Not just a spare terminator */
+				saveall++;
+			lastnonifs = lastnonifsws = p - stackblock();
+			USTPUTC(c, p);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		/* end of variable... */
+		startword = is_ifs;
+
+		if (ap[1] == NULL) {
+			/* Last variable needs all IFS chars */
+			saveall++;
+			if (is_ifs == 2)
+				lastnonifsws = p - stackblock();
+			USTPUTC(c, p);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		STACKSTRNUL(p);
+		setvar(*ap, stackblock(), 0);
+		ap++;
+		STARTSTACKSTR(p);
+		lastnonifs = lastnonifsws = -1;
+	}
+	STACKSTRNUL(p);
+
+	/*
+	 * Remove trailing IFS chars: always remove whitespace, don't remove
+	 * non-whitespace unless it was naked
+	 */
+	if (saveall <= 1)
+		lastnonifsws = lastnonifs;
+	stackblock()[lastnonifsws + 1] = '\0';
+	setvar(*ap, stackblock(), 0);
+
+	/* Set any remaining args to "" */
+	while (*++ap != NULL)
+		setvar(*ap, "", 0);
+	return status;
+}
+
+
+
+int
+umaskcmd(int argc __unused, char **argv __unused)
+{
+	char *ap;
+	int mask;
+	int i;
+	int symbolic_mode = 0;
+
+	while ((i = nextopt("S")) != '\0') {
+		symbolic_mode = 1;
+	}
+
+	INTOFF;
+	mask = umask(0);
+	umask(mask);
+	INTON;
+
+	if ((ap = *argptr) == NULL) {
+		if (symbolic_mode) {
+			char u[4], g[4], o[4];
+
+			i = 0;
+			if ((mask & S_IRUSR) == 0)
+				u[i++] = 'r';
+			if ((mask & S_IWUSR) == 0)
+				u[i++] = 'w';
+			if ((mask & S_IXUSR) == 0)
+				u[i++] = 'x';
+			u[i] = '\0';
+
+			i = 0;
+			if ((mask & S_IRGRP) == 0)
+				g[i++] = 'r';
+			if ((mask & S_IWGRP) == 0)
+				g[i++] = 'w';
+			if ((mask & S_IXGRP) == 0)
+				g[i++] = 'x';
+			g[i] = '\0';
+
+			i = 0;
+			if ((mask & S_IROTH) == 0)
+				o[i++] = 'r';
+			if ((mask & S_IWOTH) == 0)
+				o[i++] = 'w';
+			if ((mask & S_IXOTH) == 0)
+				o[i++] = 'x';
+			o[i] = '\0';
+
+			out1fmt("u=%s,g=%s,o=%s\n", u, g, o);
+		} else {
+			out1fmt("%.4o\n", mask);
+		}
+	} else {
+		if (is_digit(*ap)) {
+			mask = 0;
+			do {
+				if (*ap >= '8' || *ap < '0')
+					error("Illegal number: %s", *argptr);
+				mask = (mask << 3) + (*ap - '0');
+			} while (*++ap != '\0');
+			umask(mask);
+		} else {
+			void *set;
+			INTOFF;
+			if ((set = setmode (ap)) == NULL)
+				error("Illegal number: %s", ap);
+
+			mask = getmode (set, ~mask & 0777);
+			umask(~mask & 0777);
+			free(set);
+			INTON;
+		}
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * ulimit builtin
+ *
+ * This code, originally by Doug Gwyn, Doug Kingston, Eric Gisin, and
+ * Michael Rendell was ripped from pdksh 5.0.8 and hacked for use with
+ * ash by J.T. Conklin.
+ *
+ * Public domain.
+ */
+
+struct limits {
+	const char *name;
+	const char *units;
+	int	cmd;
+	short	factor;	/* multiply by to get rlim_{cur,max} values */
+	char	option;
+};
+
+static const struct limits limits[] = {
+#ifdef RLIMIT_CPU
+	{ "cpu time",		"seconds",	RLIMIT_CPU,	   1, 't' },
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_FSIZE
+	{ "file size",		"512-blocks",	RLIMIT_FSIZE,	 512, 'f' },
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_DATA
+	{ "data seg size",	"kbytes",	RLIMIT_DATA,	1024, 'd' },
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_STACK
+	{ "stack size",		"kbytes",	RLIMIT_STACK,	1024, 's' },
+#endif
+#ifdef  RLIMIT_CORE
+	{ "core file size",	"512-blocks",	RLIMIT_CORE,	 512, 'c' },
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_RSS
+	{ "max memory size",	"kbytes",	RLIMIT_RSS,	1024, 'm' },
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_MEMLOCK
+	{ "locked memory",	"kbytes",	RLIMIT_MEMLOCK, 1024, 'l' },
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_NPROC
+	{ "max user processes",	(char *)0,	RLIMIT_NPROC,      1, 'u' },
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_NOFILE
+	{ "open files",		(char *)0,	RLIMIT_NOFILE,     1, 'n' },
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_VMEM
+	{ "virtual mem size",	"kbytes",	RLIMIT_VMEM,	1024, 'v' },
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_SWAP
+	{ "swap limit",		"kbytes",	RLIMIT_SWAP,	1024, 'w' },
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_SBSIZE
+	{ "socket buffer size",	"bytes",	RLIMIT_SBSIZE,	   1, 'b' },
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_NPTS
+	{ "pseudo-terminals",	(char *)0,	RLIMIT_NPTS,	   1, 'p' },
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_KQUEUES
+	{ "kqueues",		(char *)0,	RLIMIT_KQUEUES,	   1, 'k' },
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_UMTXP
+	{ "umtx shared locks",	(char *)0,	RLIMIT_UMTXP,	   1, 'o' },
+#endif
+	{ (char *) 0,		(char *)0,	0,		   0, '\0' }
+};
+
+enum limithow { SOFT = 0x1, HARD = 0x2 };
+
+static void
+printlimit(enum limithow how, const struct rlimit *limit,
+    const struct limits *l)
+{
+	rlim_t val = 0;
+
+	if (how & SOFT)
+		val = limit->rlim_cur;
+	else if (how & HARD)
+		val = limit->rlim_max;
+	if (val == RLIM_INFINITY)
+		out1str("unlimited\n");
+	else
+	{
+		val /= l->factor;
+		out1fmt("%jd\n", (intmax_t)val);
+	}
+}
+
+int
+ulimitcmd(int argc __unused, char **argv __unused)
+{
+	rlim_t val = 0;
+	enum limithow how = SOFT | HARD;
+	const struct limits	*l;
+	int		set, all = 0;
+	int		optc, what;
+	struct rlimit	limit;
+
+	what = 'f';
+	while ((optc = nextopt("HSatfdsmcnuvlbpwko")) != '\0')
+		switch (optc) {
+		case 'H':
+			how = HARD;
+			break;
+		case 'S':
+			how = SOFT;
+			break;
+		case 'a':
+			all = 1;
+			break;
+		default:
+			what = optc;
+		}
+
+	for (l = limits; l->name && l->option != what; l++)
+		;
+	if (!l->name)
+		error("internal error (%c)", what);
+
+	set = *argptr ? 1 : 0;
+	if (set) {
+		char *p = *argptr;
+
+		if (all || argptr[1])
+			error("too many arguments");
+		if (strcmp(p, "unlimited") == 0)
+			val = RLIM_INFINITY;
+		else {
+			char *end;
+			uintmax_t uval;
+
+			if (*p < '0' || *p > '9')
+				error("bad number");
+			errno = 0;
+			uval = strtoumax(p, &end, 10);
+			if (errno != 0 || *end != '\0')
+				error("bad number");
+			if (uval > UINTMAX_MAX / l->factor)
+				error("bad number");
+			uval *= l->factor;
+			val = (rlim_t)uval;
+			if (val < 0 || (uintmax_t)val != uval ||
+			    val == RLIM_INFINITY)
+				error("bad number");
+		}
+	}
+	if (all) {
+		for (l = limits; l->name; l++) {
+			char optbuf[40];
+			if (getrlimit(l->cmd, &limit) < 0)
+				error("can't get limit: %s", strerror(errno));
+
+			if (l->units)
+				snprintf(optbuf, sizeof(optbuf),
+					"(%s, -%c) ", l->units, l->option);
+			else
+				snprintf(optbuf, sizeof(optbuf),
+					"(-%c) ", l->option);
+			out1fmt("%-18s %18s ", l->name, optbuf);
+			printlimit(how, &limit, l);
+		}
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	if (getrlimit(l->cmd, &limit) < 0)
+		error("can't get limit: %s", strerror(errno));
+	if (set) {
+		if (how & SOFT)
+			limit.rlim_cur = val;
+		if (how & HARD)
+			limit.rlim_max = val;
+		if (setrlimit(l->cmd, &limit) < 0)
+			error("bad limit: %s", strerror(errno));
+	} else
+		printlimit(how, &limit, l);
+	return 0;
+}
diff --git a/bin/1sh/mkbuiltins b/bin/1sh/mkbuiltins
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..cbcf0ec1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/mkbuiltins
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+#!/bin/sh -
+
+#-
+# Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+#	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+#
+# This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+# Kenneth Almquist.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+# are met:
+# 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+# 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+#    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+# 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+#    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+#    without specific prior written permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+# ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+# ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+# FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+# DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+# OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+# HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+# LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+# OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+# SUCH DAMAGE.
+#
+#	@(#)mkbuiltins	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+# $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/mkbuiltins 328934 2018-02-06 15:41:35Z arichardson $
+
+temp=`mktemp`
+havehist=1
+if [ "X$1" = "X-h" ]; then
+	havehist=0
+	shift
+fi
+srcdir=$1
+havejobs=0
+if grep '^#define[	 ]*JOBS[	 ]*1' $srcdir/shell.h > /dev/null
+then	havejobs=1
+fi
+exec > builtins.c
+cat <<\!
+/*
+ * This file was generated by the mkbuiltins program.
+ */
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "builtins.h"
+
+!
+awk '/^[^#]/ {if(('$havejobs' || $2 != "-j") && ('$havehist' || $2 != "-h")) \
+    print $0}' $srcdir/builtins.def | sed 's/-[hj]//' > $temp
+echo 'int (*const builtinfunc[])(int, char **) = {'
+awk '/^[^#]/ {	printf "\t%s,\n", $1}' $temp
+echo '};
+
+const unsigned char builtincmd[] = {'
+awk '{	for (i = 2 ; i <= NF ; i++) {
+		if ($i == "-s") {
+			spc = 1;
+		} else if ($i == "-n") {
+			# Handled later for builtins.h
+			continue
+		} else {
+			printf "\t\"\\%03o\\%03o%s\"\n", length($i), (spc ? 128 : 0) + NR-1, $i
+			spc = 0;
+		}
+	}}' $temp
+echo '};'
+
+exec > builtins.h
+cat <<\!
+/*
+ * This file was generated by the mkbuiltins program.
+ */
+
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+!
+tr abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ < $temp |
+	awk '{	printf "#define %s %d\n", $1, NR-1}'
+echo '
+#define BUILTIN_SPECIAL 0x80
+
+extern int (*const builtinfunc[])(int, char **);
+extern const unsigned char builtincmd[];
+'
+awk '{	printf "int %s(int, char **);\n", $1}' $temp
+
+# Build safe_builtin_always()
+cat <<EOF
+
+static inline int
+safe_builtin_always(int idx)
+{
+EOF
+awk '
+BEGIN { printed = 0 }
+{
+	for (i = 2 ; i <= NF ; i++) {
+		if ($i == "-s") {
+			continue
+		} else if ($i == "-n") {
+			nofork = 1;
+		} else {
+			if (nofork == 0) {
+				continue
+			}
+			if (printed == 1) {
+				printf " || \n\t    "
+			} else {
+				printf "\tif ("
+			}
+			printf "idx == " toupper($1)
+			printed = 1
+			nofork = 0;
+			# Only need to check each once
+			break
+		}
+	}
+}' $temp
+
+cat << EOF
+)
+		return (1);
+	return(0);
+}
+EOF
+
+rm -f $temp
diff --git a/bin/1sh/mknodes.c b/bin/1sh/mknodes.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9ec4dfbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/mknodes.c
@@ -0,0 +1,461 @@
+/*-
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#if 0
+#ifndef lint
+static char const copyright[] =
+"@(#) Copyright (c) 1991, 1993\n\
+	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.\n";
+#endif /* not lint */
+
+#ifndef lint
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)mknodes.c	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95";
+#endif /* not lint */
+#endif
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+/* $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/mknodes.c 326025 2017-11-20 19:49:47Z pfg $ */
+
+/*
+ * This program reads the nodetypes file and nodes.c.pat file.  It generates
+ * the files nodes.h and nodes.c.
+ */
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+
+#define MAXTYPES 50		/* max number of node types */
+#define MAXFIELDS 20		/* max fields in a structure */
+#define BUFLEN 100		/* size of character buffers */
+
+/* field types */
+#define T_NODE 1		/* union node *field */
+#define T_NODELIST 2		/* struct nodelist *field */
+#define T_STRING 3
+#define T_INT 4			/* int field */
+#define T_OTHER 5		/* other */
+#define T_TEMP 6		/* don't copy this field */
+
+
+struct field {			/* a structure field */
+	char *name;		/* name of field */
+	int type;			/* type of field */
+	char *decl;		/* declaration of field */
+};
+
+
+struct str {			/* struct representing a node structure */
+	char *tag;		/* structure tag */
+	int nfields;		/* number of fields in the structure */
+	struct field field[MAXFIELDS];	/* the fields of the structure */
+	int done;			/* set if fully parsed */
+};
+
+
+static int ntypes;			/* number of node types */
+static char *nodename[MAXTYPES];	/* names of the nodes */
+static struct str *nodestr[MAXTYPES];	/* type of structure used by the node */
+static int nstr;			/* number of structures */
+static struct str str[MAXTYPES];	/* the structures */
+static struct str *curstr;		/* current structure */
+static char line[1024];
+static int linno;
+static char *linep;
+
+static void parsenode(void);
+static void parsefield(void);
+static void output(char *);
+static void outsizes(FILE *);
+static void outfunc(FILE *, int);
+static void indent(int, FILE *);
+static int nextfield(char *);
+static void skipbl(void);
+static int readline(FILE *);
+static void error(const char *, ...) __attribute__((format(printf, 1, 2))) __attribute__((noreturn));
+static char *savestr(const char *);
+
+
+int
+main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+	FILE *infp;
+
+	if (argc != 3)
+		error("usage: mknodes file");
+	if ((infp = fopen(argv[1], "r")) == NULL)
+		error("Can't open %s: %s", argv[1], strerror(errno));
+	while (readline(infp)) {
+		if (line[0] == ' ' || line[0] == '\t')
+			parsefield();
+		else if (line[0] != '\0')
+			parsenode();
+	}
+	fclose(infp);
+	output(argv[2]);
+	exit(0);
+}
+
+
+
+static void
+parsenode(void)
+{
+	char name[BUFLEN];
+	char tag[BUFLEN];
+	struct str *sp;
+
+	if (curstr && curstr->nfields > 0)
+		curstr->done = 1;
+	nextfield(name);
+	if (! nextfield(tag))
+		error("Tag expected");
+	if (*linep != '\0')
+		error("Garbage at end of line");
+	nodename[ntypes] = savestr(name);
+	for (sp = str ; sp < str + nstr ; sp++) {
+		if (strcmp(sp->tag, tag) == 0)
+			break;
+	}
+	if (sp >= str + nstr) {
+		sp->tag = savestr(tag);
+		sp->nfields = 0;
+		curstr = sp;
+		nstr++;
+	}
+	nodestr[ntypes] = sp;
+	ntypes++;
+}
+
+
+static void
+parsefield(void)
+{
+	char name[BUFLEN];
+	char type[BUFLEN];
+	char decl[2 * BUFLEN];
+	struct field *fp;
+
+	if (curstr == NULL || curstr->done)
+		error("No current structure to add field to");
+	if (! nextfield(name))
+		error("No field name");
+	if (! nextfield(type))
+		error("No field type");
+	fp = &curstr->field[curstr->nfields];
+	fp->name = savestr(name);
+	if (strcmp(type, "nodeptr") == 0) {
+		fp->type = T_NODE;
+		sprintf(decl, "union node *%s", name);
+	} else if (strcmp(type, "nodelist") == 0) {
+		fp->type = T_NODELIST;
+		sprintf(decl, "struct nodelist *%s", name);
+	} else if (strcmp(type, "string") == 0) {
+		fp->type = T_STRING;
+		sprintf(decl, "char *%s", name);
+	} else if (strcmp(type, "int") == 0) {
+		fp->type = T_INT;
+		sprintf(decl, "int %s", name);
+	} else if (strcmp(type, "other") == 0) {
+		fp->type = T_OTHER;
+	} else if (strcmp(type, "temp") == 0) {
+		fp->type = T_TEMP;
+	} else {
+		error("Unknown type %s", type);
+	}
+	if (fp->type == T_OTHER || fp->type == T_TEMP) {
+		skipbl();
+		fp->decl = savestr(linep);
+	} else {
+		if (*linep)
+			error("Garbage at end of line");
+		fp->decl = savestr(decl);
+	}
+	curstr->nfields++;
+}
+
+
+static const char writer[] = "\
+/*\n\
+ * This file was generated by the mknodes program.\n\
+ */\n\
+\n";
+
+static void
+output(char *file)
+{
+	FILE *hfile;
+	FILE *cfile;
+	FILE *patfile;
+	int i;
+	struct str *sp;
+	struct field *fp;
+	char *p;
+
+	if ((patfile = fopen(file, "r")) == NULL)
+		error("Can't open %s: %s", file, strerror(errno));
+	if ((hfile = fopen("nodes.h", "w")) == NULL)
+		error("Can't create nodes.h: %s", strerror(errno));
+	if ((cfile = fopen("nodes.c", "w")) == NULL)
+		error("Can't create nodes.c");
+	fputs(writer, hfile);
+	for (i = 0 ; i < ntypes ; i++)
+		fprintf(hfile, "#define %s %d\n", nodename[i], i);
+	fputs("\n\n\n", hfile);
+	for (sp = str ; sp < &str[nstr] ; sp++) {
+		fprintf(hfile, "struct %s {\n", sp->tag);
+		for (i = sp->nfields, fp = sp->field ; --i >= 0 ; fp++) {
+			fprintf(hfile, "      %s;\n", fp->decl);
+		}
+		fputs("};\n\n\n", hfile);
+	}
+	fputs("union node {\n", hfile);
+	fprintf(hfile, "      int type;\n");
+	for (sp = str ; sp < &str[nstr] ; sp++) {
+		fprintf(hfile, "      struct %s %s;\n", sp->tag, sp->tag);
+	}
+	fputs("};\n\n\n", hfile);
+	fputs("struct nodelist {\n", hfile);
+	fputs("\tstruct nodelist *next;\n", hfile);
+	fputs("\tunion node *n;\n", hfile);
+	fputs("};\n\n\n", hfile);
+	fputs("struct funcdef;\n", hfile);
+	fputs("struct funcdef *copyfunc(union node *);\n", hfile);
+	fputs("union node *getfuncnode(struct funcdef *);\n", hfile);
+	fputs("void reffunc(struct funcdef *);\n", hfile);
+	fputs("void unreffunc(struct funcdef *);\n", hfile);
+	if (ferror(hfile))
+		error("Can't write to nodes.h");
+	if (fclose(hfile))
+		error("Can't close nodes.h");
+
+	fputs(writer, cfile);
+	while (fgets(line, sizeof line, patfile) != NULL) {
+		for (p = line ; *p == ' ' || *p == '\t' ; p++);
+		if (strcmp(p, "%SIZES\n") == 0)
+			outsizes(cfile);
+		else if (strcmp(p, "%CALCSIZE\n") == 0)
+			outfunc(cfile, 1);
+		else if (strcmp(p, "%COPY\n") == 0)
+			outfunc(cfile, 0);
+		else
+			fputs(line, cfile);
+	}
+	fclose(patfile);
+	if (ferror(cfile))
+		error("Can't write to nodes.c");
+	if (fclose(cfile))
+		error("Can't close nodes.c");
+}
+
+
+
+static void
+outsizes(FILE *cfile)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	fprintf(cfile, "static const short nodesize[%d] = {\n", ntypes);
+	for (i = 0 ; i < ntypes ; i++) {
+		fprintf(cfile, "      ALIGN(sizeof (struct %s)),\n", nodestr[i]->tag);
+	}
+	fprintf(cfile, "};\n");
+}
+
+
+static void
+outfunc(FILE *cfile, int calcsize)
+{
+	struct str *sp;
+	struct field *fp;
+	int i;
+
+	fputs("      if (n == NULL)\n", cfile);
+	if (calcsize)
+		fputs("	    return;\n", cfile);
+	else
+		fputs("	    return NULL;\n", cfile);
+	if (calcsize)
+		fputs("      result->blocksize += nodesize[n->type];\n", cfile);
+	else {
+		fputs("      new = state->block;\n", cfile);
+		fputs("      state->block = (char *)state->block + nodesize[n->type];\n", cfile);
+	}
+	fputs("      switch (n->type) {\n", cfile);
+	for (sp = str ; sp < &str[nstr] ; sp++) {
+		for (i = 0 ; i < ntypes ; i++) {
+			if (nodestr[i] == sp)
+				fprintf(cfile, "      case %s:\n", nodename[i]);
+		}
+		for (i = sp->nfields ; --i >= 1 ; ) {
+			fp = &sp->field[i];
+			switch (fp->type) {
+			case T_NODE:
+				if (calcsize) {
+					indent(12, cfile);
+					fprintf(cfile, "calcsize(n->%s.%s, result);\n",
+						sp->tag, fp->name);
+				} else {
+					indent(12, cfile);
+					fprintf(cfile, "new->%s.%s = copynode(n->%s.%s, state);\n",
+						sp->tag, fp->name, sp->tag, fp->name);
+				}
+				break;
+			case T_NODELIST:
+				if (calcsize) {
+					indent(12, cfile);
+					fprintf(cfile, "sizenodelist(n->%s.%s, result);\n",
+						sp->tag, fp->name);
+				} else {
+					indent(12, cfile);
+					fprintf(cfile, "new->%s.%s = copynodelist(n->%s.%s, state);\n",
+						sp->tag, fp->name, sp->tag, fp->name);
+				}
+				break;
+			case T_STRING:
+				if (calcsize) {
+					indent(12, cfile);
+					fprintf(cfile, "result->stringsize += strlen(n->%s.%s) + 1;\n",
+						sp->tag, fp->name);
+				} else {
+					indent(12, cfile);
+					fprintf(cfile, "new->%s.%s = nodesavestr(n->%s.%s, state);\n",
+						sp->tag, fp->name, sp->tag, fp->name);
+				}
+				break;
+			case T_INT:
+			case T_OTHER:
+				if (! calcsize) {
+					indent(12, cfile);
+					fprintf(cfile, "new->%s.%s = n->%s.%s;\n",
+						sp->tag, fp->name, sp->tag, fp->name);
+				}
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+		indent(12, cfile);
+		fputs("break;\n", cfile);
+	}
+	fputs("      };\n", cfile);
+	if (! calcsize)
+		fputs("      new->type = n->type;\n", cfile);
+}
+
+
+static void
+indent(int amount, FILE *fp)
+{
+	while (amount >= 8) {
+		putc('\t', fp);
+		amount -= 8;
+	}
+	while (--amount >= 0) {
+		putc(' ', fp);
+	}
+}
+
+
+static int
+nextfield(char *buf)
+{
+	char *p, *q;
+
+	p = linep;
+	while (*p == ' ' || *p == '\t')
+		p++;
+	q = buf;
+	while (*p != ' ' && *p != '\t' && *p != '\0')
+		*q++ = *p++;
+	*q = '\0';
+	linep = p;
+	return (q > buf);
+}
+
+
+static void
+skipbl(void)
+{
+	while (*linep == ' ' || *linep == '\t')
+		linep++;
+}
+
+
+static int
+readline(FILE *infp)
+{
+	char *p;
+
+	if (fgets(line, 1024, infp) == NULL)
+		return 0;
+	for (p = line ; *p != '#' && *p != '\n' && *p != '\0' ; p++);
+	while (p > line && (p[-1] == ' ' || p[-1] == '\t'))
+		p--;
+	*p = '\0';
+	linep = line;
+	linno++;
+	if (p - line > BUFLEN)
+		error("Line too long");
+	return 1;
+}
+
+
+
+static void
+error(const char *msg, ...)
+{
+	va_list va;
+	va_start(va, msg);
+
+	(void) fprintf(stderr, "line %d: ", linno);
+	(void) vfprintf(stderr, msg, va);
+	(void) fputc('\n', stderr);
+
+	va_end(va);
+
+	exit(2);
+}
+
+
+
+static char *
+savestr(const char *s)
+{
+	char *p;
+
+	if ((p = malloc(strlen(s) + 1)) == NULL)
+		error("Out of space");
+	(void) strcpy(p, s);
+	return p;
+}
diff --git a/bin/1sh/mksyntax.c b/bin/1sh/mksyntax.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b61378a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/mksyntax.c
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+/*-
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#if 0
+#ifndef lint
+static char const copyright[] =
+"@(#) Copyright (c) 1991, 1993\n\
+	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.\n";
+#endif /* not lint */
+
+#ifndef lint
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)mksyntax.c	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95";
+#endif /* not lint */
+#endif
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+/* $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/mksyntax.c 334008 2018-05-21 21:52:48Z jilles $ */
+
+/*
+ * This program creates syntax.h and syntax.c.
+ */
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include "parser.h"
+
+
+struct synclass {
+	const char *name;
+	const char *comment;
+};
+
+/* Syntax classes */
+static const struct synclass synclass[] = {
+	{ "CWORD",	"character is nothing special" },
+	{ "CNL",	"newline character" },
+	{ "CQNL",	"newline character in quotes" },
+	{ "CBACK",	"a backslash character" },
+	{ "CSBACK",	"a backslash character in single quotes" },
+	{ "CSQUOTE",	"single quote" },
+	{ "CDQUOTE",	"double quote" },
+	{ "CENDQUOTE",	"a terminating quote" },
+	{ "CBQUOTE",	"backwards single quote" },
+	{ "CVAR",	"a dollar sign" },
+	{ "CENDVAR",	"a '}' character" },
+	{ "CLP",	"a left paren in arithmetic" },
+	{ "CRP",	"a right paren in arithmetic" },
+	{ "CEOF",	"end of file" },
+	{ "CCTL",	"like CWORD, except it must be escaped" },
+	{ "CSPCL",	"these terminate a word" },
+	{ "CIGN",       "character should be ignored" },
+	{ NULL,		NULL }
+};
+
+
+/*
+ * Syntax classes for is_ functions.  Warning:  if you add new classes
+ * you may have to change the definition of the is_in_name macro.
+ */
+static const struct synclass is_entry[] = {
+	{ "ISDIGIT",	"a digit" },
+	{ "ISUPPER",	"an upper case letter" },
+	{ "ISLOWER",	"a lower case letter" },
+	{ "ISUNDER",	"an underscore" },
+	{ "ISSPECL",	"the name of a special parameter" },
+	{ NULL, 	NULL }
+};
+
+static const char writer[] = "\
+/*\n\
+ * This file was generated by the mksyntax program.\n\
+ */\n\
+\n";
+
+
+static FILE *cfile;
+static FILE *hfile;
+
+static void add_default(void);
+static void finish(void);
+static void init(const char *);
+static void add(const char *, const char *);
+static void output_type_macros(void);
+
+int
+main(int argc __unused, char **argv __unused)
+{
+	int i;
+	char buf[80];
+	int pos;
+
+	/* Create output files */
+	if ((cfile = fopen("syntax.c", "w")) == NULL) {
+		perror("syntax.c");
+		exit(2);
+	}
+	if ((hfile = fopen("syntax.h", "w")) == NULL) {
+		perror("syntax.h");
+		exit(2);
+	}
+	fputs(writer, hfile);
+	fputs(writer, cfile);
+
+	fputs("#include <sys/cdefs.h>\n", hfile);
+	fputs("#include <limits.h>\n\n", hfile);
+
+	/* Generate the #define statements in the header file */
+	fputs("/* Syntax classes */\n", hfile);
+	for (i = 0 ; synclass[i].name ; i++) {
+		sprintf(buf, "#define %s %d", synclass[i].name, i);
+		fputs(buf, hfile);
+		for (pos = strlen(buf) ; pos < 32 ; pos = (pos + 8) & ~07)
+			putc('\t', hfile);
+		fprintf(hfile, "/* %s */\n", synclass[i].comment);
+	}
+	putc('\n', hfile);
+	fputs("/* Syntax classes for is_ functions */\n", hfile);
+	for (i = 0 ; is_entry[i].name ; i++) {
+		sprintf(buf, "#define %s %#o", is_entry[i].name, 1 << i);
+		fputs(buf, hfile);
+		for (pos = strlen(buf) ; pos < 32 ; pos = (pos + 8) & ~07)
+			putc('\t', hfile);
+		fprintf(hfile, "/* %s */\n", is_entry[i].comment);
+	}
+	putc('\n', hfile);
+	fputs("#define SYNBASE (1 - CHAR_MIN)\n", hfile);
+	fputs("#define PEOF -SYNBASE\n\n", hfile);
+	putc('\n', hfile);
+	fputs("#define BASESYNTAX (basesyntax + SYNBASE)\n", hfile);
+	fputs("#define DQSYNTAX (dqsyntax + SYNBASE)\n", hfile);
+	fputs("#define SQSYNTAX (sqsyntax + SYNBASE)\n", hfile);
+	fputs("#define ARISYNTAX (arisyntax + SYNBASE)\n", hfile);
+	putc('\n', hfile);
+	output_type_macros();		/* is_digit, etc. */
+	putc('\n', hfile);
+
+	/* Generate the syntax tables. */
+	fputs("#include \"parser.h\"\n", cfile);
+	fputs("#include \"shell.h\"\n", cfile);
+	fputs("#include \"syntax.h\"\n\n", cfile);
+
+	fputs("/* syntax table used when not in quotes */\n", cfile);
+	init("basesyntax");
+	add_default();
+	add("\n", "CNL");
+	add("\\", "CBACK");
+	add("'", "CSQUOTE");
+	add("\"", "CDQUOTE");
+	add("`", "CBQUOTE");
+	add("$", "CVAR");
+	add("}", "CENDVAR");
+	add("<>();&| \t", "CSPCL");
+	finish();
+
+	fputs("\n/* syntax table used when in double quotes */\n", cfile);
+	init("dqsyntax");
+	add_default();
+	add("\n", "CQNL");
+	add("\\", "CBACK");
+	add("\"", "CENDQUOTE");
+	add("`", "CBQUOTE");
+	add("$", "CVAR");
+	add("}", "CENDVAR");
+	/* ':/' for tilde expansion, '-^]' for [a\-x] pattern ranges */
+	add("!*?[]=~:/-^", "CCTL");
+	finish();
+
+	fputs("\n/* syntax table used when in single quotes */\n", cfile);
+	init("sqsyntax");
+	add_default();
+	add("\n", "CQNL");
+	add("\\", "CSBACK");
+	add("'", "CENDQUOTE");
+	/* ':/' for tilde expansion, '-^]' for [a\-x] pattern ranges */
+	add("!*?[]=~:/-^", "CCTL");
+	finish();
+
+	fputs("\n/* syntax table used when in arithmetic */\n", cfile);
+	init("arisyntax");
+	add_default();
+	add("\n", "CQNL");
+	add("\\", "CBACK");
+	add("`", "CBQUOTE");
+	add("\"", "CIGN");
+	add("$", "CVAR");
+	add("}", "CENDVAR");
+	add("(", "CLP");
+	add(")", "CRP");
+	finish();
+
+	fputs("\n/* character classification table */\n", cfile);
+	init("is_type");
+	add("0123456789", "ISDIGIT");
+	add("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz", "ISLOWER");
+	add("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ", "ISUPPER");
+	add("_", "ISUNDER");
+	add("#?$!-*@", "ISSPECL");
+	finish();
+
+	exit(0);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Output the header and declaration of a syntax table.
+ */
+
+static void
+init(const char *name)
+{
+	fprintf(hfile, "extern const char %s[];\n", name);
+	fprintf(cfile, "const char %s[SYNBASE + CHAR_MAX + 1] = {\n", name);
+}
+
+
+static void
+add_one(const char *key, const char *type)
+{
+	fprintf(cfile, "\t[SYNBASE + %s] = %s,\n", key, type);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Add default values to the syntax table.
+ */
+
+static void
+add_default(void)
+{
+	add_one("PEOF",                "CEOF");
+	add_one("CTLESC",              "CCTL");
+	add_one("CTLVAR",              "CCTL");
+	add_one("CTLENDVAR",           "CCTL");
+	add_one("CTLBACKQ",            "CCTL");
+	add_one("CTLBACKQ + CTLQUOTE", "CCTL");
+	add_one("CTLARI",              "CCTL");
+	add_one("CTLENDARI",           "CCTL");
+	add_one("CTLQUOTEMARK",        "CCTL");
+	add_one("CTLQUOTEEND",         "CCTL");
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Output the footer of a syntax table.
+ */
+
+static void
+finish(void)
+{
+	fputs("};\n", cfile);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Add entries to the syntax table.
+ */
+
+static void
+add(const char *p, const char *type)
+{
+	for (; *p; ++p) {
+		char c = *p;
+		switch (c) {
+		case '\t': c = 't';  break;
+		case '\n': c = 'n';  break;
+		case '\'': c = '\''; break;
+		case '\\': c = '\\'; break;
+
+		default:
+			fprintf(cfile, "\t[SYNBASE + '%c'] = %s,\n", c, type);
+			continue;
+		}
+		fprintf(cfile, "\t[SYNBASE + '\\%c'] = %s,\n", c, type);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Output character classification macros (e.g. is_digit).  If digits are
+ * contiguous, we can test for them quickly.
+ */
+
+static const char *macro[] = {
+	"#define is_digit(c)\t((unsigned int)((c) - '0') <= 9)",
+	"#define is_eof(c)\t((c) == PEOF)",
+	"#define is_alpha(c)\t((is_type+SYNBASE)[(int)c] & (ISUPPER|ISLOWER))",
+	"#define is_name(c)\t((is_type+SYNBASE)[(int)c] & (ISUPPER|ISLOWER|ISUNDER))",
+	"#define is_in_name(c)\t((is_type+SYNBASE)[(int)c] & (ISUPPER|ISLOWER|ISUNDER|ISDIGIT))",
+	"#define is_special(c)\t((is_type+SYNBASE)[(int)c] & (ISSPECL|ISDIGIT))",
+	"#define digit_val(c)\t((c) - '0')",
+	NULL
+};
+
+static void
+output_type_macros(void)
+{
+	const char **pp;
+
+	for (pp = macro ; *pp ; pp++)
+		fprintf(hfile, "%s\n", *pp);
+}
diff --git a/bin/1sh/mktokens b/bin/1sh/mktokens
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f0d80cc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/mktokens
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+#!/bin/sh -
+
+#-
+# Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+#	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+#
+# This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+# Kenneth Almquist.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+# are met:
+# 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+# 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+#    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+# 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+#    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+#    without specific prior written permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+# ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+# ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+# FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+# DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+# OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+# HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+# LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+# OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+# SUCH DAMAGE.
+#
+#	@(#)mktokens	8.1 (Berkeley) 5/31/93
+# $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/mktokens 328934 2018-02-06 15:41:35Z arichardson $
+
+# The following is a list of tokens.  The second column is nonzero if the
+# token marks the end of a list.  The third column is the name to print in
+# error messages.
+
+temp=`mktemp`
+cat > $temp <<\!
+TEOF	1	end of file
+TNL	0	newline
+TSEMI	0	";"
+TBACKGND 0	"&"
+TAND	0	"&&"
+TOR	0	"||"
+TPIPE	0	"|"
+TLP	0	"("
+TRP	1	")"
+TENDCASE 1	";;"
+TFALLTHRU 1	";&"
+TREDIR	0	redirection
+TWORD	0	word
+TIF	0	"if"
+TTHEN	1	"then"
+TELSE	1	"else"
+TELIF	1	"elif"
+TFI	1	"fi"
+TWHILE	0	"while"
+TUNTIL	0	"until"
+TFOR	0	"for"
+TDO	1	"do"
+TDONE	1	"done"
+TBEGIN	0	"{"
+TEND	1	"}"
+TCASE	0	"case"
+TESAC	1	"esac"
+TNOT	0	"!"
+!
+nl=`wc -l $temp`
+exec > token.h
+awk '{print "#define " $1 " " NR-1}' $temp
+echo '
+/* Array indicating which tokens mark the end of a list */
+static const char tokendlist[] = {'
+awk '{print "\t" $2 ","}' $temp
+echo '};
+
+static const char *const tokname[] = {'
+sed -e 's/"/\\"/g' \
+    -e 's/[^	 ]*[	 ][	 ]*[^	 ]*[	 ][	 ]*\(.*\)/	"\1",/' \
+    $temp
+echo '};
+'
+sed 's/"//g' $temp | awk '
+/TIF/{print "#define KWDOFFSET " NR-1; print ""; print "const char *const parsekwd[] = {"}
+/TIF/,/neverfound/{print "	\"" $3 "\","}'
+echo '	0
+};'
+
+rm $temp
diff --git a/bin/1sh/myhistedit.h b/bin/1sh/myhistedit.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e9a2be2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/myhistedit.h
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/*-
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)myhistedit.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ * $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/myhistedit.h 326025 2017-11-20 19:49:47Z pfg $
+ */
+
+#include <histedit.h>
+
+extern History *hist;
+extern EditLine *el;
+extern int displayhist;
+
+void histedit(void);
+void sethistfile(const char *);
+void sethistsize(const char *);
+void setterm(const char *);
+
diff --git a/bin/1sh/mystring.c b/bin/1sh/mystring.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ddeea4c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/mystring.c
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+/*-
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef lint
+#if 0
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)mystring.c	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95";
+#endif
+#endif /* not lint */
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+/* $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/mystring.c 326025 2017-11-20 19:49:47Z pfg $ */
+
+/*
+ * String functions.
+ *
+ *	equal(s1, s2)		Return true if strings are equal.
+ *	number(s)		Convert a string of digits to an integer.
+ *	is_number(s)		Return true if s is a string of digits.
+ */
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "syntax.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+
+
+char nullstr[1];		/* zero length string */
+
+/*
+ * equal - #defined in mystring.h
+ */
+
+
+/*
+ * Convert a string of digits to an integer, printing an error message on
+ * failure.
+ */
+
+int
+number(const char *s)
+{
+	if (! is_number(s))
+		error("Illegal number: %s", s);
+	return atoi(s);
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Check for a valid number.  This should be elsewhere.
+ */
+
+int
+is_number(const char *p)
+{
+	const char *q;
+
+	if (*p == '\0')
+		return 0;
+	while (*p == '0')
+		p++;
+	for (q = p; *q != '\0'; q++)
+		if (! is_digit(*q))
+			return 0;
+	if (q - p > 10 ||
+	    (q - p == 10 && memcmp(p, "2147483647", 10) > 0))
+		return 0;
+	return 1;
+}
diff --git a/bin/1sh/mystring.h b/bin/1sh/mystring.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9f4960e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/mystring.h
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/*-
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)mystring.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ * $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/mystring.h 326025 2017-11-20 19:49:47Z pfg $
+ */
+
+#include <string.h>
+
+int number(const char *);
+int is_number(const char *);
+
+#define equal(s1, s2)	(strcmp(s1, s2) == 0)
diff --git a/bin/1sh/nodes.c.pat b/bin/1sh/nodes.c.pat
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b687b570
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/nodes.c.pat
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)nodes.c.pat	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ * $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/nodes.c.pat 314436 2017-02-28 23:42:47Z imp $
+ */
+
+#include <sys/param.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+/*
+ * Routine for dealing with parsed shell commands.
+ */
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "nodes.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+
+
+struct nodesize {
+	int     blocksize;	/* size of structures in function */
+	int     stringsize;	/* size of strings in node */
+};
+
+struct nodecopystate {
+	pointer block;		/* block to allocate function from */
+	char   *string;		/* block to allocate strings from */
+};
+
+%SIZES
+
+
+static void calcsize(union node *, struct nodesize *);
+static void sizenodelist(struct nodelist *, struct nodesize *);
+static union node *copynode(union node *, struct nodecopystate *);
+static struct nodelist *copynodelist(struct nodelist *, struct nodecopystate *);
+static char *nodesavestr(const char *, struct nodecopystate *);
+
+
+struct funcdef {
+	unsigned int refcount;
+	union node n;
+};
+
+/*
+ * Make a copy of a parse tree.
+ */
+
+struct funcdef *
+copyfunc(union node *n)
+{
+	struct nodesize sz;
+	struct nodecopystate st;
+	struct funcdef *fn;
+
+	if (n == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+	sz.blocksize = offsetof(struct funcdef, n);
+	sz.stringsize = 0;
+	calcsize(n, &sz);
+	fn = ckmalloc(sz.blocksize + sz.stringsize);
+	fn->refcount = 1;
+	st.block = (char *)fn + offsetof(struct funcdef, n);
+	st.string = (char *)fn + sz.blocksize;
+	copynode(n, &st);
+	return fn;
+}
+
+
+union node *
+getfuncnode(struct funcdef *fn)
+{
+	return fn == NULL ? NULL : &fn->n;
+}
+
+
+static void
+calcsize(union node *n, struct nodesize *result)
+{
+	%CALCSIZE
+}
+
+
+
+static void
+sizenodelist(struct nodelist *lp, struct nodesize *result)
+{
+	while (lp) {
+		result->blocksize += ALIGN(sizeof(struct nodelist));
+		calcsize(lp->n, result);
+		lp = lp->next;
+	}
+}
+
+
+
+static union node *
+copynode(union node *n, struct nodecopystate *state)
+{
+	union node *new;
+
+	%COPY
+	return new;
+}
+
+
+static struct nodelist *
+copynodelist(struct nodelist *lp, struct nodecopystate *state)
+{
+	struct nodelist *start;
+	struct nodelist **lpp;
+
+	lpp = &start;
+	while (lp) {
+		*lpp = state->block;
+		state->block = (char *)state->block +
+		    ALIGN(sizeof(struct nodelist));
+		(*lpp)->n = copynode(lp->n, state);
+		lp = lp->next;
+		lpp = &(*lpp)->next;
+	}
+	*lpp = NULL;
+	return start;
+}
+
+
+
+static char *
+nodesavestr(const char *s, struct nodecopystate *state)
+{
+	const char *p = s;
+	char *q = state->string;
+	char   *rtn = state->string;
+
+	while ((*q++ = *p++) != '\0')
+		continue;
+	state->string = q;
+	return rtn;
+}
+
+
+void
+reffunc(struct funcdef *fn)
+{
+	if (fn)
+		fn->refcount++;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Decrement the reference count of a function definition, freeing it
+ * if it falls to 0.
+ */
+
+void
+unreffunc(struct funcdef *fn)
+{
+	if (fn) {
+		fn->refcount--;
+		if (fn->refcount > 0)
+			return;
+		ckfree(fn);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/bin/1sh/nodetypes b/bin/1sh/nodetypes
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..51facbe8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/nodetypes
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+#-
+# Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+#	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+#
+# This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+# Kenneth Almquist.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+# are met:
+# 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+# 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+#    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+# 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+#    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+#    without specific prior written permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+# ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+# ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+# FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+# DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+# OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+# HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+# LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+# OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+# SUCH DAMAGE.
+#
+#	@(#)nodetypes	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+# $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/nodetypes 314436 2017-02-28 23:42:47Z imp $
+
+# This file describes the nodes used in parse trees.  Unindented lines
+# contain a node type followed by a structure tag.  Subsequent indented
+# lines specify the fields of the structure.  Several node types can share
+# the same structure, in which case the fields of the structure should be
+# specified only once.
+#
+# A field of a structure is described by the name of the field followed
+# by a type.  The currently implemented types are:
+#	nodeptr - a pointer to a node
+#	nodelist - a pointer to a list of nodes
+#	string - a pointer to a nul terminated string
+#	int - an integer
+#	other - any type that can be copied by assignment
+#	temp - a field that doesn't have to be copied when the node is copied
+# The last two types should be followed by the text of a C declaration for
+# the field.
+
+NSEMI nbinary			# two commands separated by a semicolon
+	type	  int
+	ch1	  nodeptr		# the first child
+	ch2	  nodeptr		# the second child
+
+NCMD ncmd			# a simple command
+	type	  int
+	args	  nodeptr		# the arguments
+	redirect  nodeptr		# list of file redirections
+
+NPIPE npipe			# a pipeline
+	type	  int
+	backgnd	  int			# set to run pipeline in background
+	cmdlist	  nodelist		# the commands in the pipeline
+
+NREDIR nredir			# redirection (of a compex command)
+	type	  int
+	n	  nodeptr		# the command
+	redirect  nodeptr		# list of file redirections
+
+NBACKGND nredir			# run command in background
+NSUBSHELL nredir		# run command in a subshell
+
+NAND nbinary			# the && operator
+NOR nbinary			# the || operator
+
+NIF nif				# the if statement.  Elif clauses are handled
+	type	  int		    # using multiple if nodes.
+	test	  nodeptr		# if test
+	ifpart	  nodeptr		# then ifpart
+	elsepart  nodeptr		# else elsepart
+
+NWHILE nbinary			# the while statement.  First child is the test
+NUNTIL nbinary			# the until statement
+
+NFOR nfor			# the for statement
+	type	  int
+	args	  nodeptr		# for var in args
+	body	  nodeptr		# do body; done
+	var	  string		# the for variable
+
+NCASE ncase			# a case statement
+	type	  int
+	expr	  nodeptr		# the word to switch on
+	cases	  nodeptr		# the list of cases (NCLIST nodes)
+
+NCLIST nclist			# a case ending with ;;
+	type	  int
+	next	  nodeptr		# the next case in list
+	pattern	  nodeptr		# list of patterns for this case
+	body	  nodeptr		# code to execute for this case
+
+NCLISTFALLTHRU nclist		# a case ending with ;&
+
+NDEFUN narg			# define a function.  The "next" field contains
+				# the body of the function.
+
+NARG narg			# represents a word
+	type	  int
+	next	  nodeptr		# next word in list
+	text	  string		# the text of the word
+	backquote nodelist		# list of commands in back quotes
+
+NTO nfile			# fd> fname
+NFROM nfile			# fd< fname
+NFROMTO nfile			# fd<> fname
+NAPPEND nfile			# fd>> fname
+NCLOBBER nfile			# fd>| fname
+	type	  int
+	fd	  int			# file descriptor being redirected
+	next	  nodeptr		# next redirection in list
+	fname	  nodeptr		# file name, in a NARG node
+	expfname  temp	char *expfname	# actual file name
+
+NTOFD ndup			# fd<&dupfd
+NFROMFD ndup			# fd>&dupfd
+	type	  int
+	fd	  int			# file descriptor being redirected
+	next	  nodeptr		# next redirection in list
+	dupfd	  int			# file descriptor to duplicate
+	vname	  nodeptr		# file name if fd>&$var
+
+
+NHERE nhere			# fd<<\!
+NXHERE nhere			# fd<<!
+	type	  int
+	fd	  int			# file descriptor being redirected
+	next	  nodeptr		# next redirection in list
+	doc	  nodeptr		# input to command (NARG node)
+	expdoc    temp	const char *expdoc	# actual document (for NXHERE)
+
+NNOT nnot			# ! command  (actually pipeline)
+	type	int
+	com	nodeptr
diff --git a/bin/1sh/options.c b/bin/1sh/options.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1bb57ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/options.c
@@ -0,0 +1,594 @@
+/*-
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef lint
+#if 0
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)options.c	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95";
+#endif
+#endif /* not lint */
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+/* $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/options.c 326025 2017-11-20 19:49:47Z pfg $ */
+
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#define DEFINE_OPTIONS
+#include "options.h"
+#undef DEFINE_OPTIONS
+#include "nodes.h"	/* for other header files */
+#include "eval.h"
+#include "jobs.h"
+#include "input.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "trap.h"
+#include "var.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+#include "builtins.h"
+#ifndef NO_HISTORY
+#include "myhistedit.h"
+#endif
+
+char *arg0;			/* value of $0 */
+struct shparam shellparam;	/* current positional parameters */
+char **argptr;			/* argument list for builtin commands */
+char *shoptarg;			/* set by nextopt (like getopt) */
+char *nextopt_optptr;		/* used by nextopt */
+
+char *minusc;			/* argument to -c option */
+
+
+static void options(int);
+static void minus_o(char *, int);
+static void setoption(int, int);
+static void setoptionbyindex(int, int);
+static void setparam(int, char **);
+static int getopts(char *, char *, char **, char ***, char **);
+
+
+/*
+ * Process the shell command line arguments.
+ */
+
+void
+procargs(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	int i;
+	char *scriptname;
+
+	argptr = argv;
+	if (argc > 0)
+		argptr++;
+	for (i = 0; i < NOPTS; i++)
+		optval[i] = 2;
+	privileged = (getuid() != geteuid() || getgid() != getegid());
+	options(1);
+	if (*argptr == NULL && minusc == NULL)
+		sflag = 1;
+	if (iflag != 0 && sflag == 1 && isatty(0) && isatty(1)) {
+		iflag = 1;
+		if (Eflag == 2)
+			Eflag = 1;
+	}
+	if (mflag == 2)
+		mflag = iflag;
+	for (i = 0; i < NOPTS; i++)
+		if (optval[i] == 2)
+			optval[i] = 0;
+	arg0 = argv[0];
+	if (sflag == 0 && minusc == NULL) {
+		scriptname = *argptr++;
+		setinputfile(scriptname, 0);
+		commandname = arg0 = scriptname;
+	}
+	/* POSIX 1003.2: first arg after -c cmd is $0, remainder $1... */
+	if (argptr && minusc && *argptr)
+		arg0 = *argptr++;
+
+	shellparam.p = argptr;
+	shellparam.reset = 1;
+	/* assert(shellparam.malloc == 0 && shellparam.nparam == 0); */
+	while (*argptr) {
+		shellparam.nparam++;
+		argptr++;
+	}
+	optschanged();
+}
+
+
+void
+optschanged(void)
+{
+	setinteractive();
+#ifndef NO_HISTORY
+	histedit();
+#endif
+	setjobctl(mflag);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Process shell options.  The global variable argptr contains a pointer
+ * to the argument list; we advance it past the options.
+ * If cmdline is true, process the shell's argv; otherwise, process arguments
+ * to the set special builtin.
+ */
+
+static void
+options(int cmdline)
+{
+	char *kp, *p;
+	int val;
+	int c;
+
+	if (cmdline)
+		minusc = NULL;
+	while ((p = *argptr) != NULL) {
+		argptr++;
+		if ((c = *p++) == '-') {
+			val = 1;
+			/* A "-" or  "--" terminates options */
+			if (p[0] == '\0')
+				goto end_options1;
+			if (p[0] == '-' && p[1] == '\0')
+				goto end_options2;
+			/**
+			 * For the benefit of `#!' lines in shell scripts,
+			 * treat a string of '-- *#.*' the same as '--'.
+			 * This is needed so that a script starting with:
+			 *	#!/bin/sh -- # -*- perl -*-
+			 * will continue to work after a change is made to
+			 * kern/imgact_shell.c to NOT token-ize the options
+			 * specified on a '#!' line.  A bit of a kludge,
+			 * but that trick is recommended in documentation
+			 * for some scripting languages, and we might as
+			 * well continue to support it.
+			 */
+			if (p[0] == '-') {
+				kp = p + 1;
+				while (*kp == ' ' || *kp == '\t')
+					kp++;
+				if (*kp == '#' || *kp == '\0')
+					goto end_options2;
+			}
+		} else if (c == '+') {
+			val = 0;
+		} else {
+			argptr--;
+			break;
+		}
+		while ((c = *p++) != '\0') {
+			if (c == 'c' && cmdline) {
+				char *q;
+
+				q = *argptr++;
+				if (q == NULL || minusc != NULL)
+					error("Bad -c option");
+				minusc = q;
+			} else if (c == 'o') {
+				minus_o(*argptr, val);
+				if (*argptr)
+					argptr++;
+			} else
+				setoption(c, val);
+		}
+	}
+	return;
+
+	/* When processing `set', a single "-" means turn off -x and -v */
+end_options1:
+	if (!cmdline) {
+		xflag = vflag = 0;
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * When processing `set', a "--" means the remaining arguments
+	 * replace the positional parameters in the active shell.  If
+	 * there are no remaining options, then all the positional
+	 * parameters are cleared (equivalent to doing ``shift $#'').
+	 */
+end_options2:
+	if (!cmdline) {
+		if (*argptr == NULL)
+			setparam(0, argptr);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * At this point we are processing options given to 'sh' on a command
+	 * line.  If an end-of-options marker ("-" or "--") is followed by an
+	 * arg of "#", then skip over all remaining arguments.  Some scripting
+	 * languages (e.g.: perl) document that /bin/sh will implement this
+	 * behavior, and they recommend that users take advantage of it to
+	 * solve certain issues that can come up when writing a perl script.
+	 * Yes, this feature is in /bin/sh to help users write perl scripts.
+	 */
+	p = *argptr;
+	if (p != NULL && p[0] == '#' && p[1] == '\0') {
+		while (*argptr != NULL)
+			argptr++;
+		/* We need to keep the final argument */
+		argptr--;
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+minus_o(char *name, int val)
+{
+	int i;
+	const unsigned char *on;
+	size_t len;
+
+	if (name == NULL) {
+		if (val) {
+			/* "Pretty" output. */
+			out1str("Current option settings\n");
+			for (i = 0, on = optname; i < NOPTS; i++, on += *on + 1)
+				out1fmt("%-16.*s%s\n", *on, on + 1,
+					optval[i] ? "on" : "off");
+		} else {
+			/* Output suitable for re-input to shell. */
+			for (i = 0, on = optname; i < NOPTS; i++, on += *on + 1)
+				out1fmt("%s %co %.*s%s",
+				    i % 6 == 0 ? "set" : "",
+				    optval[i] ? '-' : '+',
+				    *on, on + 1,
+				    i % 6 == 5 || i == NOPTS - 1 ? "\n" : "");
+		}
+	} else {
+		len = strlen(name);
+		for (i = 0, on = optname; i < NOPTS; i++, on += *on + 1)
+			if (*on == len && memcmp(on + 1, name, len) == 0) {
+				setoptionbyindex(i, val);
+				return;
+			}
+		error("Illegal option -o %s", name);
+	}
+}
+
+
+static void
+setoptionbyindex(int idx, int val)
+{
+	if (&optval[idx] == &privileged && !val && privileged) {
+		if (setgid(getgid()) == -1)
+			error("setgid");
+		if (setuid(getuid()) == -1)
+			error("setuid");
+	}
+	optval[idx] = val;
+	if (val) {
+		/* #%$ hack for ksh semantics */
+		if (&optval[idx] == &Vflag)
+			Eflag = 0;
+		else if (&optval[idx] == &Eflag)
+			Vflag = 0;
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+setoption(int flag, int val)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < NSHORTOPTS; i++)
+		if (optletter[i] == flag) {
+			setoptionbyindex(i, val);
+			return;
+		}
+	error("Illegal option -%c", flag);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Set the shell parameters.
+ */
+
+static void
+setparam(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	char **newparam;
+	char **ap;
+
+	ap = newparam = ckmalloc((argc + 1) * sizeof *ap);
+	while (*argv) {
+		*ap++ = savestr(*argv++);
+	}
+	*ap = NULL;
+	freeparam(&shellparam);
+	shellparam.malloc = 1;
+	shellparam.nparam = argc;
+	shellparam.p = newparam;
+	shellparam.optp = NULL;
+	shellparam.reset = 1;
+	shellparam.optnext = NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Free the list of positional parameters.
+ */
+
+void
+freeparam(struct shparam *param)
+{
+	char **ap;
+
+	if (param->malloc) {
+		for (ap = param->p ; *ap ; ap++)
+			ckfree(*ap);
+		ckfree(param->p);
+	}
+	if (param->optp) {
+		for (ap = param->optp ; *ap ; ap++)
+			ckfree(*ap);
+		ckfree(param->optp);
+	}
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * The shift builtin command.
+ */
+
+int
+shiftcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	int i, n;
+
+	n = 1;
+	if (argc > 1)
+		n = number(argv[1]);
+	if (n > shellparam.nparam)
+		return 1;
+	INTOFF;
+	shellparam.nparam -= n;
+	if (shellparam.malloc)
+		for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+			ckfree(shellparam.p[i]);
+	memmove(shellparam.p, shellparam.p + n,
+	    (shellparam.nparam + 1) * sizeof(shellparam.p[0]));
+	shellparam.reset = 1;
+	INTON;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * The set builtin command.
+ */
+
+int
+setcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	if (argc == 1)
+		return showvarscmd(argc, argv);
+	INTOFF;
+	options(0);
+	optschanged();
+	if (*argptr != NULL) {
+		setparam(argc - (argptr - argv), argptr);
+	}
+	INTON;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+void
+getoptsreset(const char *value)
+{
+	while (*value == '0')
+		value++;
+	if (strcmp(value, "1") == 0)
+		shellparam.reset = 1;
+}
+
+/*
+ * The getopts builtin.  Shellparam.optnext points to the next argument
+ * to be processed.  Shellparam.optptr points to the next character to
+ * be processed in the current argument.  If shellparam.optnext is NULL,
+ * then it's the first time getopts has been called.
+ */
+
+int
+getoptscmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	char **optbase = NULL, **ap;
+	int i;
+
+	if (argc < 3)
+		error("usage: getopts optstring var [arg]");
+
+	if (shellparam.reset == 1) {
+		INTOFF;
+		if (shellparam.optp) {
+			for (ap = shellparam.optp ; *ap ; ap++)
+				ckfree(*ap);
+			ckfree(shellparam.optp);
+			shellparam.optp = NULL;
+		}
+		if (argc > 3) {
+			shellparam.optp = ckmalloc((argc - 2) * sizeof *ap);
+			memset(shellparam.optp, '\0', (argc - 2) * sizeof *ap);
+			for (i = 0; i < argc - 3; i++)
+				shellparam.optp[i] = savestr(argv[i + 3]);
+		}
+		INTON;
+		optbase = argc == 3 ? shellparam.p : shellparam.optp;
+		shellparam.optnext = optbase;
+		shellparam.optptr = NULL;
+		shellparam.reset = 0;
+	} else
+		optbase = shellparam.optp ? shellparam.optp : shellparam.p;
+
+	return getopts(argv[1], argv[2], optbase, &shellparam.optnext,
+		       &shellparam.optptr);
+}
+
+static int
+getopts(char *optstr, char *optvar, char **optfirst, char ***optnext,
+    char **optptr)
+{
+	char *p, *q;
+	char c = '?';
+	int done = 0;
+	int ind = 0;
+	int err = 0;
+	char s[10];
+	const char *newoptarg = NULL;
+
+	if ((p = *optptr) == NULL || *p == '\0') {
+		/* Current word is done, advance */
+		if (*optnext == NULL)
+			return 1;
+		p = **optnext;
+		if (p == NULL || *p != '-' || *++p == '\0') {
+atend:
+			ind = *optnext - optfirst + 1;
+			*optnext = NULL;
+			p = NULL;
+			done = 1;
+			goto out;
+		}
+		(*optnext)++;
+		if (p[0] == '-' && p[1] == '\0')	/* check for "--" */
+			goto atend;
+	}
+
+	c = *p++;
+	for (q = optstr; *q != c; ) {
+		if (*q == '\0') {
+			if (optstr[0] == ':') {
+				s[0] = c;
+				s[1] = '\0';
+				newoptarg = s;
+			}
+			else
+				out2fmt_flush("Illegal option -%c\n", c);
+			c = '?';
+			goto out;
+		}
+		if (*++q == ':')
+			q++;
+	}
+
+	if (*++q == ':') {
+		if (*p == '\0' && (p = **optnext) == NULL) {
+			if (optstr[0] == ':') {
+				s[0] = c;
+				s[1] = '\0';
+				newoptarg = s;
+				c = ':';
+			}
+			else {
+				out2fmt_flush("No arg for -%c option\n", c);
+				c = '?';
+			}
+			goto out;
+		}
+
+		if (p == **optnext)
+			(*optnext)++;
+		newoptarg = p;
+		p = NULL;
+	}
+
+out:
+	if (*optnext != NULL)
+		ind = *optnext - optfirst + 1;
+	*optptr = p;
+	if (newoptarg != NULL)
+		err |= setvarsafe("OPTARG", newoptarg, 0);
+	else {
+		INTOFF;
+		err |= unsetvar("OPTARG");
+		INTON;
+	}
+	fmtstr(s, sizeof(s), "%d", ind);
+	err |= setvarsafe("OPTIND", s, VNOFUNC);
+	s[0] = c;
+	s[1] = '\0';
+	err |= setvarsafe(optvar, s, 0);
+	if (err) {
+		*optnext = NULL;
+		*optptr = NULL;
+		flushall();
+		exraise(EXERROR);
+	}
+	return done;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Standard option processing (a la getopt) for builtin routines.  The
+ * only argument that is passed to nextopt is the option string; the
+ * other arguments are unnecessary.  It returns the option, or '\0' on
+ * end of input.
+ */
+
+int
+nextopt(const char *optstring)
+{
+	char *p;
+	const char *q;
+	char c;
+
+	if ((p = nextopt_optptr) == NULL || *p == '\0') {
+		p = *argptr;
+		if (p == NULL || *p != '-' || *++p == '\0')
+			return '\0';
+		argptr++;
+		if (p[0] == '-' && p[1] == '\0')	/* check for "--" */
+			return '\0';
+	}
+	c = *p++;
+	for (q = optstring ; *q != c ; ) {
+		if (*q == '\0')
+			error("Illegal option -%c", c);
+		if (*++q == ':')
+			q++;
+	}
+	if (*++q == ':') {
+		if (*p == '\0' && (p = *argptr++) == NULL)
+			error("No arg for -%c option", c);
+		shoptarg = p;
+		p = NULL;
+	}
+	nextopt_optptr = p;
+	return c;
+}
diff --git a/bin/1sh/options.h b/bin/1sh/options.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..007ea312
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/options.h
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+/*-
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)options.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ * $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/options.h 345487 2019-03-24 22:10:26Z jilles $
+ */
+
+struct shparam {
+	int nparam;		/* # of positional parameters (without $0) */
+	unsigned char malloc;	/* if parameter list dynamically allocated */
+	unsigned char reset;	/* if getopts has been reset */
+	char **p;		/* parameter list */
+	char **optp;		/* parameter list for getopts */
+	char **optnext;		/* next parameter to be processed by getopts */
+	char *optptr;		/* used by getopts */
+};
+
+
+
+#define eflag optval[0]
+#define fflag optval[1]
+#define Iflag optval[2]
+#define iflag optval[3]
+#define mflag optval[4]
+#define nflag optval[5]
+#define sflag optval[6]
+#define xflag optval[7]
+#define vflag optval[8]
+#define Vflag optval[9]
+#define	Eflag optval[10]
+#define	Cflag optval[11]
+#define	aflag optval[12]
+#define	bflag optval[13]
+#define	uflag optval[14]
+#define	privileged optval[15]
+#define	Tflag optval[16]
+#define	Pflag optval[17]
+#define	hflag optval[18]
+#define	nologflag optval[19]
+#define	pipefailflag optval[20]
+
+#define NSHORTOPTS	19
+#define NOPTS		21
+
+extern char optval[NOPTS];
+extern const char optletter[NSHORTOPTS];
+#ifdef DEFINE_OPTIONS
+char optval[NOPTS];
+const char optletter[NSHORTOPTS] = "efIimnsxvVECabupTPh";
+static const unsigned char optname[] =
+	"\007errexit"
+	"\006noglob"
+	"\011ignoreeof"
+	"\013interactive"
+	"\007monitor"
+	"\006noexec"
+	"\005stdin"
+	"\006xtrace"
+	"\007verbose"
+	"\002vi"
+	"\005emacs"
+	"\011noclobber"
+	"\011allexport"
+	"\006notify"
+	"\007nounset"
+	"\012privileged"
+	"\012trapsasync"
+	"\010physical"
+	"\010trackall"
+	"\005nolog"
+	"\010pipefail"
+;
+#endif
+
+
+extern char *minusc;		/* argument to -c option */
+extern char *arg0;		/* $0 */
+extern struct shparam shellparam;  /* $@ */
+extern char **argptr;		/* argument list for builtin commands */
+extern char *shoptarg;		/* set by nextopt */
+extern char *nextopt_optptr;	/* used by nextopt */
+
+void procargs(int, char **);
+void optschanged(void);
+void freeparam(struct shparam *);
+int nextopt(const char *);
+void getoptsreset(const char *);
diff --git a/bin/1sh/output.c b/bin/1sh/output.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..af93ec6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/output.c
@@ -0,0 +1,376 @@
+/*-
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef lint
+#if 0
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)output.c	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95";
+#endif
+#endif /* not lint */
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+/* $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/output.c 345613 2019-03-27 21:53:44Z jilles $ */
+
+/*
+ * Shell output routines.  We use our own output routines because:
+ *	When a builtin command is interrupted we have to discard
+ *		any pending output.
+ *	When a builtin command appears in back quotes, we want to
+ *		save the output of the command in a region obtained
+ *		via malloc, rather than doing a fork and reading the
+ *		output of the command via a pipe.
+ */
+
+#include <stdio.h>	/* defines BUFSIZ */
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <wchar.h>
+#include <wctype.h>
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "syntax.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "var.h"
+
+
+#define OUTBUFSIZ BUFSIZ
+#define MEM_OUT -2		/* output to dynamically allocated memory */
+#define OUTPUT_ERR 01		/* error occurred on output */
+
+static int doformat_wr(void *, const char *, int);
+
+struct output output = {NULL, NULL, NULL, OUTBUFSIZ, 1, 0};
+struct output errout = {NULL, NULL, NULL, 256, 2, 0};
+struct output memout = {NULL, NULL, NULL, 64, MEM_OUT, 0};
+struct output *out1 = &output;
+struct output *out2 = &errout;
+
+void
+outcslow(int c, struct output *file)
+{
+	outc(c, file);
+}
+
+void
+out1str(const char *p)
+{
+	outstr(p, out1);
+}
+
+void
+out1qstr(const char *p)
+{
+	outqstr(p, out1);
+}
+
+void
+out2str(const char *p)
+{
+	outstr(p, out2);
+}
+
+void
+out2qstr(const char *p)
+{
+	outqstr(p, out2);
+}
+
+void
+outstr(const char *p, struct output *file)
+{
+	outbin(p, strlen(p), file);
+}
+
+static void
+byteseq(int ch, struct output *file)
+{
+	char seq[4];
+
+	seq[0] = '\\';
+	seq[1] = (ch >> 6 & 0x3) + '0';
+	seq[2] = (ch >> 3 & 0x7) + '0';
+	seq[3] = (ch & 0x7) + '0';
+	outbin(seq, 4, file);
+}
+
+static void
+outdqstr(const char *p, struct output *file)
+{
+	const char *end;
+	mbstate_t mbs;
+	size_t clen;
+	wchar_t wc;
+
+	memset(&mbs, '\0', sizeof(mbs));
+	end = p + strlen(p);
+	outstr("$'", file);
+	while ((clen = mbrtowc(&wc, p, end - p + 1, &mbs)) != 0) {
+		if (clen == (size_t)-2) {
+			while (p < end)
+				byteseq(*p++, file);
+			break;
+		}
+		if (clen == (size_t)-1) {
+			memset(&mbs, '\0', sizeof(mbs));
+			byteseq(*p++, file);
+			continue;
+		}
+		if (wc == L'\n')
+			outcslow('\n', file), p++;
+		else if (wc == L'\r')
+			outstr("\\r", file), p++;
+		else if (wc == L'\t')
+			outstr("\\t", file), p++;
+		else if (!iswprint(wc)) {
+			for (; clen > 0; clen--)
+				byteseq(*p++, file);
+		} else {
+			if (wc == L'\'' || wc == L'\\')
+				outcslow('\\', file);
+			outbin(p, clen, file);
+			p += clen;
+		}
+	}
+	outcslow('\'', file);
+}
+
+/* Like outstr(), but quote for re-input into the shell. */
+void
+outqstr(const char *p, struct output *file)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	if (p[0] == '\0') {
+		outstr("''", file);
+		return;
+	}
+	for (i = 0; p[i] != '\0'; i++) {
+		if ((p[i] > '\0' && p[i] < ' ' && p[i] != '\n') ||
+		    (p[i] & 0x80) != 0 || p[i] == '\'') {
+			outdqstr(p, file);
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (p[strcspn(p, "|&;<>()$`\\\" \n*?[~#=")] == '\0' ||
+			strcmp(p, "[") == 0) {
+		outstr(p, file);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	outcslow('\'', file);
+	outstr(p, file);
+	outcslow('\'', file);
+}
+
+void
+outbin(const void *data, size_t len, struct output *file)
+{
+	const char *p;
+
+	p = data;
+	while (len-- > 0)
+		outc(*p++, file);
+}
+
+void
+emptyoutbuf(struct output *dest)
+{
+	int offset, newsize;
+
+	if (dest->buf == NULL) {
+		INTOFF;
+		dest->buf = ckmalloc(dest->bufsize);
+		dest->nextc = dest->buf;
+		dest->bufend = dest->buf + dest->bufsize;
+		INTON;
+	} else if (dest->fd == MEM_OUT) {
+		offset = dest->nextc - dest->buf;
+		newsize = dest->bufsize << 1;
+		INTOFF;
+		dest->buf = ckrealloc(dest->buf, newsize);
+		dest->bufsize = newsize;
+		dest->bufend = dest->buf + newsize;
+		dest->nextc = dest->buf + offset;
+		INTON;
+	} else {
+		flushout(dest);
+	}
+}
+
+
+void
+flushall(void)
+{
+	flushout(&output);
+	flushout(&errout);
+}
+
+
+void
+flushout(struct output *dest)
+{
+
+	if (dest->buf == NULL || dest->nextc == dest->buf || dest->fd < 0)
+		return;
+	if (xwrite(dest->fd, dest->buf, dest->nextc - dest->buf) < 0)
+		dest->flags |= OUTPUT_ERR;
+	dest->nextc = dest->buf;
+}
+
+
+void
+freestdout(void)
+{
+	output.nextc = output.buf;
+}
+
+
+int
+outiserror(struct output *file)
+{
+	return (file->flags & OUTPUT_ERR);
+}
+
+
+void
+outclearerror(struct output *file)
+{
+	file->flags &= ~OUTPUT_ERR;
+}
+
+
+void
+outfmt(struct output *file, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+	va_list ap;
+
+	va_start(ap, fmt);
+	doformat(file, fmt, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+}
+
+
+void
+out1fmt(const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+	va_list ap;
+
+	va_start(ap, fmt);
+	doformat(out1, fmt, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+}
+
+void
+out2fmt_flush(const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+	va_list ap;
+
+	va_start(ap, fmt);
+	doformat(out2, fmt, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+	flushout(out2);
+}
+
+void
+fmtstr(char *outbuf, int length, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+	va_list ap;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	va_start(ap, fmt);
+	vsnprintf(outbuf, length, fmt, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+	INTON;
+}
+
+static int
+doformat_wr(void *cookie, const char *buf, int len)
+{
+	struct output *o;
+
+	o = (struct output *)cookie;
+	outbin(buf, len, o);
+
+	return (len);
+}
+
+void
+doformat(struct output *dest, const char *f, va_list ap)
+{
+	FILE *fp;
+
+	if ((fp = fwopen(dest, doformat_wr)) != NULL) {
+		vfprintf(fp, f, ap);
+		fclose(fp);
+	}
+}
+
+FILE *
+out1fp(void)
+{
+	return fwopen(out1, doformat_wr);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Version of write which resumes after a signal is caught.
+ */
+
+int
+xwrite(int fd, const char *buf, int nbytes)
+{
+	int ntry;
+	int i;
+	int n;
+
+	n = nbytes;
+	ntry = 0;
+	for (;;) {
+		i = write(fd, buf, n);
+		if (i > 0) {
+			if ((n -= i) <= 0)
+				return nbytes;
+			buf += i;
+			ntry = 0;
+		} else if (i == 0) {
+			if (++ntry > 10)
+				return nbytes - n;
+		} else if (errno != EINTR) {
+			return -1;
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/bin/1sh/output.h b/bin/1sh/output.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8d5ded6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/output.h
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+/*-
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)output.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ * $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/output.h 345613 2019-03-27 21:53:44Z jilles $
+ */
+
+#ifndef OUTPUT_INCL
+
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+struct output {
+	char *nextc;
+	char *bufend;
+	char *buf;
+	int bufsize;
+	short fd;
+	short flags;
+};
+
+extern struct output output; /* to fd 1 */
+extern struct output errout; /* to fd 2 */
+extern struct output memout;
+extern struct output *out1; /* &memout if backquote, otherwise &output */
+extern struct output *out2; /* &memout if backquote with 2>&1, otherwise
+			       &errout */
+
+void outcslow(int, struct output *);
+void out1str(const char *);
+void out1qstr(const char *);
+void out2str(const char *);
+void out2qstr(const char *);
+void outstr(const char *, struct output *);
+void outqstr(const char *, struct output *);
+void outbin(const void *, size_t, struct output *);
+void emptyoutbuf(struct output *);
+void flushall(void);
+void flushout(struct output *);
+void freestdout(void);
+int outiserror(struct output *);
+void outclearerror(struct output *);
+void outfmt(struct output *, const char *, ...) __attribute__((format(printf, 2, 3)));
+void out1fmt(const char *, ...) __attribute__((format(printf, 1, 2)));
+void out2fmt_flush(const char *, ...) __attribute__((format(printf, 1, 2)));
+void fmtstr(char *, int, const char *, ...) __attribute__((format(printf, 3, 4)));
+void doformat(struct output *, const char *, va_list) __attribute__((format(printf, 2, 0)));
+FILE *out1fp(void);
+int xwrite(int, const char *, int);
+
+#define outc(c, file)	((file)->nextc == (file)->bufend ? (emptyoutbuf(file), *(file)->nextc++ = (c)) : (*(file)->nextc++ = (c)))
+#define out1c(c)	outc(c, out1);
+#define out2c(c)	outcslow(c, out2);
+
+#define OUTPUT_INCL
+#endif
diff --git a/bin/1sh/parser.c b/bin/1sh/parser.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b2f761c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/parser.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2182 @@
+/*-
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef lint
+#if 0
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)parser.c	8.7 (Berkeley) 5/16/95";
+#endif
+#endif /* not lint */
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+/* $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/parser.c 334008 2018-05-21 21:52:48Z jilles $ */
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "nodes.h"
+#include "expand.h"	/* defines rmescapes() */
+#include "syntax.h"
+#include "options.h"
+#include "input.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "var.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+#include "alias.h"
+#include "show.h"
+#include "eval.h"
+#include "exec.h"	/* to check for special builtins */
+#ifndef NO_HISTORY
+#include "myhistedit.h"
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Shell command parser.
+ */
+
+#define	PROMPTLEN	128
+
+/* values of checkkwd variable */
+#define CHKALIAS	0x1
+#define CHKKWD		0x2
+#define CHKNL		0x4
+
+/* values returned by readtoken */
+#include "token.h"
+
+
+
+struct heredoc {
+	struct heredoc *next;	/* next here document in list */
+	union node *here;		/* redirection node */
+	char *eofmark;		/* string indicating end of input */
+	int striptabs;		/* if set, strip leading tabs */
+};
+
+struct parser_temp {
+	struct parser_temp *next;
+	void *data;
+};
+
+
+static struct heredoc *heredoclist;	/* list of here documents to read */
+static int doprompt;		/* if set, prompt the user */
+static int needprompt;		/* true if interactive and at start of line */
+static int lasttoken;		/* last token read */
+static int tokpushback;		/* last token pushed back */
+static char *wordtext;		/* text of last word returned by readtoken */
+static int checkkwd;
+static struct nodelist *backquotelist;
+static union node *redirnode;
+static struct heredoc *heredoc;
+static int quoteflag;		/* set if (part of) last token was quoted */
+static int startlinno;		/* line # where last token started */
+static int funclinno;		/* line # where the current function started */
+static struct parser_temp *parser_temp;
+
+#define NOEOFMARK ((const char *)&heredoclist)
+
+
+static union node *list(int);
+static union node *andor(void);
+static union node *pipeline(void);
+static union node *command(void);
+static union node *simplecmd(union node **, union node *);
+static union node *makename(void);
+static union node *makebinary(int type, union node *n1, union node *n2);
+static void parsefname(void);
+static void parseheredoc(void);
+static int peektoken(void);
+static int readtoken(void);
+static int xxreadtoken(void);
+static int readtoken1(int, const char *, const char *, int);
+static int noexpand(char *);
+static void consumetoken(int);
+static void synexpect(int) __attribute__((noreturn));
+static void synerror(const char *) __attribute__((noreturn));
+static void setprompt(int);
+static char *expandprompt(const char *);
+static int pgetc_linecont(void);
+
+
+static void *
+parser_temp_alloc(size_t len)
+{
+	struct parser_temp *t;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	t = ckmalloc(sizeof(*t));
+	t->data = NULL;
+	t->next = parser_temp;
+	parser_temp = t;
+	t->data = ckmalloc(len);
+	INTON;
+	return t->data;
+}
+
+
+static void *
+parser_temp_realloc(void *ptr, size_t len)
+{
+	struct parser_temp *t;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	t = parser_temp;
+	if (ptr != t->data)
+		error("bug: parser_temp_realloc misused");
+	t->data = ckrealloc(t->data, len);
+	INTON;
+	return t->data;
+}
+
+
+static void
+parser_temp_free_upto(void *ptr)
+{
+	struct parser_temp *t;
+	int done = 0;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	while (parser_temp != NULL && !done) {
+		t = parser_temp;
+		parser_temp = t->next;
+		done = t->data == ptr;
+		ckfree(t->data);
+		ckfree(t);
+	}
+	INTON;
+	if (!done)
+		error("bug: parser_temp_free_upto misused");
+}
+
+
+static void
+parser_temp_free_all(void)
+{
+	struct parser_temp *t;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	while (parser_temp != NULL) {
+		t = parser_temp;
+		parser_temp = t->next;
+		ckfree(t->data);
+		ckfree(t);
+	}
+	INTON;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Read and parse a command.  Returns NEOF on end of file.  (NULL is a
+ * valid parse tree indicating a blank line.)
+ */
+
+union node *
+parsecmd(int interact)
+{
+	int t;
+
+	/* This assumes the parser is not re-entered,
+	 * which could happen if we add command substitution on PS1/PS2.
+	 */
+	parser_temp_free_all();
+	heredoclist = NULL;
+
+	tokpushback = 0;
+	checkkwd = 0;
+	doprompt = interact;
+	if (doprompt)
+		setprompt(1);
+	else
+		setprompt(0);
+	needprompt = 0;
+	t = readtoken();
+	if (t == TEOF)
+		return NEOF;
+	if (t == TNL)
+		return NULL;
+	tokpushback++;
+	return list(1);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Read and parse words for wordexp.
+ * Returns a list of NARG nodes; NULL if there are no words.
+ */
+union node *
+parsewordexp(void)
+{
+	union node *n, *first = NULL, **pnext;
+	int t;
+
+	/* This assumes the parser is not re-entered,
+	 * which could happen if we add command substitution on PS1/PS2.
+	 */
+	parser_temp_free_all();
+	heredoclist = NULL;
+
+	tokpushback = 0;
+	checkkwd = 0;
+	doprompt = 0;
+	setprompt(0);
+	needprompt = 0;
+	pnext = &first;
+	while ((t = readtoken()) != TEOF) {
+		if (t != TWORD)
+			synexpect(TWORD);
+		n = makename();
+		*pnext = n;
+		pnext = &n->narg.next;
+	}
+	return first;
+}
+
+
+static union node *
+list(int nlflag)
+{
+	union node *ntop, *n1, *n2, *n3;
+	int tok;
+
+	checkkwd = CHKNL | CHKKWD | CHKALIAS;
+	if (!nlflag && tokendlist[peektoken()])
+		return NULL;
+	ntop = n1 = NULL;
+	for (;;) {
+		n2 = andor();
+		tok = readtoken();
+		if (tok == TBACKGND) {
+			if (n2 != NULL && n2->type == NPIPE) {
+				n2->npipe.backgnd = 1;
+			} else if (n2 != NULL && n2->type == NREDIR) {
+				n2->type = NBACKGND;
+			} else {
+				n3 = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct nredir));
+				n3->type = NBACKGND;
+				n3->nredir.n = n2;
+				n3->nredir.redirect = NULL;
+				n2 = n3;
+			}
+		}
+		if (ntop == NULL)
+			ntop = n2;
+		else if (n1 == NULL) {
+			n1 = makebinary(NSEMI, ntop, n2);
+			ntop = n1;
+		}
+		else {
+			n3 = makebinary(NSEMI, n1->nbinary.ch2, n2);
+			n1->nbinary.ch2 = n3;
+			n1 = n3;
+		}
+		switch (tok) {
+		case TBACKGND:
+		case TSEMI:
+			tok = readtoken();
+			/* FALLTHROUGH */
+		case TNL:
+			if (tok == TNL) {
+				parseheredoc();
+				if (nlflag)
+					return ntop;
+			} else if (tok == TEOF && nlflag) {
+				parseheredoc();
+				return ntop;
+			} else {
+				tokpushback++;
+			}
+			checkkwd = CHKNL | CHKKWD | CHKALIAS;
+			if (!nlflag && tokendlist[peektoken()])
+				return ntop;
+			break;
+		case TEOF:
+			if (heredoclist)
+				parseheredoc();
+			else
+				pungetc();		/* push back EOF on input */
+			return ntop;
+		default:
+			if (nlflag)
+				synexpect(-1);
+			tokpushback++;
+			return ntop;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+
+
+static union node *
+andor(void)
+{
+	union node *n;
+	int t;
+
+	n = pipeline();
+	for (;;) {
+		if ((t = readtoken()) == TAND) {
+			t = NAND;
+		} else if (t == TOR) {
+			t = NOR;
+		} else {
+			tokpushback++;
+			return n;
+		}
+		n = makebinary(t, n, pipeline());
+	}
+}
+
+
+
+static union node *
+pipeline(void)
+{
+	union node *n1, *n2, *pipenode;
+	struct nodelist *lp, *prev;
+	int negate, t;
+
+	negate = 0;
+	checkkwd = CHKNL | CHKKWD | CHKALIAS;
+	TRACE(("pipeline: entered\n"));
+	while (readtoken() == TNOT)
+		negate = !negate;
+	tokpushback++;
+	n1 = command();
+	if (readtoken() == TPIPE) {
+		pipenode = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct npipe));
+		pipenode->type = NPIPE;
+		pipenode->npipe.backgnd = 0;
+		lp = (struct nodelist *)stalloc(sizeof (struct nodelist));
+		pipenode->npipe.cmdlist = lp;
+		lp->n = n1;
+		do {
+			prev = lp;
+			lp = (struct nodelist *)stalloc(sizeof (struct nodelist));
+			checkkwd = CHKNL | CHKKWD | CHKALIAS;
+			t = readtoken();
+			tokpushback++;
+			if (t == TNOT)
+				lp->n = pipeline();
+			else
+				lp->n = command();
+			prev->next = lp;
+		} while (readtoken() == TPIPE);
+		lp->next = NULL;
+		n1 = pipenode;
+	}
+	tokpushback++;
+	if (negate) {
+		n2 = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct nnot));
+		n2->type = NNOT;
+		n2->nnot.com = n1;
+		return n2;
+	} else
+		return n1;
+}
+
+
+
+static union node *
+command(void)
+{
+	union node *n1, *n2;
+	union node *ap, **app;
+	union node *cp, **cpp;
+	union node *redir, **rpp;
+	int t;
+	int is_subshell;
+
+	checkkwd = CHKNL | CHKKWD | CHKALIAS;
+	is_subshell = 0;
+	redir = NULL;
+	n1 = NULL;
+	rpp = &redir;
+
+	/* Check for redirection which may precede command */
+	while (readtoken() == TREDIR) {
+		*rpp = n2 = redirnode;
+		rpp = &n2->nfile.next;
+		parsefname();
+	}
+	tokpushback++;
+
+	switch (readtoken()) {
+	case TIF:
+		n1 = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct nif));
+		n1->type = NIF;
+		if ((n1->nif.test = list(0)) == NULL)
+			synexpect(-1);
+		consumetoken(TTHEN);
+		n1->nif.ifpart = list(0);
+		n2 = n1;
+		while (readtoken() == TELIF) {
+			n2->nif.elsepart = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct nif));
+			n2 = n2->nif.elsepart;
+			n2->type = NIF;
+			if ((n2->nif.test = list(0)) == NULL)
+				synexpect(-1);
+			consumetoken(TTHEN);
+			n2->nif.ifpart = list(0);
+		}
+		if (lasttoken == TELSE)
+			n2->nif.elsepart = list(0);
+		else {
+			n2->nif.elsepart = NULL;
+			tokpushback++;
+		}
+		consumetoken(TFI);
+		checkkwd = CHKKWD | CHKALIAS;
+		break;
+	case TWHILE:
+	case TUNTIL:
+		t = lasttoken;
+		if ((n1 = list(0)) == NULL)
+			synexpect(-1);
+		consumetoken(TDO);
+		n1 = makebinary((t == TWHILE)? NWHILE : NUNTIL, n1, list(0));
+		consumetoken(TDONE);
+		checkkwd = CHKKWD | CHKALIAS;
+		break;
+	case TFOR:
+		if (readtoken() != TWORD || quoteflag || ! goodname(wordtext))
+			synerror("Bad for loop variable");
+		n1 = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct nfor));
+		n1->type = NFOR;
+		n1->nfor.var = wordtext;
+		while (readtoken() == TNL)
+			;
+		if (lasttoken == TWORD && ! quoteflag && equal(wordtext, "in")) {
+			app = &ap;
+			while (readtoken() == TWORD) {
+				n2 = makename();
+				*app = n2;
+				app = &n2->narg.next;
+			}
+			*app = NULL;
+			n1->nfor.args = ap;
+			if (lasttoken != TNL && lasttoken != TSEMI)
+				synexpect(-1);
+		} else {
+			static char argvars[5] = {
+				CTLVAR, VSNORMAL|VSQUOTE, '@', '=', '\0'
+			};
+			n2 = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct narg));
+			n2->type = NARG;
+			n2->narg.text = argvars;
+			n2->narg.backquote = NULL;
+			n2->narg.next = NULL;
+			n1->nfor.args = n2;
+			/*
+			 * Newline or semicolon here is optional (but note
+			 * that the original Bourne shell only allowed NL).
+			 */
+			if (lasttoken != TNL && lasttoken != TSEMI)
+				tokpushback++;
+		}
+		checkkwd = CHKNL | CHKKWD | CHKALIAS;
+		if ((t = readtoken()) == TDO)
+			t = TDONE;
+		else if (t == TBEGIN)
+			t = TEND;
+		else
+			synexpect(-1);
+		n1->nfor.body = list(0);
+		consumetoken(t);
+		checkkwd = CHKKWD | CHKALIAS;
+		break;
+	case TCASE:
+		n1 = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct ncase));
+		n1->type = NCASE;
+		consumetoken(TWORD);
+		n1->ncase.expr = makename();
+		while (readtoken() == TNL);
+		if (lasttoken != TWORD || ! equal(wordtext, "in"))
+			synerror("expecting \"in\"");
+		cpp = &n1->ncase.cases;
+		checkkwd = CHKNL | CHKKWD, readtoken();
+		while (lasttoken != TESAC) {
+			*cpp = cp = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct nclist));
+			cp->type = NCLIST;
+			app = &cp->nclist.pattern;
+			if (lasttoken == TLP)
+				readtoken();
+			for (;;) {
+				*app = ap = makename();
+				checkkwd = CHKNL | CHKKWD;
+				if (readtoken() != TPIPE)
+					break;
+				app = &ap->narg.next;
+				readtoken();
+			}
+			ap->narg.next = NULL;
+			if (lasttoken != TRP)
+				synexpect(TRP);
+			cp->nclist.body = list(0);
+
+			checkkwd = CHKNL | CHKKWD | CHKALIAS;
+			if ((t = readtoken()) != TESAC) {
+				if (t == TENDCASE)
+					;
+				else if (t == TFALLTHRU)
+					cp->type = NCLISTFALLTHRU;
+				else
+					synexpect(TENDCASE);
+				checkkwd = CHKNL | CHKKWD, readtoken();
+			}
+			cpp = &cp->nclist.next;
+		}
+		*cpp = NULL;
+		checkkwd = CHKKWD | CHKALIAS;
+		break;
+	case TLP:
+		n1 = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct nredir));
+		n1->type = NSUBSHELL;
+		n1->nredir.n = list(0);
+		n1->nredir.redirect = NULL;
+		consumetoken(TRP);
+		checkkwd = CHKKWD | CHKALIAS;
+		is_subshell = 1;
+		break;
+	case TBEGIN:
+		n1 = list(0);
+		consumetoken(TEND);
+		checkkwd = CHKKWD | CHKALIAS;
+		break;
+	/* A simple command must have at least one redirection or word. */
+	case TBACKGND:
+	case TSEMI:
+	case TAND:
+	case TOR:
+	case TPIPE:
+	case TENDCASE:
+	case TFALLTHRU:
+	case TEOF:
+	case TNL:
+	case TRP:
+		if (!redir)
+			synexpect(-1);
+	case TWORD:
+		tokpushback++;
+		n1 = simplecmd(rpp, redir);
+		return n1;
+	default:
+		synexpect(-1);
+	}
+
+	/* Now check for redirection which may follow command */
+	while (readtoken() == TREDIR) {
+		*rpp = n2 = redirnode;
+		rpp = &n2->nfile.next;
+		parsefname();
+	}
+	tokpushback++;
+	*rpp = NULL;
+	if (redir) {
+		if (!is_subshell) {
+			n2 = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct nredir));
+			n2->type = NREDIR;
+			n2->nredir.n = n1;
+			n1 = n2;
+		}
+		n1->nredir.redirect = redir;
+	}
+
+	return n1;
+}
+
+
+static union node *
+simplecmd(union node **rpp, union node *redir)
+{
+	union node *args, **app;
+	union node **orig_rpp = rpp;
+	union node *n = NULL;
+	int special;
+	int savecheckkwd;
+
+	/* If we don't have any redirections already, then we must reset */
+	/* rpp to be the address of the local redir variable.  */
+	if (redir == NULL)
+		rpp = &redir;
+
+	args = NULL;
+	app = &args;
+	/*
+	 * We save the incoming value, because we need this for shell
+	 * functions.  There can not be a redirect or an argument between
+	 * the function name and the open parenthesis.
+	 */
+	orig_rpp = rpp;
+
+	savecheckkwd = CHKALIAS;
+
+	for (;;) {
+		checkkwd = savecheckkwd;
+		if (readtoken() == TWORD) {
+			n = makename();
+			*app = n;
+			app = &n->narg.next;
+			if (savecheckkwd != 0 && !isassignment(wordtext))
+				savecheckkwd = 0;
+		} else if (lasttoken == TREDIR) {
+			*rpp = n = redirnode;
+			rpp = &n->nfile.next;
+			parsefname();	/* read name of redirection file */
+		} else if (lasttoken == TLP && app == &args->narg.next
+					    && rpp == orig_rpp) {
+			/* We have a function */
+			consumetoken(TRP);
+			funclinno = plinno;
+			/*
+			 * - Require plain text.
+			 * - Functions with '/' cannot be called.
+			 * - Reject name=().
+			 * - Reject ksh extended glob patterns.
+			 */
+			if (!noexpand(n->narg.text) || quoteflag ||
+			    strchr(n->narg.text, '/') ||
+			    strchr("!%*+-=?@}~",
+				n->narg.text[strlen(n->narg.text) - 1]))
+				synerror("Bad function name");
+			rmescapes(n->narg.text);
+			if (find_builtin(n->narg.text, &special) >= 0 &&
+			    special)
+				synerror("Cannot override a special builtin with a function");
+			n->type = NDEFUN;
+			n->narg.next = command();
+			funclinno = 0;
+			return n;
+		} else {
+			tokpushback++;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	*app = NULL;
+	*rpp = NULL;
+	n = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct ncmd));
+	n->type = NCMD;
+	n->ncmd.args = args;
+	n->ncmd.redirect = redir;
+	return n;
+}
+
+static union node *
+makename(void)
+{
+	union node *n;
+
+	n = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct narg));
+	n->type = NARG;
+	n->narg.next = NULL;
+	n->narg.text = wordtext;
+	n->narg.backquote = backquotelist;
+	return n;
+}
+
+static union node *
+makebinary(int type, union node *n1, union node *n2)
+{
+	union node *n;
+
+	n = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct nbinary));
+	n->type = type;
+	n->nbinary.ch1 = n1;
+	n->nbinary.ch2 = n2;
+	return (n);
+}
+
+void
+forcealias(void)
+{
+	checkkwd |= CHKALIAS;
+}
+
+void
+fixredir(union node *n, const char *text, int err)
+{
+	TRACE(("Fix redir %s %d\n", text, err));
+	if (!err)
+		n->ndup.vname = NULL;
+
+	if (is_digit(text[0]) && text[1] == '\0')
+		n->ndup.dupfd = digit_val(text[0]);
+	else if (text[0] == '-' && text[1] == '\0')
+		n->ndup.dupfd = -1;
+	else {
+
+		if (err)
+			synerror("Bad fd number");
+		else
+			n->ndup.vname = makename();
+	}
+}
+
+
+static void
+parsefname(void)
+{
+	union node *n = redirnode;
+
+	consumetoken(TWORD);
+	if (n->type == NHERE) {
+		struct heredoc *here = heredoc;
+		struct heredoc *p;
+
+		if (quoteflag == 0)
+			n->type = NXHERE;
+		TRACE(("Here document %d\n", n->type));
+		if (here->striptabs) {
+			while (*wordtext == '\t')
+				wordtext++;
+		}
+		if (! noexpand(wordtext))
+			synerror("Illegal eof marker for << redirection");
+		rmescapes(wordtext);
+		here->eofmark = wordtext;
+		here->next = NULL;
+		if (heredoclist == NULL)
+			heredoclist = here;
+		else {
+			for (p = heredoclist ; p->next ; p = p->next);
+			p->next = here;
+		}
+	} else if (n->type == NTOFD || n->type == NFROMFD) {
+		fixredir(n, wordtext, 0);
+	} else {
+		n->nfile.fname = makename();
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Input any here documents.
+ */
+
+static void
+parseheredoc(void)
+{
+	struct heredoc *here;
+	union node *n;
+
+	while (heredoclist) {
+		here = heredoclist;
+		heredoclist = here->next;
+		if (needprompt) {
+			setprompt(2);
+			needprompt = 0;
+		}
+		readtoken1(pgetc(), here->here->type == NHERE? SQSYNTAX : DQSYNTAX,
+				here->eofmark, here->striptabs);
+		n = makename();
+		here->here->nhere.doc = n;
+	}
+}
+
+static int
+peektoken(void)
+{
+	int t;
+
+	t = readtoken();
+	tokpushback++;
+	return (t);
+}
+
+static int
+readtoken(void)
+{
+	int t;
+	struct alias *ap;
+#ifdef DEBUG
+	int alreadyseen = tokpushback;
+#endif
+
+	top:
+	t = xxreadtoken();
+
+	/*
+	 * eat newlines
+	 */
+	if (checkkwd & CHKNL) {
+		while (t == TNL) {
+			parseheredoc();
+			t = xxreadtoken();
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * check for keywords and aliases
+	 */
+	if (t == TWORD && !quoteflag)
+	{
+		const char * const *pp;
+
+		if (checkkwd & CHKKWD)
+			for (pp = parsekwd; *pp; pp++) {
+				if (**pp == *wordtext && equal(*pp, wordtext))
+				{
+					lasttoken = t = pp - parsekwd + KWDOFFSET;
+					TRACE(("keyword %s recognized\n", tokname[t]));
+					goto out;
+				}
+			}
+		if (checkkwd & CHKALIAS &&
+		    (ap = lookupalias(wordtext, 1)) != NULL) {
+			pushstring(ap->val, strlen(ap->val), ap);
+			goto top;
+		}
+	}
+out:
+	if (t != TNOT)
+		checkkwd = 0;
+
+#ifdef DEBUG
+	if (!alreadyseen)
+	    TRACE(("token %s %s\n", tokname[t], t == TWORD ? wordtext : ""));
+	else
+	    TRACE(("reread token %s %s\n", tokname[t], t == TWORD ? wordtext : ""));
+#endif
+	return (t);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Read the next input token.
+ * If the token is a word, we set backquotelist to the list of cmds in
+ *	backquotes.  We set quoteflag to true if any part of the word was
+ *	quoted.
+ * If the token is TREDIR, then we set redirnode to a structure containing
+ *	the redirection.
+ * In all cases, the variable startlinno is set to the number of the line
+ *	on which the token starts.
+ *
+ * [Change comment:  here documents and internal procedures]
+ * [Readtoken shouldn't have any arguments.  Perhaps we should make the
+ *  word parsing code into a separate routine.  In this case, readtoken
+ *  doesn't need to have any internal procedures, but parseword does.
+ *  We could also make parseoperator in essence the main routine, and
+ *  have parseword (readtoken1?) handle both words and redirection.]
+ */
+
+#define RETURN(token)	return lasttoken = token
+
+static int
+xxreadtoken(void)
+{
+	int c;
+
+	if (tokpushback) {
+		tokpushback = 0;
+		return lasttoken;
+	}
+	if (needprompt) {
+		setprompt(2);
+		needprompt = 0;
+	}
+	startlinno = plinno;
+	for (;;) {	/* until token or start of word found */
+		c = pgetc_macro();
+		switch (c) {
+		case ' ': case '\t':
+			continue;
+		case '#':
+			while ((c = pgetc()) != '\n' && c != PEOF);
+			pungetc();
+			continue;
+		case '\\':
+			if (pgetc() == '\n') {
+				startlinno = ++plinno;
+				if (doprompt)
+					setprompt(2);
+				else
+					setprompt(0);
+				continue;
+			}
+			pungetc();
+			/* FALLTHROUGH */
+		default:
+			return readtoken1(c, BASESYNTAX, (char *)NULL, 0);
+		case '\n':
+			plinno++;
+			needprompt = doprompt;
+			RETURN(TNL);
+		case PEOF:
+			RETURN(TEOF);
+		case '&':
+			if (pgetc_linecont() == '&')
+				RETURN(TAND);
+			pungetc();
+			RETURN(TBACKGND);
+		case '|':
+			if (pgetc_linecont() == '|')
+				RETURN(TOR);
+			pungetc();
+			RETURN(TPIPE);
+		case ';':
+			c = pgetc_linecont();
+			if (c == ';')
+				RETURN(TENDCASE);
+			else if (c == '&')
+				RETURN(TFALLTHRU);
+			pungetc();
+			RETURN(TSEMI);
+		case '(':
+			RETURN(TLP);
+		case ')':
+			RETURN(TRP);
+		}
+	}
+#undef RETURN
+}
+
+
+#define MAXNEST_static 8
+struct tokenstate
+{
+	const char *syntax; /* *SYNTAX */
+	int parenlevel; /* levels of parentheses in arithmetic */
+	enum tokenstate_category
+	{
+		TSTATE_TOP,
+		TSTATE_VAR_OLD, /* ${var+-=?}, inherits dquotes */
+		TSTATE_VAR_NEW, /* other ${var...}, own dquote state */
+		TSTATE_ARITH
+	} category;
+};
+
+
+/*
+ * Check to see whether we are at the end of the here document.  When this
+ * is called, c is set to the first character of the next input line.  If
+ * we are at the end of the here document, this routine sets the c to PEOF.
+ * The new value of c is returned.
+ */
+
+static int
+checkend(int c, const char *eofmark, int striptabs)
+{
+	if (striptabs) {
+		while (c == '\t')
+			c = pgetc();
+	}
+	if (c == *eofmark) {
+		int c2;
+		const char *q;
+
+		for (q = eofmark + 1; c2 = pgetc(), *q != '\0' && c2 == *q; q++)
+			;
+		if ((c2 == PEOF || c2 == '\n') && *q == '\0') {
+			c = PEOF;
+			if (c2 == '\n') {
+				plinno++;
+				needprompt = doprompt;
+			}
+		} else {
+			pungetc();
+			pushstring(eofmark + 1, q - (eofmark + 1), NULL);
+		}
+	} else if (c == '\n' && *eofmark == '\0') {
+		c = PEOF;
+		plinno++;
+		needprompt = doprompt;
+	}
+	return (c);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Parse a redirection operator.  The variable "out" points to a string
+ * specifying the fd to be redirected.  The variable "c" contains the
+ * first character of the redirection operator.
+ */
+
+static void
+parseredir(char *out, int c)
+{
+	char fd = *out;
+	union node *np;
+
+	np = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct nfile));
+	if (c == '>') {
+		np->nfile.fd = 1;
+		c = pgetc_linecont();
+		if (c == '>')
+			np->type = NAPPEND;
+		else if (c == '&')
+			np->type = NTOFD;
+		else if (c == '|')
+			np->type = NCLOBBER;
+		else {
+			np->type = NTO;
+			pungetc();
+		}
+	} else {	/* c == '<' */
+		np->nfile.fd = 0;
+		c = pgetc_linecont();
+		if (c == '<') {
+			if (sizeof (struct nfile) != sizeof (struct nhere)) {
+				np = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct nhere));
+				np->nfile.fd = 0;
+			}
+			np->type = NHERE;
+			heredoc = (struct heredoc *)stalloc(sizeof (struct heredoc));
+			heredoc->here = np;
+			if ((c = pgetc_linecont()) == '-') {
+				heredoc->striptabs = 1;
+			} else {
+				heredoc->striptabs = 0;
+				pungetc();
+			}
+		} else if (c == '&')
+			np->type = NFROMFD;
+		else if (c == '>')
+			np->type = NFROMTO;
+		else {
+			np->type = NFROM;
+			pungetc();
+		}
+	}
+	if (fd != '\0')
+		np->nfile.fd = digit_val(fd);
+	redirnode = np;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Called to parse command substitutions.
+ */
+
+static char *
+parsebackq(char *out, struct nodelist **pbqlist,
+		int oldstyle, int dblquote, int quoted)
+{
+	struct nodelist **nlpp;
+	union node *n;
+	char *volatile str;
+	struct jmploc jmploc;
+	struct jmploc *const savehandler = handler;
+	size_t savelen;
+	int saveprompt;
+	const int bq_startlinno = plinno;
+	char *volatile ostr = NULL;
+	struct parsefile *const savetopfile = getcurrentfile();
+	struct heredoc *const saveheredoclist = heredoclist;
+	struct heredoc *here;
+
+	str = NULL;
+	if (setjmp(jmploc.loc)) {
+		popfilesupto(savetopfile);
+		if (str)
+			ckfree(str);
+		if (ostr)
+			ckfree(ostr);
+		heredoclist = saveheredoclist;
+		handler = savehandler;
+		if (exception == EXERROR) {
+			startlinno = bq_startlinno;
+			synerror("Error in command substitution");
+		}
+		longjmp(handler->loc, 1);
+	}
+	INTOFF;
+	savelen = out - stackblock();
+	if (savelen > 0) {
+		str = ckmalloc(savelen);
+		memcpy(str, stackblock(), savelen);
+	}
+	handler = &jmploc;
+	heredoclist = NULL;
+	INTON;
+        if (oldstyle) {
+                /* We must read until the closing backquote, giving special
+                   treatment to some slashes, and then push the string and
+                   reread it as input, interpreting it normally.  */
+                char *oout;
+                int c;
+                int olen;
+
+
+                STARTSTACKSTR(oout);
+		for (;;) {
+			if (needprompt) {
+				setprompt(2);
+				needprompt = 0;
+			}
+			CHECKSTRSPACE(2, oout);
+			c = pgetc_linecont();
+			if (c == '`')
+				break;
+			switch (c) {
+			case '\\':
+				c = pgetc();
+                                if (c != '\\' && c != '`' && c != '$'
+                                    && (!dblquote || c != '"'))
+                                        USTPUTC('\\', oout);
+				break;
+
+			case '\n':
+				plinno++;
+				needprompt = doprompt;
+				break;
+
+			case PEOF:
+			        startlinno = plinno;
+				synerror("EOF in backquote substitution");
+ 				break;
+
+			default:
+				break;
+			}
+			USTPUTC(c, oout);
+                }
+                USTPUTC('\0', oout);
+                olen = oout - stackblock();
+		INTOFF;
+		ostr = ckmalloc(olen);
+		memcpy(ostr, stackblock(), olen);
+		setinputstring(ostr, 1);
+		INTON;
+        }
+	nlpp = pbqlist;
+	while (*nlpp)
+		nlpp = &(*nlpp)->next;
+	*nlpp = (struct nodelist *)stalloc(sizeof (struct nodelist));
+	(*nlpp)->next = NULL;
+
+	if (oldstyle) {
+		saveprompt = doprompt;
+		doprompt = 0;
+	}
+
+	n = list(0);
+
+	if (oldstyle) {
+		if (peektoken() != TEOF)
+			synexpect(-1);
+		doprompt = saveprompt;
+	} else
+		consumetoken(TRP);
+
+	(*nlpp)->n = n;
+        if (oldstyle) {
+		/*
+		 * Start reading from old file again, ignoring any pushed back
+		 * tokens left from the backquote parsing
+		 */
+                popfile();
+		tokpushback = 0;
+	}
+	STARTSTACKSTR(out);
+	CHECKSTRSPACE(savelen + 1, out);
+	INTOFF;
+	if (str) {
+		memcpy(out, str, savelen);
+		STADJUST(savelen, out);
+		ckfree(str);
+		str = NULL;
+	}
+	if (ostr) {
+		ckfree(ostr);
+		ostr = NULL;
+	}
+	here = saveheredoclist;
+	if (here != NULL) {
+		while (here->next != NULL)
+			here = here->next;
+		here->next = heredoclist;
+		heredoclist = saveheredoclist;
+	}
+	handler = savehandler;
+	INTON;
+	if (quoted)
+		USTPUTC(CTLBACKQ | CTLQUOTE, out);
+	else
+		USTPUTC(CTLBACKQ, out);
+	return out;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Called to parse a backslash escape sequence inside $'...'.
+ * The backslash has already been read.
+ */
+static char *
+readcstyleesc(char *out)
+{
+	int c, vc, i, n;
+	unsigned int v;
+
+	c = pgetc();
+	switch (c) {
+	case '\0':
+		synerror("Unterminated quoted string");
+	case '\n':
+		plinno++;
+		if (doprompt)
+			setprompt(2);
+		else
+			setprompt(0);
+		return out;
+	case '\\':
+	case '\'':
+	case '"':
+		v = c;
+		break;
+	case 'a': v = '\a'; break;
+	case 'b': v = '\b'; break;
+	case 'e': v = '\033'; break;
+	case 'f': v = '\f'; break;
+	case 'n': v = '\n'; break;
+	case 'r': v = '\r'; break;
+	case 't': v = '\t'; break;
+	case 'v': v = '\v'; break;
+	case 'x':
+		  v = 0;
+		  for (;;) {
+			  c = pgetc();
+			  if (c >= '0' && c <= '9')
+				  v = (v << 4) + c - '0';
+			  else if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'F')
+				  v = (v << 4) + c - 'A' + 10;
+			  else if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f')
+				  v = (v << 4) + c - 'a' + 10;
+			  else
+				  break;
+		  }
+		  pungetc();
+		  break;
+	case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3':
+	case '4': case '5': case '6': case '7':
+		  v = c - '0';
+		  c = pgetc();
+		  if (c >= '0' && c <= '7') {
+			  v <<= 3;
+			  v += c - '0';
+			  c = pgetc();
+			  if (c >= '0' && c <= '7') {
+				  v <<= 3;
+				  v += c - '0';
+			  } else
+				  pungetc();
+		  } else
+			  pungetc();
+		  break;
+	case 'c':
+		  c = pgetc();
+		  if (c < 0x3f || c > 0x7a || c == 0x60)
+			  synerror("Bad escape sequence");
+		  if (c == '\\' && pgetc() != '\\')
+			  synerror("Bad escape sequence");
+		  if (c == '?')
+			  v = 127;
+		  else
+			  v = c & 0x1f;
+		  break;
+	case 'u':
+	case 'U':
+		  n = c == 'U' ? 8 : 4;
+		  v = 0;
+		  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+			  c = pgetc();
+			  if (c >= '0' && c <= '9')
+				  v = (v << 4) + c - '0';
+			  else if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'F')
+				  v = (v << 4) + c - 'A' + 10;
+			  else if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f')
+				  v = (v << 4) + c - 'a' + 10;
+			  else
+				  synerror("Bad escape sequence");
+		  }
+		  if (v == 0 || (v >= 0xd800 && v <= 0xdfff))
+			  synerror("Bad escape sequence");
+		  /* We really need iconv here. */
+		  if (initial_localeisutf8 && v > 127) {
+			  CHECKSTRSPACE(4, out);
+			  /*
+			   * We cannot use wctomb() as the locale may have
+			   * changed.
+			   */
+			  if (v <= 0x7ff) {
+				  USTPUTC(0xc0 | v >> 6, out);
+				  USTPUTC(0x80 | (v & 0x3f), out);
+				  return out;
+			  } else if (v <= 0xffff) {
+				  USTPUTC(0xe0 | v >> 12, out);
+				  USTPUTC(0x80 | ((v >> 6) & 0x3f), out);
+				  USTPUTC(0x80 | (v & 0x3f), out);
+				  return out;
+			  } else if (v <= 0x10ffff) {
+				  USTPUTC(0xf0 | v >> 18, out);
+				  USTPUTC(0x80 | ((v >> 12) & 0x3f), out);
+				  USTPUTC(0x80 | ((v >> 6) & 0x3f), out);
+				  USTPUTC(0x80 | (v & 0x3f), out);
+				  return out;
+			  }
+		  }
+		  if (v > 127)
+			  v = '?';
+		  break;
+	default:
+		  synerror("Bad escape sequence");
+	}
+	vc = (char)v;
+	/*
+	 * We can't handle NUL bytes.
+	 * POSIX says we should skip till the closing quote.
+	 */
+	if (vc == '\0') {
+		while ((c = pgetc()) != '\'') {
+			if (c == '\\')
+				c = pgetc();
+			if (c == PEOF)
+				synerror("Unterminated quoted string");
+			if (c == '\n') {
+				plinno++;
+				if (doprompt)
+					setprompt(2);
+				else
+					setprompt(0);
+			}
+		}
+		pungetc();
+		return out;
+	}
+	if (SQSYNTAX[vc] == CCTL)
+		USTPUTC(CTLESC, out);
+	USTPUTC(vc, out);
+	return out;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * If eofmark is NULL, read a word or a redirection symbol.  If eofmark
+ * is not NULL, read a here document.  In the latter case, eofmark is the
+ * word which marks the end of the document and striptabs is true if
+ * leading tabs should be stripped from the document.  The argument firstc
+ * is the first character of the input token or document.
+ *
+ * Because C does not have internal subroutines, I have simulated them
+ * using goto's to implement the subroutine linkage.  The following macros
+ * will run code that appears at the end of readtoken1.
+ */
+
+#define PARSESUB()	{goto parsesub; parsesub_return:;}
+#define	PARSEARITH()	{goto parsearith; parsearith_return:;}
+
+static int
+readtoken1(int firstc, char const *initialsyntax, const char *eofmark,
+    int striptabs)
+{
+	int c = firstc;
+	char *out;
+	int len;
+	struct nodelist *bqlist;
+	int quotef;
+	int newvarnest;
+	int level;
+	int synentry;
+	struct tokenstate state_static[MAXNEST_static];
+	int maxnest = MAXNEST_static;
+	struct tokenstate *state = state_static;
+	int sqiscstyle = 0;
+
+	startlinno = plinno;
+	quotef = 0;
+	bqlist = NULL;
+	newvarnest = 0;
+	level = 0;
+	state[level].syntax = initialsyntax;
+	state[level].parenlevel = 0;
+	state[level].category = TSTATE_TOP;
+
+	STARTSTACKSTR(out);
+	loop: {	/* for each line, until end of word */
+		if (eofmark && eofmark != NOEOFMARK)
+			/* set c to PEOF if at end of here document */
+			c = checkend(c, eofmark, striptabs);
+		for (;;) {	/* until end of line or end of word */
+			CHECKSTRSPACE(4, out);	/* permit 4 calls to USTPUTC */
+
+			synentry = state[level].syntax[c];
+
+			switch(synentry) {
+			case CNL:	/* '\n' */
+				if (level == 0)
+					goto endword;	/* exit outer loop */
+				/* FALLTHROUGH */
+			case CQNL:
+				USTPUTC(c, out);
+				plinno++;
+				if (doprompt)
+					setprompt(2);
+				else
+					setprompt(0);
+				c = pgetc();
+				goto loop;		/* continue outer loop */
+			case CSBACK:
+				if (sqiscstyle) {
+					out = readcstyleesc(out);
+					break;
+				}
+				/* FALLTHROUGH */
+			case CWORD:
+				USTPUTC(c, out);
+				break;
+			case CCTL:
+				if (eofmark == NULL || initialsyntax != SQSYNTAX)
+					USTPUTC(CTLESC, out);
+				USTPUTC(c, out);
+				break;
+			case CBACK:	/* backslash */
+				c = pgetc();
+				if (c == PEOF) {
+					USTPUTC('\\', out);
+					pungetc();
+				} else if (c == '\n') {
+					plinno++;
+					if (doprompt)
+						setprompt(2);
+					else
+						setprompt(0);
+				} else {
+					if (state[level].syntax == DQSYNTAX &&
+					    c != '\\' && c != '`' && c != '$' &&
+					    (c != '"' || (eofmark != NULL &&
+						newvarnest == 0)) &&
+					    (c != '}' || state[level].category != TSTATE_VAR_OLD))
+						USTPUTC('\\', out);
+					if ((eofmark == NULL ||
+					    newvarnest > 0) &&
+					    state[level].syntax == BASESYNTAX)
+						USTPUTC(CTLQUOTEMARK, out);
+					if (SQSYNTAX[c] == CCTL)
+						USTPUTC(CTLESC, out);
+					USTPUTC(c, out);
+					if ((eofmark == NULL ||
+					    newvarnest > 0) &&
+					    state[level].syntax == BASESYNTAX &&
+					    state[level].category == TSTATE_VAR_OLD)
+						USTPUTC(CTLQUOTEEND, out);
+					quotef++;
+				}
+				break;
+			case CSQUOTE:
+				USTPUTC(CTLQUOTEMARK, out);
+				state[level].syntax = SQSYNTAX;
+				sqiscstyle = 0;
+				break;
+			case CDQUOTE:
+				USTPUTC(CTLQUOTEMARK, out);
+				state[level].syntax = DQSYNTAX;
+				break;
+			case CENDQUOTE:
+				if (eofmark != NULL && newvarnest == 0)
+					USTPUTC(c, out);
+				else {
+					if (state[level].category == TSTATE_VAR_OLD)
+						USTPUTC(CTLQUOTEEND, out);
+					state[level].syntax = BASESYNTAX;
+					quotef++;
+				}
+				break;
+			case CVAR:	/* '$' */
+				PARSESUB();		/* parse substitution */
+				break;
+			case CENDVAR:	/* '}' */
+				if (level > 0 &&
+				    ((state[level].category == TSTATE_VAR_OLD &&
+				      state[level].syntax ==
+				      state[level - 1].syntax) ||
+				    (state[level].category == TSTATE_VAR_NEW &&
+				     state[level].syntax == BASESYNTAX))) {
+					if (state[level].category == TSTATE_VAR_NEW)
+						newvarnest--;
+					level--;
+					USTPUTC(CTLENDVAR, out);
+				} else {
+					USTPUTC(c, out);
+				}
+				break;
+			case CLP:	/* '(' in arithmetic */
+				state[level].parenlevel++;
+				USTPUTC(c, out);
+				break;
+			case CRP:	/* ')' in arithmetic */
+				if (state[level].parenlevel > 0) {
+					USTPUTC(c, out);
+					--state[level].parenlevel;
+				} else {
+					if (pgetc_linecont() == ')') {
+						if (level > 0 &&
+						    state[level].category == TSTATE_ARITH) {
+							level--;
+							USTPUTC(CTLENDARI, out);
+						} else
+							USTPUTC(')', out);
+					} else {
+						/*
+						 * unbalanced parens
+						 *  (don't 2nd guess - no error)
+						 */
+						pungetc();
+						USTPUTC(')', out);
+					}
+				}
+				break;
+			case CBQUOTE:	/* '`' */
+				out = parsebackq(out, &bqlist, 1,
+				    state[level].syntax == DQSYNTAX &&
+				    (eofmark == NULL || newvarnest > 0),
+				    state[level].syntax == DQSYNTAX || state[level].syntax == ARISYNTAX);
+				break;
+			case CEOF:
+				goto endword;		/* exit outer loop */
+			case CIGN:
+				break;
+			default:
+				if (level == 0)
+					goto endword;	/* exit outer loop */
+				USTPUTC(c, out);
+			}
+			c = pgetc_macro();
+		}
+	}
+endword:
+	if (state[level].syntax == ARISYNTAX)
+		synerror("Missing '))'");
+	if (state[level].syntax != BASESYNTAX && eofmark == NULL)
+		synerror("Unterminated quoted string");
+	if (state[level].category == TSTATE_VAR_OLD ||
+	    state[level].category == TSTATE_VAR_NEW) {
+		startlinno = plinno;
+		synerror("Missing '}'");
+	}
+	if (state != state_static)
+		parser_temp_free_upto(state);
+	USTPUTC('\0', out);
+	len = out - stackblock();
+	out = stackblock();
+	if (eofmark == NULL) {
+		if ((c == '>' || c == '<')
+		 && quotef == 0
+		 && len <= 2
+		 && (*out == '\0' || is_digit(*out))) {
+			parseredir(out, c);
+			return lasttoken = TREDIR;
+		} else {
+			pungetc();
+		}
+	}
+	quoteflag = quotef;
+	backquotelist = bqlist;
+	grabstackblock(len);
+	wordtext = out;
+	return lasttoken = TWORD;
+/* end of readtoken routine */
+
+
+/*
+ * Parse a substitution.  At this point, we have read the dollar sign
+ * and nothing else.
+ */
+
+parsesub: {
+	int subtype;
+	int typeloc;
+	int flags;
+	char *p;
+	static const char types[] = "}-+?=";
+	int linno;
+	int length;
+	int c1;
+
+	c = pgetc_linecont();
+	if (c == '(') {	/* $(command) or $((arith)) */
+		if (pgetc_linecont() == '(') {
+			PARSEARITH();
+		} else {
+			pungetc();
+			out = parsebackq(out, &bqlist, 0,
+			    state[level].syntax == DQSYNTAX &&
+			    (eofmark == NULL || newvarnest > 0),
+			    state[level].syntax == DQSYNTAX ||
+			    state[level].syntax == ARISYNTAX);
+		}
+	} else if (c == '{' || is_name(c) || is_special(c)) {
+		USTPUTC(CTLVAR, out);
+		typeloc = out - stackblock();
+		USTPUTC(VSNORMAL, out);
+		subtype = VSNORMAL;
+		flags = 0;
+		if (c == '{') {
+			c = pgetc_linecont();
+			subtype = 0;
+		}
+varname:
+		if (!is_eof(c) && is_name(c)) {
+			length = 0;
+			do {
+				STPUTC(c, out);
+				c = pgetc_linecont();
+				length++;
+			} while (!is_eof(c) && is_in_name(c));
+			if (length == 6 &&
+			    strncmp(out - length, "LINENO", length) == 0) {
+				/* Replace the variable name with the
+				 * current line number. */
+				STADJUST(-6, out);
+				CHECKSTRSPACE(11, out);
+				linno = plinno;
+				if (funclinno != 0)
+					linno -= funclinno - 1;
+				length = snprintf(out, 11, "%d", linno);
+				if (length > 10)
+					length = 10;
+				out += length;
+				flags |= VSLINENO;
+			}
+		} else if (is_digit(c)) {
+			if (subtype != VSNORMAL) {
+				do {
+					STPUTC(c, out);
+					c = pgetc_linecont();
+				} while (is_digit(c));
+			} else {
+				USTPUTC(c, out);
+				c = pgetc_linecont();
+			}
+		} else if (is_special(c)) {
+			c1 = c;
+			c = pgetc_linecont();
+			if (subtype == 0 && c1 == '#') {
+				subtype = VSLENGTH;
+				if (strchr(types, c) == NULL && c != ':' &&
+				    c != '#' && c != '%')
+					goto varname;
+				c1 = c;
+				c = pgetc_linecont();
+				if (c1 != '}' && c == '}') {
+					pungetc();
+					c = c1;
+					goto varname;
+				}
+				pungetc();
+				c = c1;
+				c1 = '#';
+				subtype = 0;
+			}
+			USTPUTC(c1, out);
+		} else {
+			subtype = VSERROR;
+			if (c == '}')
+				pungetc();
+			else if (c == '\n' || c == PEOF)
+				synerror("Unexpected end of line in substitution");
+			else if (BASESYNTAX[c] != CCTL)
+				USTPUTC(c, out);
+		}
+		if (subtype == 0) {
+			switch (c) {
+			case ':':
+				flags |= VSNUL;
+				c = pgetc_linecont();
+				/*FALLTHROUGH*/
+			default:
+				p = strchr(types, c);
+				if (p == NULL) {
+					if (c == '\n' || c == PEOF)
+						synerror("Unexpected end of line in substitution");
+					if (flags == VSNUL)
+						STPUTC(':', out);
+					if (BASESYNTAX[c] != CCTL)
+						STPUTC(c, out);
+					subtype = VSERROR;
+				} else
+					subtype = p - types + VSNORMAL;
+				break;
+			case '%':
+			case '#':
+				{
+					int cc = c;
+					subtype = c == '#' ? VSTRIMLEFT :
+							     VSTRIMRIGHT;
+					c = pgetc_linecont();
+					if (c == cc)
+						subtype++;
+					else
+						pungetc();
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		} else if (subtype != VSERROR) {
+			if (subtype == VSLENGTH && c != '}')
+				subtype = VSERROR;
+			pungetc();
+		}
+		STPUTC('=', out);
+		if (state[level].syntax == DQSYNTAX ||
+		    state[level].syntax == ARISYNTAX)
+			flags |= VSQUOTE;
+		*(stackblock() + typeloc) = subtype | flags;
+		if (subtype != VSNORMAL) {
+			if (level + 1 >= maxnest) {
+				maxnest *= 2;
+				if (state == state_static) {
+					state = parser_temp_alloc(
+					    maxnest * sizeof(*state));
+					memcpy(state, state_static,
+					    MAXNEST_static * sizeof(*state));
+				} else
+					state = parser_temp_realloc(state,
+					    maxnest * sizeof(*state));
+			}
+			level++;
+			state[level].parenlevel = 0;
+			if (subtype == VSMINUS || subtype == VSPLUS ||
+			    subtype == VSQUESTION || subtype == VSASSIGN) {
+				/*
+				 * For operators that were in the Bourne shell,
+				 * inherit the double-quote state.
+				 */
+				state[level].syntax = state[level - 1].syntax;
+				state[level].category = TSTATE_VAR_OLD;
+			} else {
+				/*
+				 * The other operators take a pattern,
+				 * so go to BASESYNTAX.
+				 * Also, ' and " are now special, even
+				 * in here documents.
+				 */
+				state[level].syntax = BASESYNTAX;
+				state[level].category = TSTATE_VAR_NEW;
+				newvarnest++;
+			}
+		}
+	} else if (c == '\'' && state[level].syntax == BASESYNTAX) {
+		/* $'cstylequotes' */
+		USTPUTC(CTLQUOTEMARK, out);
+		state[level].syntax = SQSYNTAX;
+		sqiscstyle = 1;
+	} else {
+		USTPUTC('$', out);
+		pungetc();
+	}
+	goto parsesub_return;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Parse an arithmetic expansion (indicate start of one and set state)
+ */
+parsearith: {
+
+	if (level + 1 >= maxnest) {
+		maxnest *= 2;
+		if (state == state_static) {
+			state = parser_temp_alloc(
+			    maxnest * sizeof(*state));
+			memcpy(state, state_static,
+			    MAXNEST_static * sizeof(*state));
+		} else
+			state = parser_temp_realloc(state,
+			    maxnest * sizeof(*state));
+	}
+	level++;
+	state[level].syntax = ARISYNTAX;
+	state[level].parenlevel = 0;
+	state[level].category = TSTATE_ARITH;
+	USTPUTC(CTLARI, out);
+	if (state[level - 1].syntax == DQSYNTAX)
+		USTPUTC('"',out);
+	else
+		USTPUTC(' ',out);
+	goto parsearith_return;
+}
+
+} /* end of readtoken */
+
+
+/*
+ * Returns true if the text contains nothing to expand (no dollar signs
+ * or backquotes).
+ */
+
+static int
+noexpand(char *text)
+{
+	char *p;
+	char c;
+
+	p = text;
+	while ((c = *p++) != '\0') {
+		if ( c == CTLQUOTEMARK)
+			continue;
+		if (c == CTLESC)
+			p++;
+		else if (BASESYNTAX[(int)c] == CCTL)
+			return 0;
+	}
+	return 1;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return true if the argument is a legal variable name (a letter or
+ * underscore followed by zero or more letters, underscores, and digits).
+ */
+
+int
+goodname(const char *name)
+{
+	const char *p;
+
+	p = name;
+	if (! is_name(*p))
+		return 0;
+	while (*++p) {
+		if (! is_in_name(*p))
+			return 0;
+	}
+	return 1;
+}
+
+
+int
+isassignment(const char *p)
+{
+	if (!is_name(*p))
+		return 0;
+	p++;
+	for (;;) {
+		if (*p == '=')
+			return 1;
+		else if (!is_in_name(*p))
+			return 0;
+		p++;
+	}
+}
+
+
+static void
+consumetoken(int token)
+{
+	if (readtoken() != token)
+		synexpect(token);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Called when an unexpected token is read during the parse.  The argument
+ * is the token that is expected, or -1 if more than one type of token can
+ * occur at this point.
+ */
+
+static void
+synexpect(int token)
+{
+	char msg[64];
+
+	if (token >= 0) {
+		fmtstr(msg, 64, "%s unexpected (expecting %s)",
+			tokname[lasttoken], tokname[token]);
+	} else {
+		fmtstr(msg, 64, "%s unexpected", tokname[lasttoken]);
+	}
+	synerror(msg);
+}
+
+
+static void
+synerror(const char *msg)
+{
+	if (commandname)
+		outfmt(out2, "%s: %d: ", commandname, startlinno);
+	else if (arg0)
+		outfmt(out2, "%s: ", arg0);
+	outfmt(out2, "Syntax error: %s\n", msg);
+	error((char *)NULL);
+}
+
+static void
+setprompt(int which)
+{
+	whichprompt = which;
+	if (which == 0)
+		return;
+
+	if (which == 1 && *ps0val()) {
+		out2str(expandprompt(ps0val()));
+		flushout(out2);
+	}
+
+#ifndef NO_HISTORY
+	if (!el)
+#endif
+	{
+		out2str(getprompt(NULL));
+		flushout(out2);
+	}
+}
+
+static int
+pgetc_linecont(void)
+{
+	int c;
+
+	while ((c = pgetc_macro()) == '\\') {
+		c = pgetc();
+		if (c == '\n') {
+			plinno++;
+			if (doprompt)
+				setprompt(2);
+			else
+				setprompt(0);
+		} else {
+			pungetc();
+			/* Allow the backslash to be pushed back. */
+			pushstring("\\", 1, NULL);
+			return (pgetc());
+		}
+	}
+	return (c);
+}
+
+static char *
+expandprompt(const char *fmt) {
+	static char ps[PROMPTLEN];
+	const char *pwd, *home;
+	int i, trim;
+
+	/*
+	 * Format prompt string.
+	 */
+	for (i = 0; (i < PROMPTLEN - 1) && (*fmt != '\0'); i++, fmt++)
+		if (*fmt == '\\')
+			switch (*++fmt) {
+
+				/*
+				 * Hostname.
+				 *
+				 * \h specifies just the local hostname,
+				 * \H specifies fully-qualified hostname.
+				 */
+			case 'h':
+			case 'H':
+				ps[i] = '\0';
+				gethostname(&ps[i], PROMPTLEN - i - 1);
+				ps[PROMPTLEN - 1] = '\0';
+				/* Skip to end of hostname. */
+				trim = (*fmt == 'h') ? '.' : '\0';
+				while ((ps[i] != '\0') && (ps[i] != trim))
+					i++;
+				--i;
+				break;
+
+				/*
+				 * Working directory.
+				 *
+				 * \W specifies just the final component,
+				 * \w specifies the entire path.
+				 */
+			case 'W':
+			case 'w':
+				pwd = lookupvar("PWD");
+				home = lookupvar("HOME");
+				if (pwd == NULL || *pwd == '\0')
+					pwd = "?";
+				if (home == NULL || *home == '\0')
+					home = "?";
+				if (*fmt == 'W' &&
+				    *pwd == '/' && pwd[1] != '\0' &&
+					strcmp(pwd, home) != 0) {
+					strlcpy(&ps[i], strrchr(pwd, '/') + 1,
+					    PROMPTLEN - i);
+				} else {
+					if (strncmp(pwd, home, strlen(home)) == 0) {
+						ps[i++] = '~';
+						pwd += strlen(home);
+					}
+					strlcpy(&ps[i], pwd, PROMPTLEN - i);
+				}
+				/* Skip to end of path. */
+				while (ps[i] != '\0')
+					i++;
+				--i;
+				break;
+
+				/*
+				 * Exit status if non-zero.
+				 */
+			case '?':
+				if (exitstatus != 0) {
+					snprintf(&ps[i], PROMPTLEN - i, "%d", exitstatus);
+					while (ps[i] != '\0')
+						i++;
+				}
+				i--;
+				break;
+
+				/*
+				 * Superuser status.
+				 *
+				 * '$' for normal users, '#' for root.
+				 */
+			case '$':
+				ps[i] = (geteuid() != 0) ? '$' : '#';
+				break;
+
+				/*
+				 * A literal \.
+				 */
+			case '\\':
+				ps[i] = '\\';
+				break;
+
+				/*
+				 * Emit unrecognized formats verbatim.
+				 */
+			default:
+				ps[i] = '\\';
+				if (i < PROMPTLEN - 2)
+					ps[++i] = *fmt;
+				break;
+			}
+		else
+			ps[i] = *fmt;
+	ps[i] = '\0';
+	return (ps);
+}
+
+/*
+ * called by editline -- any expansions to the prompt
+ *    should be added here.
+ */
+char *
+getprompt(void *unused __unused)
+{
+	const char *fmt;
+	static char internal_error[] = "??";
+
+	/*
+	 * Select prompt format.
+	 */
+	switch (whichprompt) {
+	case 0:
+		fmt = "";
+		break;
+	case 1:
+		fmt = ps1val();
+		break;
+	case 2:
+		fmt = ps2val();
+		break;
+	default:
+		return internal_error;
+	}
+
+	return expandprompt(fmt);
+}
+
+char *
+getrprompt(void *unused __unused)
+{
+	const char *fmt;
+	static char internal_error[] = "??";
+
+	/*
+	 * Select prompt format.
+	 */
+	switch (whichprompt) {
+	case 0:
+		fmt = "";
+		break;
+	case 1:
+		fmt = rps1val();
+		break;
+	case 2:
+		fmt = rps2val();
+		break;
+	default:
+		return internal_error;
+	}
+
+	return expandprompt(fmt);
+}
+
+
+const char *
+expandstr(const char *ps)
+{
+	union node n;
+	struct jmploc jmploc;
+	struct jmploc *const savehandler = handler;
+	const int saveprompt = doprompt;
+	struct parsefile *const savetopfile = getcurrentfile();
+	struct parser_temp *const saveparser_temp = parser_temp;
+	const char *result = NULL;
+
+	if (!setjmp(jmploc.loc)) {
+		handler = &jmploc;
+		parser_temp = NULL;
+		setinputstring(ps, 1);
+		doprompt = 0;
+		readtoken1(pgetc(), DQSYNTAX, NOEOFMARK, 0);
+		if (backquotelist != NULL)
+			error("Command substitution not allowed here");
+
+		n.narg.type = NARG;
+		n.narg.next = NULL;
+		n.narg.text = wordtext;
+		n.narg.backquote = backquotelist;
+
+		expandarg(&n, NULL, 0);
+		result = stackblock();
+		INTOFF;
+	}
+	handler = savehandler;
+	doprompt = saveprompt;
+	popfilesupto(savetopfile);
+	if (parser_temp != saveparser_temp) {
+		parser_temp_free_all();
+		parser_temp = saveparser_temp;
+	}
+	if (result != NULL) {
+		INTON;
+	} else if (exception == EXINT)
+		raise(SIGINT);
+	return result;
+}
diff --git a/bin/1sh/parser.h b/bin/1sh/parser.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..171bc994
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/parser.h
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+/*-
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)parser.h	8.3 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ * $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/parser.h 326025 2017-11-20 19:49:47Z pfg $
+ */
+
+/* control characters in argument strings */
+#define CTLESC '\300'
+#define CTLVAR '\301'
+#define CTLENDVAR '\371'
+#define CTLBACKQ '\372'
+#define CTLQUOTE 01		/* ored with CTLBACKQ code if in quotes */
+/*	CTLBACKQ | CTLQUOTE == '\373' */
+#define	CTLARI	'\374'
+#define	CTLENDARI '\375'
+#define	CTLQUOTEMARK '\376'
+#define	CTLQUOTEEND '\377' /* only for ${v+-...} */
+
+/* variable substitution byte (follows CTLVAR) */
+#define VSTYPE		0x0f	/* type of variable substitution */
+#define VSNUL		0x10	/* colon--treat the empty string as unset */
+#define VSLINENO	0x20	/* expansion of $LINENO, the line number \
+				   follows immediately */
+#define VSQUOTE		0x80	/* inside double quotes--suppress splitting */
+
+/* values of VSTYPE field */
+#define VSNORMAL	0x1		/* normal variable:  $var or ${var} */
+#define VSMINUS		0x2		/* ${var-text} */
+#define VSPLUS		0x3		/* ${var+text} */
+#define VSQUESTION	0x4		/* ${var?message} */
+#define VSASSIGN	0x5		/* ${var=text} */
+#define VSTRIMLEFT	0x6		/* ${var#pattern} */
+#define VSTRIMLEFTMAX	0x7		/* ${var##pattern} */
+#define VSTRIMRIGHT	0x8		/* ${var%pattern} */
+#define VSTRIMRIGHTMAX 	0x9		/* ${var%%pattern} */
+#define VSLENGTH	0xa		/* ${#var} */
+#define VSERROR		0xb		/* Syntax error, issue when expanded */
+
+
+/*
+ * NEOF is returned by parsecmd when it encounters an end of file.  It
+ * must be distinct from NULL.
+ */
+#define NEOF ((union node *)-1)
+extern int whichprompt;		/* 1 == PS1, 2 == PS2 */
+extern const char *const parsekwd[];
+
+
+union node *parsecmd(int);
+union node *parsewordexp(void);
+void forcealias(void);
+void fixredir(union node *, const char *, int);
+int goodname(const char *);
+int isassignment(const char *);
+char *getprompt(void *);
+char *getrprompt(void *);
+const char *expandstr(const char *);
diff --git a/bin/1sh/printf.c b/bin/1sh/printf.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2545fb62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/printf.c
@@ -0,0 +1,686 @@
+/*-
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+ *
+ * Copyright 2018 Staysail Systems, Inc. <info@staysail.tech>
+ * Copyright 2014 Garrett D'Amore <garrett@damore.org>
+ * Copyright 2010 Nexenta Systems, Inc.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1989, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+/*
+ * Important: This file is used both as a standalone program /usr/bin/printf
+ * and as a builtin for /bin/sh (#define SHELL).
+ */
+
+#ifndef SHELL
+#ifndef lint
+static char const copyright[] =
+"@(#) Copyright (c) 1989, 1993\n\
+	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.\n";
+#endif /* not lint */
+#endif
+
+#if 0
+static char const sccsid[] = "@(#)printf.c	8.1 (Berkeley) 7/20/93";
+static const char rcsid[] =
+  "$FreeBSD: releng/12.1/usr.bin/printf/printf.c 337618 2018-08-11 11:13:34Z jilles $";
+#endif
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <err.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <locale.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <wchar.h>
+
+#ifdef SHELL
+#define	main printfcmd
+#include "bltin.h"
+#include "options.h"
+#endif
+
+#define	PF(f, func) do {						\
+	if (havewidth)							\
+		if (haveprec)						\
+			(void)printf(f, fieldwidth, precision, func);	\
+		else							\
+			(void)printf(f, fieldwidth, func);		\
+	else if (haveprec)						\
+		(void)printf(f, precision, func);			\
+	else								\
+		(void)printf(f, func);					\
+} while (0)
+
+static int	 asciicode(void);
+static char	*printf_doformat(char *, int *);
+static int	 escape(char *, int, size_t *);
+static int	 getchr(void);
+static int	 getfloating(long double *, int);
+static int	 getint(int *);
+static int	 getnum(intmax_t *, uintmax_t *, int);
+static const char
+		*getstr(void);
+static char	*mknum(char *, char);
+static void	 usage(void);
+
+static const char digits[] = "0123456789";
+
+static char end_fmt[1];
+
+static int  myargc;
+static char **myargv;
+static char **gargv;
+static char **maxargv;
+
+int
+main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+	size_t len;
+	int end, rval;
+	char *format, *fmt, *start;
+#ifndef SHELL
+	int ch;
+
+	(void) setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SHELL
+	nextopt("");
+	argc -= argptr - argv;
+	argv = argptr;
+#else
+	while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "")) != -1)
+		switch (ch) {
+		case '?':
+		default:
+			usage();
+			return (1);
+		}
+	argc -= optind;
+	argv += optind;
+#endif
+
+	if (argc < 1) {
+		usage();
+		return (1);
+	}
+
+#ifdef SHELL
+	INTOFF;
+#endif
+	/*
+	 * Basic algorithm is to scan the format string for conversion
+	 * specifications -- once one is found, find out if the field
+	 * width or precision is a '*'; if it is, gather up value.  Note,
+	 * format strings are reused as necessary to use up the provided
+	 * arguments, arguments of zero/null string are provided to use
+	 * up the format string.
+	 */
+	fmt = format = *argv;
+	escape(fmt, 1, &len);		/* backslash interpretation */
+	rval = end = 0;
+	gargv = ++argv;
+
+	for (;;) {
+		maxargv = gargv;
+
+		myargv = gargv;
+		for (myargc = 0; gargv[myargc]; myargc++)
+			/* nop */;
+		start = fmt;
+		while (fmt < format + len) {
+			if (fmt[0] == '%') {
+				fwrite(start, 1, fmt - start, stdout);
+				if (fmt[1] == '%') {
+					/* %% prints a % */
+					putchar('%');
+					fmt += 2;
+				} else {
+					fmt = printf_doformat(fmt, &rval);
+					if (fmt == NULL || fmt == end_fmt) {
+#ifdef SHELL
+						INTON;
+#endif
+						return (fmt == NULL ? 1 : rval);
+					}
+					end = 0;
+				}
+				start = fmt;
+			} else
+				fmt++;
+			if (gargv > maxargv)
+				maxargv = gargv;
+		}
+		gargv = maxargv;
+
+		if (end == 1) {
+			warnx("missing format character");
+#ifdef SHELL
+			INTON;
+#endif
+			return (1);
+		}
+		fwrite(start, 1, fmt - start, stdout);
+		if (!*gargv) {
+#ifdef SHELL
+			INTON;
+#endif
+			return (rval);
+		}
+		/* Restart at the beginning of the format string. */
+		fmt = format;
+		end = 1;
+	}
+	/* NOTREACHED */
+}
+
+
+static char *
+printf_doformat(char *fmt, int *rval)
+{
+	static const char skip1[] = "#'-+ 0";
+	int fieldwidth, haveprec, havewidth, mod_ldbl, precision;
+	char convch, nextch;
+	char start[strlen(fmt) + 1];
+	char **fargv;
+	char *dptr;
+	int l;
+
+	dptr = start;
+	*dptr++ = '%';
+	*dptr = 0;
+
+	fmt++;
+
+	/* look for "n$" field index specifier */
+	l = strspn(fmt, digits);
+	if ((l > 0) && (fmt[l] == '$')) {
+		int idx = atoi(fmt);
+		if (idx <= myargc) {
+			gargv = &myargv[idx - 1];
+		} else {
+			gargv = &myargv[myargc];
+		}
+		if (gargv > maxargv)
+			maxargv = gargv;
+		fmt += l + 1;
+
+		/* save format argument */
+		fargv = gargv;
+	} else {
+		fargv = NULL;
+	}
+
+	/* skip to field width */
+	while (*fmt && strchr(skip1, *fmt) != NULL) {
+		*dptr++ = *fmt++;
+		*dptr = 0;
+	}
+
+	if (*fmt == '*') {
+
+		fmt++;
+		l = strspn(fmt, digits);
+		if ((l > 0) && (fmt[l] == '$')) {
+			int idx = atoi(fmt);
+			if (fargv == NULL) {
+				warnx("incomplete use of n$");
+				return (NULL);
+			}
+			if (idx <= myargc) {
+				gargv = &myargv[idx - 1];
+			} else {
+				gargv = &myargv[myargc];
+			}
+			fmt += l + 1;
+		} else if (fargv != NULL) {
+			warnx("incomplete use of n$");
+			return (NULL);
+		}
+
+		if (getint(&fieldwidth))
+			return (NULL);
+		if (gargv > maxargv)
+			maxargv = gargv;
+		havewidth = 1;
+
+		*dptr++ = '*';
+		*dptr = 0;
+	} else {
+		havewidth = 0;
+
+		/* skip to possible '.', get following precision */
+		while (isdigit(*fmt)) {
+			*dptr++ = *fmt++;
+			*dptr = 0;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (*fmt == '.') {
+		/* precision present? */
+		fmt++;
+		*dptr++ = '.';
+
+		if (*fmt == '*') {
+
+			fmt++;
+			l = strspn(fmt, digits);
+			if ((l > 0) && (fmt[l] == '$')) {
+				int idx = atoi(fmt);
+				if (fargv == NULL) {
+					warnx("incomplete use of n$");
+					return (NULL);
+				}
+				if (idx <= myargc) {
+					gargv = &myargv[idx - 1];
+				} else {
+					gargv = &myargv[myargc];
+				}
+				fmt += l + 1;
+			} else if (fargv != NULL) {
+				warnx("incomplete use of n$");
+				return (NULL);
+			}
+
+			if (getint(&precision))
+				return (NULL);
+			if (gargv > maxargv)
+				maxargv = gargv;
+			haveprec = 1;
+			*dptr++ = '*';
+			*dptr = 0;
+		} else {
+			haveprec = 0;
+
+			/* skip to conversion char */
+			while (isdigit(*fmt)) {
+				*dptr++ = *fmt++;
+				*dptr = 0;
+			}
+		}
+	} else
+		haveprec = 0;
+	if (!*fmt) {
+		warnx("missing format character");
+		return (NULL);
+	}
+	*dptr++ = *fmt;
+	*dptr = 0;
+
+	/*
+	 * Look for a length modifier.  POSIX doesn't have these, so
+	 * we only support them for floating-point conversions, which
+	 * are extensions.  This is useful because the L modifier can
+	 * be used to gain extra range and precision, while omitting
+	 * it is more likely to produce consistent results on different
+	 * architectures.  This is not so important for integers
+	 * because overflow is the only bad thing that can happen to
+	 * them, but consider the command  printf %a 1.1
+	 */
+	if (*fmt == 'L') {
+		mod_ldbl = 1;
+		fmt++;
+		if (!strchr("aAeEfFgG", *fmt)) {
+			warnx("bad modifier L for %%%c", *fmt);
+			return (NULL);
+		}
+	} else {
+		mod_ldbl = 0;
+	}
+
+	/* save the current arg offset, and set to the format arg */
+	if (fargv != NULL) {
+		gargv = fargv;
+	}
+
+	convch = *fmt;
+	nextch = *++fmt;
+
+	*fmt = '\0';
+	switch (convch) {
+	case 'b': {
+		size_t len;
+		char *p;
+		int getout;
+
+		/* Convert "b" to "s" for output. */
+		start[strlen(start) - 1] = 's';
+		if ((p = strdup(getstr())) == NULL) {
+			warnx("%s", strerror(ENOMEM));
+			return (NULL);
+		}
+		getout = escape(p, 0, &len);
+		PF(start, p);
+		/* Restore format for next loop. */
+
+		free(p);
+		if (getout)
+			return (end_fmt);
+		break;
+	}
+	case 'c': {
+		char p;
+
+		p = getchr();
+		if (p != '\0')
+			PF(start, p);
+		break;
+	}
+	case 's': {
+		const char *p;
+
+		p = getstr();
+		PF(start, p);
+		break;
+	}
+	case 'd': case 'i': case 'o': case 'u': case 'x': case 'X': {
+		char *f;
+		intmax_t val;
+		uintmax_t uval;
+		int signedconv;
+
+		signedconv = (convch == 'd' || convch == 'i');
+		if ((f = mknum(start, convch)) == NULL)
+			return (NULL);
+		if (getnum(&val, &uval, signedconv))
+			*rval = 1;
+		if (signedconv)
+			PF(f, val);
+		else
+			PF(f, uval);
+		break;
+	}
+	case 'e': case 'E':
+	case 'f': case 'F':
+	case 'g': case 'G':
+	case 'a': case 'A': {
+		long double p;
+
+		if (getfloating(&p, mod_ldbl))
+			*rval = 1;
+		if (mod_ldbl)
+			PF(start, p);
+		else
+			PF(start, (double)p);
+		break;
+	}
+	default:
+		warnx("illegal format character %c", convch);
+		return (NULL);
+	}
+	*fmt = nextch;
+	/* return the gargv to the next element */
+	return (fmt);
+}
+
+static char *
+mknum(char *str, char ch)
+{
+	static char *copy;
+	static size_t copy_size;
+	char *newcopy;
+	size_t len, newlen;
+
+	len = strlen(str) + 2;
+	if (len > copy_size) {
+		newlen = ((len + 1023) >> 10) << 10;
+		if ((newcopy = realloc(copy, newlen)) == NULL) {
+			warnx("%s", strerror(ENOMEM));
+			return (NULL);
+		}
+		copy = newcopy;
+		copy_size = newlen;
+	}
+
+	memmove(copy, str, len - 3);
+	copy[len - 3] = 'j';
+	copy[len - 2] = ch;
+	copy[len - 1] = '\0';
+	return (copy);
+}
+
+static int
+escape(char *fmt, int percent, size_t *len)
+{
+	char *save, *store, c;
+	int value;
+
+	for (save = store = fmt; ((c = *fmt) != 0); ++fmt, ++store) {
+		if (c != '\\') {
+			*store = c;
+			continue;
+		}
+		switch (*++fmt) {
+		case '\0':		/* EOS, user error */
+			*store = '\\';
+			*++store = '\0';
+			*len = store - save;
+			return (0);
+		case '\\':		/* backslash */
+		case '\'':		/* single quote */
+			*store = *fmt;
+			break;
+		case 'a':		/* bell/alert */
+			*store = '\a';
+			break;
+		case 'b':		/* backspace */
+			*store = '\b';
+			break;
+		case 'c':
+			if (!percent) {
+				*store = '\0';
+				*len = store - save;
+				return (1);
+			}
+			*store = 'c';
+			break;
+		case 'f':		/* form-feed */
+			*store = '\f';
+			break;
+		case 'n':		/* newline */
+			*store = '\n';
+			break;
+		case 'r':		/* carriage-return */
+			*store = '\r';
+			break;
+		case 't':		/* horizontal tab */
+			*store = '\t';
+			break;
+		case 'v':		/* vertical tab */
+			*store = '\v';
+			break;
+					/* octal constant */
+		case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3':
+		case '4': case '5': case '6': case '7':
+			c = (!percent && *fmt == '0') ? 4 : 3;
+			for (value = 0;
+			    c-- && *fmt >= '0' && *fmt <= '7'; ++fmt) {
+				value <<= 3;
+				value += *fmt - '0';
+			}
+			--fmt;
+			if (percent && value == '%') {
+				*store++ = '%';
+				*store = '%';
+			} else
+				*store = (char)value;
+			break;
+		default:
+			*store = *fmt;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	*store = '\0';
+	*len = store - save;
+	return (0);
+}
+
+static int
+getchr(void)
+{
+	if (!*gargv)
+		return ('\0');
+	return ((int)**gargv++);
+}
+
+static const char *
+getstr(void)
+{
+	if (!*gargv)
+		return ("");
+	return (*gargv++);
+}
+
+static int
+getint(int *ip)
+{
+	intmax_t val;
+	uintmax_t uval;
+	int rval;
+
+	if (getnum(&val, &uval, 1))
+		return (1);
+	rval = 0;
+	if (val < INT_MIN || val > INT_MAX) {
+		warnx("%s: %s", *gargv, strerror(ERANGE));
+		rval = 1;
+	}
+	*ip = (int)val;
+	return (rval);
+}
+
+static int
+getnum(intmax_t *ip, uintmax_t *uip, int signedconv)
+{
+	char *ep;
+	int rval;
+
+	if (!*gargv) {
+		*ip = *uip = 0;
+		return (0);
+	}
+	if (**gargv == '"' || **gargv == '\'') {
+		if (signedconv)
+			*ip = asciicode();
+		else
+			*uip = asciicode();
+		return (0);
+	}
+	rval = 0;
+	errno = 0;
+	if (signedconv)
+		*ip = strtoimax(*gargv, &ep, 0);
+	else
+		*uip = strtoumax(*gargv, &ep, 0);
+	if (ep == *gargv) {
+		warnx("%s: expected numeric value", *gargv);
+		rval = 1;
+	}
+	else if (*ep != '\0') {
+		warnx("%s: not completely converted", *gargv);
+		rval = 1;
+	}
+	if (errno == ERANGE) {
+		warnx("%s: %s", *gargv, strerror(ERANGE));
+		rval = 1;
+	}
+	++gargv;
+	return (rval);
+}
+
+static int
+getfloating(long double *dp, int mod_ldbl)
+{
+	char *ep;
+	int rval;
+
+	if (!*gargv) {
+		*dp = 0.0;
+		return (0);
+	}
+	if (**gargv == '"' || **gargv == '\'') {
+		*dp = asciicode();
+		return (0);
+	}
+	rval = 0;
+	errno = 0;
+	if (mod_ldbl)
+		*dp = strtold(*gargv, &ep);
+	else
+		*dp = strtod(*gargv, &ep);
+	if (ep == *gargv) {
+		warnx("%s: expected numeric value", *gargv);
+		rval = 1;
+	} else if (*ep != '\0') {
+		warnx("%s: not completely converted", *gargv);
+		rval = 1;
+	}
+	if (errno == ERANGE) {
+		warnx("%s: %s", *gargv, strerror(ERANGE));
+		rval = 1;
+	}
+	++gargv;
+	return (rval);
+}
+
+static int
+asciicode(void)
+{
+	int ch;
+	wchar_t wch;
+	mbstate_t mbs;
+
+	ch = (unsigned char)**gargv;
+	if (ch == '\'' || ch == '"') {
+		memset(&mbs, 0, sizeof(mbs));
+		switch (mbrtowc(&wch, *gargv + 1, MB_LEN_MAX, &mbs)) {
+		case (size_t)-2:
+		case (size_t)-1:
+			wch = (unsigned char)gargv[0][1];
+			break;
+		case 0:
+			wch = 0;
+			break;
+		}
+		ch = wch;
+	}
+	++gargv;
+	return (ch);
+}
+
+static void
+usage(void)
+{
+	(void)fprintf(stderr, "usage: printf format [arguments ...]\n");
+}
diff --git a/bin/1sh/redir.c b/bin/1sh/redir.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f8fd9324
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/redir.c
@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
+/*-
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef lint
+#if 0
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)redir.c	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95";
+#endif
+#endif /* not lint */
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+/* $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/redir.c 326025 2017-11-20 19:49:47Z pfg $ */
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+/*
+ * Code for dealing with input/output redirection.
+ */
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "nodes.h"
+#include "jobs.h"
+#include "expand.h"
+#include "redir.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "options.h"
+
+
+#define EMPTY -2		/* marks an unused slot in redirtab */
+#define CLOSED -1		/* fd was not open before redir */
+
+
+struct redirtab {
+	struct redirtab *next;
+	int renamed[10];
+	int fd0_redirected;
+	unsigned int empty_redirs;
+};
+
+
+static struct redirtab *redirlist;
+
+/*
+ * We keep track of whether or not fd0 has been redirected.  This is for
+ * background commands, where we want to redirect fd0 to /dev/null only
+ * if it hasn't already been redirected.
+*/
+static int fd0_redirected = 0;
+
+/* Number of redirtabs that have not been allocated. */
+static unsigned int empty_redirs = 0;
+
+static void openredirect(union node *, char[10 ]);
+static int openhere(union node *);
+
+
+/*
+ * Process a list of redirection commands.  If the REDIR_PUSH flag is set,
+ * old file descriptors are stashed away so that the redirection can be
+ * undone by calling popredir.  If the REDIR_BACKQ flag is set, then the
+ * standard output, and the standard error if it becomes a duplicate of
+ * stdout, is saved in memory.
+*
+ * We suppress interrupts so that we won't leave open file
+ * descriptors around.  Because the signal handler remains
+ * installed and we do not use system call restart, interrupts
+ * will still abort blocking opens such as fifos (they will fail
+ * with EINTR). There is, however, a race condition if an interrupt
+ * arrives after INTOFF and before open blocks.
+ */
+
+void
+redirect(union node *redir, int flags)
+{
+	union node *n;
+	struct redirtab *sv = NULL;
+	int i;
+	int fd;
+	char memory[10];	/* file descriptors to write to memory */
+
+	INTOFF;
+	for (i = 10 ; --i >= 0 ; )
+		memory[i] = 0;
+	memory[1] = flags & REDIR_BACKQ;
+	if (flags & REDIR_PUSH) {
+		empty_redirs++;
+		if (redir != NULL) {
+			sv = ckmalloc(sizeof (struct redirtab));
+			for (i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i++)
+				sv->renamed[i] = EMPTY;
+			sv->fd0_redirected = fd0_redirected;
+			sv->empty_redirs = empty_redirs - 1;
+			sv->next = redirlist;
+			redirlist = sv;
+			empty_redirs = 0;
+		}
+	}
+	for (n = redir ; n ; n = n->nfile.next) {
+		fd = n->nfile.fd;
+		if (fd == 0)
+			fd0_redirected = 1;
+		if ((n->nfile.type == NTOFD || n->nfile.type == NFROMFD) &&
+		    n->ndup.dupfd == fd)
+			continue; /* redirect from/to same file descriptor */
+
+		if ((flags & REDIR_PUSH) && sv->renamed[fd] == EMPTY) {
+			INTOFF;
+			if ((i = fcntl(fd, F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC, 10)) == -1) {
+				switch (errno) {
+				case EBADF:
+					i = CLOSED;
+					break;
+				default:
+					INTON;
+					error("%d: %s", fd, strerror(errno));
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+			sv->renamed[fd] = i;
+			INTON;
+		}
+		openredirect(n, memory);
+		INTON;
+		INTOFF;
+	}
+	if (memory[1])
+		out1 = &memout;
+	if (memory[2])
+		out2 = &memout;
+	INTON;
+}
+
+
+static void
+openredirect(union node *redir, char memory[10])
+{
+	struct stat sb;
+	int fd = redir->nfile.fd;
+	const char *fname;
+	int f;
+	int e;
+
+	memory[fd] = 0;
+	switch (redir->nfile.type) {
+	case NFROM:
+		fname = redir->nfile.expfname;
+		if ((f = open(fname, O_RDONLY)) < 0)
+			error("cannot open %s: %s", fname, strerror(errno));
+		break;
+	case NFROMTO:
+		fname = redir->nfile.expfname;
+		if ((f = open(fname, O_RDWR|O_CREAT, 0666)) < 0)
+			error("cannot create %s: %s", fname, strerror(errno));
+		break;
+	case NTO:
+		if (Cflag) {
+			fname = redir->nfile.expfname;
+			if (stat(fname, &sb) == -1) {
+				if ((f = open(fname, O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_EXCL, 0666)) < 0)
+					error("cannot create %s: %s", fname, strerror(errno));
+			} else if (!S_ISREG(sb.st_mode)) {
+				if ((f = open(fname, O_WRONLY, 0666)) < 0)
+					error("cannot create %s: %s", fname, strerror(errno));
+				if (fstat(f, &sb) != -1 && S_ISREG(sb.st_mode)) {
+					close(f);
+					error("cannot create %s: %s", fname,
+					    strerror(EEXIST));
+				}
+			} else
+				error("cannot create %s: %s", fname,
+				    strerror(EEXIST));
+			break;
+		}
+		/* FALLTHROUGH */
+	case NCLOBBER:
+		fname = redir->nfile.expfname;
+		if ((f = open(fname, O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC, 0666)) < 0)
+			error("cannot create %s: %s", fname, strerror(errno));
+		break;
+	case NAPPEND:
+		fname = redir->nfile.expfname;
+		if ((f = open(fname, O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_APPEND, 0666)) < 0)
+			error("cannot create %s: %s", fname, strerror(errno));
+		break;
+	case NTOFD:
+	case NFROMFD:
+		if (redir->ndup.dupfd >= 0) {	/* if not ">&-" */
+			if (memory[redir->ndup.dupfd])
+				memory[fd] = 1;
+			else {
+				if (dup2(redir->ndup.dupfd, fd) < 0)
+					error("%d: %s", redir->ndup.dupfd,
+							strerror(errno));
+			}
+		} else {
+			close(fd);
+		}
+		return;
+	case NHERE:
+	case NXHERE:
+		f = openhere(redir);
+		break;
+	default:
+		abort();
+	}
+	if (f != fd) {
+		if (dup2(f, fd) == -1) {
+			e = errno;
+			close(f);
+			error("%d: %s", fd, strerror(e));
+		}
+		close(f);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Handle here documents.  Normally we fork off a process to write the
+ * data to a pipe.  If the document is short, we can stuff the data in
+ * the pipe without forking.
+ */
+
+static int
+openhere(union node *redir)
+{
+	const char *p;
+	int pip[2];
+	size_t len = 0;
+	int flags;
+	ssize_t written = 0;
+
+	if (pipe(pip) < 0)
+		error("Pipe call failed: %s", strerror(errno));
+
+	if (redir->type == NXHERE)
+		p = redir->nhere.expdoc;
+	else
+		p = redir->nhere.doc->narg.text;
+	len = strlen(p);
+	if (len == 0)
+		goto out;
+	flags = fcntl(pip[1], F_GETFL, 0);
+	if (flags != -1 && fcntl(pip[1], F_SETFL, flags | O_NONBLOCK) != -1) {
+		written = write(pip[1], p, len);
+		if (written < 0)
+			written = 0;
+		if ((size_t)written == len)
+			goto out;
+		fcntl(pip[1], F_SETFL, flags);
+	}
+
+	if (forkshell((struct job *)NULL, (union node *)NULL, FORK_NOJOB) == 0) {
+		close(pip[0]);
+		signal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
+		signal(SIGQUIT, SIG_IGN);
+		signal(SIGHUP, SIG_IGN);
+		signal(SIGTSTP, SIG_IGN);
+		signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_DFL);
+		xwrite(pip[1], p + written, len - written);
+		_exit(0);
+	}
+out:
+	close(pip[1]);
+	return pip[0];
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Undo the effects of the last redirection.
+ */
+
+void
+popredir(void)
+{
+	struct redirtab *rp = redirlist;
+	int i;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	if (empty_redirs > 0) {
+		empty_redirs--;
+		INTON;
+		return;
+	}
+	for (i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i++) {
+		if (rp->renamed[i] != EMPTY) {
+			if (rp->renamed[i] >= 0) {
+				dup2(rp->renamed[i], i);
+				close(rp->renamed[i]);
+			} else {
+				close(i);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	fd0_redirected = rp->fd0_redirected;
+	empty_redirs = rp->empty_redirs;
+	redirlist = rp->next;
+	ckfree(rp);
+	INTON;
+}
+
+/* Return true if fd 0 has already been redirected at least once.  */
+int
+fd0_redirected_p(void)
+{
+        return fd0_redirected != 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Discard all saved file descriptors.
+ */
+
+void
+clearredir(void)
+{
+	struct redirtab *rp;
+	int i;
+
+	for (rp = redirlist ; rp ; rp = rp->next) {
+		for (i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i++) {
+			if (rp->renamed[i] >= 0) {
+				close(rp->renamed[i]);
+			}
+			rp->renamed[i] = EMPTY;
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/bin/1sh/redir.h b/bin/1sh/redir.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6946f6a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/redir.h
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/*-
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)redir.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ * $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/redir.h 326025 2017-11-20 19:49:47Z pfg $
+ */
+
+/* flags passed to redirect */
+#define REDIR_PUSH 01		/* save previous values of file descriptors */
+#define REDIR_BACKQ 02		/* save the command output in memory */
+
+union node;
+void redirect(union node *, int);
+void popredir(void);
+int fd0_redirected_p(void);
+void clearredir(void);
+
diff --git a/bin/1sh/shell.h b/bin/1sh/shell.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..98ac98df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/shell.h
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+/*-
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)shell.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ * $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/shell.h 345117 2019-03-13 21:53:10Z jilles $
+ */
+
+#ifndef SHELL_H_
+#define SHELL_H_
+
+#include <inttypes.h>
+
+/*
+ * The follow should be set to reflect the type of system you have:
+ *	JOBS -> 1 if you have Berkeley job control, 0 otherwise.
+ *	define DEBUG=1 to compile in debugging (set global "debug" to turn on)
+ *	define DEBUG=2 to compile in and turn on debugging.
+ *
+ * When debugging is on, debugging info will be written to ./trace and
+ * a quit signal will generate a core dump.
+ */
+
+
+#define	JOBS 1
+/* #define DEBUG 1 */
+
+/*
+ * Type of used arithmetics. SUSv3 requires us to have at least signed long.
+ */
+typedef intmax_t arith_t;
+#define	ARITH_FORMAT_STR  "%" PRIdMAX
+#define	ARITH_MIN INTMAX_MIN
+#define	ARITH_MAX INTMAX_MAX
+
+typedef void *pointer;
+
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+
+extern char nullstr[1];		/* null string */
+
+#ifdef DEBUG
+#define TRACE(param)  sh_trace param
+#else
+#define TRACE(param)
+#endif
+
+#endif /* !SHELL_H_ */
diff --git a/bin/1sh/show.c b/bin/1sh/show.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a87a506d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/show.c
@@ -0,0 +1,410 @@
+/*-
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef lint
+#if 0
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)show.c	8.3 (Berkeley) 5/4/95";
+#endif
+#endif /* not lint */
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+/* $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/show.c 326025 2017-11-20 19:49:47Z pfg $ */
+
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "nodes.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+#include "show.h"
+
+
+#ifdef DEBUG
+static void shtree(union node *, int, char *, FILE*);
+static void shcmd(union node *, FILE *);
+static void sharg(union node *, FILE *);
+static void indent(int, char *, FILE *);
+static void trstring(char *);
+
+
+void
+showtree(union node *n)
+{
+	trputs("showtree called\n");
+	shtree(n, 1, NULL, stdout);
+}
+
+
+static void
+shtree(union node *n, int ind, char *pfx, FILE *fp)
+{
+	struct nodelist *lp;
+	char *s;
+
+	if (n == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	indent(ind, pfx, fp);
+	switch(n->type) {
+	case NSEMI:
+		s = "; ";
+		goto binop;
+	case NAND:
+		s = " && ";
+		goto binop;
+	case NOR:
+		s = " || ";
+binop:
+		shtree(n->nbinary.ch1, ind, NULL, fp);
+	   /*    if (ind < 0) */
+			fputs(s, fp);
+		shtree(n->nbinary.ch2, ind, NULL, fp);
+		break;
+	case NCMD:
+		shcmd(n, fp);
+		if (ind >= 0)
+			putc('\n', fp);
+		break;
+	case NPIPE:
+		for (lp = n->npipe.cmdlist ; lp ; lp = lp->next) {
+			shcmd(lp->n, fp);
+			if (lp->next)
+				fputs(" | ", fp);
+		}
+		if (n->npipe.backgnd)
+			fputs(" &", fp);
+		if (ind >= 0)
+			putc('\n', fp);
+		break;
+	default:
+		fprintf(fp, "<node type %d>", n->type);
+		if (ind >= 0)
+			putc('\n', fp);
+		break;
+	}
+}
+
+
+
+static void
+shcmd(union node *cmd, FILE *fp)
+{
+	union node *np;
+	int first;
+	char *s;
+	int dftfd;
+
+	first = 1;
+	for (np = cmd->ncmd.args ; np ; np = np->narg.next) {
+		if (! first)
+			putchar(' ');
+		sharg(np, fp);
+		first = 0;
+	}
+	for (np = cmd->ncmd.redirect ; np ; np = np->nfile.next) {
+		if (! first)
+			putchar(' ');
+		switch (np->nfile.type) {
+			case NTO:	s = ">";  dftfd = 1; break;
+			case NAPPEND:	s = ">>"; dftfd = 1; break;
+			case NTOFD:	s = ">&"; dftfd = 1; break;
+			case NCLOBBER:	s = ">|"; dftfd = 1; break;
+			case NFROM:	s = "<";  dftfd = 0; break;
+			case NFROMTO:	s = "<>"; dftfd = 0; break;
+			case NFROMFD:	s = "<&"; dftfd = 0; break;
+			case NHERE:	s = "<<"; dftfd = 0; break;
+			case NXHERE:	s = "<<"; dftfd = 0; break;
+			default:  	s = "*error*"; dftfd = 0; break;
+		}
+		if (np->nfile.fd != dftfd)
+			fprintf(fp, "%d", np->nfile.fd);
+		fputs(s, fp);
+		if (np->nfile.type == NTOFD || np->nfile.type == NFROMFD) {
+			if (np->ndup.dupfd >= 0)
+				fprintf(fp, "%d", np->ndup.dupfd);
+			else
+				fprintf(fp, "-");
+		} else if (np->nfile.type == NHERE) {
+				fprintf(fp, "HERE");
+		} else if (np->nfile.type == NXHERE) {
+				fprintf(fp, "XHERE");
+		} else {
+			sharg(np->nfile.fname, fp);
+		}
+		first = 0;
+	}
+}
+
+
+
+static void
+sharg(union node *arg, FILE *fp)
+{
+	char *p;
+	struct nodelist *bqlist;
+	int subtype;
+
+	if (arg->type != NARG) {
+		printf("<node type %d>\n", arg->type);
+		fflush(stdout);
+		abort();
+	}
+	bqlist = arg->narg.backquote;
+	for (p = arg->narg.text ; *p ; p++) {
+		switch (*p) {
+		case CTLESC:
+			putc(*++p, fp);
+			break;
+		case CTLVAR:
+			putc('$', fp);
+			putc('{', fp);
+			subtype = *++p;
+			if (subtype == VSLENGTH)
+				putc('#', fp);
+
+			while (*p != '=')
+				putc(*p++, fp);
+
+			if (subtype & VSNUL)
+				putc(':', fp);
+
+			switch (subtype & VSTYPE) {
+			case VSNORMAL:
+				putc('}', fp);
+				break;
+			case VSMINUS:
+				putc('-', fp);
+				break;
+			case VSPLUS:
+				putc('+', fp);
+				break;
+			case VSQUESTION:
+				putc('?', fp);
+				break;
+			case VSASSIGN:
+				putc('=', fp);
+				break;
+			case VSTRIMLEFT:
+				putc('#', fp);
+				break;
+			case VSTRIMLEFTMAX:
+				putc('#', fp);
+				putc('#', fp);
+				break;
+			case VSTRIMRIGHT:
+				putc('%', fp);
+				break;
+			case VSTRIMRIGHTMAX:
+				putc('%', fp);
+				putc('%', fp);
+				break;
+			case VSLENGTH:
+				break;
+			default:
+				printf("<subtype %d>", subtype);
+			}
+			break;
+		case CTLENDVAR:
+		     putc('}', fp);
+		     break;
+		case CTLBACKQ:
+		case CTLBACKQ|CTLQUOTE:
+			putc('$', fp);
+			putc('(', fp);
+			shtree(bqlist->n, -1, NULL, fp);
+			putc(')', fp);
+			break;
+		default:
+			putc(*p, fp);
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+
+static void
+indent(int amount, char *pfx, FILE *fp)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	for (i = 0 ; i < amount ; i++) {
+		if (pfx && i == amount - 1)
+			fputs(pfx, fp);
+		putc('\t', fp);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Debugging stuff.
+ */
+
+
+FILE *tracefile;
+
+#if DEBUG >= 2
+int debug = 1;
+#else
+int debug = 0;
+#endif
+
+
+void
+trputc(int c)
+{
+	if (tracefile == NULL)
+		return;
+	putc(c, tracefile);
+	if (c == '\n')
+		fflush(tracefile);
+}
+
+
+void
+sh_trace(const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+	va_list va;
+	va_start(va, fmt);
+	if (tracefile != NULL) {
+		(void) vfprintf(tracefile, fmt, va);
+		if (strchr(fmt, '\n'))
+			(void) fflush(tracefile);
+	}
+	va_end(va);
+}
+
+
+void
+trputs(const char *s)
+{
+	if (tracefile == NULL)
+		return;
+	fputs(s, tracefile);
+	if (strchr(s, '\n'))
+		fflush(tracefile);
+}
+
+
+static void
+trstring(char *s)
+{
+	char *p;
+	char c;
+
+	if (tracefile == NULL)
+		return;
+	putc('"', tracefile);
+	for (p = s ; *p ; p++) {
+		switch (*p) {
+		case '\n':  c = 'n';  goto backslash;
+		case '\t':  c = 't';  goto backslash;
+		case '\r':  c = 'r';  goto backslash;
+		case '"':  c = '"';  goto backslash;
+		case '\\':  c = '\\';  goto backslash;
+		case CTLESC:  c = 'e';  goto backslash;
+		case CTLVAR:  c = 'v';  goto backslash;
+		case CTLVAR+CTLQUOTE:  c = 'V';  goto backslash;
+		case CTLBACKQ:  c = 'q';  goto backslash;
+		case CTLBACKQ+CTLQUOTE:  c = 'Q';  goto backslash;
+backslash:	  putc('\\', tracefile);
+			putc(c, tracefile);
+			break;
+		default:
+			if (*p >= ' ' && *p <= '~')
+				putc(*p, tracefile);
+			else {
+				putc('\\', tracefile);
+				putc(*p >> 6 & 03, tracefile);
+				putc(*p >> 3 & 07, tracefile);
+				putc(*p & 07, tracefile);
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	putc('"', tracefile);
+}
+
+
+void
+trargs(char **ap)
+{
+	if (tracefile == NULL)
+		return;
+	while (*ap) {
+		trstring(*ap++);
+		if (*ap)
+			putc(' ', tracefile);
+		else
+			putc('\n', tracefile);
+	}
+	fflush(tracefile);
+}
+
+
+void
+opentrace(void)
+{
+	char s[100];
+	int flags;
+
+	if (!debug)
+		return;
+#ifdef not_this_way
+	{
+		char *p;
+		if ((p = getenv("HOME")) == NULL) {
+			if (geteuid() == 0)
+				p = "/";
+			else
+				p = "/tmp";
+		}
+		strcpy(s, p);
+		strcat(s, "/trace");
+	}
+#else
+	strcpy(s, "./trace");
+#endif /* not_this_way */
+	if ((tracefile = fopen(s, "a")) == NULL) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Can't open %s: %s\n", s, strerror(errno));
+		return;
+	}
+	if ((flags = fcntl(fileno(tracefile), F_GETFL, 0)) >= 0)
+		fcntl(fileno(tracefile), F_SETFL, flags | O_APPEND);
+	fputs("\nTracing started.\n", tracefile);
+	fflush(tracefile);
+}
+#endif /* DEBUG */
diff --git a/bin/1sh/show.h b/bin/1sh/show.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..68840549
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/show.h
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/*-
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1995
+ *      The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)show.h	1.1 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ * $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/show.h 326025 2017-11-20 19:49:47Z pfg $
+ */
+
+void showtree(union node *);
+#ifdef DEBUG
+void sh_trace(const char *, ...) __attribute__((format(printf, 1, 2)));
+void trargs(char **);
+void trputc(int);
+void trputs(const char *);
+void opentrace(void);
+#endif
diff --git a/bin/1sh/test.c b/bin/1sh/test.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..54c16eef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/test.c
@@ -0,0 +1,630 @@
+/*	$NetBSD: test.c,v 1.21 1999/04/05 09:48:38 kleink Exp $	*/
+
+/*-
+ * test(1); version 7-like  --  author Erik Baalbergen
+ * modified by Eric Gisin to be used as built-in.
+ * modified by Arnold Robbins to add SVR3 compatibility
+ * (-x -c -b -p -u -g -k) plus Korn's -L -nt -ot -ef and new -S (socket).
+ * modified by J.T. Conklin for NetBSD.
+ *
+ * This program is in the Public Domain.
+ */
+/*
+ * Important: This file is used both as a standalone program /bin/test and
+ * as a builtin for /bin/sh (#define SHELL).
+ */
+
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+/* $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/test/test.c 298232 2016-04-19 00:38:07Z araujo $ */
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <err.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#ifdef SHELL
+#define main testcmd
+#include "bltin.h"
+#else
+#include <locale.h>
+
+static void error(const char *, ...) __attribute__((noreturn)) __attribute__((format(printf, 1, 2)));
+
+static void
+error(const char *msg, ...)
+{
+	va_list ap;
+	va_start(ap, msg);
+	verrx(2, msg, ap);
+	/*NOTREACHED*/
+	va_end(ap);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* test(1) accepts the following grammar:
+	oexpr	::= aexpr | aexpr "-o" oexpr ;
+	aexpr	::= nexpr | nexpr "-a" aexpr ;
+	nexpr	::= primary | "!" primary
+	primary	::= unary-operator operand
+		| operand binary-operator operand
+		| operand
+		| "(" oexpr ")"
+		;
+	unary-operator ::= "-r"|"-w"|"-x"|"-f"|"-d"|"-c"|"-b"|"-p"|
+		"-u"|"-g"|"-k"|"-s"|"-t"|"-z"|"-n"|"-o"|"-O"|"-G"|"-L"|"-S";
+
+	binary-operator ::= "="|"!="|"-eq"|"-ne"|"-ge"|"-gt"|"-le"|"-lt"|
+			"-nt"|"-ot"|"-ef";
+	operand ::= <any legal UNIX file name>
+*/
+
+enum token_types {
+	UNOP = 0x100,
+	BINOP = 0x200,
+	BUNOP = 0x300,
+	BBINOP = 0x400,
+	PAREN = 0x500
+};
+
+enum token {
+	EOI,
+	OPERAND,
+	FILRD = UNOP + 1,
+	FILWR,
+	FILEX,
+	FILEXIST,
+	FILREG,
+	FILDIR,
+	FILCDEV,
+	FILBDEV,
+	FILFIFO,
+	FILSOCK,
+	FILSYM,
+	FILGZ,
+	FILTT,
+	FILSUID,
+	FILSGID,
+	FILSTCK,
+	STREZ,
+	STRNZ,
+	FILUID,
+	FILGID,
+	FILNT = BINOP + 1,
+	FILOT,
+	FILEQ,
+	STREQ,
+	STRNE,
+	STRLT,
+	STRGT,
+	INTEQ,
+	INTNE,
+	INTGE,
+	INTGT,
+	INTLE,
+	INTLT,
+	UNOT = BUNOP + 1,
+	BAND = BBINOP + 1,
+	BOR,
+	LPAREN = PAREN + 1,
+	RPAREN
+};
+
+#define TOKEN_TYPE(token) ((token) & 0xff00)
+
+static const struct t_op {
+	char op_text[2];
+	short op_num;
+} ops1[] = {
+	{"=",	STREQ},
+	{"<",	STRLT},
+	{">",	STRGT},
+	{"!",	UNOT},
+	{"(",	LPAREN},
+	{")",	RPAREN},
+}, opsm1[] = {
+	{"r",	FILRD},
+	{"w",	FILWR},
+	{"x",	FILEX},
+	{"e",	FILEXIST},
+	{"f",	FILREG},
+	{"d",	FILDIR},
+	{"c",	FILCDEV},
+	{"b",	FILBDEV},
+	{"p",	FILFIFO},
+	{"u",	FILSUID},
+	{"g",	FILSGID},
+	{"k",	FILSTCK},
+	{"s",	FILGZ},
+	{"t",	FILTT},
+	{"z",	STREZ},
+	{"n",	STRNZ},
+	{"h",	FILSYM},		/* for backwards compat */
+	{"O",	FILUID},
+	{"G",	FILGID},
+	{"L",	FILSYM},
+	{"S",	FILSOCK},
+	{"a",	BAND},
+	{"o",	BOR},
+}, ops2[] = {
+	{"==",	STREQ},
+	{"!=",	STRNE},
+}, opsm2[] = {
+	{"eq",	INTEQ},
+	{"ne",	INTNE},
+	{"ge",	INTGE},
+	{"gt",	INTGT},
+	{"le",	INTLE},
+	{"lt",	INTLT},
+	{"nt",	FILNT},
+	{"ot",	FILOT},
+	{"ef",	FILEQ},
+};
+
+static int nargc;
+static char **t_wp;
+static int parenlevel;
+
+static int	aexpr(enum token);
+static int	binop(enum token);
+static int	equalf(const char *, const char *);
+static int	filstat(char *, enum token);
+static int	getn(const char *);
+static intmax_t	getq(const char *);
+static int	intcmp(const char *, const char *);
+static int	isunopoperand(void);
+static int	islparenoperand(void);
+static int	isrparenoperand(void);
+static int	newerf(const char *, const char *);
+static int	nexpr(enum token);
+static int	oexpr(enum token);
+static int	olderf(const char *, const char *);
+static int	primary(enum token);
+static void	syntax(const char *, const char *);
+static enum	token t_lex(char *);
+
+int
+main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	int	res;
+	char	*p;
+
+	if ((p = strrchr(argv[0], '/')) == NULL)
+		p = argv[0];
+	else
+		p++;
+	if (strcmp(p, "[") == 0) {
+		if (strcmp(argv[--argc], "]") != 0)
+			error("missing ]");
+		argv[argc] = NULL;
+	}
+
+	/* no expression => false */
+	if (--argc <= 0)
+		return 1;
+
+#ifndef SHELL
+	(void)setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "");
+#endif
+	nargc = argc;
+	t_wp = &argv[1];
+	parenlevel = 0;
+	if (nargc == 4 && strcmp(*t_wp, "!") == 0) {
+		/* Things like ! "" -o x do not fit in the normal grammar. */
+		--nargc;
+		++t_wp;
+		res = oexpr(t_lex(*t_wp));
+	} else
+		res = !oexpr(t_lex(*t_wp));
+
+	if (--nargc > 0)
+		syntax(*t_wp, "unexpected operator");
+
+	return res;
+}
+
+static void
+syntax(const char *op, const char *msg)
+{
+
+	if (op && *op)
+		error("%s: %s", op, msg);
+	else
+		error("%s", msg);
+}
+
+static int
+oexpr(enum token n)
+{
+	int res;
+
+	res = aexpr(n);
+	if (t_lex(nargc > 0 ? (--nargc, *++t_wp) : NULL) == BOR)
+		return oexpr(t_lex(nargc > 0 ? (--nargc, *++t_wp) : NULL)) ||
+		    res;
+	t_wp--;
+	nargc++;
+	return res;
+}
+
+static int
+aexpr(enum token n)
+{
+	int res;
+
+	res = nexpr(n);
+	if (t_lex(nargc > 0 ? (--nargc, *++t_wp) : NULL) == BAND)
+		return aexpr(t_lex(nargc > 0 ? (--nargc, *++t_wp) : NULL)) &&
+		    res;
+	t_wp--;
+	nargc++;
+	return res;
+}
+
+static int
+nexpr(enum token n)
+{
+	if (n == UNOT)
+		return !nexpr(t_lex(nargc > 0 ? (--nargc, *++t_wp) : NULL));
+	return primary(n);
+}
+
+static int
+primary(enum token n)
+{
+	enum token nn;
+	int res;
+
+	if (n == EOI)
+		return 0;		/* missing expression */
+	if (n == LPAREN) {
+		parenlevel++;
+		if ((nn = t_lex(nargc > 0 ? (--nargc, *++t_wp) : NULL)) ==
+		    RPAREN) {
+			parenlevel--;
+			return 0;	/* missing expression */
+		}
+		res = oexpr(nn);
+		if (t_lex(nargc > 0 ? (--nargc, *++t_wp) : NULL) != RPAREN)
+			syntax(NULL, "closing paren expected");
+		parenlevel--;
+		return res;
+	}
+	if (TOKEN_TYPE(n) == UNOP) {
+		/* unary expression */
+		if (--nargc == 0)
+			syntax(NULL, "argument expected"); /* impossible */
+		switch (n) {
+		case STREZ:
+			return strlen(*++t_wp) == 0;
+		case STRNZ:
+			return strlen(*++t_wp) != 0;
+		case FILTT:
+			return isatty(getn(*++t_wp));
+		default:
+			return filstat(*++t_wp, n);
+		}
+	}
+
+	nn = t_lex(nargc > 0 ? t_wp[1] : NULL);
+	if (TOKEN_TYPE(nn) == BINOP)
+		return binop(nn);
+
+	return strlen(*t_wp) > 0;
+}
+
+static int
+binop(enum token n)
+{
+	const char *opnd1, *op, *opnd2;
+
+	opnd1 = *t_wp;
+	op = nargc > 0 ? (--nargc, *++t_wp) : NULL;
+
+	if ((opnd2 = nargc > 0 ? (--nargc, *++t_wp) : NULL) == NULL)
+		syntax(op, "argument expected");
+
+	switch (n) {
+	case STREQ:
+		return strcmp(opnd1, opnd2) == 0;
+	case STRNE:
+		return strcmp(opnd1, opnd2) != 0;
+	case STRLT:
+		return strcmp(opnd1, opnd2) < 0;
+	case STRGT:
+		return strcmp(opnd1, opnd2) > 0;
+	case INTEQ:
+		return intcmp(opnd1, opnd2) == 0;
+	case INTNE:
+		return intcmp(opnd1, opnd2) != 0;
+	case INTGE:
+		return intcmp(opnd1, opnd2) >= 0;
+	case INTGT:
+		return intcmp(opnd1, opnd2) > 0;
+	case INTLE:
+		return intcmp(opnd1, opnd2) <= 0;
+	case INTLT:
+		return intcmp(opnd1, opnd2) < 0;
+	case FILNT:
+		return newerf (opnd1, opnd2);
+	case FILOT:
+		return olderf (opnd1, opnd2);
+	case FILEQ:
+		return equalf (opnd1, opnd2);
+	default:
+		abort();
+		/* NOTREACHED */
+	}
+}
+
+static int
+filstat(char *nm, enum token mode)
+{
+	struct stat s;
+
+	if (mode == FILSYM ? lstat(nm, &s) : stat(nm, &s))
+		return 0;
+
+	switch (mode) {
+	case FILRD:
+		return (faccessat(AT_FDCWD, nm, R_OK, AT_EACCESS) == 0);
+	case FILWR:
+		return (faccessat(AT_FDCWD, nm, W_OK, AT_EACCESS) == 0);
+	case FILEX:
+		/* XXX work around eaccess(2) false positives for superuser */
+		if (faccessat(AT_FDCWD, nm, X_OK, AT_EACCESS) != 0)
+			return 0;
+		if (S_ISDIR(s.st_mode) || geteuid() != 0)
+			return 1;
+		return (s.st_mode & (S_IXUSR | S_IXGRP | S_IXOTH)) != 0;
+	case FILEXIST:
+		return (faccessat(AT_FDCWD, nm, F_OK, AT_EACCESS) == 0);
+	case FILREG:
+		return S_ISREG(s.st_mode);
+	case FILDIR:
+		return S_ISDIR(s.st_mode);
+	case FILCDEV:
+		return S_ISCHR(s.st_mode);
+	case FILBDEV:
+		return S_ISBLK(s.st_mode);
+	case FILFIFO:
+		return S_ISFIFO(s.st_mode);
+	case FILSOCK:
+		return S_ISSOCK(s.st_mode);
+	case FILSYM:
+		return S_ISLNK(s.st_mode);
+	case FILSUID:
+		return (s.st_mode & S_ISUID) != 0;
+	case FILSGID:
+		return (s.st_mode & S_ISGID) != 0;
+	case FILSTCK:
+		return (s.st_mode & S_ISVTX) != 0;
+	case FILGZ:
+		return s.st_size > (off_t)0;
+	case FILUID:
+		return s.st_uid == geteuid();
+	case FILGID:
+		return s.st_gid == getegid();
+	default:
+		return 1;
+	}
+}
+
+static int
+find_op_1char(const struct t_op *op, const struct t_op *end, const char *s)
+{
+	char c;
+
+	c = s[0];
+	while (op != end) {
+		if (c == *op->op_text)
+			return op->op_num;
+		op++;
+	}
+	return OPERAND;
+}
+
+static int
+find_op_2char(const struct t_op *op, const struct t_op *end, const char *s)
+{
+	while (op != end) {
+		if (s[0] == op->op_text[0] && s[1] == op->op_text[1])
+			return op->op_num;
+		op++;
+	}
+	return OPERAND;
+}
+
+static int
+find_op(const char *s)
+{
+	if (s[0] == '\0')
+		return OPERAND;
+	else if (s[1] == '\0')
+		return find_op_1char(ops1, (&ops1)[1], s);
+	else if (s[2] == '\0')
+		return s[0] == '-' ? find_op_1char(opsm1, (&opsm1)[1], s + 1) :
+		    find_op_2char(ops2, (&ops2)[1], s);
+	else if (s[3] == '\0')
+		return s[0] == '-' ? find_op_2char(opsm2, (&opsm2)[1], s + 1) :
+		    OPERAND;
+	else
+		return OPERAND;
+}
+
+static enum token
+t_lex(char *s)
+{
+	int num;
+
+	if (s == NULL) {
+		return EOI;
+	}
+	num = find_op(s);
+	if (((TOKEN_TYPE(num) == UNOP || TOKEN_TYPE(num) == BUNOP)
+				&& isunopoperand()) ||
+	    (num == LPAREN && islparenoperand()) ||
+	    (num == RPAREN && isrparenoperand()))
+		return OPERAND;
+	return num;
+}
+
+static int
+isunopoperand(void)
+{
+	char *s;
+	char *t;
+	int num;
+
+	if (nargc == 1)
+		return 1;
+	s = *(t_wp + 1);
+	if (nargc == 2)
+		return parenlevel == 1 && strcmp(s, ")") == 0;
+	t = *(t_wp + 2);
+	num = find_op(s);
+	return TOKEN_TYPE(num) == BINOP &&
+	    (parenlevel == 0 || t[0] != ')' || t[1] != '\0');
+}
+
+static int
+islparenoperand(void)
+{
+	char *s;
+	int num;
+
+	if (nargc == 1)
+		return 1;
+	s = *(t_wp + 1);
+	if (nargc == 2)
+		return parenlevel == 1 && strcmp(s, ")") == 0;
+	if (nargc != 3)
+		return 0;
+	num = find_op(s);
+	return TOKEN_TYPE(num) == BINOP;
+}
+
+static int
+isrparenoperand(void)
+{
+	char *s;
+
+	if (nargc == 1)
+		return 0;
+	s = *(t_wp + 1);
+	if (nargc == 2)
+		return parenlevel == 1 && strcmp(s, ")") == 0;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* atoi with error detection */
+static int
+getn(const char *s)
+{
+	char *p;
+	long r;
+
+	errno = 0;
+	r = strtol(s, &p, 10);
+
+	if (s == p)
+		error("%s: bad number", s);
+
+	if (errno != 0)
+		error((errno == EINVAL) ? "%s: bad number" :
+					  "%s: out of range", s);
+
+	while (isspace((unsigned char)*p))
+		p++;
+
+	if (*p)
+		error("%s: bad number", s);
+
+	return (int) r;
+}
+
+/* atoi with error detection and 64 bit range */
+static intmax_t
+getq(const char *s)
+{
+	char *p;
+	intmax_t r;
+
+	errno = 0;
+	r = strtoimax(s, &p, 10);
+
+	if (s == p)
+		error("%s: bad number", s);
+
+	if (errno != 0)
+		error((errno == EINVAL) ? "%s: bad number" :
+					  "%s: out of range", s);
+
+	while (isspace((unsigned char)*p))
+		p++;
+
+	if (*p)
+		error("%s: bad number", s);
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+static int
+intcmp (const char *s1, const char *s2)
+{
+	intmax_t q1, q2;
+
+
+	q1 = getq(s1);
+	q2 = getq(s2);
+
+	if (q1 > q2)
+		return 1;
+
+	if (q1 < q2)
+		return -1;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+newerf (const char *f1, const char *f2)
+{
+	struct stat b1, b2;
+
+	if (stat(f1, &b1) != 0 || stat(f2, &b2) != 0)
+		return 0;
+
+	if (b1.st_mtimespec.tv_sec > b2.st_mtimespec.tv_sec)
+		return 1;
+	if (b1.st_mtimespec.tv_sec < b2.st_mtimespec.tv_sec)
+		return 0;
+
+       return (b1.st_mtimespec.tv_nsec > b2.st_mtimespec.tv_nsec);
+}
+
+static int
+olderf (const char *f1, const char *f2)
+{
+	return (newerf(f2, f1));
+}
+
+static int
+equalf (const char *f1, const char *f2)
+{
+	struct stat b1, b2;
+
+	return (stat (f1, &b1) == 0 &&
+		stat (f2, &b2) == 0 &&
+		b1.st_dev == b2.st_dev &&
+		b1.st_ino == b2.st_ino);
+}
diff --git a/bin/1sh/trap.c b/bin/1sh/trap.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fed13fcf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/trap.c
@@ -0,0 +1,553 @@
+/*-
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef lint
+#if 0
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)trap.c	8.5 (Berkeley) 6/5/95";
+#endif
+#endif /* not lint */
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+/* $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/trap.c 326025 2017-11-20 19:49:47Z pfg $ */
+
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "main.h"
+#include "nodes.h"	/* for other headers */
+#include "eval.h"
+#include "jobs.h"
+#include "show.h"
+#include "options.h"
+#include "syntax.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "trap.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+#include "builtins.h"
+#include "myhistedit.h"
+
+
+/*
+ * Sigmode records the current value of the signal handlers for the various
+ * modes.  A value of zero means that the current handler is not known.
+ * S_HARD_IGN indicates that the signal was ignored on entry to the shell,
+ */
+
+#define S_DFL 1			/* default signal handling (SIG_DFL) */
+#define S_CATCH 2		/* signal is caught */
+#define S_IGN 3			/* signal is ignored (SIG_IGN) */
+#define S_HARD_IGN 4		/* signal is ignored permanently */
+#define S_RESET 5		/* temporary - to reset a hard ignored sig */
+
+
+static char sigmode[NSIG];	/* current value of signal */
+volatile sig_atomic_t pendingsig;	/* indicates some signal received */
+volatile sig_atomic_t pendingsig_waitcmd;	/* indicates wait builtin should be interrupted */
+static int in_dotrap;			/* do we execute in a trap handler? */
+static char *volatile trap[NSIG];	/* trap handler commands */
+static volatile sig_atomic_t gotsig[NSIG];
+				/* indicates specified signal received */
+static int ignore_sigchld;	/* Used while handling SIGCHLD traps. */
+static int last_trapsig;
+
+static int exiting;		/* exitshell() has been called */
+static int exiting_exitstatus;	/* value passed to exitshell() */
+
+static int getsigaction(int, sig_t *);
+
+
+/*
+ * Map a string to a signal number.
+ *
+ * Note: the signal number may exceed NSIG.
+ */
+static int
+sigstring_to_signum(char *sig)
+{
+
+	if (is_number(sig)) {
+		int signo;
+
+		signo = atoi(sig);
+		return ((signo >= 0 && signo < NSIG) ? signo : (-1));
+	} else if (strcasecmp(sig, "EXIT") == 0) {
+		return (0);
+	} else {
+		int n;
+
+		if (strncasecmp(sig, "SIG", 3) == 0)
+			sig += 3;
+		for (n = 1; n < NSIG; n++)
+			if (sys_signame[n] &&
+			    strcasecmp(sys_signame[n], sig) == 0)
+				return (n);
+	}
+	return (-1);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Print a list of valid signal names.
+ */
+static void
+printsignals(void)
+{
+	int n, outlen;
+
+	outlen = 0;
+	for (n = 1; n < NSIG; n++) {
+		if (sys_signame[n]) {
+			out1fmt("%s", sys_signame[n]);
+			outlen += strlen(sys_signame[n]);
+		} else {
+			out1fmt("%d", n);
+			outlen += 3;	/* good enough */
+		}
+		++outlen;
+		if (outlen > 71 || n == NSIG - 1) {
+			out1str("\n");
+			outlen = 0;
+		} else {
+			out1c(' ');
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * The trap builtin.
+ */
+int
+trapcmd(int argc __unused, char **argv)
+{
+	char *action;
+	int signo;
+	int errors = 0;
+	int i;
+
+	while ((i = nextopt("l")) != '\0') {
+		switch (i) {
+		case 'l':
+			printsignals();
+			return (0);
+		}
+	}
+	argv = argptr;
+
+	if (*argv == NULL) {
+		for (signo = 0 ; signo < NSIG ; signo++) {
+			if (signo < NSIG && trap[signo] != NULL) {
+				out1str("trap -- ");
+				out1qstr(trap[signo]);
+				if (signo == 0) {
+					out1str(" EXIT\n");
+				} else if (sys_signame[signo]) {
+					out1fmt(" %s\n", sys_signame[signo]);
+				} else {
+					out1fmt(" %d\n", signo);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return 0;
+	}
+	action = NULL;
+	if (*argv && !is_number(*argv)) {
+		if (strcmp(*argv, "-") == 0)
+			argv++;
+		else {
+			action = *argv;
+			argv++;
+		}
+	}
+	for (; *argv; argv++) {
+		if ((signo = sigstring_to_signum(*argv)) == -1) {
+			warning("bad signal %s", *argv);
+			errors = 1;
+			continue;
+		}
+		INTOFF;
+		if (action)
+			action = savestr(action);
+		if (trap[signo])
+			ckfree(trap[signo]);
+		trap[signo] = action;
+		if (signo != 0)
+			setsignal(signo);
+		INTON;
+	}
+	return errors;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Clear traps on a fork.
+ */
+void
+clear_traps(void)
+{
+	char *volatile *tp;
+
+	for (tp = trap ; tp <= &trap[NSIG - 1] ; tp++) {
+		if (*tp && **tp) {	/* trap not NULL or SIG_IGN */
+			INTOFF;
+			ckfree(*tp);
+			*tp = NULL;
+			if (tp != &trap[0])
+				setsignal(tp - trap);
+			INTON;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Check if we have any traps enabled.
+ */
+int
+have_traps(void)
+{
+	char *volatile *tp;
+
+	for (tp = trap ; tp <= &trap[NSIG - 1] ; tp++) {
+		if (*tp && **tp)	/* trap not NULL or SIG_IGN */
+			return 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Set the signal handler for the specified signal.  The routine figures
+ * out what it should be set to.
+ */
+void
+setsignal(int signo)
+{
+	int action;
+	sig_t sigact = SIG_DFL;
+	struct sigaction sa;
+	char *t;
+
+	if ((t = trap[signo]) == NULL)
+		action = S_DFL;
+	else if (*t != '\0')
+		action = S_CATCH;
+	else
+		action = S_IGN;
+	if (action == S_DFL) {
+		switch (signo) {
+		case SIGINT:
+			action = S_CATCH;
+			break;
+		case SIGQUIT:
+#ifdef DEBUG
+			{
+			extern int debug;
+
+			if (debug)
+				break;
+			}
+#endif
+			action = S_CATCH;
+			break;
+		case SIGTERM:
+			if (rootshell && iflag)
+				action = S_IGN;
+			break;
+#if JOBS
+		case SIGTSTP:
+		case SIGTTOU:
+			if (rootshell && mflag)
+				action = S_IGN;
+			break;
+#endif
+		}
+	}
+
+	t = &sigmode[signo];
+	if (*t == 0) {
+		/*
+		 * current setting unknown
+		 */
+		if (!getsigaction(signo, &sigact)) {
+			/*
+			 * Pretend it worked; maybe we should give a warning
+			 * here, but other shells don't. We don't alter
+			 * sigmode, so that we retry every time.
+			 */
+			return;
+		}
+		if (sigact == SIG_IGN) {
+			if (mflag && (signo == SIGTSTP ||
+			     signo == SIGTTIN || signo == SIGTTOU)) {
+				*t = S_IGN;	/* don't hard ignore these */
+			} else
+				*t = S_HARD_IGN;
+		} else {
+			*t = S_RESET;	/* force to be set */
+		}
+	}
+	if (*t == S_HARD_IGN || *t == action)
+		return;
+	switch (action) {
+		case S_DFL:	sigact = SIG_DFL;	break;
+		case S_CATCH:  	sigact = onsig;		break;
+		case S_IGN:	sigact = SIG_IGN;	break;
+	}
+	*t = action;
+	sa.sa_handler = sigact;
+	sa.sa_flags = 0;
+	sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
+	sigaction(signo, &sa, NULL);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return the current setting for sig w/o changing it.
+ */
+static int
+getsigaction(int signo, sig_t *sigact)
+{
+	struct sigaction sa;
+
+	if (sigaction(signo, (struct sigaction *)0, &sa) == -1)
+		return 0;
+	*sigact = (sig_t) sa.sa_handler;
+	return 1;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Ignore a signal.
+ */
+void
+ignoresig(int signo)
+{
+
+	if (sigmode[signo] == 0)
+		setsignal(signo);
+	if (sigmode[signo] != S_IGN && sigmode[signo] != S_HARD_IGN) {
+		signal(signo, SIG_IGN);
+		sigmode[signo] = S_IGN;
+	}
+}
+
+
+int
+issigchldtrapped(void)
+{
+
+	return (trap[SIGCHLD] != NULL && *trap[SIGCHLD] != '\0');
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Signal handler.
+ */
+void
+onsig(int signo)
+{
+
+	if (signo == SIGINT && trap[SIGINT] == NULL) {
+		/*
+		 * The !in_dotrap here is safe.  The only way we can arrive
+		 * here with in_dotrap set is that a trap handler set SIGINT to
+		 * SIG_DFL and killed itself.
+		 */
+		if (suppressint && !in_dotrap)
+			SET_PENDING_INT;
+		else
+			onint();
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* If we are currently in a wait builtin, prepare to break it */
+	if (signo == SIGINT || signo == SIGQUIT)
+		pendingsig_waitcmd = signo;
+
+	if (trap[signo] != NULL && trap[signo][0] != '\0' &&
+	    (signo != SIGCHLD || !ignore_sigchld)) {
+		gotsig[signo] = 1;
+		pendingsig = signo;
+		pendingsig_waitcmd = signo;
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Called to execute a trap.  Perhaps we should avoid entering new trap
+ * handlers while we are executing a trap handler.
+ */
+void
+dotrap(void)
+{
+	struct stackmark smark;
+	int i;
+	int savestatus, prev_evalskip, prev_skipcount;
+
+	in_dotrap++;
+	for (;;) {
+		pendingsig = 0;
+		pendingsig_waitcmd = 0;
+		for (i = 1; i < NSIG; i++) {
+			if (gotsig[i]) {
+				gotsig[i] = 0;
+				if (trap[i]) {
+					/*
+					 * Ignore SIGCHLD to avoid infinite
+					 * recursion if the trap action does
+					 * a fork.
+					 */
+					if (i == SIGCHLD)
+						ignore_sigchld++;
+
+					/*
+					 * Backup current evalskip
+					 * state and reset it before
+					 * executing a trap, so that the
+					 * trap is not disturbed by an
+					 * ongoing break/continue/return
+					 * statement.
+					 */
+					prev_evalskip  = evalskip;
+					prev_skipcount = skipcount;
+					evalskip = 0;
+
+					last_trapsig = i;
+					savestatus = exitstatus;
+					setstackmark(&smark);
+					evalstring(stsavestr(trap[i]), 0);
+					popstackmark(&smark);
+
+					/*
+					 * If such a command was not
+					 * already in progress, allow a
+					 * break/continue/return in the
+					 * trap action to have an effect
+					 * outside of it.
+					 */
+					if (evalskip == 0 ||
+					    prev_evalskip != 0) {
+						evalskip  = prev_evalskip;
+						skipcount = prev_skipcount;
+						exitstatus = savestatus;
+					}
+
+					if (i == SIGCHLD)
+						ignore_sigchld--;
+				}
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+		if (i >= NSIG)
+			break;
+	}
+	in_dotrap--;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Controls whether the shell is interactive or not based on iflag.
+ */
+void
+setinteractive(void)
+{
+	setsignal(SIGINT);
+	setsignal(SIGQUIT);
+	setsignal(SIGTERM);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Called to exit the shell.
+ */
+void
+exitshell(int status)
+{
+	TRACE(("exitshell(%d) pid=%d\n", status, getpid()));
+	exiting = 1;
+	exiting_exitstatus = status;
+	exitshell_savedstatus();
+}
+
+void
+exitshell_savedstatus(void)
+{
+	struct jmploc loc1, loc2;
+	char *p;
+	int sig = 0;
+	sigset_t sigs;
+
+	if (!exiting) {
+		if (in_dotrap && last_trapsig) {
+			sig = last_trapsig;
+			exiting_exitstatus = sig + 128;
+		} else
+			exiting_exitstatus = oexitstatus;
+	}
+	exitstatus = oexitstatus = exiting_exitstatus;
+	if (!setjmp(loc1.loc)) {
+		handler = &loc1;
+		if ((p = trap[0]) != NULL && *p != '\0') {
+			/*
+			 * Reset evalskip, or the trap on EXIT could be
+			 * interrupted if the last command was a "return".
+			 */
+			evalskip = 0;
+			trap[0] = NULL;
+			FORCEINTON;
+			evalstring(p, 0);
+		}
+	}
+	if (!setjmp(loc2.loc)) {
+		handler = &loc2;		/* probably unnecessary */
+		FORCEINTON;
+		flushall();
+#if JOBS
+		setjobctl(0);
+#endif
+	}
+	if (sig != 0 && sig != SIGSTOP && sig != SIGTSTP && sig != SIGTTIN &&
+	    sig != SIGTTOU) {
+		signal(sig, SIG_DFL);
+		sigemptyset(&sigs);
+		sigaddset(&sigs, sig);
+		sigprocmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, &sigs, NULL);
+		kill(getpid(), sig);
+		/* If the default action is to ignore, fall back to _exit(). */
+	}
+	_exit(exiting_exitstatus);
+}
diff --git a/bin/1sh/trap.h b/bin/1sh/trap.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..75427d56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/trap.h
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/*-
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)trap.h	8.3 (Berkeley) 6/5/95
+ * $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/trap.h 326025 2017-11-20 19:49:47Z pfg $
+ */
+
+extern volatile sig_atomic_t pendingsig;
+extern volatile sig_atomic_t pendingsig_waitcmd;
+
+void clear_traps(void);
+int have_traps(void);
+void setsignal(int);
+void ignoresig(int);
+int issigchldtrapped(void);
+void onsig(int);
+void dotrap(void);
+void setinteractive(void);
+void exitshell(int) __attribute__((noreturn));
+void exitshell_savedstatus(void) __attribute__((noreturn));
diff --git a/bin/1sh/var.c b/bin/1sh/var.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..44742169
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/var.c
@@ -0,0 +1,983 @@
+/*-
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef lint
+#if 0
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)var.c	8.3 (Berkeley) 5/4/95";
+#endif
+#endif /* not lint */
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+/* $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/var.c 329221 2018-02-13 16:48:57Z bdrewery $ */
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <paths.h>
+
+/*
+ * Shell variables.
+ */
+
+#include <locale.h>
+#include <langinfo.h>
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "expand.h"
+#include "nodes.h"	/* for other headers */
+#include "eval.h"	/* defines cmdenviron */
+#include "exec.h"
+#include "syntax.h"
+#include "options.h"
+#include "mail.h"
+#include "var.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "builtins.h"
+#ifndef NO_HISTORY
+#include "myhistedit.h"
+#endif
+
+
+#ifndef VTABSIZE
+#define VTABSIZE 39
+#endif
+
+
+struct varinit {
+	struct var *var;
+	int flags;
+	const char *text;
+	void (*func)(const char *);
+};
+
+
+#ifndef NO_HISTORY
+struct var vhistfile;
+struct var vhistsize;
+struct var vterm;
+#endif
+struct var vifs;
+struct var vmail;
+struct var vmpath;
+struct var vpath;
+struct var vps0;
+struct var vps1;
+struct var vps2;
+struct var vps4;
+struct var vrps1;
+struct var vrps2;
+static struct var voptind;
+struct var vdisvfork;
+
+struct localvar *localvars;
+int forcelocal;
+
+static const struct varinit varinit[] = {
+#ifndef NO_HISTORY
+	{ &vhistfile,	VUNSET,				"HISTFILE=",
+	  sethistfile },
+	{ &vhistsize,	VUNSET,				"HISTSIZE=",
+	  sethistsize },
+#endif
+	{ &vifs,	0,				"IFS= \t\n",
+	  NULL },
+	{ &vmail,	VUNSET,				"MAIL=",
+	  NULL },
+	{ &vmpath,	VUNSET,				"MAILPATH=",
+	  NULL },
+	{ &vpath,	0,				"PATH=" _PATH_DEFPATH,
+	  changepath },
+	{ &vps0,	VUNSET,				"PS0=",
+	  NULL },
+	/*
+	 * vps1 depends on uid
+	 */
+	{ &vps2,	0,				"PS2=> ",
+	  NULL },
+	{ &vps4,	0,				"PS4=+ ",
+	  NULL },
+	{ &vrps1,	VUNSET,				"RPS1=",
+	  NULL },
+	{ &vrps2,	VUNSET,				"RPS2=",
+	  NULL },
+#ifndef NO_HISTORY
+	{ &vterm,	VUNSET,				"TERM=",
+	  setterm },
+#endif
+	{ &voptind,	0,				"OPTIND=1",
+	  getoptsreset },
+	{ &vdisvfork,	VUNSET,				"SH_DISABLE_VFORK=",
+	  NULL },
+	{ NULL,	0,				NULL,
+	  NULL }
+};
+
+static struct var *vartab[VTABSIZE];
+
+static const char *const locale_names[7] = {
+	"LC_COLLATE", "LC_CTYPE", "LC_MONETARY",
+	"LC_NUMERIC", "LC_TIME", "LC_MESSAGES", NULL
+};
+static const int locale_categories[7] = {
+	LC_COLLATE, LC_CTYPE, LC_MONETARY, LC_NUMERIC, LC_TIME, LC_MESSAGES, 0
+};
+
+static int varequal(const char *, const char *);
+static struct var *find_var(const char *, struct var ***, int *);
+static int localevar(const char *);
+static void setvareq_const(const char *s, int flags);
+
+extern char **environ;
+
+/*
+ * This routine initializes the builtin variables and imports the environment.
+ * It is called when the shell is initialized.
+ */
+
+void
+initvar(void)
+{
+	char ppid[20];
+	const struct varinit *ip;
+	struct var *vp;
+	struct var **vpp;
+	char **envp;
+
+	for (ip = varinit ; (vp = ip->var) != NULL ; ip++) {
+		if (find_var(ip->text, &vpp, &vp->name_len) != NULL)
+			continue;
+		vp->next = *vpp;
+		*vpp = vp;
+		vp->text = (char *)(ip->text);
+		vp->flags = ip->flags | VSTRFIXED | VTEXTFIXED;
+		vp->func = ip->func;
+	}
+	/*
+	 * PS1 depends on uid
+	 */
+	if (find_var("PS1", &vpp, &vps1.name_len) == NULL) {
+		vps1.next = *vpp;
+		*vpp = &vps1;
+		vps1.text = (char *)(geteuid() ? "PS1=$ " : "PS1=# ");
+		vps1.flags = VSTRFIXED|VTEXTFIXED;
+	}
+	fmtstr(ppid, sizeof(ppid), "%d", (int)getppid());
+	setvarsafe("PPID", ppid, 0);
+	for (envp = environ ; *envp ; envp++) {
+		if (strchr(*envp, '=')) {
+			setvareq(*envp, VEXPORT|VTEXTFIXED);
+		}
+	}
+	setvareq_const("OPTIND=1", 0);
+	setvareq_const("IFS= \t\n", 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Safe version of setvar, returns 1 on success 0 on failure.
+ */
+
+int
+setvarsafe(const char *name, const char *val, int flags)
+{
+	struct jmploc jmploc;
+	struct jmploc *const savehandler = handler;
+	int err = 0;
+	int inton;
+
+	inton = is_int_on();
+	if (setjmp(jmploc.loc))
+		err = 1;
+	else {
+		handler = &jmploc;
+		setvar(name, val, flags);
+	}
+	handler = savehandler;
+	SETINTON(inton);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Set the value of a variable.  The flags argument is stored with the
+ * flags of the variable.  If val is NULL, the variable is unset.
+ */
+
+void
+setvar(const char *name, const char *val, int flags)
+{
+	const char *p;
+	size_t len;
+	size_t namelen;
+	size_t vallen;
+	char *nameeq;
+	int isbad;
+
+	isbad = 0;
+	p = name;
+	if (! is_name(*p))
+		isbad = 1;
+	p++;
+	for (;;) {
+		if (! is_in_name(*p)) {
+			if (*p == '\0' || *p == '=')
+				break;
+			isbad = 1;
+		}
+		p++;
+	}
+	namelen = p - name;
+	if (isbad)
+		error("%.*s: bad variable name", (int)namelen, name);
+	len = namelen + 2;		/* 2 is space for '=' and '\0' */
+	if (val == NULL) {
+		flags |= VUNSET;
+		vallen = 0;
+	} else {
+		vallen = strlen(val);
+		len += vallen;
+	}
+	INTOFF;
+	nameeq = ckmalloc(len);
+	memcpy(nameeq, name, namelen);
+	nameeq[namelen] = '=';
+	if (val)
+		memcpy(nameeq + namelen + 1, val, vallen + 1);
+	else
+		nameeq[namelen + 1] = '\0';
+	setvareq(nameeq, flags);
+	INTON;
+}
+
+static int
+localevar(const char *s)
+{
+	const char *const *ss;
+
+	if (*s != 'L')
+		return 0;
+	if (varequal(s + 1, "ANG"))
+		return 1;
+	if (strncmp(s + 1, "C_", 2) != 0)
+		return 0;
+	if (varequal(s + 3, "ALL"))
+		return 1;
+	for (ss = locale_names; *ss ; ss++)
+		if (varequal(s + 3, *ss + 3))
+			return 1;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Sets/unsets an environment variable from a pointer that may actually be a
+ * pointer into environ where the string should not be manipulated.
+ */
+static void
+change_env(const char *s, int set)
+{
+	char *eqp;
+	char *ss;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	ss = savestr(s);
+	if ((eqp = strchr(ss, '=')) != NULL)
+		*eqp = '\0';
+	if (set && eqp != NULL)
+		(void) setenv(ss, eqp + 1, 1);
+	else
+		(void) unsetenv(ss);
+	ckfree(ss);
+	INTON;
+
+	return;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Same as setvar except that the variable and value are passed in
+ * the first argument as name=value.  Since the first argument will
+ * be actually stored in the table, it should not be a string that
+ * will go away.
+ */
+
+void
+setvareq(char *s, int flags)
+{
+	struct var *vp, **vpp;
+	int nlen;
+
+	if (aflag)
+		flags |= VEXPORT;
+	if (forcelocal && !(flags & (VNOSET | VNOLOCAL)))
+		mklocal(s);
+	vp = find_var(s, &vpp, &nlen);
+	if (vp != NULL) {
+		if (vp->flags & VREADONLY) {
+			if ((flags & (VTEXTFIXED|VSTACK)) == 0)
+				ckfree(s);
+			error("%.*s: is read only", vp->name_len, vp->text);
+		}
+		if (flags & VNOSET) {
+			if ((flags & (VTEXTFIXED|VSTACK)) == 0)
+				ckfree(s);
+			return;
+		}
+		INTOFF;
+
+		if (vp->func && (flags & VNOFUNC) == 0)
+			(*vp->func)(s + vp->name_len + 1);
+
+		if ((vp->flags & (VTEXTFIXED|VSTACK)) == 0)
+			ckfree(vp->text);
+
+		vp->flags &= ~(VTEXTFIXED|VSTACK|VUNSET);
+		vp->flags |= flags;
+		vp->text = s;
+
+		/*
+		 * We could roll this to a function, to handle it as
+		 * a regular variable function callback, but why bother?
+		 *
+		 * Note: this assumes iflag is not set to 1 initially.
+		 * As part of initvar(), this is called before arguments
+		 * are looked at.
+		 */
+		if ((vp == &vmpath || (vp == &vmail && ! mpathset())) &&
+		    iflag == 1)
+			chkmail(1);
+		if ((vp->flags & VEXPORT) && localevar(s)) {
+			change_env(s, 1);
+			(void) setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
+			updatecharset();
+		}
+		INTON;
+		return;
+	}
+	/* not found */
+	if (flags & VNOSET) {
+		if ((flags & (VTEXTFIXED|VSTACK)) == 0)
+			ckfree(s);
+		return;
+	}
+	INTOFF;
+	vp = ckmalloc(sizeof (*vp));
+	vp->flags = flags;
+	vp->text = s;
+	vp->name_len = nlen;
+	vp->next = *vpp;
+	vp->func = NULL;
+	*vpp = vp;
+	if ((vp->flags & VEXPORT) && localevar(s)) {
+		change_env(s, 1);
+		(void) setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
+		updatecharset();
+	}
+	INTON;
+}
+
+
+static void
+setvareq_const(const char *s, int flags)
+{
+	setvareq((char *)(s), flags | VTEXTFIXED);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Process a linked list of variable assignments.
+ */
+
+void
+listsetvar(struct arglist *list, int flags)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	for (i = 0; i < list->count; i++)
+		setvareq(savestr(list->args[i]), flags);
+	INTON;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Find the value of a variable.  Returns NULL if not set.
+ */
+
+char *
+lookupvar(const char *name)
+{
+	struct var *v;
+
+	v = find_var(name, NULL, NULL);
+	if (v == NULL || v->flags & VUNSET)
+		return NULL;
+	return v->text + v->name_len + 1;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Search the environment of a builtin command.  If the second argument
+ * is nonzero, return the value of a variable even if it hasn't been
+ * exported.
+ */
+
+char *
+bltinlookup(const char *name, int doall)
+{
+	struct var *v;
+	char *result;
+	int i;
+
+	result = NULL;
+	if (cmdenviron) for (i = 0; i < cmdenviron->count; i++) {
+		if (varequal(cmdenviron->args[i], name))
+			result = strchr(cmdenviron->args[i], '=') + 1;
+	}
+	if (result != NULL)
+		return result;
+
+	v = find_var(name, NULL, NULL);
+	if (v == NULL || v->flags & VUNSET ||
+	    (!doall && (v->flags & VEXPORT) == 0))
+		return NULL;
+	return v->text + v->name_len + 1;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Set up locale for a builtin (LANG/LC_* assignments).
+ */
+void
+bltinsetlocale(void)
+{
+	int act = 0;
+	char *loc, *locdef;
+	int i;
+
+	if (cmdenviron) for (i = 0; i < cmdenviron->count; i++) {
+		if (localevar(cmdenviron->args[i])) {
+			act = 1;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!act)
+		return;
+	loc = bltinlookup("LC_ALL", 0);
+	INTOFF;
+	if (loc != NULL) {
+		setlocale(LC_ALL, loc);
+		INTON;
+		updatecharset();
+		return;
+	}
+	locdef = bltinlookup("LANG", 0);
+	for (i = 0; locale_names[i] != NULL; i++) {
+		loc = bltinlookup(locale_names[i], 0);
+		if (loc == NULL)
+			loc = locdef;
+		if (loc != NULL)
+			setlocale(locale_categories[i], loc);
+	}
+	INTON;
+	updatecharset();
+}
+
+/*
+ * Undo the effect of bltinlocaleset().
+ */
+void
+bltinunsetlocale(void)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	if (cmdenviron) for (i = 0; i < cmdenviron->count; i++) {
+		if (localevar(cmdenviron->args[i])) {
+			setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
+			updatecharset();
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	INTON;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Update the localeisutf8 flag.
+ */
+void
+updatecharset(void)
+{
+	char *charset;
+
+	charset = nl_langinfo(CODESET);
+	localeisutf8 = !strcmp(charset, "UTF-8");
+}
+
+void
+initcharset(void)
+{
+	updatecharset();
+	initial_localeisutf8 = localeisutf8;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate a list of exported variables.  This routine is used to construct
+ * the third argument to execve when executing a program.
+ */
+
+char **
+environment(void)
+{
+	int nenv;
+	struct var **vpp;
+	struct var *vp;
+	char **env, **ep;
+
+	nenv = 0;
+	for (vpp = vartab ; vpp < vartab + VTABSIZE ; vpp++) {
+		for (vp = *vpp ; vp ; vp = vp->next)
+			if (vp->flags & VEXPORT)
+				nenv++;
+	}
+	ep = env = stalloc((nenv + 1) * sizeof *env);
+	for (vpp = vartab ; vpp < vartab + VTABSIZE ; vpp++) {
+		for (vp = *vpp ; vp ; vp = vp->next)
+			if (vp->flags & VEXPORT)
+				*ep++ = vp->text;
+	}
+	*ep = NULL;
+	return env;
+}
+
+
+static int
+var_compare(const void *a, const void *b)
+{
+	const char *const *sa, *const *sb;
+
+	sa = a;
+	sb = b;
+	/*
+	 * This compares two var=value strings which creates a different
+	 * order from what you would probably expect.  POSIX is somewhat
+	 * ambiguous on what should be sorted exactly.
+	 */
+	return strcoll(*sa, *sb);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Command to list all variables which are set.  This is invoked from the
+ * set command when it is called without any options or operands.
+ */
+
+int
+showvarscmd(int argc __unused, char **argv __unused)
+{
+	struct var **vpp;
+	struct var *vp;
+	const char *s;
+	const char **vars;
+	int i, n;
+
+	/*
+	 * POSIX requires us to sort the variables.
+	 */
+	n = 0;
+	for (vpp = vartab; vpp < vartab + VTABSIZE; vpp++) {
+		for (vp = *vpp; vp; vp = vp->next) {
+			if (!(vp->flags & VUNSET))
+				n++;
+		}
+	}
+
+	INTOFF;
+	vars = ckmalloc(n * sizeof(*vars));
+	i = 0;
+	for (vpp = vartab; vpp < vartab + VTABSIZE; vpp++) {
+		for (vp = *vpp; vp; vp = vp->next) {
+			if (!(vp->flags & VUNSET))
+				vars[i++] = vp->text;
+		}
+	}
+
+	qsort(vars, n, sizeof(*vars), var_compare);
+	for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+		/*
+		 * Skip improper variable names so the output remains usable as
+		 * shell input.
+		 */
+		if (!isassignment(vars[i]))
+			continue;
+		s = strchr(vars[i], '=');
+		s++;
+		outbin(vars[i], s - vars[i], out1);
+		out1qstr(s);
+		out1c('\n');
+	}
+	ckfree(vars);
+	INTON;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * The export and readonly commands.
+ */
+
+int
+exportcmd(int argc __unused, char **argv)
+{
+	struct var **vpp;
+	struct var *vp;
+	char **ap;
+	char *name;
+	char *p;
+	char *cmdname;
+	int ch, values;
+	int flag = argv[0][0] == 'r'? VREADONLY : VEXPORT;
+
+	cmdname = argv[0];
+	values = 0;
+	while ((ch = nextopt("p")) != '\0') {
+		switch (ch) {
+		case 'p':
+			values = 1;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (values && *argptr != NULL)
+		error("-p requires no arguments");
+	if (*argptr != NULL) {
+		for (ap = argptr; (name = *ap) != NULL; ap++) {
+			if ((p = strchr(name, '=')) != NULL) {
+				p++;
+			} else {
+				vp = find_var(name, NULL, NULL);
+				if (vp != NULL) {
+					vp->flags |= flag;
+					if ((vp->flags & VEXPORT) && localevar(vp->text)) {
+						change_env(vp->text, 1);
+						(void) setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
+						updatecharset();
+					}
+					continue;
+				}
+			}
+			setvar(name, p, flag);
+		}
+	} else {
+		for (vpp = vartab ; vpp < vartab + VTABSIZE ; vpp++) {
+			for (vp = *vpp ; vp ; vp = vp->next) {
+				if (vp->flags & flag) {
+					if (values) {
+						/*
+						 * Skip improper variable names
+						 * so the output remains usable
+						 * as shell input.
+						 */
+						if (!isassignment(vp->text))
+							continue;
+						out1str(cmdname);
+						out1c(' ');
+					}
+					if (values && !(vp->flags & VUNSET)) {
+						outbin(vp->text,
+						    vp->name_len + 1, out1);
+						out1qstr(vp->text +
+						    vp->name_len + 1);
+					} else
+						outbin(vp->text, vp->name_len,
+						    out1);
+					out1c('\n');
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * The "local" command.
+ */
+
+int
+localcmd(int argc __unused, char **argv __unused)
+{
+	char *name;
+
+	nextopt("");
+	if (! in_function())
+		error("Not in a function");
+	while ((name = *argptr++) != NULL) {
+		mklocal(name);
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Make a variable a local variable.  When a variable is made local, it's
+ * value and flags are saved in a localvar structure.  The saved values
+ * will be restored when the shell function returns.  We handle the name
+ * "-" as a special case.
+ */
+
+void
+mklocal(char *name)
+{
+	struct localvar *lvp;
+	struct var **vpp;
+	struct var *vp;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	lvp = ckmalloc(sizeof (struct localvar));
+	if (name[0] == '-' && name[1] == '\0') {
+		lvp->text = ckmalloc(sizeof optval);
+		memcpy(lvp->text, optval, sizeof optval);
+		vp = NULL;
+	} else {
+		vp = find_var(name, &vpp, NULL);
+		if (vp == NULL) {
+			if (strchr(name, '='))
+				setvareq(savestr(name), VSTRFIXED | VNOLOCAL);
+			else
+				setvar(name, NULL, VSTRFIXED | VNOLOCAL);
+			vp = *vpp;	/* the new variable */
+			lvp->text = NULL;
+			lvp->flags = VUNSET;
+		} else {
+			lvp->text = vp->text;
+			lvp->flags = vp->flags;
+			vp->flags |= VSTRFIXED|VTEXTFIXED;
+			if (name[vp->name_len] == '=')
+				setvareq(savestr(name), VNOLOCAL);
+		}
+	}
+	lvp->vp = vp;
+	lvp->next = localvars;
+	localvars = lvp;
+	INTON;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Called after a function returns.
+ */
+
+void
+poplocalvars(void)
+{
+	struct localvar *lvp;
+	struct var *vp;
+	int islocalevar;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	while ((lvp = localvars) != NULL) {
+		localvars = lvp->next;
+		vp = lvp->vp;
+		if (vp == NULL) {	/* $- saved */
+			memcpy(optval, lvp->text, sizeof optval);
+			ckfree(lvp->text);
+			optschanged();
+		} else if ((lvp->flags & (VUNSET|VSTRFIXED)) == VUNSET) {
+			vp->flags &= ~VREADONLY;
+			(void)unsetvar(vp->text);
+		} else {
+			islocalevar = (vp->flags | lvp->flags) & VEXPORT &&
+			    localevar(lvp->text);
+			if ((vp->flags & VTEXTFIXED) == 0)
+				ckfree(vp->text);
+			vp->flags = lvp->flags;
+			vp->text = lvp->text;
+			if (vp->func)
+				(*vp->func)(vp->text + vp->name_len + 1);
+			if (islocalevar) {
+				change_env(vp->text, vp->flags & VEXPORT &&
+				    (vp->flags & VUNSET) == 0);
+				setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
+				updatecharset();
+			}
+		}
+		ckfree(lvp);
+	}
+	INTON;
+}
+
+
+int
+setvarcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	if (argc <= 2)
+		return unsetcmd(argc, argv);
+	else if (argc == 3)
+		setvar(argv[1], argv[2], 0);
+	else
+		error("too many arguments");
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * The unset builtin command.
+ */
+
+int
+unsetcmd(int argc __unused, char **argv __unused)
+{
+	char **ap;
+	int i;
+	int flg_func = 0;
+	int flg_var = 0;
+	int ret = 0;
+
+	while ((i = nextopt("vf")) != '\0') {
+		if (i == 'f')
+			flg_func = 1;
+		else
+			flg_var = 1;
+	}
+	if (flg_func == 0 && flg_var == 0)
+		flg_var = 1;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	for (ap = argptr; *ap ; ap++) {
+		if (flg_func)
+			ret |= unsetfunc(*ap);
+		if (flg_var)
+			ret |= unsetvar(*ap);
+	}
+	INTON;
+	return ret;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Unset the specified variable.
+ * Called with interrupts off.
+ */
+
+int
+unsetvar(const char *s)
+{
+	struct var **vpp;
+	struct var *vp;
+
+	vp = find_var(s, &vpp, NULL);
+	if (vp == NULL)
+		return (0);
+	if (vp->flags & VREADONLY)
+		return (1);
+	if (vp->text[vp->name_len + 1] != '\0')
+		setvar(s, "", 0);
+	if ((vp->flags & VEXPORT) && localevar(vp->text)) {
+		change_env(s, 0);
+		setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
+		updatecharset();
+	}
+	vp->flags &= ~VEXPORT;
+	vp->flags |= VUNSET;
+	if ((vp->flags & VSTRFIXED) == 0) {
+		if ((vp->flags & VTEXTFIXED) == 0)
+			ckfree(vp->text);
+		*vpp = vp->next;
+		ckfree(vp);
+	}
+	return (0);
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Returns true if the two strings specify the same variable.  The first
+ * variable name is terminated by '='; the second may be terminated by
+ * either '=' or '\0'.
+ */
+
+static int
+varequal(const char *p, const char *q)
+{
+	while (*p == *q++) {
+		if (*p++ == '=')
+			return 1;
+	}
+	if (*p == '=' && *(q - 1) == '\0')
+		return 1;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Search for a variable.
+ * 'name' may be terminated by '=' or a NUL.
+ * vppp is set to the pointer to vp, or the list head if vp isn't found
+ * lenp is set to the number of characters in 'name'
+ */
+
+static struct var *
+find_var(const char *name, struct var ***vppp, int *lenp)
+{
+	unsigned int hashval;
+	int len;
+	struct var *vp, **vpp;
+	const char *p = name;
+
+	hashval = 0;
+	while (*p && *p != '=')
+		hashval = 2 * hashval + (unsigned char)*p++;
+	len = p - name;
+
+	if (lenp)
+		*lenp = len;
+	vpp = &vartab[hashval % VTABSIZE];
+	if (vppp)
+		*vppp = vpp;
+
+	for (vp = *vpp ; vp ; vpp = &vp->next, vp = *vpp) {
+		if (vp->name_len != len)
+			continue;
+		if (memcmp(vp->text, name, len) != 0)
+			continue;
+		if (vppp)
+			*vppp = vpp;
+		return vp;
+	}
+	return NULL;
+}
diff --git a/bin/1sh/var.h b/bin/1sh/var.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d06d8688
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/1sh/var.h
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+/*-
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)var.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ * $FreeBSD: releng/12.1/bin/sh/var.h 326025 2017-11-20 19:49:47Z pfg $
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Shell variables.
+ */
+
+/* flags */
+#define VEXPORT		0x01	/* variable is exported */
+#define VREADONLY	0x02	/* variable cannot be modified */
+#define VSTRFIXED	0x04	/* variable struct is statically allocated */
+#define VTEXTFIXED	0x08	/* text is statically allocated */
+#define VSTACK		0x10	/* text is allocated on the stack */
+#define VUNSET		0x20	/* the variable is not set */
+#define VNOFUNC		0x40	/* don't call the callback function */
+#define VNOSET		0x80	/* do not set variable - just readonly test */
+#define VNOLOCAL	0x100	/* ignore forcelocal */
+
+
+struct var {
+	struct var *next;		/* next entry in hash list */
+	int flags;			/* flags are defined above */
+	int name_len;			/* length of name */
+	char *text;			/* name=value */
+	void (*func)(const char *);
+					/* function to be called when  */
+					/* the variable gets set/unset */
+};
+
+
+struct localvar {
+	struct localvar *next;		/* next local variable in list */
+	struct var *vp;			/* the variable that was made local */
+	int flags;			/* saved flags */
+	char *text;			/* saved text */
+};
+
+
+extern struct localvar *localvars;
+extern int forcelocal;
+
+extern struct var vifs;
+extern struct var vmail;
+extern struct var vmpath;
+extern struct var vpath;
+extern struct var vps0;
+extern struct var vps1;
+extern struct var vps2;
+extern struct var vps4;
+extern struct var vrps1;
+extern struct var vrps2;
+extern struct var vdisvfork;
+#ifndef NO_HISTORY
+extern struct var vhistfile;
+extern struct var vhistsize;
+extern struct var vterm;
+#endif
+
+extern int localeisutf8;
+/* The parser uses the locale that was in effect at startup. */
+extern int initial_localeisutf8;
+
+/*
+ * The following macros access the values of the above variables.
+ * They have to skip over the name.  They return the null string
+ * for unset variables.
+ */
+
+#define ifsval()	(vifs.text + 4)
+#define ifsset()	((vifs.flags & VUNSET) == 0)
+#define mailval()	(vmail.text + 5)
+#define mpathval()	(vmpath.text + 9)
+#define pathval()	(vpath.text + 5)
+#define ps0val()	(vps0.text + 4)
+#define ps1val()	(vps1.text + 4)
+#define ps2val()	(vps2.text + 4)
+#define ps4val()	(vps4.text + 4)
+#define rps1val()	(vrps1.text + 5)
+#define rps2val()	(vrps2.text + 5)
+#define optindval()	(voptind.text + 7)
+#ifndef NO_HISTORY
+#define histfileval()	(vhistfile.text + 9)
+#define histsizeval()	(vhistsize.text + 9)
+#define termval()	(vterm.text + 5)
+#endif
+
+#define mpathset()	((vmpath.flags & VUNSET) == 0)
+#define disvforkset()	((vdisvfork.flags & VUNSET) == 0)
+
+void initvar(void);
+void setvar(const char *, const char *, int);
+void setvareq(char *, int);
+struct arglist;
+void listsetvar(struct arglist *, int);
+char *lookupvar(const char *);
+char *bltinlookup(const char *, int);
+void bltinsetlocale(void);
+void bltinunsetlocale(void);
+void updatecharset(void);
+void initcharset(void);
+char **environment(void);
+int showvarscmd(int, char **);
+void mklocal(char *);
+void poplocalvars(void);
+int unsetvar(const char *);
+int setvarsafe(const char *, const char *, int);
diff --git a/bin/LICENSE b/bin/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dba13ed2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,661 @@
+                    GNU AFFERO GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
+                       Version 3, 19 November 2007
+
+ Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
+ Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
+ of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+
+                            Preamble
+
+  The GNU Affero General Public License is a free, copyleft license for
+software and other kinds of works, specifically designed to ensure
+cooperation with the community in the case of network server software.
+
+  The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed
+to take away your freedom to share and change the works.  By contrast,
+our General Public Licenses are intended to guarantee your freedom to
+share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free
+software for all its users.
+
+  When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
+price.  Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
+have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
+them if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you
+want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new
+free programs, and that you know you can do these things.
+
+  Developers that use our General Public Licenses protect your rights
+with two steps: (1) assert copyright on the software, and (2) offer
+you this License which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute
+and/or modify the software.
+
+  A secondary benefit of defending all users' freedom is that
+improvements made in alternate versions of the program, if they
+receive widespread use, become available for other developers to
+incorporate.  Many developers of free software are heartened and
+encouraged by the resulting cooperation.  However, in the case of
+software used on network servers, this result may fail to come about.
+The GNU General Public License permits making a modified version and
+letting the public access it on a server without ever releasing its
+source code to the public.
+
+  The GNU Affero General Public License is designed specifically to
+ensure that, in such cases, the modified source code becomes available
+to the community.  It requires the operator of a network server to
+provide the source code of the modified version running there to the
+users of that server.  Therefore, public use of a modified version, on
+a publicly accessible server, gives the public access to the source
+code of the modified version.
+
+  An older license, called the Affero General Public License and
+published by Affero, was designed to accomplish similar goals.  This is
+a different license, not a version of the Affero GPL, but Affero has
+released a new version of the Affero GPL which permits relicensing under
+this license.
+
+  The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
+modification follow.
+
+                       TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+  0. Definitions.
+
+  "This License" refers to version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License.
+
+  "Copyright" also means copyright-like laws that apply to other kinds of
+works, such as semiconductor masks.
+
+  "The Program" refers to any copyrightable work licensed under this
+License.  Each licensee is addressed as "you".  "Licensees" and
+"recipients" may be individuals or organizations.
+
+  To "modify" a work means to copy from or adapt all or part of the work
+in a fashion requiring copyright permission, other than the making of an
+exact copy.  The resulting work is called a "modified version" of the
+earlier work or a work "based on" the earlier work.
+
+  A "covered work" means either the unmodified Program or a work based
+on the Program.
+
+  To "propagate" a work means to do anything with it that, without
+permission, would make you directly or secondarily liable for
+infringement under applicable copyright law, except executing it on a
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+parties to make or receive copies.  Mere interaction with a user through
+a computer network, with no transfer of a copy, is not conveying.
+
+  An interactive user interface displays "Appropriate Legal Notices"
+to the extent that it includes a convenient and prominently visible
+feature that (1) displays an appropriate copyright notice, and (2)
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+  The "source code" for a work means the preferred form of the work
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+subprograms and other parts of the work.
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+can regenerate automatically from other parts of the Corresponding
+Source.
+
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+conditions are met.  This License explicitly affirms your unlimited
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+covered work is covered by this License only if the output, given its
+content, constitutes a covered work.  This License acknowledges your
+rights of fair use or other equivalent, as provided by copyright law.
+
+  You may make, run and propagate covered works that you do not
+convey, without conditions so long as your license otherwise remains
+in force.  You may convey covered works to others for the sole purpose
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+  You may convey verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you
+receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and
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+nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or
+modify any covered work.  These actions infringe copyright if you do
+not accept this License.  Therefore, by modifying or propagating a
+covered work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so.
+
+  10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.
+
+  Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically
+receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and
+propagate that work, subject to this License.  You are not responsible
+for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License.
+
+  An "entity transaction" is a transaction transferring control of an
+organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an
+organization, or merging organizations.  If propagation of a covered
+work results from an entity transaction, each party to that
+transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever
+licenses to the work the party's predecessor in interest had or could
+give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the
+Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if
+the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts.
+
+  You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the
+rights granted or affirmed under this License.  For example, you may
+not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of
+rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation
+(including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that
+any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for
+sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it.
+
+  11. Patents.
+
+  A "contributor" is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this
+License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based.  The
+work thus licensed is called the contributor's "contributor version".
+
+  A contributor's "essential patent claims" are all patent claims
+owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or
+hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted
+by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version,
+but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a
+consequence of further modification of the contributor version.  For
+purposes of this definition, "control" includes the right to grant
+patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of
+this License.
+
+  Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free
+patent license under the contributor's essential patent claims, to
+make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and
+propagate the contents of its contributor version.
+
+  In the following three paragraphs, a "patent license" is any express
+agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent
+(such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to
+sue for patent infringement).  To "grant" such a patent license to a
+party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a
+patent against the party.
+
+  If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license,
+and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone
+to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a
+publicly available network server or other readily accessible means,
+then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so
+available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the
+patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner
+consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent
+license to downstream recipients.  "Knowingly relying" means you have
+actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the
+covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work
+in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that
+country that you have reason to believe are valid.
+
+  If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or
+arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a
+covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties
+receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify
+or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license
+you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered
+work and works based on it.
+
+  A patent license is "discriminatory" if it does not include within
+the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is
+conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are
+specifically granted under this License.  You may not convey a covered
+work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is
+in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment
+to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying
+the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the
+parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory
+patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work
+conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily
+for and in connection with specific products or compilations that
+contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement,
+or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.
+
+  Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting
+any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may
+otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.
+
+  12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.
+
+  If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
+otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
+excuse you from the conditions of this License.  If you cannot convey a
+covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
+License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may
+not convey it at all.  For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you
+to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey
+the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this
+License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.
+
+  13. Remote Network Interaction; Use with the GNU General Public License.
+
+  Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, if you modify the
+Program, your modified version must prominently offer all users
+interacting with it remotely through a computer network (if your version
+supports such interaction) an opportunity to receive the Corresponding
+Source of your version by providing access to the Corresponding Source
+from a network server at no charge, through some standard or customary
+means of facilitating copying of software.  This Corresponding Source
+shall include the Corresponding Source for any work covered by version 3
+of the GNU General Public License that is incorporated pursuant to the
+following paragraph.
+
+  Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have
+permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed
+under version 3 of the GNU General Public License into a single
+combined work, and to convey the resulting work.  The terms of this
+License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work,
+but the work with which it is combined will remain governed by version
+3 of the GNU General Public License.
+
+  14. Revised Versions of this License.
+
+  The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of
+the GNU Affero General Public License from time to time.  Such new versions
+will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
+address new problems or concerns.
+
+  Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If the
+Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU Affero General
+Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the
+option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered
+version or of any later version published by the Free Software
+Foundation.  If the Program does not specify a version number of the
+GNU Affero General Public License, you may choose any version ever published
+by the Free Software Foundation.
+
+  If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
+versions of the GNU Affero General Public License can be used, that proxy's
+public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you
+to choose that version for the Program.
+
+  Later license versions may give you additional or different
+permissions.  However, no additional obligations are imposed on any
+author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a
+later version.
+
+  15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
+
+  THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
+APPLICABLE LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
+HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY
+OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
+THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+PURPOSE.  THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM
+IS WITH YOU.  SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF
+ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
+
+  16. Limitation of Liability.
+
+  IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
+WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS
+THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY
+GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE
+USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
+DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
+PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),
+EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+SUCH DAMAGES.
+
+  17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
+
+  If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
+above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
+reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
+an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
+Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
+copy of the Program in return for a fee.
+
+                     END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+            How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
+
+  If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
+possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
+free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
+
+  To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
+to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
+state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
+the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
+
+    <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
+    Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
+
+    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+    it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
+
+  If your software can interact with users remotely through a computer
+network, you should also make sure that it provides a way for users to
+get its source.  For example, if your program is a web application, its
+interface could display a "Source" link that leads users to an archive
+of the code.  There are many ways you could offer source, and different
+solutions will be better for different programs; see section 13 for the
+specific requirements.
+
+  You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
+if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
+For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU AGPL, see
+<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
diff --git a/bin/Makefile b/bin/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5691b0fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+PREFIX = ~/.local
+MANDIR = ${PREFIX}/share/man
+
+LIBS_PREFIX = /usr/local
+CFLAGS += -I${LIBS_PREFIX}/include
+LDFLAGS += -L${LIBS_PREFIX}/lib
+
+CFLAGS += -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Wno-gnu-case-range
+LDLIBS.dtch = -lutil
+LDLIBS.fbclock = -lz
+LDLIBS.glitch = -lz
+LDLIBS.hnel = -lutil
+LDLIBS.modem = -lutil
+LDLIBS.pngo = -lz
+LDLIBS.ptee = -lutil
+LDLIBS.relay = -ltls
+LDLIBS.scheme = -lm
+LDLIBS.title = -lcurl
+
+-include config.mk
+
+BINS += beef
+BINS += bibsort
+BINS += bit
+BINS += c
+BINS += dtch
+BINS += glitch
+BINS += hi
+BINS += hnel
+BINS += modem
+BINS += nudge
+BINS += order
+BINS += pbd
+BINS += pngo
+BINS += psf2png
+BINS += ptee
+BINS += scheme
+BINS += shotty
+BINS += title
+BINS += ttpre
+BINS += up
+BINS += when
+BINS += xx
+
+LINKS += open
+LINKS += pbcopy
+LINKS += pbpaste
+
+BINS_BSD += ever
+BINS_LINUX += bri
+BINS_LINUX += fbatt
+BINS_LINUX += fbclock
+BINS_LINUX += psfed
+BINS_TLS += relay
+
+BINS_ALL = ${BINS} ${BINS_BSD} ${BINS_LINUX} ${BINS_TLS}
+MANS_ALL = ${BINS_ALL:%=man1/%.1}
+
+any: meta ${BINS} ${LINKS}
+
+bsd: meta ${BINS_BSD}
+
+linux: meta ${BINS_LINUX}
+
+tls: meta ${BINS_TLS}
+
+meta: .gitignore tags
+
+.SUFFIXES: .pl
+
+.c:
+	${CC} ${CFLAGS} ${LDFLAGS} $< ${LDLIBS.$@} -o $@
+
+.o:
+	${CC} ${LDFLAGS} $< ${LDLIBS.$@} -o $@
+
+.pl:
+	cp -f $< $@
+	chmod a+x $@
+
+hi: hi.c
+	${CC} ${CFLAGS} ${LDFLAGS} hi.c ${LDLIBS.$@} -o $@
+	./hi -c
+
+open pbcopy pbpaste: pbd
+	ln -f pbd $@
+
+fbatt.o fbclock.o: scheme.h
+
+psf2png.o scheme.o: png.h
+
+scheme.h: scheme
+	./scheme -c > scheme.h
+
+tags: *.h *.c
+	ctags -w *.h *.c
+
+IGNORE = *.o *.html ${BINS_ALL} ${LINKS} scheme.h tags
+
+.gitignore: Makefile
+	echo config.mk '${IGNORE}' | tr ' ' '\n' | sort > .gitignore
+
+clean:
+	rm -f ${IGNORE}
+
+setuid: bri
+	chown root bri
+	chmod u+s bri
+
+link:
+	install -d ${PREFIX}/bin ${MANDIR}/man1
+	ln -fs ${BINS_ALL:%=${PWD}/%} ${PREFIX}/bin
+	ln -fs ${MANS_ALL:%=${PWD}/%} ${MANDIR}/man1
+	ln -fs ${LINKS:%=${PWD}/%} ${PREFIX}/bin
+
+unlink:
+	rm -f ${BINS_ALL:%=${PREFIX}/bin/%}
+	rm -f ${MANS_ALL:%=${MANDIR}/%}
+	rm -f ${LINKS:%=${PREFIX}/bin/%}
+
+HTMLS = index.html ${BINS_ALL:=.html} png.html
+WEBROOT = /usr/local/www/causal.agency
+
+html: ${HTMLS}
+	@true
+
+${HTMLS}: html.sh scheme hi ttpre
+
+.SUFFIXES: .html
+
+.c.html:
+	sh html.sh $< man1/${<:.c=.1} > $@
+
+.h.html:
+	sh html.sh $< man3/${<:.h=.3} > $@
+
+.y.html:
+	sh html.sh $< man1/${<:.y=.1} > $@
+
+.sh.html:
+	sh html.sh $< man1/${<:.sh=.1} > $@
+
+.pl.html:
+	sh html.sh $< man1/${<:.pl=.1} > $@
+
+index.html: Makefile README.7
+	sh html.sh Makefile README.7 \
+		| sed -E 's,([a-z0-9-]+)[(][1-9][)],<a href="\1.html">&</a>,' \
+		> index.html
+
+install-html: ${HTMLS}
+	install -d ${WEBROOT}/bin
+	install -C -m 644 ${HTMLS} ${WEBROOT}/bin
diff --git a/bin/README.7 b/bin/README.7
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..40dcdd0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/README.7
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+.Dd December 15, 2020
+.Dt BIN 7
+.Os "Causal Agency"
+.
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm bin
+.Nd various utilities
+.
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+Various tools primarily targeting
+Darwin,
+.Fx
+and
+.Nx .
+Some tools target Linux.
+.
+.Pp
+.Bl -tag -width "fbclock(1)" -compact
+.It Xr beef 1
+Befunge-93 interpreter
+.It Xr bibsort 1
+reformat bibliography
+.It Xr bit 1
+calculator
+.It Xr bri 1
+backlight brightness control
+.It Xr c 1
+run C statements
+.It Xr dtch 1
+detached sessions
+.It Xr ever 1
+watch files
+.It Xr fbatt 1
+framebuffer battery indicator
+.It Xr fbclock 1
+framebuffer clock
+.It Xr glitch 1
+PNG glitcher
+.It Xr hi 1
+syntax highlighter
+.It Xr hnel 1
+PTY input remapper
+.It Xr modem 1
+fixed baud rate wrapper
+.It Xr nudge 1
+terminal vibrator
+.It Xr order 1
+operator precedence
+.It Xr pbd 1
+macOS pasteboard daemon
+.It Xr pngo 1
+PNG optimizer
+.It Xr psf2png 1
+PSF2 to PNG renderer
+.It Xr psfed 1
+PSF2 font editor
+.It Xr ptee 1
+tee for PTYs
+.It Xr relay 1
+IRC relay bot
+.It Xr scheme 1
+color scheme
+.It Xr shotty 1
+terminal capture
+.It Xr title 1
+page titles
+.It Xr ttpre 1
+man output to HTML
+.It Xr up 1
+upload file
+.It Xr when 1
+date calculator
+.It Xr xx 1
+hexdump
+.El
+.
+.Pp
+One piece of reused code.
+.Pp
+.Bl -tag -width "png(3)" -compact
+.It Xr png 3
+basic PNG output
+.El
diff --git a/bin/beef.c b/bin/beef.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..556f3088
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/beef.c
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2019  June McEnroe <june@causal.agency>
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+#include <err.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sysexits.h>
+#include <time.h>
+
+enum {
+	Cols = 80,
+	Rows = 25,
+};
+static char page[Rows][Cols];
+
+static char get(int y, int x) {
+	if (y < 0 || y >= Rows) return 0;
+	if (x < 0 || x >= Cols) return 0;
+	return page[y][x];
+}
+static void put(int y, int x, char v) {
+	if (y < 0 || y >= Rows) return;
+	if (x < 0 || x >= Cols) return;
+	page[y][x] = v;
+}
+
+enum { StackLen = 1024 };
+static long stack[StackLen];
+static size_t top = StackLen;
+
+static void push(long val) {
+	if (!top) errx(EX_SOFTWARE, "stack overflow");
+	stack[--top] = val;
+}
+static long pop(void) {
+	if (top == StackLen) return 0;
+	return stack[top++];
+}
+
+static struct {
+	int y, x;
+	int dy, dx;
+} pc = { .dx = 1 };
+
+static void inc(void) {
+	pc.y += pc.dy;
+	pc.x += pc.dx;
+	if (pc.y == -1) pc.y += Rows;
+	if (pc.x == -1) pc.x += Cols;
+	if (pc.y == Rows) pc.y -= Rows;
+	if (pc.x == Cols) pc.x -= Cols;
+}
+
+static bool string;
+
+static bool step(void) {
+	char ch = page[pc.y][pc.x];
+
+	if (ch == '"') {
+		string ^= true;
+	} else if (string) {
+		push(ch);
+		inc();
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	if (ch == '?') ch = "><^v"[rand() % 4];
+
+	long x, y, v;
+	switch (ch) {
+		break; case '+': push(pop() + pop());
+		break; case '-': y = pop(); x = pop(); push(x - y);
+		break; case '*': push(pop() * pop());
+		break; case '/': y = pop(); x = pop(); push(x / y);
+		break; case '%': y = pop(); x = pop(); push(x % y);
+		break; case '!': push(!pop());
+		break; case '`': y = pop(); x = pop(); push(x > y);
+		break; case '>': pc.dy = 0; pc.dx = +1;
+		break; case '<': pc.dy = 0; pc.dx = -1;
+		break; case '^': pc.dy = -1; pc.dx = 0;
+		break; case 'v': pc.dy = +1; pc.dx = 0;
+		break; case '_': pc.dy = 0; pc.dx = (pop() ? -1 : +1);
+		break; case '|': pc.dx = 0; pc.dy = (pop() ? -1 : +1);
+		break; case ':': x = pop(); push(x); push(x);
+		break; case '\\': y = pop(); x = pop(); push(y); push(x);
+		break; case '$': pop();
+		break; case '.': printf("%ld ", pop()); fflush(stdout);
+		break; case ',': printf("%c", (char)pop()); fflush(stdout);
+		break; case '#': inc();
+		break; case 'g': y = pop(); x = pop(); push(get(y, x));
+		break; case 'p': y = pop(); x = pop(); v = pop(); put(y, x, v);
+		break; case '&': x = EOF; scanf("%ld", &x); push(x);
+		break; case '~': push(getchar());
+		break; case '@': return false;
+		break; default:  if (ch >= '0' && ch <= '9') push(ch - '0');
+	}
+
+	inc();
+	return true;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+	srand(time(NULL));
+	memset(page, ' ', sizeof(page));
+
+	FILE *file = stdin;
+	if (argc > 1) {
+		file = fopen(argv[1], "r");
+		if (!file) err(EX_NOINPUT, "%s", argv[1]);
+	}
+
+	int y = 0;
+	char *line = NULL;
+	size_t cap = 0;
+	while (y < Rows && 0 < getline(&line, &cap, file)) {
+		for (int x = 0; x < Cols; ++x) {
+			if (line[x] == '\n' || !line[x]) break;
+			page[y][x] = line[x];
+		}
+		y++;
+	}
+	free(line);
+
+	while (step());
+	return pop();
+}
diff --git a/bin/bibsort.pl b/bin/bibsort.pl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f87f066f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/bibsort.pl
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env perl
+use strict;
+use warnings;
+
+while (<>) {
+	print;
+	last if /^[.]Sh STANDARDS$/;
+}
+
+my ($ref, @refs);
+while (<>) {
+	next if /^[.](Bl|It|$)/;
+	last if /^[.]El$/;
+	if (/^[.]Rs$/) {
+		$ref = {};
+	} elsif (/^[.]%(.) (.*)/) {
+		$ref->{$1} = [] unless $ref->{$1};
+		push @{$ref->{$1}}, $2;
+	} elsif (/^[.]Re$/) {
+		push @refs, $ref;
+	} else {
+		print;
+	}
+}
+
+sub byLast {
+	my ($af, $al) = split /\s(\S+)(,.*)?$/, $a;
+	my ($bf, $bl) = split /\s(\S+)(,.*)?$/, $b;
+	$al cmp $bl || $af cmp $bf;
+}
+
+foreach $ref (@refs) {
+	@{$ref->{A}} = sort byLast @{$ref->{A}};
+	@{$ref->{Q}} = sort @{$ref->{Q}} if $ref->{Q};
+	next unless $ref->{N};
+	if ($ref->{N}[0] =~ /RFC/) {
+		$ref->{R} = $ref->{N};
+		delete $ref->{N};
+	}
+}
+
+sub byAuthor {
+	local ($a, $b) = ($a->{A}[0], $b->{A}[0]);
+	byLast();
+}
+
+{
+	local ($,, $\) = (' ', "\n");
+	print '.Bl', '-item';
+	foreach $ref (sort byAuthor @refs) {
+		print '.It';
+		print '.Rs';
+		foreach my $key (qw(A T B I J R N V U P Q C D O)) {
+			next unless $ref->{$key};
+			foreach (@{$ref->{$key}}) {
+				print ".%${key}", $_;
+			}
+		}
+		print '.Re';
+	}
+	print '.El';
+}
+
+while (<>) {
+	print;
+}
diff --git a/bin/bit.y b/bin/bit.y
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7843419e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/bit.y
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2019  June McEnroe <june@causal.agency>
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+%{
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <err.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sysexits.h>
+
+#define MASK(b) ((1ULL << (b)) - 1)
+
+static void yyerror(const char *str);
+static int yylex(void);
+
+#define YYSTYPE uint64_t
+
+static uint64_t vars[128];
+
+%}
+
+%right '='
+%left '|'
+%left '^'
+%left '&'
+%left Shl Shr Sar
+%left '+' '-'
+%left '*' '/' '%'
+%right '~'
+%left 'K' 'M' 'G' 'T'
+
+%token Int Var
+
+%%
+
+stmt:
+	expr { vars['_'] = $1; }
+	;
+
+expr:
+	Int
+	| Var { $$ = vars[$1]; }
+	| '(' expr ')' { $$ = $2; }
+	| expr 'K' { $$ = $1 << 10; }
+	| expr 'M' { $$ = $1 << 20; }
+	| expr 'G' { $$ = $1 << 30; }
+	| expr 'T' { $$ = $1 << 40; }
+	| '~' expr { $$ = ~$2; }
+	| '-' expr { $$ = -$2; }
+	| expr '*' expr { $$ = $1 * $3; }
+	| expr '/' expr { $$ = $1 / $3; }
+	| expr '%' expr { $$ = $1 % $3; }
+	| expr '+' expr { $$ = $1 + $3; }
+	| expr '-' expr { $$ = $1 - $3; }
+	| expr Shl expr { $$ = $1 << $3; }
+	| expr Shr expr { $$ = $1 >> $3; }
+	| expr Sar expr { $$ = (int64_t)$1 >> $3; }
+	| expr '&' expr { $$ = $1 & $3; }
+	| expr '^' expr { $$ = $1 ^ $3; }
+	| expr '|' expr { $$ = $1 | $3; }
+	| Var '=' expr { $$ = vars[$1] = $3; }
+	;
+
+%%
+
+static void yyerror(const char *str) {
+	warnx("%s", str);
+}
+
+#define T(a, b) ((int)(a) << 8 | (int)(b))
+
+static const char *input;
+
+static int lexInt(uint64_t base) {
+	for (yylval = 0; input[0]; ++input) {
+		uint64_t digit;
+		if (input[0] == '_') {
+			continue;
+		} else if (input[0] >= '0' && input[0] <= '9') {
+			digit = input[0] - '0';
+		} else if (input[0] >= 'A' && input[0] <= 'F') {
+			digit = 0xA + input[0] - 'A';
+		} else if (input[0] >= 'a' && input[0] <= 'f') {
+			digit = 0xA + input[0] - 'a';
+		} else {
+			return Int;
+		}
+		if (digit >= base) return Int;
+		yylval *= base;
+		yylval += digit;
+	}
+	return Int;
+}
+
+static int yylex(void) {
+	while (isspace(input[0])) input++;
+	if (!input[0]) return EOF;
+
+	if (input[0] == '\'' && input[1] && input[2] == '\'') {
+		yylval = input[1];
+		input += 3;
+		return Int;
+	}
+
+	if (input[0] == '0') {
+		if (input[1] == 'b') {
+			input += 2;
+			return lexInt(2);
+		} else if (input[1] == 'x') {
+			input += 2;
+			return lexInt(16);
+		} else {
+			input += 1;
+			return lexInt(8);
+		}
+	} else if (isdigit(input[0])) {
+		return lexInt(10);
+	}
+	
+	if (input[0] == '_' || islower(input[0])) {
+		yylval = *input++;
+		return Var;
+	}
+
+	switch (T(input[0], input[1])) {
+		case T('<', '<'): input += 2; return Shl;
+		case T('>', '>'): input += 2; return Shr;
+		case T('-', '>'): input += 2; return Sar;
+		default: return *input++;
+	}
+}
+
+int main(void) {
+	char *line = NULL;
+	size_t cap = 0;
+	while (0 < getline(&line, &cap, stdin)) {
+		if (line[0] == '\n') continue;
+
+		input = line;
+		int error = yyparse();
+		if (error) continue;
+
+		uint64_t result = vars['_'];
+
+		int bits = result > UINT32_MAX ? 64
+			: result > UINT16_MAX ? 32
+			: result > UINT8_MAX ? 16
+			: 8;
+
+		printf("0x%0*"PRIX64" %"PRId64"", bits >> 2, result, (int64_t)result);
+
+		if (bits == 8) {
+			char bin[9] = {0};
+			for (int i = 0; i < 8; ++i) {
+				bin[i] = '0' + (result >> (7 - i) & 1);
+			}
+			printf(" 0b%s", bin);
+		}
+
+		if (result < 128 && isprint(result)) {
+			printf(" '%c'", (char)result);
+		}
+
+		if (result) {
+			if (!(result & MASK(40))) {
+				printf(" %"PRIu64"T", result >> 40);
+			} else if (!(result & MASK(30))) {
+				printf(" %"PRIu64"G", result >> 30);
+			} else if (!(result & MASK(20))) {
+				printf(" %"PRIu64"M", result >> 20);
+			} else if (!(result & MASK(10))) {
+				printf(" %"PRIu64"K", result >> 10);
+			}
+		}
+
+		printf("\n\n");
+	}
+}
diff --git a/bin/bri.c b/bin/bri.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c9bf6b0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/bri.c
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2017  June McEnroe <june@causal.agency>
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <err.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sysexits.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+typedef unsigned uint;
+
+static const char *Class = "/sys/class/backlight";
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+	int error;
+
+	const char *input = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : NULL;
+
+	error = chdir(Class);
+	if (error) err(EX_OSFILE, "%s", Class);
+
+	DIR *dir = opendir(".");
+	if (!dir) err(EX_OSFILE, "%s", Class);
+
+	struct dirent *entry;
+	while (NULL != (errno = 0, entry = readdir(dir))) {
+		if (entry->d_name[0] == '.') continue;
+
+		error = chdir(entry->d_name);
+		if (error) err(EX_OSFILE, "%s/%s", Class, entry->d_name);
+		break;
+	}
+	if (!entry) {
+		if (errno) err(EX_IOERR, "%s", Class);
+		errx(EX_CONFIG, "%s: empty", Class);
+	}
+
+	FILE *actual = fopen("actual_brightness", "r");
+	if (!actual) err(EX_OSFILE, "actual_brightness");
+
+	uint value;
+	int match = fscanf(actual, "%u", &value);
+	if (match == EOF) err(EX_IOERR, "actual_brightness");
+	if (match < 1) errx(EX_DATAERR, "actual_brightness");
+
+	if (!input) {
+		printf("%u\n", value);
+		return EX_OK;
+	}
+
+	if (input[0] == '+' || input[0] == '-') {
+		size_t count = strnlen(input, 16);
+		if (input[0] == '+') {
+			value += 16 * count;
+		} else {
+			value -= 16 * count;
+		}
+	} else {
+		value = strtoul(input, NULL, 0);
+	}
+
+	FILE *brightness = fopen("brightness", "w");
+	if (!brightness) err(EX_OSFILE, "brightness");
+
+	int size = fprintf(brightness, "%u", value);
+	if (size < 0) err(EX_IOERR, "brightness");
+
+	return EX_OK;
+}
diff --git a/bin/c.sh b/bin/c.sh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f1143fd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/c.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+set -eu
+
+temp=$(mktemp -d)
+trap 'rm -r "${temp}"' EXIT
+
+exec 3>>"${temp}/run.c"
+
+cat >&3 <<EOF
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <locale.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <wchar.h>
+#include <wctype.h>
+
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <strings.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+EOF
+
+expr=
+while getopts 'e:i:' opt; do
+	case "${opt}" in
+		(e) expr=$OPTARG;;
+		(i) echo "#include <${OPTARG}>" >&3;;
+		(?) exit 1;;
+	esac
+done
+shift $((OPTIND - 1))
+
+cat >&3 <<EOF
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+	(void)argc;
+	(void)argv;
+	$*;
+EOF
+
+if [ -n "${expr}" ]; then
+	cat >&3 <<EOF
+	printf(
+		_Generic(
+			${expr},
+			char: "%c\n",
+			char *: "%s\n",
+			const char *: "%s\n",
+			wchar_t *: "%ls\n",
+			const wchar_t *: "%ls\n",
+			signed char: "%hhd\n",
+			short: "%hd\n",
+			int: "%d\n",
+			long: "%ld\n",
+			long long: "%lld\n",
+			unsigned char: "%hhu\n",
+			unsigned short: "%hu\n",
+			unsigned int: "%u\n",
+			unsigned long: "%lu\n",
+			unsigned long long: "%llu\n",
+			double: "%g\n",
+			default: "%p\n"
+		),
+		${expr}
+	);
+EOF
+fi
+
+if [ $# -eq 0 -a -z "${expr}" ]; then
+	cat >&3
+fi
+
+echo '}' >&3
+
+cat >"${temp}/Makefile" <<EOF
+CFLAGS += -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic
+EOF
+
+make -s -C "${temp}" run
+"${temp}/run"
diff --git a/bin/dash/.gitignore b/bin/dash/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e349901a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# .gitignore for dash
+
+# generated by autogen.sh
+Makefile.in
+/aclocal.m4
+/autom4te.cache/
+/compile
+/config.h.in
+/configure
+/depcomp
+/install-sh
+/missing
+
+# generated by configure
+Makefile
+.deps
+.dirstamp
+/config.cache
+/config.h
+/config.log
+/config.status
+/stamp-h1
+
+# generated by make
+/src/token_vars.h
+
+# Apple debug symbol bundles
+*.dSYM/
+
+# backups and patch artefacts
+*~
+*.bak
+*.orig
+*.rej
+
+# OS generated files
+.DS_Store
+.DS_Store?
+._*
+.Spotlight*
+.Trash*
+*[Tt]humbs.db
diff --git a/bin/dash/COPYING b/bin/dash/COPYING
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..37f8189c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/COPYING
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+Copyright (c) 1989-1994
+	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+Copyright (c) 1997 Christos Zoulas.  All rights reserved.
+Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+
+This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by Kenneth Almquist.
+
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+are met:
+1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+   documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+   may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+   without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+mksignames.c:
+
+This file is not directly linked with dash.  However, its output is.
+
+Copyright (C) 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
+
+Bash is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
+Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later
+version.
+
+Bash is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
+WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License with
+your Debian GNU/Linux system, in /usr/share/common-licenses/GPL, or with the
+Debian GNU/Linux hello source package as the file COPYING.  If not,
+write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330,
+Boston, MA 02111 USA.
diff --git a/bin/dash/ChangeLog b/bin/dash/ChangeLog
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..406e20c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/ChangeLog
@@ -0,0 +1,806 @@
+2014-11-17  Stéphane Aulery <saulery@free.fr>
+
+	* Correct typo in manual page.
+	* Document redirection file descriptor limitation.
+
+2014-10-30  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Catch variable length expansions on non-existant specials.
+
+2014-10-28  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Removed unnecessary pungetc on EOF from parser.
+	* Simplify EOF/newline handling in list parser.
+
+2014-10-27  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Add printf support for format string a, A, and F.
+	* Handle embedded NULs correctly in printf.
+	* Replace open-coded flushall in preadbuffer.
+	* Add likely tag in outmem.
+	* Add ifdefs around MEM_OUT handling in outmem.
+	* Remove unnecessary restoration of format string in printf.
+	* Remove getintmax in printf.
+	* Use error instead of warnx for fatal errors in printf.
+	* Optimise handling of backslash octals in printf.
+	* Simplify echo command.
+	* Handle -- in dotcmd.
+
+2014-10-13  Eric Blake <eblake@redhat.com>
+
+	* cd: support drive letters on Cygwin.
+
+2014-10-08  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Split unquoted $@/$* correctly when IFS is set but empty.
+	* Do not split quoted VSLENGTH and VSTRIM.
+	* Optimise nulonly away and just use quoted as before.
+
+2014-10-07  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Use setvareq to set OPTIND initially.
+
+2014-10-06  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Exit without arguments in a trap should use status outside traps.
+	* Do not allow break to break across function calls.
+	* Move common skipcount logic into skiploop.
+	* Allow return in loop conditional to set exit status.
+	* Return without arguments in a trap should use status outside traps.
+
+2014-10-03  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Do not clobber exitstatus in evalcommand.
+
+2014-10-02  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Fix use-after-free in dotrap/evalstring.
+	* Make sure evalskip is zero before running traps.
+	* Set exitstatus in onint.
+
+2014-09-29  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Kill pgetc_macro.
+	* Handle backslash newlines properly after dollar sign.
+	* Add nlprompt/nlnoprompt helpers.
+
+2014-09-28  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Correctly handle test ! ! = !.
+
+2014-09-26  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Small optimisation of command -pv change.
+	* Set command -p path to /usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin.
+	* Change "characters" for printf precision to "bytes".
+	* Release 0.5.8.
+
+2014-09-26  Jonathan Nieder <jrnieder@gmail.com>
+
+	* Clarify "trap '' signals" syntax in manual page.
+
+2014-09-26  Adam Buchbinder <adam.buchbinder@gmail.com>
+
+	* Clarify that 0 and EXIT are both acceptable for exit traps.
+
+2014-09-26  Harald van Dijk <harald@gigawatt.nl>
+
+	* command: allow combining -p with -v.
+	* getjob: Fix off-by-one error for multiple of four job numbers
+
+2013-08-23  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Propagate EXP_QPAT in subevalvar.
+	* Initialise OPTIND after importing environment.
+	* Fixed argument parsing crash in test.
+
+2013-03-12  Peter Rosin <peda@lysator.liu.se>
+
+	* Add newline when tracing in poplocalvars.
+
+2013-01-10  Jérémie Courrèges-Anglas <jca+dash@wxcvbn.org>
+
+	* Markup fixes in manual for mandoc 1.12.1.
+
+2012-12-03  Harald van Dijk <harald@gigawatt.nl>
+
+	* Use PRIdMAX instead of %j in printf.
+
+2012-07-20  Kimo Rosenbaum <kimor79@yahoo.com>
+
+	* Fix typo for wait in manual.
+
+2012-06-09  Christoph Mathys <eraserix@gmail.com>
+
+	* Add support for ulimit -r.
+
+2012-03-11  Jim Meyering  <meyering@redhat.com>
+
+	* Avoid overflow for very long variable name.
+	$ perl -le 'print "v"x(2**31+1) ."=1"' | dash
+
+2012-02-25  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Sanitise environment variable names on entry.
+
+2011-08-17  David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
+
+	* Allow building without LINEO support.
+	* Add top-level autogen.sh.
+
+2011-07-26  Harald van Dijk <harald@gigawatt.nl>
+
+	* Avoid imaxdiv when only one of the results is wanted.
+
+2010-07-09  maximilian attems <max@stro.at>
+
+	* Fix klibc DEBUG compilation.
+
+2011-07-09  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Merge SKIPFUNC/SKIPFILE and only clear SKIPFUNC when leaving dotcmd.
+
+2011-07-08  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Release 0.5.7.
+
+2011-07-07  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Optimize dash -c "command" to avoid a fork.
+	* Eliminate unnecessary promotion in echocmd.
+
+2011-05-25  Jim Meyering  <meyering@redhat.com>
+
+	* Avoid using undefined handler.
+
+2011-05-23  Jim Meyering  <meyering@redhat.com>
+
+	* Avoid gcc warning: variable 'oldstackp' set but not used.
+	* Avoid clang warning about dead store to "size".
+
+2011-05-22  Jonathan Nieder <jrnieder@gmail.com>
+
+	* Make outc an inline function.
+
+2011-05-02  Kalle Olavi Niemitalo <kon@iki.fi>
+
+	* Remove spurious space in descriptions of PS1, PS2, PS4.
+
+2011-04-10  Jonathan Nieder <jrnieder@gmail.com>
+ 
+	* Remove unused EV_BACKCMD flag.
+
+2011-03-15  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Fix clobbering of checkkwd.
+
+2011-03-15  Jonathan Nieder <jrnieder@gmail.com>
+
+	* Free IFS state after here document expansion.
+	* Use va_copy when reusing a va_list.
+
+2011-03-15  Harald van Dijk <harald@gigawatt.nl>
+
+	* Let funcnode refer to a function definition, not its first command.
+	* Improve LINENO support.
+
+2011-03-15  Brian Koropoff <bkoropoff@gmail.com>
+
+	* Port to Solaris.
+
+2011-03-11  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Fix backslash handling in read(1).
+
+2011-03-10  Jonathan Nieder <jrnieder@gmail.com>
+
+	* Dotcmd should exit with zero when doing nothing.
+
+2011-03-10  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Fix CTLESC clobbering by read(1).
+
+2011-03-10  Brian Koropoff <bkoropoff@gmail.com>
+
+	* Port to AIX.
+
+2011-03-10  Jilles Tjoelker <jilles@stack.nl>
+
+	* Replace GPL noclobberopen code with the FreeBSD version.
+	* Do not split the result of tilde expansion.
+
+2010-11-28  Maciej Żenczykowski <zenczykowski@gmail.com>
+
+	* Mark status as volatile in exitshell.
+
+2010-11-28  Jonathan Nieder <jrnieder@gmail.com>
+
+	* Use EXEXIT in place of EXEXEC.
+	* Stop documenting EXSHELLPROC.
+
+2010-11-28  Gerrit Pape <pape@smarden.org>
+
+	* Use exit status 127 when the script to run does not exist.
+
+2010-11-28  Philipp Weis <pweis@pweis.com>
+
+	* Document optional open parenthesis for case patterns.
+
+2010-11-28  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Fixed trap/return regression due to SKIPEVAL removal.
+	* Allow the originator of EXERROR to set the exit status.
+	* Free IFS state in evalbackcmd.
+
+2010-10-18  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Fix ifsfirst/ifslastp leak in casematch.
+
+2010-10-07  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Fix EXEXEC status clobbering.
+
+2010-09-08  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Fix ifsfirst/ifslastp leak.
+	* Fix trailing field bug in read(1).
+
+2010-09-08  maximilian attems <max@stro.at>
+
+	* Debug compile fix.
+
+2010-09-08  Jilles Tjoelker <jilles@stack.nl>
+
+	* Fix varinit ordering that broke fc.
+
+2010-07-06  Gerrit Pape <pape@smarden.org>
+
+	* Check exit for eval NSUBSHELL.
+
+2010-07-06  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Fix loss of variables when hash collides.
+	* Removed dead code for eval NPIPE.
+
+2010-06-28  Gerrit Pape <pape@smarden.org>
+
+	* Don't clear eflag in evalbackcmd.
+
+2010-05-29  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Continue after EINTR in read(1) with no pending signals.
+
+2010-05-27  Jilles Tjoelker <jilles@stack.nl>
+
+	* Force fork if any trap is set, not just on EXIT.
+	* Fix corruption of redirections with byte 0x81.
+
+2010-05-27  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Fix poplocalvar on abnormal exit from function.
+	* Do not poplocalvars prematurely on regular utilities.
+	* Move null redirect checks into caller.
+	* Fix popredir on abnormal exit from built-in.
+	* Fix wait regression where it does not wait for all jobs.
+
+2010-05-26  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Replace cmdenviron with localvars.
+
+2010-05-25  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Fix poplocalvar leak.
+	* Move unsetvar functionality into setvareq.
+
+2010-05-24  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Add localvars nesting, local now fails outside functions.
+
+2010-05-03  Gerrit Pape <pape@smarden.org>
+
+	* Fix command -- crash.
+
+2010-04-15  H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
+
+	* Fix for job control off warning.
+
+2010-04-02  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Use faccessat if available.
+
+2010-04-02  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Make trap signal name/number errors non-fatal.
+	* Release 0.5.6.
+
+2010-04-02  maximilian attems <max@stro.at>
+
+	* Use TMPDIR in mkbuiltins.
+
+2010-03-10  Jilles Tjoelker <jilles@stack.nl>
+
+	* Fix logical or result value.
+
+2010-03-09  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Fix binary operator parsing.
+
+2009-11-26  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Fix off-by-one recordregion in readcmd.
+
+2009-09-28  Jim Meyering  <meyering@redhat.com>
+
+	don't read-uninitialized for \177 in a here-doc
+	A DEL (0177, dec 127) byte in a here-document would cause dash to
+	access uninitialized memory at the end of one of the syntax.c tables,
+	since those tables are sized to accommodate a maximum index of
+	BASESYNTAX + 126.  Make the generated tables one byte larger.
+	printf ':<<\\E\n\200y\nE'|./dash
+	* src/mksyntax.c (filltable): Use 258, not 257 as the size,
+	so that BASESYNTAX(=130) + 127 is a valid index.
+	(print): Likewise.
+	Don't emit explicit array dimension in declaration.
+
+2009-08-31  Eric Blake <ebb9@byu.net>
+
+	* Avoid compiler warnings on isdigit.
+
+2009-08-31  Matthew Burgess <matthew@linuxfromscratch.org>
+
+	* Add another missing LC_COLLATE to mkbuiltins.
+
+2009-08-31  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Fix NUL termination in readcmd.
+	* Lookup PWD after going through CDPATH.
+
+2009-08-11  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Pass EV_TESTED into evalcmd.
+	* Revert SKIPEVAL into EXEXIT.
+
+2009-08-11  Rocky Bernstein <rocky.bernstein@gmail.com>
+
+	* Add preliminary LINENO support.
+
+2009-08-11  Stefan Potyra <stefan.potyra@informatik.uni-erlangen.de>
+
+	* Honor tab as IFS whitespace when splitting fields in readcmd.
+
+2009-06-30  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Do not truncate file for FROMTO redirection.
+
+2009-06-27  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Fix quoted pattern patch breakage.
+
+2009-05-23  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Fix incorrect savefd conversions.
+
+2009-02-22  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Fix dowait signal race.
+	* Remove EXSIG.
+	* Do not close stderr when /dev/tty fails to open.
+	* Allow newlines after var name in for statements.
+	* Use CHKNL to parse case statements.
+
+2009-02-22  Gerrit Pape <pape@smarden.org>
+
+	* Update manual page to differentiate dash from ash.
+
+2009-01-14  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Add arith_yacc.h to dash_SOURCES.
+	* Release 0.5.5.1.
+
+2009-01-13  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Release 0.5.5.
+
+2009-01-13  Mark Mentovai <mmentovai@gmail.com>
+
+	* Fixed build on OS X.
+
+2008-12-26  Aleksey Cheusov <vle@gmx.net>
+
+	* Fixed build on NetBSD.
+
+2008-10-17  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Removed obsolete for loop syntax in manual.
+
+2008-08-05  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Fixed getcwd build error for the non-glibc case.
+
+2008-06-13  Gerrit Pape <pape@smarden.org>
+
+	* Added missing right parenthesis in manual page.
+
+2008-06-13  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Fixed 3,4-argument cases for test per POSIX.
+	* Made aexpr/oexpr non-recursive.
+	* Made t_lex reentrant.
+	* Made setinputfd static.
+	* Expand ENV before using it.
+	* Added support for -l.
+
+2008-05-19  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Fixed non-leading slash treatment in expmeta.
+
+2008-05-07  Gerrit Pape <pape@smarden.org>
+
+	* Fixed lexical error in arithmetic expansion of & and |.
+
+2008-05-03  Dan McGee <dpmcgee@gmail.com>
+
+	* Fixed klibc/klcc build problems.
+	* Added gitignore.
+
+2008-05-03  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Fixed _PATH_BSHELL warning.
+	* Test __GLIBC__ instead of _GNU_SOURCE.
+	* Restored warning when getcwd fails.
+	* Set default exvwarning2 arg0 for errors during early initialisation.
+	* Use uninitialized_var to silence bogus warnings.
+
+2008-05-02  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Restored non-glibc getcwd support.
+
+2008-03-07  Larry Doolittle <ldoolitt@recycle.lbl.gov>
+
+	* Fix cmdtxt crash on if statements.
+
+2008-01-01  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Fix slash treatment in expmeta.
+
+2007-12-27  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Add FAKEEOFMARK for expandstr.
+	* Do not show prompts in expandstr.
+
+2007-12-23  Gerrit Pape <pape@smarden.org>
+
+	* If imaxdiv() isn't available, use / and % operators.
+
+2007-12-23  Richard M Kreuter <kreuter@progn.net>
+
+	* Add set +o support.
+
+2007-12-23  Steve Langasek <steve.langasek@canonical.com>
+
+	* Fixed bad pointer arithmetic in evalcommand.
+
+2007-11-11  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Removed noexpand/length check on eofmark.
+	* Removed herefd hack.
+	* Expand here-documents in the current shell environment.
+
+2007-10-20  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Added configure --enable-glob and --enable-fnmatch options.
+	* Fix here-doc corruption.
+
+2007-10-17  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Replace shared illnum message by badnum function.
+
+2007-10-17  Oleg Verych <olecom@flower.upol.cz>
+
+	* Disallow completely blank strings in non-arithmetic context.
+
+2007-10-15  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Fixed execing of scripts with no hash-bang.
+
+2007-10-11  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Add assignment support in arithmetic expansions.
+	* Size optimisations in arithmetic lexer.
+	* Add likely flags in expari.
+	* Use setvarint to set OPTIND.
+
+2007-10-08  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Report substition errors at expansion time.
+
+2007-10-06  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Add pushstackmark.
+	* Treat OPTIND=0 in the same way as OPTIND=1.
+	* Remove setvarsafe.
+	* Use intmax_t arithmetic in test.
+
+2007-10-05  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Made grabstackblock an inline wrapper for stalloc.
+
+2007-10-04  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Fix parsing of ${##1}.
+	* Size optimisations in parameter expansion parser.
+
+2007-10-04  Alexey Gladkov <legion@altlinux.org>
+
+	* Add --enable-static option to configure.
+
+2007-09-26  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Recognise here-doc delimiters terminated by EOF.
+
+2007-09-26  Roy Marples <uberlord@gentoo.org>
+
+	* Refresh stack pointers after makestrspace in _rmescapes.
+
+2007-09-25  Gerrit Pape <pape@smarden.org>
+
+	* Clarify description of -nt, -ot options to test builtin.
+	* Clarify syntax of the for command.
+
+2007-09-25  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Do not expand tilde in parameter expansion within quotes.
+	* Move parse-time quote flag detection to run-time.
+
+2007-09-24  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Do not quote back slashes in parameter expansions outside quotes.
+	* Perform tilde expansion in all parameter expansion words.
+	* Remove superfluous arinest test in CENDQUOTE.
+	* Remove superfluous arinest test for dqvarnest.
+	* Remove superfluous dblquote settings when ending arith.
+	* Remove arithmetic expansion collapsing at parse time.
+
+2007-09-22  Oleg Verych <olecom@flower.upol.cz>
+
+	* White space fixes for test(1).
+	* Use direct comparison instead of strcmp in test(1).
+
+2007-09-22  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Move flushall to the point just before _exit.
+
+2007-09-21  Denis Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com>
+
+	* Restore foreground process group on exit.
+
+2007-07-12  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Release 0.5.4.
+
+2007-05-12  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Fix redirect restore on closed file descriptors.
+	* Size optimisations in redir.c.
+
+2007-05-06  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Removed unnecessary inclusion of redir.h from parser.c.
+	* Invoke sh_error on error in copyfd.
+	* Use dup2 instead of copyfd in evalbackcmd.
+	* Replace copyfd by savefd and dup2.
+	* Removed redundant CLOEXEC calls.
+
+2007-05-05  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Fixed typo in parser.h comment.
+
+2007-04-28  Dan Nicholson <dbn.lists@gmail.com>
+
+	* Set LC_COLLATE for sort in mkbuiltin.
+
+2006-10-22  Gerrit Pape <pape@smarden.org>
+
+	* Fixed command -v segmentation fault.
+
+2006-10-13  Alexey Gladkov <legion@altlinux.org>
+
+	* Check return code for getgroups and fwrite.
+
+2006-10-04  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Fixed inverted char class matching.
+
+2006-05-23  Alexey Gladkov <legion@altlinux.org>
+
+	* Added --with-libedit option to configure.
+
+2006-03-29  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Removed useless parsebackquote flag.
+	* Use alloca to get rid of setjmp in parse.c.
+	* Only use signed char for syntax arrays.
+
+2006-01-12  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Fixed eval exit status with empty arguments.
+
+2005-11-26  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Release 0.5.3.
+
+2005-11-14  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Fix \c spillage across echo commands.
+
+2005-11-13  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Remove unnecessary truncation in _STPUTC.
+	* Always call conv_escape_str in echocmd.
+
+2005-11-04  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Use mktemp if tempfile is not available.
+
+2005-10-30  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Fixed support for disabling job control.
+
+2005-10-29  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Updated BSD licence to 3-clause version per NetBSD.
+	* Updated copyright.
+	* Removed CVS IDs and inclusion of sys/cdefs.h.
+	* Removed use of __P from error.h.
+	* Use bsd_signal if it exists and signal does not.
+	* Stop using sysexits.h in commandcmd.
+	* Use stat if stat64 does not exist.
+	* Added default implementation of bsearch.
+	* Added getpwhome as a wrapper for getpwnam.
+	* Fixed gcc 4.0 compilation problems.
+	* Added missing system.h inclusion for mempcpy.
+	* Added default implementation of strsignal.
+	* Added default implementation of killpg.
+	* Disable ulimit if there is no getrlimit.
+	* Disable histcmd completely when SMALL is defined.
+	* Added default definition for SSIZE_MAX.
+	* Removed standalone/csh support from printf.
+	* Added dummy strtod implementation.
+	* Removed standalone/csh support from test.
+	* Added dummy sysconf implementation.
+	* Include system.h for stpcpy in nodes.c.
+	* Added out-of-line ctypes functions for klibc.
+	* Fixed fallback stpcpy implementation.
+
+2005-10-26  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Size optimisations in preadbuffer().
+
+2005-10-01  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Skip NUL characters properly in input.c.
+
+2005-03-28  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Removed some unnecessary inclusions of input.h.
+	* Removed unnecessary inclusion of main.h from eval.c.
+	* Removed unnecessary inclusion of eval.h from parser.c.
+	* Generalise setinputfile for use in read_profile/readcmdfile.
+	* Handle SKIPEVAL in read_profile by exiting.
+	* Let evaltree handle traps from cmdloop.
+	* Reset evalskip after minusc is executed.
+	* Stop executing traps once SKIPEVAL is seen.
+	* Only handle each signal once in dotrap.
+
+2005-03-25  Gerrit Pape <pape@smarden.org>
+
+	* Add trailing equal sign in setvar for variables set to null.
+
+2005-03-25  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Cleaned up src/Makefile.am.
+	* Get rid of duplicate -g -O2 in CFLAGS.
+	* Eliminate first null termination in setvar.
+	* Turn evalskip into a bit field.
+
+2005-03-25  Gilles Chanteperdrix <gilles.chanteperdrix@laposte.net>
+
+	* Fixed support for cross-compilation.
+
+2005-03-03  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Removed qflag.
+	* Removed redundant setstackmark from dotcmd.
+	* Do not clobber exit status in dotcmd.
+
+2005-03-02  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Renamed symbols to avoid conflict with libc.
+	* Optimisations in bltin/test.c.
+
+2005-02-28  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Replaced EXEVAL with SKIPEVAL.
+	* Update funcnest atomically.
+	* Only set skipcount for break and continue.
+	* Removed expcmd built-in.
+	* Normalise input in likely/unlikely macros.
+
+2005-02-28  A Costa <agcosta@gis.net>
+
+	* Corrected that/than typo in manual page.
+
+2005-02-25  A Costa <agcosta@gis.net>
+
+	* Corrected grammar in manual page.
+
+2005-02-25  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Changed boolean rootshell into shlvl counter.
+	* Catch set -e exits within built-in commands.
+	* Size optimisations with setjmp in main().
+	* Only reread exitstatus on EXEXIT in exitshell.
+	* Eliminated global exerrno.
+
+2005-01-31  Gerrit Pape <pape@smarden.org>
+
+	* Release 0.5.2.
+	* Corrected manual entry about ENV and non-interactive shells.
+
+2004-11-24  Gerrit Pape <pape@smarden.org>
+
+	* Spell behaviour consistently in manual page.
+
+2004-11-23  A Costa <agcosta@gis.net>
+
+	* Fixed spelling errors in manual page.
+
+2004-08-21  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Size optimisations around varvalue() in src/expand.c.
+	* Fixed signed char promotion in src/expand.c.
+
+2004-08-18  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Fixed $@ expansion when leading argument is null in src/expand.c.
+
+2004-08-07  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Allow negative pid argument to kill(1) in src/jobs.c.
+
+2004-08-04  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Fixed cd - when OLDPWD is unset in src/cd.c.
+
+2004-07-09  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Include system.h (Gerrit Pape):
+	  . src/mystring.c
+	  . src/var.c
+	  . src/bltin/printf.c
+
+2004-07-03  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Release 0.5.1.
+	* Use automake and autoconf.
+	* Include stdlib.h for exit(3) in src/mksyntax.c.
+
+2004-06-29  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Added sigclearmask.
+	* Removed hack for _setjmp/_longjmp.
+	* Added default implementations of mempcpy/stpcpy/strchrnul.
+	* Use strtoll/strtoull if strtoimax/strtoumax are unavailable.
+	* Removed sh.1 to dash.1.
+
+2004-05-28  Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+
+	* Fixed vstype trim operator ordering in cmdputs.
+	* Fixed quote for CTLENDVAR in cmdputs.
+	* Fixed VSLENGTH crash in cmdputs.
+	* Turned vstype back into a 2-d array of chars.
+	* Added POSIX character class support in pmatch.
+
+For older ChangeLogs see ChangeLog.O.
+
+ChangeLog ends here
diff --git a/bin/dash/ChangeLog.O b/bin/dash/ChangeLog.O
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dfdb2cec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/ChangeLog.O
@@ -0,0 +1,1023 @@
+dash (0.4.26) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Disabled fnmatch code again (closes: #240887).
+  * Updated copyright.
+  * Updated German debconf translation (Florian Ernst, closes: #244507).
+  * Fixed obstack corruption in setprompt (closes: #246635).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Fri, 30 Apr 2004 21:48:52 +1000
+
+dash (0.4.25) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Fixed use-after-free bug in setvareq (Vladimir N. Oleynik).
+  * Fixed value of expdest after _STPUTC in expandarg (closes: #238265).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Thu, 18 Mar 2004 20:55:57 +1100
+
+dash (0.4.24) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Fixed segmentation fault when PWD is undefined.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Tue,  9 Mar 2004 19:58:41 +1100
+
+dash (0.4.23) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Verify PWD before using it.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Mon,  8 Mar 2004 20:12:27 +1100
+
+dash (0.4.22) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Read PWD from environment (closes: #228659).
+  * Added Danish debconf translation (Claus Hindsgaul, closes: #233756).
+  * Added check_gcc to support gcc 2.95 (closes: #235933).
+  * Perform here-doc expansion on PS1/PS2/PS4 (closes: #230858).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sun,  7 Mar 2004 21:50:04 +1100
+
+dash (0.4.21) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Fixed typo that broke ulimit (GCS, closes: #228369).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Mon, 19 Jan 2004 19:02:32 +1100
+
+dash (0.4.20) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Added Dutch debconf translation (Tim Dijkstra, closes: #218904).
+  * Check existence RLIMIT symbols for ulimit.
+  * Removed table lookup in errmsg.
+  * Restored NULL check in cmdtxt.
+  * Restored ash postrm to purge debconf entries (closes: #221913).
+  * Fixed exit status of exit in EXIT trap (closes: #227734).
+  * Updated Brazilian debconf translation (Andre Luis Lopes, closes: #228095).
+  * Restored goodname check in prehash.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sat, 17 Jan 2004 09:57:14 +1100
+
+dash (0.4.19) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Fixed handling of evalskip in dotcmd (closes: #212975).
+  * Updated Russian debconf translation (Ilgiz Kalmetev, closes: #214333).
+  * Added Portugese debconf translation (Bruno Rodrigues, closes: #216214).
+  * Updated Spanish debconf translation (Carlos Valdivia, closes: #216338).
+  * Fixed length expansion of special variables (closes: #216767).
+  * Replaced umask builtin with pdksh version.
+  * Reverted bogus eval change in 0.3.1-20.
+  * Added vmemory/locks support in ulimit.
+  * Call install -D instead of cp for merged template.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Wed, 29 Oct 2003 22:14:22 +1100
+
+dash (0.4.18) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Fixed boundary checks in getopts.
+  * Updated Japanese debconf template (Tomohiro KUBOTA, closes: #192382).
+  * Use -falign-* instead -malign-*.
+  * Use strtoll for parsing integers in arith expansion.
+  * Added support for add-shell/remove-shell (closes: #163131).
+  * Fixed JOBS ifdefs in sprint_status (closes: #211009).
+  * Fixed bit-wise or in arith expansion (Mototoshi KONDO, closes: #212825).
+  * Print PS4 on previous stderr.
+  * Converted debconf templates to gettext (Christian Perrier,
+    closes: #200112).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sat, 27 Sep 2003 14:26:36 +1000
+
+dash (0.4.17) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Reset rehash when recylcing cmd entries.
+  * Fixed null arg0 segfault with -c (closes: #191687).
+  * Relocate job pointers in makejob (closes: #191595).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sat,  3 May 2003 20:57:46 +1000
+
+dash (0.4.16) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Fixed printf so that exit status is cleared on entry.
+  * Call nextopt() in printf.
+  * Fixed command substitution corruption by grabbing expdest in expbackq
+    (closes: #187896).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Mon,  7 Apr 2003 21:21:30 +1000
+
+dash (0.4.15) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Fixed octal escapes in echo/printf (closes: #187827).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sun,  6 Apr 2003 20:45:38 +1000
+
+dash (0.4.14) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Added missing newline when printing in dowait.
+  * Do not print status in dowait when stopped.
+  * Fixed job status display.
+  * Fixed current job setting.
+  * Fixed kill segfault with no arguments (closes: #187189).
+  * Fixed sorting of set output.
+  * Removed setvar builtin.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Thu,  3 Apr 2003 20:38:33 +1000
+
+dash (0.4.13) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Fixed precision type on 64 bit systems in showvars.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Wed, 26 Mar 2003 20:00:03 +1100
+
+dash (0.4.12) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Fixed dash_errno build problem with gcc 3.2.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Tue, 25 Mar 2003 22:28:50 +1100
+
+dash (0.4.11) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Removed unused pgrp field from job structure.
+  * Free jobs when calling wait with no arguments.
+  * Fixed build problem with bison.
+  * Merged changes from NetBSD 20030123.
+   . printf:
+    - Fixed mklong sefault.
+    - Fixed precision/field width with %b.
+   . Improved option parsing of command(1).
+   . Added rudimentary support for PS4.
+  * Moved builtin flags into builtins.def.
+  * Updated Spanish debconf template (Carlos Valdivia Yage, closes: #178359).
+  * Fixed ordering of redirection versus assignment substitution.
+  * Fixed potential setvareq memory leaks.
+  * Use bison instead of byacc.
+  * Fixed wait(1) race condition.
+  * Fixed alignment memory corruption bug in growstackblock().
+  * Fixed potential memory corruption in parsing position parameters.
+  * Fixed getopts done check.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Mon, 24 Mar 2003 20:42:29 +1100
+
+dash (0.4.10) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Fixed redirection fd leak when execing.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sun, 19 Jan 2003 13:25:41 +1100
+
+dash (0.4.9) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Reset exitstatus in evalsubshell if backgnd is true.
+  * Fixed glibc glob syntax error in expand.c.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sat, 11 Jan 2003 16:04:02 +1100
+
+dash (0.4.8) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Removed backgnd flag from ncmd due to previous redirection change.
+  * Set lim after the stack stablises in updatepwd (closes: #173884).
+  * Do not clobber the exitstatus after redirection.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Mon, 23 Dec 2002 19:50:06 +1100
+
+dash (0.4.7) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Merged clearredir with reset code in redir.c.
+  * Redirect before command search in evalcommand (closes: #168862).
+  * Build binary-all packages in binary-indep (closes: #173191).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sat, 21 Dec 2002 13:52:37 +1100
+
+dash (0.4.6) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Restored code for leaving job control.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sun,  8 Dec 2002 15:21:58 +1100
+
+dash (0.4.5) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Optimised doformat so that vsnprintf is usually called only once.
+  * Reset redirlist in clearredir so that popredir can work (closes: #170247).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sat, 23 Nov 2002 22:09:59 +1100
+
+dash (0.4.4) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Fixed duplicate define warnings in init.c.
+  * Set debhelper compat to 4.
+  * Vanishing mail boxes no longer elicit "you have mail" messages.
+  * Function redirection errors no longer abort the shell.
+  * Fixed potential memory leak in redirect.
+  * Only allocate memory if necessary in redirect.
+  * Reap dead here documents.
+  * Do not strdup default values of static shell variables.
+  * Removed unnecessary setprompt(0) calls.
+  * Read in BUFSIZ chunks rather than BUFSIZ - 1.
+  * Documented undefined escape behaviour for echo(1) (closes: #167893).
+  * Do va_copy when we use a va_list twice (closes: #169503).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Wed, 20 Nov 2002 19:48:31 +1100
+
+dash (0.4.3) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Added manual entry for PPID.
+  * Exporting an unset variable no longer causes it to be set.
+  * Fixed fd0 redirection in asynchronous lists.
+  * Only stat if necessary in cdcmd (see #42880).
+  * Removed extra newline in error message in arith lexer.
+  * Set heredoclist to 0 ASAP in parseheredoc.
+  * Removed BSD advertising clause from copyright file.
+  * Check non-ash diversions as well in dash.postinst.
+  * Duplicated diversion checking in ash.postinst (closes: #166441).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sat, 26 Oct 2002 21:28:33 +1000
+
+dash (0.4.2) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Give benefits of dash in templates (closes: #161527).
+  * Fixed signed/unsigned on result of xwrite (closes: #161606).
+  * Removed support for SIG prefixes in kill and trap.
+  * Added -- processing in trap.
+  * Dropped use of unset in postinst (closes: 161868).
+  * Fixed printf(1) %* processing on bad integers and zero.
+  * Use stat64 in test(1).
+  * Allocate group_array with stalloc in test(1).
+  * Disabled alias checking after a pattern in a case statement.
+  * Wait now returns 128 + last trapped signal.
+  * Printf now keeps going after errors.
+  * Empty non-trivial parameter expansions are now removed correctly.
+  * Call reset() before exitshell() is called.  This fixes the bug where
+    returning an error from a function running under set -e caused the exit
+    trap to be taken with evalskip set.
+  * Fixed quoting of empty strings in single_quote().
+  * Show line numbers on all errors.
+  * Function names must be valid identifiers.
+  * Removed unused dependency on groff.
+  * Fixed race condition before entering a function.
+  * Fixed getopts initialisation for functions.
+  * Added memory barriers in INT macros.
+  * Banned empty compound lists in most places.
+  * Keep usage counters on functions (closes: #164234).
+  * Updated copyright file.
+  * Check evalskip in evalstring (closes: #165056).
+  * Merged changes from NetBSD 1.6:
+   . Added intmax support in printf(1).
+   . Implemented set -u.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sat, 19 Oct 2002 14:23:11 +1000
+
+dash (0.4.1) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Removed extra new line in command -v output for aliases.
+  * Removed alais prefix in the output of alias.
+  * Recognise octal and hex numbers in arith expansion (closes: #151449).
+  * Added sh(1) entries for echo, printf and test (closes: #156446).
+  * Renamed to dash --- the Debian Almquist Shell.
+  * Cleaned up rules file (Matej Vela).
+  * Check mtime instead of size in chkmail per POSIX.
+  * Added support for LFS (closes: #157884).
+  * Added SuS options to cd and pwd (closes: #145828).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Fri, 13 Sep 2002 20:35:06 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.8-38) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Turned pre-dependency to dependency in udeb since the former is not allowed
+    (closes: #143749).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sun, 28 Apr 2002 11:59:05 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.8-37) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Added Japanese debconf translation (Tomohiro KUBOTA, closes: #137431).
+  * Added missing escapes in manual page (Aaron Schrab, closes: #137966).
+  * Added Russian debconf translation (Ilgiz Kalmetev, closes: #137618).
+  * Fixed trap(1) documentation (closes: #140973).
+  * Do not abort if getcwd fails.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Wed,  3 Apr 2002 20:58:09 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.8-36) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Added library dependency for ash-udeb.
+  * Handle null case statements correctly.
+  * Fixed alias expansions in case statements (NetBSD).
+  * Disabled unused jobid command.
+  * Corrected documentation about shifting too much.
+  * Added French debconf translation (Denis Barbier, closes: #134625).
+  * Updated Spanish debconf translation (Carlos Valdivia, closes: #136366).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sat,  2 Mar 2002 18:31:22 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.8-35) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Moved PWD initialisation into var.c (closes: #124032).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Mon, 24 Dec 2001 09:34:55 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.8-34) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * NSEMI must be NOR + 1.
+  * Set exitstatus to zero before evaluating cases (closes: #124066).
+  * Explicitly set default answer of the ash/sh question to false so that
+    people whose debconf priority is set to low and who keeps banging on their
+    keyboards don't accidently end up with ash as /bin/sh.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Fri, 21 Dec 2001 20:30:49 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.8-33) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Added missing inclusion of bltin.h in bltin/times.c.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Thu, 13 Dec 2001 18:46:07 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.8-32) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Back slashes in expansions are now escaped (closes: #121516).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Wed, 28 Nov 2001 20:15:01 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.8-31) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Made sure all back slashes are escaped.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Mon, 26 Nov 2001 19:10:27 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.8-30) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Restored fnmatch(3) code.
+  * Treat escaped slashes correctly while globbing.
+  * Restored missing EV_EXIT check in evalcommand (closes: #120364).
+  * Fixed stack corruption in _rmescapes.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sun, 25 Nov 2001 17:51:19 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.8-29) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Added missing va_end in fmtstr (NetBSD).
+  * Removed shellproc crap.
+  * Updated Swedish debconf translation (Mikael Hedin, closes: #116097).
+  * Updated German debconf translation (Andreas Metzler, closes: #117160).
+  * Break now treats illegal numbers according to SuS.
+  * Errors in special builtins now rise to the top.
+  * Normal redirection errors no longer abort the shell.
+  * Functions now have the same variable assignment properties as special
+    builtins.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sat,  3 Nov 2001 11:36:36 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.8-28) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Local variables are now unset properly in shprocvar() (closes: #114917).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sat, 13 Oct 2001 14:07:21 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.8-27) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Kill no longer aborts if it fails to kill someone.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sun, 30 Sep 2001 22:20:36 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.8-26) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * The sh.1.gz diversion now agrees with reality (closes: #113831).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sat, 29 Sep 2001 08:43:27 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.8-25) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Only read ENV if the shell is interactive (closes: #110421).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Wed, 29 Aug 2001 19:18:53 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.8-24) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Handle SIGINT when waiting even if there is no trap (closes: #107699).
+  * Protect all makejob/forkshell/waitforjobs sequences from SIGINT.
+  * Work around gcc bug that generates bad ..ng references (closes: #107994).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Wed,  8 Aug 2001 20:28:28 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.8-23) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Fixed fence post error in scanleft (closes: #107229).
+  * Removed stunalloc in expname as it interferes with addfname.
+  * Fixed CTLESC skipping in scanright.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Thu,  2 Aug 2001 20:06:00 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.8-22) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Fixed trailing back slash bug in echo/printf (closes: #106693).
+  * Some quoted's are meant to be quotes.
+  * Added Brazilian translation (Andre Luis Lopes, closes: #107041).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Mon, 30 Jul 2001 20:21:52 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.8-21) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Fixed EV_EXIT/redirection bugs that caused core dumps.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sat, 28 Jul 2001 17:03:28 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.8-20) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Don't save fd2 if job control is turned off.
+  * Don't push redirections when EV_EXIT is set.
+  * Fixed assignment recognition in the presence of back ticks.
+  * Combined checkkwd and checkalias.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Fri, 27 Jul 2001 22:29:41 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.8-19) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Recompute strings after growing in subevalvar (closes: #106050).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Mon, 23 Jul 2001 21:16:50 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.8-18) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Added more space optimisations for udeb on i386.
+  * Set stack mark in patmatch (closes: #106050).
+  * Fixed theoretical bug in expari.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sat, 21 Jul 2001 20:08:15 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.8-17) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Don't complain about unknown escape codes in echo and printf
+    (closes: #105659).
+  * Updated build-time dependency on groff-base (closes: #105612).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Wed, 18 Jul 2001 19:33:20 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.8-16) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Fixed backslash bug in new pattern matching code.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Mon, 16 Jul 2001 21:47:39 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.8-15) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Added Swedish translation of templates (Martin Sjgren, closes: #103158).
+  * Restored escape code support in echo.
+  * Removed assignment builtins since it is at best undefined by the SuS and
+    also can't be implemented consistently.
+  * Removed extraneous volatile modifier (closes: #104518).
+  * General overhaul of word expansion (closes: #96588).
+  * Redirection prefixes no longer stop assignments from being recognised.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sun, 15 Jul 2001 17:27:03 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.8-14) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Divert sh.1.gz to sh.distrib.1.gz (closes: #102251).
+  * Added HETIO support for ^D and ^U (Aaron Lehmann, closes: #102215).
+  * Added Spaniash translation of debconf templates (Carlos Valdivia Yage,
+    closes: #103040).
+  * Added versioned build-time dependency on groff.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Mon,  2 Jul 2001 19:32:03 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.8-13) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Fixed a bug where errors in pipelines which are part of andor lists were
+    not ignored when -e is in effect.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Mon, 25 Jun 2001 19:40:27 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.8-12) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Rewrote arith_lex.l in C (Aaron Lehmann, closes: #101741).
+  * && and || in arithmetic expansions now return either 0 or 1.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sun, 24 Jun 2001 20:14:29 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.8-11) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Check for NULL argument in evaltree() (closes: #98865, #98867).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sun, 27 May 2001 17:53:14 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.8-10) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Use /bin/ash in postinst to sidestep bugs in other shells (closes: #98739).
+  * Exit status is now tested on non-negated pipelines (closes: #98736).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sat, 26 May 2001 23:56:07 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.8-9) unstable; urgency=medium
+
+  * IFS is now fetched using bltinlookup() again in read (closes: #98343).
+  * Divert sh(1) man page as well as /bin/sh (closes: #98525).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Fri, 25 May 2001 20:30:06 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.8-8) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Fixed diversion removal in prerm (duh, closes: #98031).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Mon, 21 May 2001 20:52:48 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.8-7) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Fixed diversion test in prerm (closes: #98031).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sun, 20 May 2001 12:30:53 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.8-6) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Make sure that fd2 is closed when clearing redirects (closes: #96619).
+  * Fixed memory corruption in stunalloc().
+  * The output of export/readonly/set is now correctly quoted.
+  * Fixed newline eating bug in expbackq().
+  * Set OLDPWD.
+  * Removed ash-medium as neither bf or di uses it.
+  * Wait now waits for all its argument rather than the first one.
+  * Wait will exit with 129 when interrupted by a signal for a which a trap has
+    been set.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Fri, 18 May 2001 21:51:41 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.8-5) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Added German translation to template file (Sebastian Feltel,
+    closes: #96203).
+  * Added missing initialisation in setalias() (closes: #95433).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Fri,  4 May 2001 20:54:31 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.8-4) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Disabled fnmatch code as fnmatch(3) in glibc is broken.
+  * Fixed echo example in man page (Kalle Olavi Niemitalo, closes: #96014).
+  * Fixed trailing semicolon bug with eval (NetBSD).
+  * Fixed globbing inconsistency with broken symlinks (NetBSD).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Wed,  2 May 2001 22:57:16 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.8-3) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Work around broken autoconf scripts (closes: #95430).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Tue,  1 May 2001 18:27:50 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.8-2) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Save checkalias before calling xxreadtoken() (closes: #95628).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sun, 29 Apr 2001 17:36:01 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.8-1) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * NetBSD-current version as of 20010316.
+  * Removed code that sets IFS.
+  * Fixed memory leak with PWD.
+  * Set PPID.
+  * Fixed inconsistencies in alias expansion.
+  * Restored original output code.
+  * Enabled fnmatch code again.
+  * Added builtin printf.
+  * Offer to divert /bin/sh (closes: #70462).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Wed, 25 Apr 2001 22:32:39 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.7-16) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Fixed incorrect default IFS in readcmd (closes: #88950).
+  * Added missing return in hashcmd.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Fri,  9 Mar 2001 20:44:40 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.7-15) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Unknown escape codes are now prnted literally by echo (closes: #82869).
+  * Made hetio_read_input() fail if fd is not stdin.
+  * Some uses of VSQUOTE were really meant to be quotes (closes: #88777).
+  * Build different ashes in different subdirectories.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Thu,  8 Mar 2001 21:32:28 +1100
+ 
+ash (0.3.7-14) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Removed predependency from udeb (closes: #81995).
+  * Added /bin/sh symlink to udeb (closes: #81967).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sat, 13 Jan 2001 15:23:21 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.7-13) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Renamed the udeb to ash-udeb.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Wed, 20 Dec 2000 19:32:34 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.7-12) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Added support for udebs (Randolph Chung, closes: #79237).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sat, 16 Dec 2000 13:53:28 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.7-11) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Preserve the previous exit status upon entering a function
+    (closes: #78374).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sun,  3 Dec 2000 13:34:27 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.7-10) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Merged changes for GNU from Igor Khavkine.
+  * Minimise the number of sigactions.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Fri,  3 Nov 2000 20:31:52 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.7-9) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Predepend on the libraries.
+  * Always save fd 2 when it is redirected (closes: #75302).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sun, 22 Oct 2000 08:40:40 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.7-8) unstable; urgency=high
+
+  * More redirection fixes (closes: #73613).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Thu,  5 Oct 2000 18:22:17 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.7-7) unstable; urgency=high
+
+  * Added missing break in redirection code (closes: #72956).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Tue,  3 Oct 2000 07:58:04 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.7-6) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * command -[vV] no longer displays an error message on stdout.
+  * Redirecting to /proc/self/fd/* now works (closes: #72852).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sun,  1 Oct 2000 12:56:39 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.7-5) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Implemented set -a.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sat, 30 Sep 2000 16:00:33 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.7-4) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Added build-time dependency on debhelper (closes: #69920).
+  * Extended maximum length of arithmetic expansions to match 32-bit integers.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Wed, 20 Sep 2000 14:28:16 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.7-3) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Switch to the old globbing code since glob(3) is hopelessly broken
+    (closes: #69455).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Mon, 21 Aug 2000 20:37:15 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.7-2) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Call glob(3) with GLOB_NOMAGIC (ouch).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sun,  6 Aug 2000 17:47:08 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.7-1) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * NetBSD-current version as of 20000729.
+  * Use fnmatch(3) and glob(3).
+  * Fixed the use of backslashes in the pattern in parameter substitutions,
+    hopefully for the last time.
+  * Applied HETIO patch and built ash.medium (closes: #50788).  Will do ash.big
+    when readline is fixed so that it doesn't leak anymore.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Fri,  4 Aug 2000 21:36:44 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.6-5) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Fixed manpage entry for read with patch from Kevin Ryde (closes: #62500).
+  * Fixed a file descriptor leak for pipelines.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Wed, 19 Apr 2000 18:56:20 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.6-4) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Fixed the case of an empty command with redirections.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Fri,  7 Apr 2000 12:07:18 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.6-3) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * ! is now recognised correctly.
+  * Ash is now more strict on the syntax, e.g., a lone ! is no longer accepted
+    as an alternative to ! true.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Fri,  7 Apr 2000 10:46:06 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.6-2) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Fixed a problem with fmtstr() which broke getopts.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sun,  2 Apr 2000 10:49:26 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.6-1) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * NetBSD-current version as of 20000326.
+  * Added a Build-Depends on groff (closes: #61041).
+  * Implemented noclobber (closes: #59028).
+  * Rewrote output.c to use stream IO.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sat,  1 Apr 2000 19:24:31 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.5-10) frozen unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Don't stat mail boxes in non-interactive mode (closes: #59213).
+  * Added an fflush(stdout) to the times builtin (closes: #59027).
+  * Documented the times builtin.
+  * Added source depends.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sat, 18 Mar 2000 18:58:44 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.5-9) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Double quotes inside paramater substitutions inside double quotes are now
+    ignored as in bash (the originial behaviour was POSIX compliant too but
+    IMHO this one makes a little bit more sense).
+    This one broke mwm (but it was actually mwm's fault).
+  * Corrected backslash/CTLESC treatment for patterns in parameter
+    substitutions.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sat,  6 Nov 1999 18:13:19 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.5-8) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Replaced use of echo -n in manual page with escape codes.
+  * Made FHS compliant (closes: #47978).
+  * Restored echo's option processing ability.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Fri, 22 Oct 1999 10:20:58 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.5-7) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * echo no longer supports options.
+  * Don't quote patterns inside parameter substitutions enclosed by double
+    quotes (closes: #47842).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Wed, 20 Oct 1999 20:28:14 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.5-6) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Use getcwd() instead of /bin/pwd -- Zack Weinberg (closes: #46981).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sun, 10 Oct 1999 16:31:49 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.5-5) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Only test for -e on simple commands (fixes #44559).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Wed,  8 Sep 1999 22:18:27 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.5-4) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Don't wait for stopped children if job control is disabled (fixes #42814).
+  * Allow an option '(' in a case statement (fixes #42364).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Thu, 12 Aug 1999 23:30:30 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.5-3) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * OK, the fix to the esoteric problem in 0.3.5-1 actually breaks VSASSIGN
+    and VSQUESTION, they should work properly now (fixes #41327).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Thu, 15 Jul 1999 22:47:13 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.5-2) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * PATH search and execution is now correct.
+  * hash no longer shows builtins.
+  * Added kill builtin.
+  * New description from James R. van Zandt reformatted by Josip Rodin.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Mon, 12 Jul 1999 18:51:42 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.5-1) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * New upstream release.
+  * Adapted to new pmake (fixes #38737).
+  * Fixed behvaiour of backslashes preceding a closing brace for a parameter
+    substituion inside double quotes (even bash messes this one up :).
+  * Fixed command (fixes #34639).
+  * Fixed a pipe bug where stdin may be wrongly closed (fixes #35452).
+  * Revamped getopts (fixes #39694).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sun,  4 Jul 1999 12:19:01 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.4-7) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Fixed a glibc 2.1 compatitibility problem.
+  * Fixed a PWD inconsistency that stuffed up the kernel compilation.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Mon, 17 May 1999 23:14:57 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.4-6) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Fixed incorrect -e test due to the last bug fix (fixes #26509).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Tue,  8 Sep 1998 10:02:46 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.4-5) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Use test_eaccess from bash instead of access(2) (fixes #26110).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Wed, 26 Aug 1998 21:22:49 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.4-4) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Only upload to unstable.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Tue,  5 May 1998 18:01:02 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.4-3) frozen unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Applied sparc patch (fixes #21562).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Fri,  1 May 1998 19:48:13 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.4-2) frozen unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Fixed the incorrect trap fixes (fixes #20363).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Thu, 16 Apr 1998 21:07:10 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.4-1) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * New upstream release.
+  * Reverted word splitting change in 0.3.2-1 since the fix was broken and
+    major work (the quote removal is done too quickly at the moment) is needed
+    to fix it properly.
+  * Fixed more trap noncompliance.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Thu, 19 Mar 1998 22:59:12 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.2-5) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Fixed a bug when doing pattern matching in parameter expansions.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Tue, 10 Mar 1998 21:25:40 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.2-4) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Allow ] to be quoted in bracket expressions (fixes #17533).
+  * Move dh_fixperms to second last spot (fixes #18267).
+  * Don't do field splitting in evalfor.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Tue, 17 Feb 1998 13:32:09 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.2-3) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Fixed stupid core dump.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Wed, 11 Feb 1998 21:33:55 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.2-2) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Hack for special builtins (fixes #18055).
+  * Hack for command.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Wed, 11 Feb 1998 21:19:46 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.2-1) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * NetBSD-current version as of 19980209.
+  * Fixed a word splitting problem after parameter expansion thanks to Alexey
+    Marinichev.
+  * Converted to debhelper (fixes #14612, #15005).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Mon,  9 Feb 1998 16:53:48 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.1-20) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Fixed -e problem with eval.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sun,  7 Dec 1997 20:19:00 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.1-19) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Fixed -e problem with command substitution.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sun,  7 Dec 1997 19:44:49 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.1-18) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Do not link with ncurses (#15485).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sun, 30 Nov 1997 12:00:11 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.1-17) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Set PATH like bash (#15238).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Wed, 26 Nov 1997 16:17:27 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.1-16) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Fixed incorrect assignment builtin code.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Mon, 24 Nov 1997 16:19:10 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.1-15) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * hash now returns error codes (needed by the Linux kernel).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sun, 23 Nov 1997 21:37:08 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.1-14) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Disabled word-splitting for assignment builtins.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sun, 23 Nov 1997 12:45:15 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.1-13) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * ! is now recognised even after &&/||.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Fri, 21 Nov 1997 22:09:05 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.1-12) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * More fixes to the handling of SIGINT when forking.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Fri, 14 Nov 1997 15:14:32 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.1-11) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Ignore SIGINT when forking non-interactively.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Mon,  3 Nov 1997 12:00:02 +1100
+
+ash (0.3.1-10) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * echo now handles options correctly.
+  * echo nolonger returns 0 if erorrs occured while writing to stdout.
+  * New code from GNU echo merged.
+  * Error messages from test now work.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Wed,  8 Oct 1997 21:47:13 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.1-9) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * ! is recognised at pipeline level like bash.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Mon, 15 Sep 1997 23:13:45 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.1-8) unstable; urgency=medium
+
+  * Old patch regarding SIGCHLD in again.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sun, 31 Aug 1997 11:20:27 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.1-7) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * /bin/sh -e is behaving even better now (for loops within conditionals).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sat, 23 Aug 1997 22:08:19 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.1-6) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * /bin/sh -e is behaving better now.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sat, 23 Aug 1997 13:16:26 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.1-5) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * hash -v /dir/command doesn't coredump anymore.
+  * type /dir/command now works correctly.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Fri,  1 Aug 1997 20:48:19 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.1-4) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * trap now understands symbolic signal names.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sat, 26 Jul 1997 14:04:46 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.1-3) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Added the builtin test command.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sun, 20 Jul 1997 15:00:14 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.1-2) unstable; urgency=medium
+
+  * Fixed a coredump involving $*.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Sat, 19 Jul 1997 12:03:02 +1000
+
+ash (0.3.1-1) unstable; urgency=medium
+
+  * NetBSD-current version as of 19970715.
+  * Fixed a "use after free" bug (#11294).
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Fri, 18 Jul 1997 13:48:09 +1000
+
+ash (0.3-1) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * Initial Release.
+
+ -- Herbert Xu <herbert@debian.org>  Thu, 19 Jun 1997 19:29:16 +1000
+
diff --git a/bin/dash/Makefile.am b/bin/dash/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..af437a64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/Makefile.am
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+SUBDIRS = src
diff --git a/bin/dash/autogen.sh b/bin/dash/autogen.sh
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..9879c53e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/autogen.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+aclocal \
+&& autoheader \
+&& automake --add-missing \
+&& autoconf
diff --git a/bin/dash/configure.ac b/bin/dash/configure.ac
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..33f0b08c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/configure.ac
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+AC_INIT([dash],[0.5.11.2])
+AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([foreign subdir-objects])
+AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR([src/main.c])
+
+AC_CONFIG_HEADERS(config.h)
+
+m4_ifdef([AM_SILENT_RULES], [AM_SILENT_RULES(yes)])
+
+dnl Checks for programs.
+AC_PROG_CC
+AC_USE_SYSTEM_EXTENSIONS
+
+AC_MSG_CHECKING([for build system compiler])
+if test "$cross_compiling" = yes; then
+	CC_FOR_BUILD=${CC_FOR_BUILD-cc}
+else
+	CC_FOR_BUILD=${CC}
+fi
+AC_MSG_RESULT(${CC_FOR_BUILD})
+AC_SUBST(CC_FOR_BUILD)
+
+AC_MSG_CHECKING([for __attribute__((__alias__()))])
+dash_cv_have_attribute_alias=no
+AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([void t() {}
+                                 void a() __attribute__((__alias__("t")));],
+                                [a();])],
+               [dash_cv_have_attribute_alias=yes])
+AC_MSG_RESULT($dash_cv_have_attribute_alias)
+if test "x$dash_cv_have_attribute_alias" = xyes; then
+  AC_DEFINE([HAVE_ALIAS_ATTRIBUTE], 1,
+            [Define if __attribute__((__alias__())) is supported])
+fi
+
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(static, AS_HELP_STRING(--enable-static, \
+				     [Build statical linked program]))
+if test "$enable_static" = "yes"; then
+	export LDFLAGS="-static -Wl,--fatal-warnings"
+fi
+
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(fnmatch, AS_HELP_STRING(--enable-fnmatch, \
+				      [Use fnmatch(3) from libc]))
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(glob, AS_HELP_STRING(--enable-glob, [Use glob(3) from libc]))
+
+dnl Checks for libraries.
+
+dnl Checks for header files.
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(alloca.h paths.h)
+
+dnl Check for declarations
+AC_CHECK_DECL([_PATH_BSHELL],,AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([_PATH_BSHELL], "/bin/sh", [Define to system shell path]),[
+#ifdef HAVE_PATHS_H
+#include <paths.h>
+#endif
+])
+AC_CHECK_DECL([_PATH_DEVNULL],,AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([_PATH_DEVNULL], "/dev/null", [Define to devnull device node path]),[
+#ifdef HAVE_PATHS_H
+#include <paths.h>
+#endif
+])
+AC_CHECK_DECL([_PATH_TTY],,AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([_PATH_TTY], "/dev/tty", [Define to tty device node path]),[
+#ifdef HAVE_PATHS_H
+#include <paths.h>
+#endif
+])
+
+dnl Some systems lack isblank
+AC_CHECK_DECLS([isblank],,,[#include <ctype.h>])
+
+dnl Check for sizes of types
+AC_CHECK_SIZEOF([intmax_t])
+AC_CHECK_SIZEOF([long long int])
+
+dnl Select a fallback format string for intmax_t in case we don't find PRIdMAX
+if test "x$ac_cv_sizeof_intmax_t" = "x$ac_cv_sizeof_long_long_int"; then
+  intmax_fstr="lld"
+else
+  intmax_fstr="jd"
+fi
+
+dnl Check for PRIdMAX and define it to a fallback if not found
+AC_CHECK_DECL([PRIdMAX],,
+	[AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([PRIdMAX], "$intmax_fstr",
+				       [Define to printf format string for intmax_t])],
+        [
+#include <inttypes.h>
+])
+
+dnl Checks for library functions.
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(bsearch faccessat getpwnam getrlimit isalpha killpg \
+	       mempcpy \
+	       sigsetmask stpcpy strchrnul strsignal strtod strtoimax \
+	       strtoumax sysconf)
+
+dnl Check whether it's worth working around FreeBSD PR kern/125009.
+dnl The traditional behavior of access/faccessat is crazy, but
+dnl POSIX.1-2008 explicitly allows those functions to misbehave.
+dnl
+dnl Unaffected kernels:
+dnl
+dnl - all versions of Linux
+dnl - NetBSD sys/kern/vfs_subr.c 1.64, 1997-04-23
+dnl - FreeBSD 9 (r212002), 2010-09-10
+dnl - OpenBSD sys/kern/vfs_subr.c 1.166, 2008-06-09
+dnl
+dnl Also worked around in Debian's libc0.1 2.13-19 when using
+dnl kFreeBSD 8.
+
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(test-workaround, AS_HELP_STRING(--enable-test-workaround, \
+	[Guard against faccessat(2) that tells root all files are executable]),,
+	[enable_test_workaround=auto])
+
+if test "enable_test_workaround" = "auto" &&
+   test "$ac_cv_func_faccessat" = yes; then
+	case `uname -s 2>/dev/null` in
+	GNU/kFreeBSD | \
+	FreeBSD)
+		enable_test_workaround=yes
+	esac
+fi
+if test "$enable_test_workaround" = "yes"; then
+	AC_DEFINE([HAVE_TRADITIONAL_FACCESSAT], [1],
+		[Define if your faccessat tells root all files are executable])
+fi
+
+if test "$enable_fnmatch" = yes; then
+	use_fnmatch=
+	AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fnmatch, use_fnmatch=yes)
+fi
+
+if test "$use_fnmatch" = yes && test "$enable_glob" = yes; then
+	AC_CHECK_FUNCS(glob)
+fi
+
+dnl Check for klibc signal.
+AC_CHECK_FUNC(signal)
+if test "$ac_cv_func_signal" != yes; then
+	AC_CHECK_FUNC(bsd_signal,
+		      [AC_DEFINE(signal, bsd_signal,
+				 [klibc has bsd_signal instead of signal])])
+fi
+
+dnl Check for stat64 (dietlibc/klibc).
+AC_CHECK_FUNC(stat64,, [
+	AC_DEFINE(fstat64, fstat, [64-bit operations are the same as 32-bit])
+	AC_DEFINE(lstat64, lstat, [64-bit operations are the same as 32-bit])
+	AC_DEFINE(stat64, stat, [64-bit operations are the same as 32-bit])
+])
+
+dnl OS X apparently has stat64 but not open64.
+AC_CHECK_FUNC(open64,, [
+	AC_DEFINE(open64, open, [64-bit operations are the same as 32-bit])
+	AC_DEFINE(readdir64, readdir,
+		  [64-bit operations are the same as 32-bit])
+	AC_DEFINE(dirent64, dirent,
+		  [64-bit operations are the same as 32-bit])
+])
+
+dnl Check if struct stat has st_mtim.
+AC_MSG_CHECKING(for stat::st_mtim)
+AC_COMPILE_IFELSE(
+[AC_LANG_PROGRAM([#include <time.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>],
+[struct stat foo; return sizeof(foo.st_mtim.tv_sec)])],
+have_st_mtim=yes, have_st_mtim=no)
+AC_MSG_RESULT($have_st_mtim)
+if test "$have_st_mtim" = "yes"; then
+	AC_DEFINE([HAVE_ST_MTIM], [1],
+		[Define if your `struct stat' has `st_mtim'])
+fi
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(libedit, AS_HELP_STRING(--with-libedit, [Compile with libedit support]))
+use_libedit=
+if test "$with_libedit" = "yes"; then
+	AC_CHECK_LIB(edit, history_init, [
+		AC_CHECK_HEADER([histedit.h], [use_libedit="yes"],
+				AC_MSG_ERROR(
+					[Can't find required header files.]))])
+fi
+if test "$use_libedit" != "yes"; then
+	AC_DEFINE([SMALL], 1, [Define if you build with -DSMALL])
+else
+	export LIBS="$LIBS -ledit"
+fi
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(lineno, AS_HELP_STRING(--disable-lineno, \
+				     [Disable LINENO support]))
+if test "$enable_lineno" != "no"; then
+	AC_DEFINE([WITH_LINENO], 1, [Define if you build with -DWITH_LINENO])
+fi
+AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile src/Makefile])
+AC_OUTPUT
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/.gitignore b/bin/dash/src/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..644eccb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+*.o
+builtins.[ch]
+builtins.def
+dash
+init.c
+mkinit
+mknodes
+mksignames
+mksyntax
+nodes.[ch]
+signames.c
+syntax.[ch]
+token.h
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/Makefile.am b/bin/dash/src/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..17324653
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/Makefile.am
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+AM_YFLAGS = -d
+
+COMMON_CFLAGS = -Wall
+COMMON_CPPFLAGS = \
+	-DBSD=1 -DSHELL
+
+AM_CFLAGS = $(COMMON_CFLAGS)
+AM_CPPFLAGS = -include $(top_builddir)/config.h $(COMMON_CPPFLAGS)
+AM_CFLAGS_FOR_BUILD = -g -O2 $(COMMON_CFLAGS) 
+AM_CPPFLAGS_FOR_BUILD = $(COMMON_CPPFLAGS)
+
+COMPILE_FOR_BUILD = \
+	$(CC_FOR_BUILD) $(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(AM_CPPFLAGS_FOR_BUILD) \
+	$(CPPFLAGS_FOR_BUILD) \
+	$(AM_CFLAGS_FOR_BUILD) $(CFLAGS_FOR_BUILD) 
+
+bin_PROGRAMS = dash
+
+dash_CFILES = \
+	alias.c arith_yacc.c arith_yylex.c cd.c error.c eval.c exec.c expand.c \
+	histedit.c input.c jobs.c mail.c main.c memalloc.c miscbltin.c \
+	mystring.c options.c parser.c redir.c show.c trap.c output.c \
+	bltin/printf.c system.c bltin/test.c bltin/times.c var.c
+dash_SOURCES = \
+	$(dash_CFILES) \
+	alias.h arith_yacc.h bltin/bltin.h cd.h error.h eval.h exec.h \
+	expand.h \
+	init.h input.h jobs.h machdep.h mail.h main.h memalloc.h miscbltin.h \
+	myhistedit.h mystring.h options.h output.h parser.h redir.h shell.h \
+	show.h system.h trap.h var.h
+dash_LDADD = builtins.o init.o nodes.o signames.o syntax.o
+
+HELPERS = mkinit mksyntax mknodes mksignames
+
+BUILT_SOURCES = builtins.h nodes.h syntax.h token.h token_vars.h
+CLEANFILES = \
+	$(BUILT_SOURCES) $(patsubst %.o,%.c,$(dash_LDADD)) \
+	$(HELPERS) builtins.def
+
+man_MANS = dash.1
+EXTRA_DIST = \
+	$(man_MANS) \
+	mktokens mkbuiltins builtins.def.in mkinit.c \
+	mknodes.c nodetypes nodes.c.pat mksyntax.c mksignames.c
+
+token.h token_vars.h: mktokens
+	$(AM_V_GEN)$(SHELL) $^
+
+builtins.def: builtins.def.in $(top_builddir)/config.h
+	$(AM_V_CC)$(COMPILE) -E -x c -o $@ $<
+
+builtins.c builtins.h: mkbuiltins builtins.def
+	$(AM_V_GEN)$(SHELL) $^
+
+init.c: mkinit $(dash_CFILES)
+	$(AM_V_GEN)./$^
+
+nodes.c nodes.h: mknodes nodetypes nodes.c.pat
+	$(AM_V_GEN)./$^
+
+syntax.c syntax.h: mksyntax
+	$(AM_V_GEN)./$^
+
+signames.c: mksignames
+	$(AM_V_GEN)./$^
+
+mksyntax: token.h
+
+$(HELPERS): %: %.c
+	$(AM_V_CC)$(COMPILE_FOR_BUILD) -o $@ $<
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/TOUR b/bin/dash/src/TOUR
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e30836e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/TOUR
@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+#	@(#)TOUR	8.1 (Berkeley) 5/31/93
+
+NOTE -- This is the original TOUR paper distributed with ash and
+does not represent the current state of the shell.  It is provided anyway
+since it provides helpful information for how the shell is structured,
+but be warned that things have changed -- the current shell is
+still under development.
+
+================================================================
+
+                       A Tour through Ash
+
+               Copyright 1989 by Kenneth Almquist.
+
+
+DIRECTORIES:  The subdirectory bltin contains commands which can
+be compiled stand-alone.  The rest of the source is in the main
+ash directory.
+
+SOURCE CODE GENERATORS:  Files whose names begin with "mk" are
+programs that generate source code.  A complete list of these
+programs is:
+
+        program         intput files        generates
+        -------         ------------        ---------
+        mkbuiltins      builtins            builtins.h builtins.c
+        mkinit          *.c                 init.c
+        mknodes         nodetypes           nodes.h nodes.c
+        mksignames          -               signames.h signames.c
+        mksyntax            -               syntax.h syntax.c
+        mktokens            -               token.h
+        bltin/mkexpr    unary_op binary_op  operators.h operators.c
+
+There are undoubtedly too many of these.  Mkinit searches all the
+C source files for entries looking like:
+
+        INIT {
+              x = 1;    /* executed during initialization */
+        }
+
+        RESET {
+              x = 2;    /* executed when the shell does a longjmp
+                           back to the main command loop */
+        }
+
+It pulls this code out into routines which are when particular
+events occur.  The intent is to improve modularity by isolating
+the information about which modules need to be explicitly
+initialized/reset within the modules themselves.
+
+Mkinit recognizes several constructs for placing declarations in
+the init.c file.
+        INCLUDE "file.h"
+includes a file.  The storage class MKINIT makes a declaration
+available in the init.c file, for example:
+        MKINIT int funcnest;    /* depth of function calls */
+MKINIT alone on a line introduces a structure or union declara-
+tion:
+        MKINIT
+        struct redirtab {
+              short renamed[10];
+        };
+Preprocessor #define statements are copied to init.c without any
+special action to request this.
+
+INDENTATION:  The ash source is indented in multiples of six
+spaces.  The only study that I have heard of on the subject con-
+cluded that the optimal amount to indent is in the range of four
+to six spaces.  I use six spaces since it is not too big a jump
+from the widely used eight spaces.  If you really hate six space
+indentation, use the adjind (source included) program to change
+it to something else.
+
+EXCEPTIONS:  Code for dealing with exceptions appears in
+exceptions.c.  The C language doesn't include exception handling,
+so I implement it using setjmp and longjmp.  The global variable
+exception contains the type of exception.  EXERROR is raised by
+calling error.  EXINT is an interrupt.
+
+INTERRUPTS:  In an interactive shell, an interrupt will cause an
+EXINT exception to return to the main command loop.  (Exception:
+EXINT is not raised if the user traps interrupts using the trap
+command.)  The INTOFF and INTON macros (defined in exception.h)
+provide uninterruptable critical sections.  Between the execution
+of INTOFF and the execution of INTON, interrupt signals will be
+held for later delivery.  INTOFF and INTON can be nested.
+
+MEMALLOC.C:  Memalloc.c defines versions of malloc and realloc
+which call error when there is no memory left.  It also defines a
+stack oriented memory allocation scheme.  Allocating off a stack
+is probably more efficient than allocation using malloc, but the
+big advantage is that when an exception occurs all we have to do
+to free up the memory in use at the time of the exception is to
+restore the stack pointer.  The stack is implemented using a
+linked list of blocks.
+
+STPUTC:  If the stack were contiguous, it would be easy to store
+strings on the stack without knowing in advance how long the
+string was going to be:
+        p = stackptr;
+        *p++ = c;       /* repeated as many times as needed */
+        stackptr = p;
+The following three macros (defined in memalloc.h) perform these
+operations, but grow the stack if you run off the end:
+        STARTSTACKSTR(p);
+        STPUTC(c, p);   /* repeated as many times as needed */
+        grabstackstr(p);
+
+We now start a top-down look at the code:
+
+MAIN.C:  The main routine performs some initialization, executes
+the user's profile if necessary, and calls cmdloop.  Cmdloop is
+repeatedly parses and executes commands.
+
+OPTIONS.C:  This file contains the option processing code.  It is
+called from main to parse the shell arguments when the shell is
+invoked, and it also contains the set builtin.  The -i and -j op-
+tions (the latter turns on job control) require changes in signal
+handling.  The routines setjobctl (in jobs.c) and setinteractive
+(in trap.c) are called to handle changes to these options.
+
+PARSING:  The parser code is all in parser.c.  A recursive des-
+cent parser is used.  Syntax tables (generated by mksyntax) are
+used to classify characters during lexical analysis.  There are
+three tables:  one for normal use, one for use when inside single
+quotes, and one for use when inside double quotes.  The tables
+are machine dependent because they are indexed by character vari-
+ables and the range of a char varies from machine to machine.
+
+PARSE OUTPUT:  The output of the parser consists of a tree of
+nodes.  The various types of nodes are defined in the file node-
+types.
+
+Nodes of type NARG are used to represent both words and the con-
+tents of here documents.  An early version of ash kept the con-
+tents of here documents in temporary files, but keeping here do-
+cuments in memory typically results in significantly better per-
+formance.  It would have been nice to make it an option to use
+temporary files for here documents, for the benefit of small
+machines, but the code to keep track of when to delete the tem-
+porary files was complex and I never fixed all the bugs in it.
+(AT&T has been maintaining the Bourne shell for more than ten
+years, and to the best of my knowledge they still haven't gotten
+it to handle temporary files correctly in obscure cases.)
+
+The text field of a NARG structure points to the text of the
+word.  The text consists of ordinary characters and a number of
+special codes defined in parser.h.  The special codes are:
+
+        CTLVAR              Variable substitution
+        CTLENDVAR           End of variable substitution
+        CTLBACKQ            Command substitution
+        CTLESC              Escape next character
+
+A variable substitution contains the following elements:
+
+        CTLVAR type name '=' [ alternative-text CTLENDVAR ]
+
+The type field is a single character specifying the type of sub-
+stitution.  The possible types are:
+
+        VSNORMAL            $var
+        VSMINUS             ${var-text}
+        VSMINUS|VSNUL       ${var:-text}
+        VSPLUS              ${var+text}
+        VSPLUS|VSNUL        ${var:+text}
+        VSQUESTION          ${var?text}
+        VSQUESTION|VSNUL    ${var:?text}
+        VSASSIGN            ${var=text}
+        VSASSIGN|VSNUL      ${var=text}
+
+The name of the variable comes next, terminated by an equals
+sign.  If the type is not VSNORMAL, then the text field in the
+substitution follows, terminated by a CTLENDVAR byte.
+
+Commands in back quotes are parsed and stored in a linked list.
+The locations of these commands in the string are indicated by
+the CTLBACKQ character.
+
+The character CTLESC escapes the next character, so that in case
+any of the CTL characters mentioned above appear in the input,
+they can be passed through transparently.  CTLESC is also used to
+escape '*', '?', '[', and '!' characters which were quoted by the
+user and thus should not be used for file name generation.
+
+CTLESC characters have proved to be particularly tricky to get
+right.  In the case of here documents which are not subject to
+variable and command substitution, the parser doesn't insert any
+CTLESC characters to begin with (so the contents of the text
+field can be written without any processing).  Other here docu-
+ments, and words which are not subject to splitting and file name
+generation, have the CTLESC characters removed during the vari-
+able and command substitution phase.  Words which are subject
+splitting and file name generation have the CTLESC characters re-
+moved as part of the file name phase.
+
+EXECUTION:  Command execution is handled by the following files:
+        eval.c     The top level routines.
+        redir.c    Code to handle redirection of input and output.
+        jobs.c     Code to handle forking, waiting, and job control.
+        exec.c     Code to path searches and the actual exec sys call.
+        expand.c   Code to evaluate arguments.
+        var.c      Maintains the variable symbol table.  Called from expand.c.
+
+EVAL.C:  Evaltree recursively executes a parse tree.  The exit
+status is returned in the global variable exitstatus.  The alter-
+native entry evalbackcmd is called to evaluate commands in back
+quotes.  It saves the result in memory if the command is a buil-
+tin; otherwise it forks off a child to execute the command and
+connects the standard output of the child to a pipe.
+
+JOBS.C:  To create a process, you call makejob to return a job
+structure, and then call forkshell (passing the job structure as
+an argument) to create the process.  Waitforjob waits for a job
+to complete.  These routines take care of process groups if job
+control is defined.
+
+REDIR.C:  Ash allows file descriptors to be redirected and then
+restored without forking off a child process.  This is accom-
+plished by duplicating the original file descriptors.  The redir-
+tab structure records where the file descriptors have be dupli-
+cated to.
+
+EXEC.C:  The routine find_command locates a command, and enters
+the command in the hash table if it is not already there.  The
+third argument specifies whether it is to print an error message
+if the command is not found.  (When a pipeline is set up,
+find_command is called for all the commands in the pipeline be-
+fore any forking is done, so to get the commands into the hash
+table of the parent process.  But to make command hashing as
+transparent as possible, we silently ignore errors at that point
+and only print error messages if the command cannot be found
+later.)
+
+The routine shellexec is the interface to the exec system call.
+
+EXPAND.C:  Arguments are processed in three passes.  The first
+(performed by the routine argstr) performs variable and command
+substitution.  The second (ifsbreakup) performs word splitting
+and the third (expandmeta) performs file name generation.  If the
+"/u" directory is simulated, then when "/u/username" is replaced
+by the user's home directory, the flag "didudir" is set.  This
+tells the cd command that it should print out the directory name,
+just as it would if the "/u" directory were implemented using
+symbolic links.
+
+VAR.C:  Variables are stored in a hash table.  Probably we should
+switch to extensible hashing.  The variable name is stored in the
+same string as the value (using the format "name=value") so that
+no string copying is needed to create the environment of a com-
+mand.  Variables which the shell references internally are preal-
+located so that the shell can reference the values of these vari-
+ables without doing a lookup.
+
+When a program is run, the code in eval.c sticks any environment
+variables which precede the command (as in "PATH=xxx command") in
+the variable table as the simplest way to strip duplicates, and
+then calls "environment" to get the value of the environment.
+There are two consequences of this.  First, if an assignment to
+PATH precedes the command, the value of PATH before the assign-
+ment must be remembered and passed to shellexec.  Second, if the
+program turns out to be a shell procedure, the strings from the
+environment variables which preceded the command must be pulled
+out of the table and replaced with strings obtained from malloc,
+since the former will automatically be freed when the stack (see
+the entry on memalloc.c) is emptied.
+
+BUILTIN COMMANDS:  The procedures for handling these are scat-
+tered throughout the code, depending on which location appears
+most appropriate.  They can be recognized because their names al-
+ways end in "cmd".  The mapping from names to procedures is
+specified in the file builtins, which is processed by the mkbuil-
+tins command.
+
+A builtin command is invoked with argc and argv set up like a
+normal program.  A builtin command is allowed to overwrite its
+arguments.  Builtin routines can call nextopt to do option pars-
+ing.  This is kind of like getopt, but you don't pass argc and
+argv to it.  Builtin routines can also call error.  This routine
+normally terminates the shell (or returns to the main command
+loop if the shell is interactive), but when called from a builtin
+command it causes the builtin command to terminate with an exit
+status of 2.
+
+The directory bltins contains commands which can be compiled in-
+dependently but can also be built into the shell for efficiency
+reasons.  The makefile in this directory compiles these programs
+in the normal fashion (so that they can be run regardless of
+whether the invoker is ash), but also creates a library named
+bltinlib.a which can be linked with ash.  The header file bltin.h
+takes care of most of the differences between the ash and the
+stand-alone environment.  The user should call the main routine
+"main", and #define main to be the name of the routine to use
+when the program is linked into ash.  This #define should appear
+before bltin.h is included; bltin.h will #undef main if the pro-
+gram is to be compiled stand-alone.
+
+CD.C:  This file defines the cd and pwd builtins.  The pwd com-
+mand runs /bin/pwd the first time it is invoked (unless the user
+has already done a cd to an absolute pathname), but then
+remembers the current directory and updates it when the cd com-
+mand is run, so subsequent pwd commands run very fast.  The main
+complication in the cd command is in the docd command, which
+resolves symbolic links into actual names and informs the user
+where the user ended up if he crossed a symbolic link.
+
+SIGNALS:  Trap.c implements the trap command.  The routine set-
+signal figures out what action should be taken when a signal is
+received and invokes the signal system call to set the signal ac-
+tion appropriately.  When a signal that a user has set a trap for
+is caught, the routine "onsig" sets a flag.  The routine dotrap
+is called at appropriate points to actually handle the signal.
+When an interrupt is caught and no trap has been set for that
+signal, the routine "onint" in error.c is called.
+
+OUTPUT:  Ash uses it's own output routines.  There are three out-
+put structures allocated.  "Output" represents the standard out-
+put, "errout" the standard error, and "memout" contains output
+which is to be stored in memory.  This last is used when a buil-
+tin command appears in backquotes, to allow its output to be col-
+lected without doing any I/O through the UNIX operating system.
+The variables out1 and out2 normally point to output and errout,
+respectively, but they are set to point to memout when appropri-
+ate inside backquotes.
+
+INPUT:  The basic input routine is pgetc, which reads from the
+current input file.  There is a stack of input files; the current
+input file is the top file on this stack.  The code allows the
+input to come from a string rather than a file.  (This is for the
+-c option and the "." and eval builtin commands.)  The global
+variable plinno is saved and restored when files are pushed and
+popped from the stack.  The parser routines store the number of
+the current line in this variable.
+
+DEBUGGING:  If DEBUG is defined in shell.h, then the shell will
+write debugging information to the file $HOME/trace.  Most of
+this is done using the TRACE macro, which takes a set of printf
+arguments inside two sets of parenthesis.  Example:
+"TRACE(("n=%d0, n))".  The double parenthesis are necessary be-
+cause the preprocessor can't handle functions with a variable
+number of arguments.  Defining DEBUG also causes the shell to
+generate a core dump if it is sent a quit signal.  The tracing
+code is in show.c.
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/alias.c b/bin/dash/src/alias.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..daeacbb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/alias.c
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "input.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+#include "alias.h"
+#include "options.h"	/* XXX for argptr (should remove?) */
+
+#define ATABSIZE 39
+
+struct alias *atab[ATABSIZE];
+
+STATIC void setalias(const char *, const char *);
+STATIC struct alias *freealias(struct alias *);
+STATIC struct alias **__lookupalias(const char *);
+
+STATIC
+void
+setalias(const char *name, const char *val)
+{
+	struct alias *ap, **app;
+
+	app = __lookupalias(name);
+	ap = *app;
+	INTOFF;
+	if (ap) {
+		if (!(ap->flag & ALIASINUSE)) {
+			ckfree(ap->val);
+		}
+		ap->val	= savestr(val);
+		ap->flag &= ~ALIASDEAD;
+	} else {
+		/* not found */
+		ap = ckmalloc(sizeof (struct alias));
+		ap->name = savestr(name);
+		ap->val = savestr(val);
+		ap->flag = 0;
+		ap->next = 0;
+		*app = ap;
+	}
+	INTON;
+}
+
+int
+unalias(const char *name)
+{
+	struct alias **app;
+
+	app = __lookupalias(name);
+
+	if (*app) {
+		INTOFF;
+		*app = freealias(*app);
+		INTON;
+		return (0);
+	}
+
+	return (1);
+}
+
+void
+rmaliases(void)
+{
+	struct alias *ap, **app;
+	int i;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	for (i = 0; i < ATABSIZE; i++) {
+		app = &atab[i];
+		for (ap = *app; ap; ap = *app) {
+			*app = freealias(*app);
+			if (ap == *app) {
+				app = &ap->next;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	INTON;
+}
+
+struct alias *
+lookupalias(const char *name, int check)
+{
+	struct alias *ap = *__lookupalias(name);
+
+	if (check && ap && (ap->flag & ALIASINUSE))
+		return (NULL);
+	return (ap);
+}
+
+/*
+ * TODO - sort output
+ */
+int
+aliascmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	char *n, *v;
+	int ret = 0;
+	struct alias *ap;
+
+	if (argc == 1) {
+		int i;
+
+		for (i = 0; i < ATABSIZE; i++)
+			for (ap = atab[i]; ap; ap = ap->next) {
+				printalias(ap);
+			}
+		return (0);
+	}
+	while ((n = *++argv) != NULL) {
+		if ((v = strchr(n+1, '=')) == NULL) { /* n+1: funny ksh stuff */
+			if ((ap = *__lookupalias(n)) == NULL) {
+				outfmt(out2, "%s: %s not found\n", "alias", n);
+				ret = 1;
+			} else
+				printalias(ap);
+		} else {
+			*v++ = '\0';
+			setalias(n, v);
+		}
+	}
+
+	return (ret);
+}
+
+int
+unaliascmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	while ((i = nextopt("a")) != '\0') {
+		if (i == 'a') {
+			rmaliases();
+			return (0);
+		}
+	}
+	for (i = 0; *argptr; argptr++) {
+		if (unalias(*argptr)) {
+			outfmt(out2, "%s: %s not found\n", "unalias", *argptr);
+			i = 1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return (i);
+}
+
+STATIC struct alias *
+freealias(struct alias *ap) {
+	struct alias *next;
+
+	if (ap->flag & ALIASINUSE) {
+		ap->flag |= ALIASDEAD;
+		return ap;
+	}
+
+	next = ap->next;
+	ckfree(ap->name);
+	ckfree(ap->val);
+	ckfree(ap);
+	return next;
+}
+
+void
+printalias(const struct alias *ap) {
+	out1fmt("%s=%s\n", ap->name, single_quote(ap->val));
+}
+
+STATIC struct alias **
+__lookupalias(const char *name) {
+	unsigned int hashval;
+	struct alias **app;
+	const char *p;
+	unsigned int ch;
+
+	p = name;
+
+	ch = (unsigned char)*p;
+	hashval = ch << 4;
+	while (ch) {
+		hashval += ch;
+		ch = (unsigned char)*++p;
+	}
+	app = &atab[hashval % ATABSIZE];
+
+	for (; *app; app = &(*app)->next) {
+		if (equal(name, (*app)->name)) {
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return app;
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/alias.h b/bin/dash/src/alias.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fb841d64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/alias.h
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)alias.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ */
+
+#define ALIASINUSE	1
+#define ALIASDEAD	2
+
+struct alias {
+	struct alias *next;
+	char *name;
+	char *val;
+	int flag;
+};
+
+struct alias *lookupalias(const char *, int);
+int aliascmd(int, char **);
+int unaliascmd(int, char **);
+void rmaliases(void);
+int unalias(const char *);
+void printalias(const struct alias *);
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/arith_yacc.c b/bin/dash/src/arith_yacc.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1a087c32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/arith_yacc.c
@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2007
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "arith_yacc.h"
+#include "expand.h"
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "var.h"
+
+#if ARITH_BOR + 11 != ARITH_BORASS || ARITH_ASS + 11 != ARITH_EQ
+#error Arithmetic tokens are out of order.
+#endif
+
+static const char *arith_startbuf;
+
+const char *arith_buf;
+union yystype yylval;
+
+static int last_token;
+
+#define ARITH_PRECEDENCE(op, prec) [op - ARITH_BINOP_MIN] = prec
+
+static const char prec[ARITH_BINOP_MAX - ARITH_BINOP_MIN] = {
+	ARITH_PRECEDENCE(ARITH_MUL, 0),
+	ARITH_PRECEDENCE(ARITH_DIV, 0),
+	ARITH_PRECEDENCE(ARITH_REM, 0),
+	ARITH_PRECEDENCE(ARITH_ADD, 1),
+	ARITH_PRECEDENCE(ARITH_SUB, 1),
+	ARITH_PRECEDENCE(ARITH_LSHIFT, 2),
+	ARITH_PRECEDENCE(ARITH_RSHIFT, 2),
+	ARITH_PRECEDENCE(ARITH_LT, 3),
+	ARITH_PRECEDENCE(ARITH_LE, 3),
+	ARITH_PRECEDENCE(ARITH_GT, 3),
+	ARITH_PRECEDENCE(ARITH_GE, 3),
+	ARITH_PRECEDENCE(ARITH_EQ, 4),
+	ARITH_PRECEDENCE(ARITH_NE, 4),
+	ARITH_PRECEDENCE(ARITH_BAND, 5),
+	ARITH_PRECEDENCE(ARITH_BXOR, 6),
+	ARITH_PRECEDENCE(ARITH_BOR, 7),
+};
+
+#define ARITH_MAX_PREC 8
+
+static void yyerror(const char *s) __attribute__ ((noreturn));
+static void yyerror(const char *s)
+{
+	sh_error("arithmetic expression: %s: \"%s\"", s, arith_startbuf);
+	/* NOTREACHED */
+}
+
+static inline int arith_prec(int op)
+{
+	return prec[op - ARITH_BINOP_MIN];
+}
+
+static inline int higher_prec(int op1, int op2)
+{
+	return arith_prec(op1) < arith_prec(op2);
+}
+
+static intmax_t do_binop(int op, intmax_t a, intmax_t b)
+{
+	switch (op) {
+	default:
+	case ARITH_REM:
+	case ARITH_DIV:
+		if (!b)
+			yyerror("division by zero");
+		return op == ARITH_REM ? a % b : a / b;
+	case ARITH_MUL:
+		return a * b;
+	case ARITH_ADD:
+		return a + b;
+	case ARITH_SUB:
+		return a - b;
+	case ARITH_LSHIFT:
+		return a << b;
+	case ARITH_RSHIFT:
+		return a >> b;
+	case ARITH_LT:
+		return a < b;
+	case ARITH_LE:
+		return a <= b;
+	case ARITH_GT:
+		return a > b;
+	case ARITH_GE:
+		return a >= b;
+	case ARITH_EQ:
+		return a == b;
+	case ARITH_NE:
+		return a != b;
+	case ARITH_BAND:
+		return a & b;
+	case ARITH_BXOR:
+		return a ^ b;
+	case ARITH_BOR:
+		return a | b;
+	}
+}
+
+static intmax_t assignment(int var, int noeval);
+
+static intmax_t primary(int token, union yystype *val, int op, int noeval)
+{
+	intmax_t result;
+
+again:
+	switch (token) {
+	case ARITH_LPAREN:
+		result = assignment(op, noeval);
+		if (last_token != ARITH_RPAREN)
+			yyerror("expecting ')'");
+		last_token = yylex();
+		return result;
+	case ARITH_NUM:
+		last_token = op;
+		return val->val;
+	case ARITH_VAR:
+		last_token = op;
+		return noeval ? val->val : lookupvarint(val->name);
+	case ARITH_ADD:
+		token = op;
+		*val = yylval;
+		op = yylex();
+		goto again;
+	case ARITH_SUB:
+		*val = yylval;
+		return -primary(op, val, yylex(), noeval);
+	case ARITH_NOT:
+		*val = yylval;
+		return !primary(op, val, yylex(), noeval);
+	case ARITH_BNOT:
+		*val = yylval;
+		return ~primary(op, val, yylex(), noeval);
+	default:
+		yyerror("expecting primary");
+	}
+}
+
+static intmax_t binop2(intmax_t a, int op, int prec, int noeval)
+{
+	for (;;) {
+		union yystype val;
+		intmax_t b;
+		int op2;
+		int token;
+
+		token = yylex();
+		val = yylval;
+
+		b = primary(token, &val, yylex(), noeval);
+
+		op2 = last_token;
+		if (op2 >= ARITH_BINOP_MIN && op2 < ARITH_BINOP_MAX &&
+		    higher_prec(op2, op)) {
+			b = binop2(b, op2, arith_prec(op), noeval);
+			op2 = last_token;
+		}
+
+		a = noeval ? b : do_binop(op, a, b);
+
+		if (op2 < ARITH_BINOP_MIN || op2 >= ARITH_BINOP_MAX ||
+		    arith_prec(op2) >= prec)
+			return a;
+
+		op = op2;
+	}
+}
+
+static intmax_t binop(int token, union yystype *val, int op, int noeval)
+{
+	intmax_t a = primary(token, val, op, noeval);
+
+	op = last_token;
+	if (op < ARITH_BINOP_MIN || op >= ARITH_BINOP_MAX)
+		return a;
+
+	return binop2(a, op, ARITH_MAX_PREC, noeval);
+}
+
+static intmax_t and(int token, union yystype *val, int op, int noeval)
+{
+	intmax_t a = binop(token, val, op, noeval);
+	intmax_t b;
+
+	op = last_token;
+	if (op != ARITH_AND)
+		return a;
+
+	token = yylex();
+	*val = yylval;
+
+	b = and(token, val, yylex(), noeval | !a);
+
+	return a && b;
+}
+
+static intmax_t or(int token, union yystype *val, int op, int noeval)
+{
+	intmax_t a = and(token, val, op, noeval);
+	intmax_t b;
+
+	op = last_token;
+	if (op != ARITH_OR)
+		return a;
+
+	token = yylex();
+	*val = yylval;
+
+	b = or(token, val, yylex(), noeval | !!a);
+
+	return a || b;
+}
+
+static intmax_t cond(int token, union yystype *val, int op, int noeval)
+{
+	intmax_t a = or(token, val, op, noeval);
+	intmax_t b;
+	intmax_t c;
+
+	if (last_token != ARITH_QMARK)
+		return a;
+
+	b = assignment(yylex(), noeval | !a);
+
+	if (last_token != ARITH_COLON)
+		yyerror("expecting ':'");
+
+	token = yylex();
+	*val = yylval;
+
+	c = cond(token, val, yylex(), noeval | !!a);
+
+	return a ? b : c;
+}
+
+static intmax_t assignment(int var, int noeval)
+{
+	union yystype val = yylval;
+	int op = yylex();
+	intmax_t result;
+
+	if (var != ARITH_VAR)
+		return cond(var, &val, op, noeval);
+
+	if (op != ARITH_ASS && (op < ARITH_ASS_MIN || op >= ARITH_ASS_MAX))
+		return cond(var, &val, op, noeval);
+
+	result = assignment(yylex(), noeval);
+	if (noeval)
+		return result;
+
+	return setvarint(val.name,
+			 op == ARITH_ASS ? result :
+			 do_binop(op - 11, lookupvarint(val.name), result), 0);
+}
+
+intmax_t arith(const char *s)
+{
+	intmax_t result;
+
+	arith_buf = arith_startbuf = s;
+
+	result = assignment(yylex(), 0);
+
+	if (last_token)
+		yyerror("expecting EOF");
+
+	return result;
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/arith_yacc.h b/bin/dash/src/arith_yacc.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ff34d524
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/arith_yacc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2007
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#define ARITH_ASS 1
+
+#define ARITH_OR 2
+#define ARITH_AND 3
+#define ARITH_BAD 4
+#define ARITH_NUM 5
+#define ARITH_VAR 6
+#define ARITH_NOT 7
+
+#define ARITH_BINOP_MIN 8
+#define ARITH_LE 8
+#define ARITH_GE 9
+#define ARITH_LT 10
+#define ARITH_GT 11
+#define ARITH_EQ 12
+#define ARITH_REM 13
+#define ARITH_BAND 14
+#define ARITH_LSHIFT 15
+#define ARITH_RSHIFT 16
+#define ARITH_MUL 17
+#define ARITH_ADD 18
+#define ARITH_BOR 19
+#define ARITH_SUB 20
+#define ARITH_BXOR 21
+#define ARITH_DIV 22
+#define ARITH_NE 23
+#define ARITH_BINOP_MAX 24
+
+#define ARITH_ASS_MIN 24
+#define ARITH_REMASS 24
+#define ARITH_BANDASS 25
+#define ARITH_LSHIFTASS 26
+#define ARITH_RSHIFTASS 27
+#define ARITH_MULASS 28
+#define ARITH_ADDASS 29
+#define ARITH_BORASS 30
+#define ARITH_SUBASS 31
+#define ARITH_BXORASS 32
+#define ARITH_DIVASS 33
+#define ARITH_ASS_MAX 34
+
+#define ARITH_LPAREN 34
+#define ARITH_RPAREN 35
+#define ARITH_BNOT 36
+#define ARITH_QMARK 37
+#define ARITH_COLON 38
+
+union yystype {
+	intmax_t val;
+	char *name;
+};
+
+extern union yystype yylval;
+
+int yylex(void);
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/arith_yylex.c b/bin/dash/src/arith_yylex.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ec5b5b25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/arith_yylex.c
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 2002
+ *	Herbert Xu.
+ * Copyright (c) 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include "arith_yacc.h"
+#include "expand.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "syntax.h"
+#include "system.h"
+
+#if ARITH_BOR + 11 != ARITH_BORASS || ARITH_ASS + 11 != ARITH_EQ
+#error Arithmetic tokens are out of order.
+#endif
+
+extern const char *arith_buf;
+
+int
+yylex()
+{
+	int value;
+	const char *buf = arith_buf;
+	const char *p;
+
+	for (;;) {
+		value = *buf;
+		switch (value) {
+		case ' ':
+		case '\t':
+		case '\n':
+			buf++;
+			continue;
+		default:
+			return ARITH_BAD;
+		case '0':
+		case '1':
+		case '2':
+		case '3':
+		case '4':
+		case '5':
+		case '6':
+		case '7':
+		case '8':
+		case '9':
+			yylval.val = strtoimax(buf, (char **)&arith_buf, 0);
+			return ARITH_NUM;
+		case 'A':
+		case 'B':
+		case 'C':
+		case 'D':
+		case 'E':
+		case 'F':
+		case 'G':
+		case 'H':
+		case 'I':
+		case 'J':
+		case 'K':
+		case 'L':
+		case 'M':
+		case 'N':
+		case 'O':
+		case 'P':
+		case 'Q':
+		case 'R':
+		case 'S':
+		case 'T':
+		case 'U':
+		case 'V':
+		case 'W':
+		case 'X':
+		case 'Y':
+		case 'Z':
+		case '_':
+		case 'a':
+		case 'b':
+		case 'c':
+		case 'd':
+		case 'e':
+		case 'f':
+		case 'g':
+		case 'h':
+		case 'i':
+		case 'j':
+		case 'k':
+		case 'l':
+		case 'm':
+		case 'n':
+		case 'o':
+		case 'p':
+		case 'q':
+		case 'r':
+		case 's':
+		case 't':
+		case 'u':
+		case 'v':
+		case 'w':
+		case 'x':
+		case 'y':
+		case 'z':
+			p = buf;
+			while (buf++, is_in_name(*buf))
+				;
+			yylval.name = stalloc(buf - p + 1);
+			*(char *)mempcpy(yylval.name, p, buf - p) = 0;
+			value = ARITH_VAR;
+			goto out;
+		case '=':
+			value += ARITH_ASS - '=';
+checkeq:
+			buf++;
+checkeqcur:
+			if (*buf != '=')
+				goto out;
+			value += 11;
+			break;
+		case '>':
+			switch (*++buf) {
+			case '=':
+				value += ARITH_GE - '>';
+				break;
+			case '>':
+				value += ARITH_RSHIFT - '>';
+				goto checkeq;
+			default:
+				value += ARITH_GT - '>';
+				goto out;
+			}
+			break;
+		case '<':
+			switch (*++buf) {
+			case '=':
+				value += ARITH_LE - '<';
+				break;
+			case '<':
+				value += ARITH_LSHIFT - '<';
+				goto checkeq;
+			default:
+				value += ARITH_LT - '<';
+				goto out;
+			}
+			break;
+		case '|':
+			if (*++buf != '|') {
+				value += ARITH_BOR - '|';
+				goto checkeqcur;
+			}
+			value += ARITH_OR - '|';
+			break;
+		case '&':
+			if (*++buf != '&') {
+				value += ARITH_BAND - '&';
+				goto checkeqcur;
+			}
+			value += ARITH_AND - '&';
+			break;
+		case '!':
+			if (*++buf != '=') {
+				value += ARITH_NOT - '!';
+				goto out;
+			}
+			value += ARITH_NE - '!';
+			break;
+		case 0:
+			goto out;
+		case '(':
+			value += ARITH_LPAREN - '(';
+			break;
+		case ')':
+			value += ARITH_RPAREN - ')';
+			break;
+		case '*':
+			value += ARITH_MUL - '*';
+			goto checkeq;
+		case '/':
+			value += ARITH_DIV - '/';
+			goto checkeq;
+		case '%':
+			value += ARITH_REM - '%';
+			goto checkeq;
+		case '+':
+			value += ARITH_ADD - '+';
+			goto checkeq;
+		case '-':
+			value += ARITH_SUB - '-';
+			goto checkeq;
+		case '~':
+			value += ARITH_BNOT - '~';
+			break;
+		case '^':
+			value += ARITH_BXOR - '^';
+			goto checkeq;
+		case '?':
+			value += ARITH_QMARK - '?';
+			break;
+		case ':':
+			value += ARITH_COLON - ':';
+			break;
+		}
+		break;
+	}
+
+	buf++;
+out:
+	arith_buf = buf;
+	return value;
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/bltin/bltin.h b/bin/dash/src/bltin/bltin.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f5ac06f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/bltin/bltin.h
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)bltin.h	8.1 (Berkeley) 5/31/93
+ */
+
+/*
+ * This file is included by programs which are optionally built into the
+ * shell.  If SHELL is defined, we try to map the standard UNIX library
+ * routines to ash routines using defines.
+ */
+
+#include "../shell.h"
+#include "../mystring.h"
+#include "../options.h"
+#ifdef SHELL
+#include "../memalloc.h"
+#include "../output.h"
+#include "../error.h"
+#ifndef USE_GLIBC_STDIO
+#undef stdout
+#undef stderr
+#undef putc
+#undef putchar
+#undef fileno
+#define stdout out1
+#define stderr out2
+#define printf out1fmt
+#define putc(c, file)	outc(c, file)
+#define putchar(c)	out1c(c)
+#define FILE struct output
+#define fprintf outfmt
+#define fputs outstr
+#define fflush flushout
+#define fileno(f) ((f)->fd)
+#define ferror outerr
+#endif
+#define INITARGS(argv)
+#define	error sh_error
+#define	warn sh_warn
+#define	warnx sh_warnx
+#define exit sh_exit
+#define setprogname(s)
+#define getprogname() commandname
+#define setlocate(l,s) 0
+
+#define getenv(p) bltinlookup((p),0)
+
+#else
+#undef NULL
+#include <stdio.h>
+#undef main
+#define INITARGS(argv)	if ((commandname = argv[0]) == NULL) {fputs("Argc is zero\n", stderr); exit(2);} else
+#endif
+
+int echocmd(int, char **);
+
+
+extern const char *commandname;
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/bltin/echo.1 b/bin/dash/src/bltin/echo.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fbc7fb43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/bltin/echo.1
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+.\" Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\" Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+.\"	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+.\" Kenneth Almquist.
+.\" Copyright 1989 by Kenneth Almquist
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	@(#)echo.1	8.1 (Berkeley) 5/31/93
+.\"
+.Dd May 31, 1993
+.Dt ECHO 1
+.Os
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm echo
+.Nd produce message in a shell script
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Op Fl n | Fl e
+.Ar args ...
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+prints its arguments on the standard output, separated by spaces.
+Unless the
+.Fl n
+option is present, a newline is output following the arguments.
+The
+.Fl e
+option causes
+.Nm
+to treat the escape sequences specially, as described in the following
+paragraph.
+The
+.Fl e
+option is the default, and is provided solely for compatibility with
+other systems.
+Only one of the options
+.Fl n
+and
+.Fl e
+may be given.
+.Pp
+If any of the following sequences of characters is encountered during
+output, the sequence is not output.  Instead, the specified action is
+performed:
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+.It Li \eb
+A backspace character is output.
+.It Li \ec
+Subsequent output is suppressed.  This is normally used at the end of the
+last argument to suppress the trailing newline that
+.Nm
+would otherwise output.
+.It Li \ef
+Output a form feed.
+.It Li \en
+Output a newline character.
+.It Li \er
+Output a carriage return.
+.It Li \et
+Output a (horizontal) tab character.
+.It Li \ev
+Output a vertical tab.
+.It Li \e0 Ns Ar digits
+Output the character whose value is given by zero to three digits.
+If there are zero digits, a nul character is output.
+.It Li \e\e
+Output a backslash.
+.El
+.Sh HINTS
+Remember that backslash is special to the shell and needs to be escaped.
+To output a message to standard error, say
+.Pp
+.D1  echo message \*[Gt]\*[Am]2
+.Sh BUGS
+The octal character escape mechanism
+.Pq Li \e0 Ns Ar digits
+differs from the
+C language mechanism.
+.Pp
+There is no way to force
+.Nm
+to treat its arguments literally, rather than interpreting them as
+options and escape sequences.
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/bltin/printf.1 b/bin/dash/src/bltin/printf.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..38731732
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/bltin/printf.1
@@ -0,0 +1,354 @@
+.\" Copyright (c) 1989, 1990, 1993
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\" Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+.\"	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	from: @(#)printf.1	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93
+.\"
+.Dd November 5, 1993
+.Dt PRINTF 1
+.Os
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm printf
+.Nd formatted output
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Ar format
+.Op Ar arguments  ...
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+formats and prints its arguments, after the first, under control
+of the
+.Ar format  .
+The
+.Ar format
+is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain characters,
+which are simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences which
+are converted and copied to the standard output, and format specifications,
+each of which causes printing of the next successive
+.Ar argument  .
+.Pp
+The
+.Ar arguments
+after the first are treated as strings if the corresponding format is
+either
+.Cm b ,
+.Cm B ,
+.Cm c
+or
+.Cm s ;
+otherwise it is evaluated as a C constant, with the following extensions:
+.Pp
+.Bl -bullet -offset indent -compact
+.It
+A leading plus or minus sign is allowed.
+.It
+If the leading character is a single or double quote, the value is the
+.Tn ASCII
+code of the next character.
+.El
+.Pp
+The format string is reused as often as necessary to satisfy the
+.Ar arguments  .
+Any extra format specifications are evaluated with zero or the null
+string.
+.Pp
+Character escape sequences are in backslash notation as defined in
+.St -ansiC .
+The characters and their meanings are as follows:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent
+.It Cm \ee
+Write an \*[Lt]escape\*[Gt] character.
+.It Cm \ea
+Write a \*[Lt]bell\*[Gt] character.
+.It Cm \eb
+Write a \*[Lt]backspace\*[Gt] character.
+.It Cm \ef
+Write a \*[Lt]form-feed\*[Gt] character.
+.It Cm \en
+Write a \*[Lt]new-line\*[Gt] character.
+.It Cm \er
+Write a \*[Lt]carriage return\*[Gt] character.
+.It Cm \et
+Write a \*[Lt]tab\*[Gt] character.
+.It Cm \ev
+Write a \*[Lt]vertical tab\*[Gt] character.
+.It Cm \e\'
+Write a \*[Lt]single quote\*[Gt] character.
+.It Cm \e"
+Write a \*[Lt]double quote\*[Gt] character.
+.It Cm \e\e
+Write a backslash character.
+.It Cm \e Ns Ar num
+Write an 8\-bit character whose
+.Tn ASCII
+value is the 1\-, 2\-, or 3\-digit octal number
+.Ar num .
+.It Cm \ex Ns Ar xx
+Write an 8\-bit character whose
+.Tn ASCII
+value is the 1\- or 2\-digit hexadecimal number
+.Ar xx .
+.El
+.Pp
+Each format specification is introduced by the percent character
+(``%'').
+The remainder of the format specification includes,
+in the following order:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It "Zero or more of the following flags:"
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It Cm #
+A `#' character
+specifying that the value should be printed in an ``alternative form''.
+For
+.Cm b ,
+.Cm c ,
+.Cm d ,
+and
+.Cm s
+formats, this option has no effect.
+For the
+.Cm o
+format the precision of the number is increased to force the first
+character of the output string to a zero.
+For the
+.Cm x
+.Pq Cm X
+format, a non-zero result has the string
+.Li 0x
+.Pq Li 0X
+prepended to it.
+For
+.Cm e  ,
+.Cm E ,
+.Cm f  ,
+.Cm g ,
+and
+.Cm G
+formats, the result will always contain a decimal point, even if no
+digits follow the point (normally, a decimal point only appears in the
+results of those formats if a digit follows the decimal point).
+For
+.Cm g
+and
+.Cm G
+formats, trailing zeros are not removed from the result as they
+would otherwise be.
+.\" I turned this off - decided it isn't a valid use of '#'
+.\" For the
+.\" .Cm B
+.\" format, backslash-escape sequences are expanded first;
+.It Cm \&\-
+A minus sign `\-' which specifies
+.Em left adjustment
+of the output in the indicated field;
+.It Cm \&+
+A `+' character specifying that there should always be
+a sign placed before the number when using signed formats.
+.It Sq \&\ \&
+A space specifying that a blank should be left before a positive number
+for a signed format.
+A `+' overrides a space if both are used;
+.It Cm \&0
+A zero `0' character indicating that zero-padding should be used
+rather than blank-padding.
+A `\-' overrides a `0' if both are used;
+.El
+.It "Field Width:"
+An optional digit string specifying a
+.Em field width ;
+if the output string has fewer characters than the field width it will
+be blank-padded on the left (or right, if the left-adjustment indicator
+has been given) to make up the field width (note that a leading zero
+is a flag, but an embedded zero is part of a field width);
+.It Precision :
+An optional period,
+.Sq Cm \&.\& ,
+followed by an optional digit string giving a
+.Em precision
+which specifies the number of digits to appear after the decimal point,
+for
+.Cm e
+and
+.Cm f
+formats, or the maximum number of characters to be printed
+from a string
+.Sm off
+.Pf ( Cm b No ,
+.Sm on
+.Cm B
+and
+.Cm s
+formats); if the digit string is missing, the precision is treated
+as zero;
+.It Format :
+A character which indicates the type of format to use (one of
+.Cm diouxXfwEgGbBcs ) .
+.El
+.Pp
+A field width or precision may be
+.Sq Cm \&*
+instead of a digit string.
+In this case an
+.Ar argument
+supplies the field width or precision.
+.Pp
+The format characters and their meanings are:
+.Bl -tag -width Fl
+.It Cm diouXx
+The
+.Ar argument
+is printed as a signed decimal (d or i), unsigned octal, unsigned decimal,
+or unsigned hexadecimal (X or x), respectively.
+.It Cm f
+The
+.Ar argument
+is printed in the style
+.Sm off
+.Pf [\-]ddd Cm \&. No ddd
+.Sm on
+where the number of d's
+after the decimal point is equal to the precision specification for
+the argument.
+If the precision is missing, 6 digits are given; if the precision
+is explicitly 0, no digits and no decimal point are printed.
+.It Cm eE
+The
+.Ar argument
+is printed in the style
+.Sm off
+.Pf [\-]d Cm \&. No ddd Cm e No \\*(Pmdd
+.Sm on
+where there
+is one digit before the decimal point and the number after is equal to
+the precision specification for the argument; when the precision is
+missing, 6 digits are produced.
+An upper-case E is used for an `E' format.
+.It Cm gG
+The
+.Ar argument
+is printed in style
+.Cm f
+or in style
+.Cm e
+.Pq Cm E
+whichever gives full precision in minimum space.
+.It Cm b
+Characters from the string
+.Ar argument
+are printed with backslash-escape sequences expanded.
+.br
+The following additional backslash-escape sequences are supported:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It Cm \ec
+Causes
+.Nm
+to ignore any remaining characters in the string operand containing it,
+any remaining string operands, and any additional characters in
+the format operand.
+.It Cm \e0 Ns Ar num
+Write an 8\-bit character whose
+.Tn ASCII
+value is the 1\-, 2\-, or 3\-digit
+octal number
+.Ar num .
+.It Cm \e^ Ns Ar c
+Write the control character 
+.Ar c .
+Generates characters `\e000' through `\e037`, and `\e177' (from `\e^?').
+.It Cm \eM\- Ns Ar c
+Write the character 
+.Ar c
+with the 8th bit set.
+Generates characters `\e241' through `\e376`.
+.It Cm \eM^ Ns Ar c
+Write the control character 
+.Ar c
+with the 8th bit set.
+Generates characters `\e000' through `\e037`, and `\e177' (from `\eM^?').
+.El
+.It Cm B
+Characters from the string
+.Ar argument
+are printed with unprintable characters backslash-escaped using the
+.Sm off
+.Pf ` Cm \e Ar c No ',
+.Pf ` Cm \e^ Ar c No ',
+.Pf ` Cm \eM\- Ar c No '
+or
+.Pf ` Cm \eM^ Ar c No ',
+.Sm on
+formats described above.
+.It Cm c
+The first character of
+.Ar argument
+is printed.
+.It Cm s
+Characters from the string
+.Ar argument
+are printed until the end is reached or until the number of characters
+indicated by the precision specification is reached; if the
+precision is omitted, all characters in the string are printed.
+.It Cm \&%
+Print a `%'; no argument is used.
+.El
+.Pp
+In no case does a non-existent or small field width cause truncation of
+a field; padding takes place only if the specified field width exceeds
+the actual width.
+.Sh EXIT STATUS
+.Nm
+exits 0 on success, 1 on failure.
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr echo 1 ,
+.Xr printf 3 ,
+.Xr printf 9
+.Xr vis 3
+.Sh STANDARDS
+The
+.Nm
+utility conforms to
+.St -p1003.1-2001 .
+.Pp
+Support for the floating point formats and `*' as a field width and precision
+are optional in POSIX.
+.Pp
+The behaviour of the %B format and the \e', \e", \exxx, \ee and
+\e[M][\-|^]c escape sequences are undefined in POSIX.
+.Sh BUGS
+Since the floating point numbers are translated from
+.Tn ASCII
+to floating-point and
+then back again, floating-point precision may be lost.
+.Pp
+Hexadecimal character constants are restricted to, and should be specified
+as, two character constants.  This is contrary to the ISO C standard but
+does guarantee detection of the end of the constant.
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/bltin/printf.c b/bin/dash/src/bltin/printf.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7785735b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/bltin/printf.c
@@ -0,0 +1,478 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1989, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+static int	 conv_escape_str(char *, char **);
+static char	*conv_escape(char *, int *);
+static int	 getchr(void);
+static double	 getdouble(void);
+static uintmax_t getuintmax(int);
+static char	*getstr(void);
+static char	*mklong(const char *, const char *);
+static void      check_conversion(const char *, const char *);
+
+static int	rval;
+static char  **gargv;
+
+#define isodigit(c)	((c) >= '0' && (c) <= '7')
+#define octtobin(c)	((c) - '0')
+
+#include "bltin.h"
+#include "system.h"
+
+#define PF(f, func) { \
+	switch ((char *)param - (char *)array) { \
+	default: \
+		(void)printf(f, array[0], array[1], func); \
+		break; \
+	case sizeof(*param): \
+		(void)printf(f, array[0], func); \
+		break; \
+	case 0: \
+		(void)printf(f, func); \
+		break; \
+	} \
+}
+
+#define ASPF(sp, f, func) ({ \
+	int ret; \
+	switch ((char *)param - (char *)array) { \
+	default: \
+		ret = xasprintf(sp, f, array[0], array[1], func); \
+		break; \
+	case sizeof(*param): \
+		ret = xasprintf(sp, f, array[0], func); \
+		break; \
+	case 0: \
+		ret = xasprintf(sp, f, func); \
+		break; \
+	} \
+	ret; \
+})
+
+
+static int print_escape_str(const char *f, int *param, int *array, char *s)
+{
+	struct stackmark smark;
+	char *p, *q;
+	int done;
+	int len;
+	int total;
+
+	setstackmark(&smark);
+	done = conv_escape_str(s, &q);
+	p = stackblock();
+	len = q - p;
+	total = len - 1;
+
+	q[-1] = (!!((f[1] - 's') | done) - 1) & f[2];
+	total += !!q[-1];
+	if (f[1] == 's')
+		goto easy;
+
+	p = makestrspace(len, q);
+	memset(p, 'X', total);
+	p[total] = 0;
+
+	q = stackblock();
+	total = ASPF(&p, f, p);
+
+	len = strchrnul(p, 'X') - p;
+	memcpy(p + len, q, strspn(p + len, "X"));
+
+easy:
+	out1mem(p, total);
+
+	popstackmark(&smark);
+	return done;
+}
+
+
+int printfcmd(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+	char *fmt;
+	char *format;
+	int ch;
+
+	rval = 0;
+
+	nextopt(nullstr);
+
+	argv = argptr;
+	format = *argv;
+
+	if (!format)
+		error("usage: printf format [arg ...]");
+
+	gargv = ++argv;
+
+#define SKIP1	"#-+ 0"
+#define SKIP2	"*0123456789"
+	do {
+		/*
+		 * Basic algorithm is to scan the format string for conversion
+		 * specifications -- once one is found, find out if the field
+		 * width or precision is a '*'; if it is, gather up value. 
+		 * Note, format strings are reused as necessary to use up the
+		 * provided arguments, arguments of zero/null string are 
+		 * provided to use up the format string.
+		 */
+
+		/* find next format specification */
+		for (fmt = format; (ch = *fmt++) ;) {
+			char *start;
+			char nextch;
+			int array[2];
+			int *param;
+
+			if (ch == '\\') {
+				int c_ch;
+				fmt = conv_escape(fmt, &c_ch);
+				ch = c_ch;
+				goto pc;
+			}
+			if (ch != '%' || (*fmt == '%' && (++fmt || 1))) {
+pc:
+				putchar(ch);
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			/* Ok - we've found a format specification,
+			   Save its address for a later printf(). */
+			start = fmt - 1;
+			param = array;
+
+			/* skip to field width */
+			fmt += strspn(fmt, SKIP1);
+			if (*fmt == '*') {
+				++fmt;
+				*param++ = getuintmax(1);
+			} else {
+				/* skip to possible '.',
+				 * get following precision
+				 */
+				fmt += strspn(fmt, SKIP2);
+			}
+
+			if (*fmt == '.') {
+				++fmt;
+				if (*fmt == '*') {
+					++fmt;
+					*param++ = getuintmax(1);
+				} else
+					fmt += strspn(fmt, SKIP2);
+			}
+
+			ch = *fmt;
+			if (!ch)
+				error("missing format character");
+			/* null terminate format string to we can use it
+			   as an argument to printf. */
+			nextch = fmt[1];
+			fmt[1] = 0;
+			switch (ch) {
+
+			case 'b':
+				*fmt = 's';
+				/* escape if a \c was encountered */
+				if (print_escape_str(start, param, array,
+						     getstr()))
+					goto out;
+				*fmt = 'b';
+				break;
+			case 'c': {
+				int p = getchr();
+				PF(start, p);
+				break;
+			}
+			case 's': {
+				char *p = getstr();
+				PF(start, p);
+				break;
+			}
+			case 'd':
+			case 'i': {
+				uintmax_t p = getuintmax(1);
+				start = mklong(start, fmt);
+				PF(start, p);
+				break;
+			}
+			case 'o':
+			case 'u':
+			case 'x':
+			case 'X': {
+				uintmax_t p = getuintmax(0);
+				start = mklong(start, fmt);
+				PF(start, p);
+				break;
+			}
+			case 'a':
+			case 'A':
+			case 'e':
+			case 'E':
+			case 'f':
+			case 'F':
+			case 'g':
+			case 'G': {
+				double p = getdouble();
+				PF(start, p);
+				break;
+			}
+			default:
+				error("%s: invalid directive", start);
+			}
+			*++fmt = nextch;
+		}
+	} while (gargv != argv && *gargv);
+
+out:
+	return rval;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Print SysV echo(1) style escape string 
+ *	Halts processing string if a \c escape is encountered.
+ */
+static int
+conv_escape_str(char *str, char **sp)
+{
+	int c;
+	int ch;
+	char *cp;
+
+	/* convert string into a temporary buffer... */
+	STARTSTACKSTR(cp);
+
+	do {
+		c = ch = *str++;
+		if (ch != '\\')
+			continue;
+
+		c = *str++;
+		if (c == 'c') {
+			/* \c as in SYSV echo - abort all processing.... */
+			c = ch = 0x100;
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		/* 
+		 * %b string octal constants are not like those in C.
+		 * They start with a \0, and are followed by 0, 1, 2, 
+		 * or 3 octal digits. 
+		 */
+		if (c == '0' && isodigit(*str))
+			str++;
+
+		/* Finally test for sequences valid in the format string */
+		str = conv_escape(str - 1, &c);
+	} while (STPUTC(c, cp), (char)ch);
+
+	*sp = cp;
+
+	return ch;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Print "standard" escape characters 
+ */
+static char *
+conv_escape(char *str, int *conv_ch)
+{
+	int value;
+	int ch;
+
+	ch = *str;
+
+	switch (ch) {
+	default:
+		if (!isodigit(*str)) {
+			value = '\\';
+			goto out;
+		}
+
+		ch = 3;
+		value = 0;
+		do {
+			value <<= 3;
+			value += octtobin(*str++);
+		} while (isodigit(*str) && --ch);
+		goto out;
+
+	case '\\':	value = '\\';	break;	/* backslash */
+	case 'a':	value = '\a';	break;	/* alert */
+	case 'b':	value = '\b';	break;	/* backspace */
+	case 'f':	value = '\f';	break;	/* form-feed */
+	case 'n':	value = '\n';	break;	/* newline */
+	case 'r':	value = '\r';	break;	/* carriage-return */
+	case 't':	value = '\t';	break;	/* tab */
+	case 'v':	value = '\v';	break;	/* vertical-tab */
+	}
+
+	str++;
+out:
+	*conv_ch = value;
+	return str;
+}
+
+static char *
+mklong(const char *str, const char *ch)
+{
+	/*
+	 * Replace a string like "%92.3u" with "%92.3"PRIuMAX.
+	 *
+	 * Although C99 does not guarantee it, we assume PRIiMAX,
+	 * PRIoMAX, PRIuMAX, PRIxMAX, and PRIXMAX are all the same
+	 * as PRIdMAX with the final 'd' replaced by the corresponding
+	 * character.
+	 */
+
+	char *copy;
+	size_t len;	
+
+	len = ch - str + sizeof(PRIdMAX);
+	STARTSTACKSTR(copy);
+	copy = makestrspace(len, copy);
+	memcpy(copy, str, len - sizeof(PRIdMAX));
+	memcpy(copy + len - sizeof(PRIdMAX), PRIdMAX, sizeof(PRIdMAX));
+	copy[len - 2] = *ch;
+	return (copy);	
+}
+
+static int
+getchr(void)
+{
+	int val = 0;
+
+	if (*gargv)
+		val = **gargv++;
+	return val;
+}
+
+static char *
+getstr(void)
+{
+	char *val = nullstr;
+
+	if (*gargv)
+		val = *gargv++;
+	return val;
+}
+
+static uintmax_t
+getuintmax(int sign)
+{
+	uintmax_t val = 0;
+	char *cp, *ep;
+
+	cp = *gargv;
+	if (cp == NULL)
+		goto out;
+	gargv++;
+
+	val = (unsigned char) cp[1];
+	if (*cp == '\"' || *cp == '\'')
+		goto out;
+
+	errno = 0;
+	val = sign ? strtoimax(cp, &ep, 0) : strtoumax(cp, &ep, 0);
+	check_conversion(cp, ep);
+out:
+	return val;
+}
+
+static double
+getdouble(void)
+{
+	double val;
+	char *cp, *ep;
+
+	cp = *gargv;
+	if (cp == NULL)
+		return 0;
+	gargv++;
+
+	if (*cp == '\"' || *cp == '\'')
+		return (unsigned char) cp[1];
+
+	errno = 0;
+	val = strtod(cp, &ep);
+	check_conversion(cp, ep);
+	return val;
+}
+
+static void
+check_conversion(const char *s, const char *ep)
+{
+	if (*ep) {
+		if (ep == s)
+			warnx("%s: expected numeric value", s);
+		else
+			warnx("%s: not completely converted", s);
+		rval = 1;
+	} else if (errno == ERANGE) {
+		warnx("%s: %s", s, strerror(ERANGE));
+		rval = 1;
+	}
+}
+
+int
+echocmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	const char *lastfmt = snlfmt;
+	int nonl;
+
+	if (*++argv && equal(*argv, "-n")) {
+		argv++;
+		lastfmt = "%s";
+	}
+
+	do {
+		const char *fmt = "%s ";
+		char *s = *argv;
+
+		if (!s || !*++argv)
+			fmt = lastfmt;
+
+		nonl = print_escape_str(fmt, NULL, NULL, s ?: nullstr);
+	} while (!nonl && *argv);
+	return 0;
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/bltin/test.1 b/bin/dash/src/bltin/test.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..42435fb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/bltin/test.1
@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
+.\" Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\" Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+.\"	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"     @(#)test.1	8.1 (Berkeley) 5/31/93
+.\"
+.Dd May 31, 1993
+.Dt TEST 1
+.Os
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm test ,
+.Nm \&[
+.Nd condition evaluation utility
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm test
+.Ar expression
+.Nm \&[
+.Ar expression Cm ]
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+The
+.Nm test
+utility evaluates the expression and, if it evaluates
+to true, returns a zero (true) exit status; otherwise
+it returns 1 (false).
+If there is no expression, test also
+returns 1 (false).
+.Pp
+All operators and flags are separate arguments to the
+.Nm test
+utility.
+.Pp
+The following primaries are used to construct expression:
+.Bl -tag -width Ar
+.It Fl b Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is a block special
+file.
+.It Fl c Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is a character
+special file.
+.It Fl d Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is a directory.
+.It Fl e Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists (regardless of type).
+.It Fl f Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is a regular file.
+.It Fl g Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and its set group ID flag
+is set.
+.It Fl h Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is a symbolic link.
+.It Fl k Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and its sticky bit is set.
+.It Fl n Ar string
+True if the length of
+.Ar string
+is nonzero.
+.It Fl p Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+is a named pipe
+.Po Tn FIFO Pc .
+.It Fl r Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is readable.
+.It Fl s Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and has a size greater
+than zero.
+.It Fl t Ar file_descriptor
+True if the file whose file descriptor number
+is
+.Ar file_descriptor
+is open and is associated with a terminal.
+.It Fl u Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and its set user ID flag
+is set.
+.It Fl w Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is writable.
+True
+indicates only that the write flag is on.
+The file is not writable on a read-only file
+system even if this test indicates true.
+.It Fl x Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is executable.
+True
+indicates only that the execute flag is on.
+If
+.Ar file
+is a directory, true indicates that
+.Ar file
+can be searched.
+.It Fl z Ar string
+True if the length of
+.Ar string
+is zero.
+.It Fl L Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is a symbolic link.
+This operator is retained for compatibility with previous versions of
+this program.
+Do not rely on its existence; use
+.Fl h
+instead.
+.It Fl O Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and its owner matches the effective user id of this process.
+.It Fl G Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and its group matches the effective group id of this process.
+.It Fl S Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is a socket.
+.It Ar file1 Fl nt Ar file2
+True if
+.Ar file1
+exists and is newer than
+.Ar file2 .
+.It Ar file1 Fl ot Ar file2
+True if
+.Ar file1
+exists and is older than
+.Ar file2 .
+.It Ar file1 Fl ef Ar file2
+True if
+.Ar file1
+and
+.Ar file2
+exist and refer to the same file.
+.It Ar string
+True if
+.Ar string
+is not the null
+string.
+.It Ar \&s\&1 Cm \&= Ar \&s\&2
+True if the strings
+.Ar \&s\&1
+and
+.Ar \&s\&2
+are identical.
+.It Ar \&s\&1 Cm \&!= Ar \&s\&2
+True if the strings
+.Ar \&s\&1
+and
+.Ar \&s\&2
+are not identical.
+.It Ar \&s\&1 Cm \&\*[Lt] Ar \&s\&2
+True if string
+.Ar \&s\&1
+comes before
+.Ar \&s\&2
+based on the ASCII value of their characters.
+.It Ar \&s\&1 Cm \&\*[Gt] Ar \&s\&2
+True if string
+.Ar \&s\&1
+comes after
+.Ar \&s\&2
+based on the ASCII value of their characters.
+.It Ar \&n\&1 Fl \&eq Ar \&n\&2
+True if the integers
+.Ar \&n\&1
+and
+.Ar \&n\&2
+are algebraically
+equal.
+.It Ar \&n\&1 Fl \&ne Ar \&n\&2
+True if the integers
+.Ar \&n\&1
+and
+.Ar \&n\&2
+are not
+algebraically equal.
+.It Ar \&n\&1 Fl \&gt Ar \&n\&2
+True if the integer
+.Ar \&n\&1
+is algebraically
+greater than the integer
+.Ar \&n\&2 .
+.It Ar \&n\&1 Fl \&ge Ar \&n\&2
+True if the integer
+.Ar \&n\&1
+is algebraically
+greater than or equal to the integer
+.Ar \&n\&2 .
+.It Ar \&n\&1 Fl \&lt Ar \&n\&2
+True if the integer
+.Ar \&n\&1
+is algebraically less
+than the integer
+.Ar \&n\&2 .
+.It Ar \&n\&1 Fl \&le Ar \&n\&2
+True if the integer
+.Ar \&n\&1
+is algebraically less
+than or equal to the integer
+.Ar \&n\&2 .
+.El
+.Pp
+These primaries can be combined with the following operators:
+.Bl -tag -width Ar
+.It Cm \&! Ar expression
+True if
+.Ar expression
+is false.
+.It Ar expression1 Fl a Ar expression2
+True if both
+.Ar expression1
+and
+.Ar expression2
+are true.
+.It Ar expression1 Fl o Ar expression2
+True if either
+.Ar expression1
+or
+.Ar expression2
+are true.
+.It Cm \&( Ns Ar expression Ns Cm \&)
+True if expression is true.
+.El
+.Pp
+The
+.Fl a
+operator has higher precedence than the
+.Fl o
+operator.
+.Sh GRAMMAR AMBIGUITY
+The
+.Nm test
+grammar is inherently ambiguous.
+In order to assure a degree of consistency, the cases described in
+.St -p1003.2
+section 4.62.4,
+are evaluated consistently according to the rules specified in the
+standards document.
+All other cases are subject to the ambiguity in the command semantics.
+.Sh EXIT STATUS
+The
+.Nm test
+utility exits with one of the following values:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It 0
+expression evaluated to true.
+.It 1
+expression evaluated to false or expression was
+missing.
+.It \*[Gt]1
+An error occurred.
+.El
+.Sh STANDARDS
+The
+.Nm test
+utility implements a superset of the
+.St -p1003.2
+specification.
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/bltin/test.c b/bin/dash/src/bltin/test.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c7fc479d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/bltin/test.c
@@ -0,0 +1,700 @@
+/*
+ * test(1); version 7-like  --  author Erik Baalbergen
+ * modified by Eric Gisin to be used as built-in.
+ * modified by Arnold Robbins to add SVR3 compatibility
+ * (-x -c -b -p -u -g -k) plus Korn's -L -nt -ot -ef and new -S (socket).
+ * modified by J.T. Conklin for NetBSD.
+ *
+ * This program is in the Public Domain.
+ */
+
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include "bltin.h"
+
+/* test(1) accepts the following grammar:
+	oexpr	::= aexpr | aexpr "-o" oexpr ;
+	aexpr	::= nexpr | nexpr "-a" aexpr ;
+	nexpr	::= primary | "!" primary
+	primary	::= unary-operator operand
+		| operand binary-operator operand
+		| operand
+		| "(" oexpr ")"
+		;
+	unary-operator ::= "-r"|"-w"|"-x"|"-f"|"-d"|"-c"|"-b"|"-p"|
+		"-u"|"-g"|"-k"|"-s"|"-t"|"-z"|"-n"|"-o"|"-O"|"-G"|"-L"|"-S";
+
+	binary-operator ::= "="|"!="|"-eq"|"-ne"|"-ge"|"-gt"|"-le"|"-lt"|
+			"-nt"|"-ot"|"-ef";
+	operand ::= <any legal UNIX file name>
+*/
+
+enum token {
+	EOI,
+	FILRD,
+	FILWR,
+	FILEX,
+	FILEXIST,
+	FILREG,
+	FILDIR,
+	FILCDEV,
+	FILBDEV,
+	FILFIFO,
+	FILSOCK,
+	FILSYM,
+	FILGZ,
+	FILTT,
+	FILSUID,
+	FILSGID,
+	FILSTCK,
+	FILNT,
+	FILOT,
+	FILEQ,
+	FILUID,
+	FILGID,
+	STREZ,
+	STRNZ,
+	STREQ,
+	STRNE,
+	STRLT,
+	STRGT,
+	INTEQ,
+	INTNE,
+	INTGE,
+	INTGT,
+	INTLE,
+	INTLT,
+	UNOT,
+	BAND,
+	BOR,
+	LPAREN,
+	RPAREN,
+	OPERAND
+};
+
+enum token_types {
+	UNOP,
+	BINOP,
+	BUNOP,
+	BBINOP,
+	PAREN
+};
+
+static struct t_op {
+	const char *op_text;
+	short op_num, op_type;
+} const ops [] = {
+	{"-r",	FILRD,	UNOP},
+	{"-w",	FILWR,	UNOP},
+	{"-x",	FILEX,	UNOP},
+	{"-e",	FILEXIST,UNOP},
+	{"-f",	FILREG,	UNOP},
+	{"-d",	FILDIR,	UNOP},
+	{"-c",	FILCDEV,UNOP},
+	{"-b",	FILBDEV,UNOP},
+	{"-p",	FILFIFO,UNOP},
+	{"-u",	FILSUID,UNOP},
+	{"-g",	FILSGID,UNOP},
+	{"-k",	FILSTCK,UNOP},
+	{"-s",	FILGZ,	UNOP},
+	{"-t",	FILTT,	UNOP},
+	{"-z",	STREZ,	UNOP},
+	{"-n",	STRNZ,	UNOP},
+	{"-h",	FILSYM,	UNOP},		/* for backwards compat */
+	{"-O",	FILUID,	UNOP},
+	{"-G",	FILGID,	UNOP},
+	{"-L",	FILSYM,	UNOP},
+	{"-S",	FILSOCK,UNOP},
+	{"=",	STREQ,	BINOP},
+	{"!=",	STRNE,	BINOP},
+	{"<",	STRLT,	BINOP},
+	{">",	STRGT,	BINOP},
+	{"-eq",	INTEQ,	BINOP},
+	{"-ne",	INTNE,	BINOP},
+	{"-ge",	INTGE,	BINOP},
+	{"-gt",	INTGT,	BINOP},
+	{"-le",	INTLE,	BINOP},
+	{"-lt",	INTLT,	BINOP},
+	{"-nt",	FILNT,	BINOP},
+	{"-ot",	FILOT,	BINOP},
+	{"-ef",	FILEQ,	BINOP},
+	{"!",	UNOT,	BUNOP},
+	{"-a",	BAND,	BBINOP},
+	{"-o",	BOR,	BBINOP},
+	{"(",	LPAREN,	PAREN},
+	{")",	RPAREN,	PAREN},
+	{0,	0,	0}
+};
+
+static char **t_wp;
+static struct t_op const *t_wp_op;
+
+static void syntax(const char *, const char *);
+static int oexpr(enum token);
+static int aexpr(enum token);
+static int nexpr(enum token);
+static int primary(enum token);
+static int binop(void);
+static int filstat(char *, enum token);
+static enum token t_lex(char **);
+static int isoperand(char **);
+static int newerf(const char *, const char *);
+static int olderf(const char *, const char *);
+static int equalf(const char *, const char *);
+#ifdef HAVE_FACCESSAT
+static int test_file_access(const char *, int);
+#else
+static int test_access(const struct stat64 *, int);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_FACCESSAT
+# ifdef HAVE_TRADITIONAL_FACCESSAT
+static inline int faccessat_confused_about_superuser(void) { return 1; }
+# else
+static inline int faccessat_confused_about_superuser(void) { return 0; }
+# endif
+#endif
+
+static inline intmax_t getn(const char *s)
+{
+	return atomax10(s);
+}
+
+static const struct t_op *getop(const char *s)
+{
+	const struct t_op *op;
+
+	for (op = ops; op->op_text; op++) {
+		if (strcmp(s, op->op_text) == 0)
+			return op;
+	}
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+int
+testcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	const struct t_op *op;
+	enum token n;
+	int res = 1;
+
+	if (*argv[0] == '[') {
+		if (*argv[--argc] != ']')
+			error("missing ]");
+		argv[argc] = NULL;
+	}
+
+	t_wp_op = NULL;
+
+recheck:
+	argv++;
+	argc--;
+
+	if (argc < 1)
+		return res;
+
+	/*
+	 * POSIX prescriptions: he who wrote this deserves the Nobel
+	 * peace prize.
+	 */
+	switch (argc) {
+	case 3:
+		op = getop(argv[1]);
+		if (op && op->op_type == BINOP) {
+			n = OPERAND;
+			goto eval;
+		}
+		/* fall through */
+
+	case 4:
+		if (!strcmp(argv[0], "(") && !strcmp(argv[argc - 1], ")")) {
+			argv[--argc] = NULL;
+			argv++;
+			argc--;
+		} else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "!")) {
+			res = 0;
+			goto recheck;
+		}
+	}
+
+	n = t_lex(argv);
+
+eval:
+	t_wp = argv;
+	res ^= oexpr(n);
+	argv = t_wp;
+
+	if (argv[0] != NULL && argv[1] != NULL)
+		syntax(argv[0], "unexpected operator");
+
+	return res;
+}
+
+static void
+syntax(const char *op, const char *msg)
+{
+	if (op && *op)
+		error("%s: %s", op, msg);
+	else
+		error("%s", msg);
+}
+
+static int
+oexpr(enum token n)
+{
+	int res = 0;
+
+	for (;;) {
+		res |= aexpr(n);
+		n = t_lex(t_wp + 1);
+		if (n != BOR)
+			break;
+		n = t_lex(t_wp += 2);
+	}
+	return res;
+}
+
+static int
+aexpr(enum token n)
+{
+	int res = 1;
+
+	for (;;) {
+		if (!nexpr(n))
+			res = 0;
+		n = t_lex(t_wp + 1);
+		if (n != BAND)
+			break;
+		n = t_lex(t_wp += 2);
+	}
+	return res;
+}
+
+static int
+nexpr(enum token n)
+{
+	if (n != UNOT)
+		return primary(n);
+
+	n = t_lex(t_wp + 1);
+	if (n != EOI)
+		t_wp++;
+	return !nexpr(n);
+}
+
+static int
+primary(enum token n)
+{
+	enum token nn;
+	int res;
+
+	if (n == EOI)
+		return 0;		/* missing expression */
+	if (n == LPAREN) {
+		if ((nn = t_lex(++t_wp)) == RPAREN)
+			return 0;	/* missing expression */
+		res = oexpr(nn);
+		if (t_lex(++t_wp) != RPAREN)
+			syntax(NULL, "closing paren expected");
+		return res;
+	}
+	if (t_wp_op && t_wp_op->op_type == UNOP) {
+		/* unary expression */
+		if (*++t_wp == NULL)
+			syntax(t_wp_op->op_text, "argument expected");
+		switch (n) {
+		case STREZ:
+			return strlen(*t_wp) == 0;
+		case STRNZ:
+			return strlen(*t_wp) != 0;
+		case FILTT:
+			return isatty(getn(*t_wp));
+#ifdef HAVE_FACCESSAT
+		case FILRD:
+			return test_file_access(*t_wp, R_OK);
+		case FILWR:
+			return test_file_access(*t_wp, W_OK);
+		case FILEX:
+			return test_file_access(*t_wp, X_OK);
+#endif
+		default:
+			return filstat(*t_wp, n);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (t_lex(t_wp + 1), t_wp_op && t_wp_op->op_type == BINOP) {
+		return binop();
+	}
+
+	return strlen(*t_wp) > 0;
+}
+
+static int
+binop(void)
+{
+	const char *opnd1, *opnd2;
+	struct t_op const *op;
+
+	opnd1 = *t_wp;
+	(void) t_lex(++t_wp);
+	op = t_wp_op;
+
+	if ((opnd2 = *++t_wp) == (char *)0)
+		syntax(op->op_text, "argument expected");
+
+	switch (op->op_num) {
+	default:
+#ifdef DEBUG
+		abort();
+		/* NOTREACHED */
+#endif
+	case STREQ:
+		return strcmp(opnd1, opnd2) == 0;
+	case STRNE:
+		return strcmp(opnd1, opnd2) != 0;
+	case STRLT:
+		return strcmp(opnd1, opnd2) < 0;
+	case STRGT:
+		return strcmp(opnd1, opnd2) > 0;
+	case INTEQ:
+		return getn(opnd1) == getn(opnd2);
+	case INTNE:
+		return getn(opnd1) != getn(opnd2);
+	case INTGE:
+		return getn(opnd1) >= getn(opnd2);
+	case INTGT:
+		return getn(opnd1) > getn(opnd2);
+	case INTLE:
+		return getn(opnd1) <= getn(opnd2);
+	case INTLT:
+		return getn(opnd1) < getn(opnd2);
+	case FILNT:
+		return newerf (opnd1, opnd2);
+	case FILOT:
+		return olderf (opnd1, opnd2);
+	case FILEQ:
+		return equalf (opnd1, opnd2);
+	}
+}
+
+static int
+filstat(char *nm, enum token mode)
+{
+	struct stat64 s;
+
+	if (mode == FILSYM ? lstat64(nm, &s) : stat64(nm, &s))
+		return 0;
+
+	switch (mode) {
+#ifndef HAVE_FACCESSAT
+	case FILRD:
+		return test_access(&s, R_OK);
+	case FILWR:
+		return test_access(&s, W_OK);
+	case FILEX:
+		return test_access(&s, X_OK);
+#endif
+	case FILEXIST:
+		return 1;
+	case FILREG:
+		return S_ISREG(s.st_mode);
+	case FILDIR:
+		return S_ISDIR(s.st_mode);
+	case FILCDEV:
+		return S_ISCHR(s.st_mode);
+	case FILBDEV:
+		return S_ISBLK(s.st_mode);
+	case FILFIFO:
+		return S_ISFIFO(s.st_mode);
+	case FILSOCK:
+		return S_ISSOCK(s.st_mode);
+	case FILSYM:
+		return S_ISLNK(s.st_mode);
+	case FILSUID:
+		return (s.st_mode & S_ISUID) != 0;
+	case FILSGID:
+		return (s.st_mode & S_ISGID) != 0;
+	case FILSTCK:
+		return (s.st_mode & S_ISVTX) != 0;
+	case FILGZ:
+		return !!s.st_size;
+	case FILUID:
+		return s.st_uid == geteuid();
+	case FILGID:
+		return s.st_gid == getegid();
+	default:
+		return 1;
+	}
+}
+
+static enum token t_lex(char **tp)
+{
+	struct t_op const *op;
+	char *s = *tp;
+
+	if (s == 0) {
+		t_wp_op = (struct t_op *)0;
+		return EOI;
+	}
+
+	op = getop(s);
+	if (op && !(op->op_type == UNOP && isoperand(tp)) &&
+	    !(op->op_num == LPAREN && !tp[1])) {
+		t_wp_op = op;
+		return op->op_num;
+	}
+
+	t_wp_op = (struct t_op *)0;
+	return OPERAND;
+}
+
+static int isoperand(char **tp)
+{
+	struct t_op const *op;
+	char *s;
+
+	if (!(s = tp[1]))
+		return 1;
+	if (!tp[2])
+		return 0;
+
+	op = getop(s);
+	return op && op->op_type == BINOP;
+}
+
+static int
+newerf (const char *f1, const char *f2)
+{
+	struct stat64 b1, b2;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_ST_MTIM
+	return (stat64(f1, &b1) == 0 &&
+		stat64(f2, &b2) == 0 &&
+		( b1.st_mtim.tv_sec > b2.st_mtim.tv_sec ||
+		 (b1.st_mtim.tv_sec == b2.st_mtim.tv_sec && (b1.st_mtim.tv_nsec > b2.st_mtim.tv_nsec )))
+	);
+#else
+	return (stat64(f1, &b1) == 0 &&
+		stat64(f2, &b2) == 0 &&
+		b1.st_mtime > b2.st_mtime);
+#endif
+}
+
+static int
+olderf (const char *f1, const char *f2)
+{
+	struct stat64 b1, b2;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_ST_MTIM
+	return (stat64(f1, &b1) == 0 &&
+		stat64(f2, &b2) == 0 &&
+		(b1.st_mtim.tv_sec < b2.st_mtim.tv_sec ||
+		 (b1.st_mtim.tv_sec == b2.st_mtim.tv_sec && (b1.st_mtim.tv_nsec < b2.st_mtim.tv_nsec )))
+	);
+#else
+	return (stat64(f1, &b1) == 0 &&
+		stat64(f2, &b2) == 0 &&
+		b1.st_mtime < b2.st_mtime);
+#endif
+}
+
+static int
+equalf (const char *f1, const char *f2)
+{
+	struct stat64 b1, b2;
+
+	return (stat64(f1, &b1) == 0 &&
+		stat64(f2, &b2) == 0 &&
+		b1.st_dev == b2.st_dev &&
+		b1.st_ino == b2.st_ino);
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_FACCESSAT
+static int has_exec_bit_set(const char *path)
+{
+	struct stat64 st;
+
+	if (stat64(path, &st))
+		return 0;
+	return st.st_mode & (S_IXUSR | S_IXGRP | S_IXOTH);
+}
+
+static int test_file_access(const char *path, int mode)
+{
+	if (faccessat_confused_about_superuser() &&
+	    mode == X_OK && geteuid() == 0 && !has_exec_bit_set(path))
+		return 0;
+	return !faccessat(AT_FDCWD, path, mode, AT_EACCESS);
+}
+#else	/* HAVE_FACCESSAT */
+/*
+ * The manual, and IEEE POSIX 1003.2, suggests this should check the mode bits,
+ * not use access():
+ *
+ *	True shall indicate only that the write flag is on.  The file is not
+ *	writable on a read-only file system even if this test indicates true.
+ *
+ * Unfortunately IEEE POSIX 1003.1-2001, as quoted in SuSv3, says only:
+ *
+ *	True shall indicate that permission to read from file will be granted,
+ *	as defined in "File Read, Write, and Creation".
+ *
+ * and that section says:
+ *
+ *	When a file is to be read or written, the file shall be opened with an
+ *	access mode corresponding to the operation to be performed.  If file
+ *	access permissions deny access, the requested operation shall fail.
+ *
+ * and of course access permissions are described as one might expect:
+ *
+ *     * If a process has the appropriate privilege:
+ *
+ *        * If read, write, or directory search permission is requested,
+ *          access shall be granted.
+ *
+ *        * If execute permission is requested, access shall be granted if
+ *          execute permission is granted to at least one user by the file
+ *          permission bits or by an alternate access control mechanism;
+ *          otherwise, access shall be denied.
+ *
+ *   * Otherwise:
+ *
+ *        * The file permission bits of a file contain read, write, and
+ *          execute/search permissions for the file owner class, file group
+ *          class, and file other class.
+ *
+ *        * Access shall be granted if an alternate access control mechanism
+ *          is not enabled and the requested access permission bit is set for
+ *          the class (file owner class, file group class, or file other class)
+ *          to which the process belongs, or if an alternate access control
+ *          mechanism is enabled and it allows the requested access; otherwise,
+ *          access shall be denied.
+ *
+ * and when I first read this I thought:  surely we can't go about using
+ * open(O_WRONLY) to try this test!  However the POSIX 1003.1-2001 Rationale
+ * section for test does in fact say:
+ *
+ *	On historical BSD systems, test -w directory always returned false
+ *	because test tried to open the directory for writing, which always
+ *	fails.
+ *
+ * and indeed this is in fact true for Seventh Edition UNIX, UNIX 32V, and UNIX
+ * System III, and thus presumably also for BSD up to and including 4.3.
+ *
+ * Secondly I remembered why using open() and/or access() are bogus.  They
+ * don't work right for detecting read and write permissions bits when called
+ * by root.
+ *
+ * Interestingly the 'test' in 4.4BSD was closer to correct (as per
+ * 1003.2-1992) and it was implemented efficiently with stat() instead of
+ * open().
+ *
+ * This was apparently broken in NetBSD around about 1994/06/30 when the old
+ * 4.4BSD implementation was replaced with a (arguably much better coded)
+ * implementation derived from pdksh.
+ *
+ * Note that modern pdksh is yet different again, but still not correct, at
+ * least not w.r.t. 1003.2-1992.
+ *
+ * As I think more about it and read more of the related IEEE docs I don't like
+ * that wording about 'test -r' and 'test -w' in 1003.1-2001 at all.  I very
+ * much prefer the original wording in 1003.2-1992.  It is much more useful,
+ * and so that's what I've implemented.
+ *
+ * (Note that a strictly conforming implementation of 1003.1-2001 is in fact
+ * totally useless for the case in question since its 'test -w' and 'test -r'
+ * can never fail for root for any existing files, i.e. files for which 'test
+ * -e' succeeds.)
+ *
+ * The rationale for 1003.1-2001 suggests that the wording was "clarified" in
+ * 1003.1-2001 to align with the 1003.2b draft.  1003.2b Draft 12 (July 1999),
+ * which is the latest copy I have, does carry the same suggested wording as is
+ * in 1003.1-2001, with its rationale saying:
+ *
+ * 	This change is a clarification and is the result of interpretation
+ * 	request PASC 1003.2-92 #23 submitted for IEEE Std 1003.2-1992.
+ *
+ * That interpretation can be found here:
+ *
+ *   http://www.pasc.org/interps/unofficial/db/p1003.2/pasc-1003.2-23.html
+ *
+ * Not terribly helpful, unfortunately.  I wonder who that fence sitter was.
+ *
+ * Worse, IMVNSHO, I think the authors of 1003.2b-D12 have mis-interpreted the
+ * PASC interpretation and appear to be gone against at least one widely used
+ * implementation (namely 4.4BSD).  The problem is that for file access by root
+ * this means that if test '-r' and '-w' are to behave as if open() were called
+ * then there's no way for a shell script running as root to check if a file
+ * has certain access bits set other than by the grotty means of interpreting
+ * the output of 'ls -l'.  This was widely considered to be a bug in V7's
+ * "test" and is, I believe, one of the reasons why direct use of access() was
+ * avoided in some more recent implementations!
+ *
+ * I have always interpreted '-r' to match '-w' and '-x' as per the original
+ * wording in 1003.2-1992, not the other way around.  I think 1003.2b goes much
+ * too far the wrong way without any valid rationale and that it's best if we
+ * stick with 1003.2-1992 and test the flags, and not mimic the behaviour of
+ * open() since we already know very well how it will work -- existance of the
+ * file is all that matters to open() for root.
+ *
+ * Unfortunately the SVID is no help at all (which is, I guess, partly why
+ * we're in this mess in the first place :-).
+ *
+ * The SysV implementation (at least in the 'test' builtin in /bin/sh) does use
+ * access(name, 2) even though it also goes to much greater lengths for '-x'
+ * matching the 1003.2-1992 definition (which is no doubt where that definition
+ * came from).
+ *
+ * The ksh93 implementation uses access() for '-r' and '-w' if
+ * (euid==uid&&egid==gid), but uses st_mode for '-x' iff running as root.
+ * i.e. it does strictly conform to 1003.1-2001 (and presumably 1003.2b).
+ */
+static int test_access(const struct stat64 *sp, int stmode)
+{
+	gid_t *groups;
+	register int n;
+	uid_t euid;
+	int maxgroups;
+
+	/*
+	 * I suppose we could use access() if not running as root and if we are
+	 * running with ((euid == uid) && (egid == gid)), but we've already
+	 * done the stat() so we might as well just test the permissions
+	 * directly instead of asking the kernel to do it....
+	 */
+	euid = geteuid();
+	if (euid == 0) {
+		if (stmode != X_OK)
+			return 1;
+
+		/* any bit is good enough */
+		stmode = (stmode << 6) | (stmode << 3) | stmode;
+	} else if (sp->st_uid == euid)
+		stmode <<= 6;
+	else if (sp->st_gid == getegid())
+		stmode <<= 3;
+	else {
+		/* XXX stolen almost verbatim from ksh93.... */
+		/* on some systems you can be in several groups */
+		maxgroups = getgroups(0, NULL);
+		groups = stalloc(maxgroups * sizeof(*groups));
+		n = getgroups(maxgroups, groups);
+		while (--n >= 0) {
+			if (groups[n] == sp->st_gid) {
+				stmode <<= 3;
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return sp->st_mode & stmode;
+}
+#endif	/* HAVE_FACCESSAT */
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/bltin/times.c b/bin/dash/src/bltin/times.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1166a68e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/bltin/times.c
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1999 Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
+ * This file contains code for the times builtin.
+ */
+
+#include <sys/times.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#ifdef USE_GLIBC_STDIO
+#include <stdio.h>
+#else
+#include "bltin.h"
+#endif
+#include "system.h"
+
+int timescmd() {
+	struct tms buf;
+	long int clk_tck = sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK);
+	int mutime, mstime, mcutime, mcstime;
+	double utime, stime, cutime, cstime;
+
+	times(&buf);
+
+	utime = (double)buf.tms_utime / clk_tck;
+	mutime = utime / 60;
+	utime -= mutime * 60.0;
+
+	stime = (double)buf.tms_stime / clk_tck;
+	mstime = stime / 60;
+	stime -= mstime * 60.0;
+
+	cutime = (double)buf.tms_cutime / clk_tck;
+	mcutime = cutime / 60;
+	cutime -= mcutime * 60.0;
+
+	cstime = (double)buf.tms_cstime / clk_tck;
+	mcstime = cstime / 60;
+	cstime -= mcstime * 60.0;
+
+	printf("%dm%fs %dm%fs\n%dm%fs %dm%fs\n", mutime, utime, mstime, stime,
+	       mcutime, cutime, mcstime, cstime);
+	return 0;
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/builtins.def.in b/bin/dash/src/builtins.def.in
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..95e420cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/builtins.def.in
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)builtins.def	8.4 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ */
+
+/*
+ * This file lists all the builtin commands.  The first column is the name
+ * of a C routine.
+ * The -a flag specifies that this is a posix 'assignment builtin' command.
+ * The -s flag specifies that this is a posix 'special builtin' command.
+ * The -u flag specifies that this is a posix 'standard utility'.
+ * The -n flag specifies that this command has a special entry point.
+ * The rest of the line specifies the command name or names used to run
+ * the command.
+ */
+
+#ifndef JOBS
+#define JOBS 1
+#endif
+
+#if JOBS
+bgcmd		-u bg
+fgcmd		-u fg
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SMALL
+histcmd		-u fc
+#endif
+
+breakcmd	-s break -s continue
+cdcmd		-u cd chdir
+commandcmd	-u command
+dotcmd		-s .
+echocmd		echo
+evalcmd		-ns eval
+execcmd		-s exec
+exitcmd		-s exit
+exportcmd	-as export -as readonly
+falsecmd	-u false
+getoptscmd	-u getopts
+hashcmd		-u hash
+jobscmd		-u jobs
+localcmd	-as local
+printfcmd	printf
+pwdcmd		-u pwd
+readcmd		-u read
+returncmd	-s return
+setcmd		-s set
+shiftcmd	-s shift
+timescmd	-s times
+trapcmd		-s trap
+truecmd		-s : -u true
+typecmd		-u type
+umaskcmd	-u umask
+unaliascmd	-u unalias
+unsetcmd	-s unset
+waitcmd		-u wait
+aliascmd	-au alias
+#ifdef HAVE_GETRLIMIT
+ulimitcmd	-u ulimit
+#endif
+testcmd		test [
+killcmd		-u kill
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/cd.c b/bin/dash/src/cd.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1ef1dc56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/cd.c
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#include <sys/cygwin.h>
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * The cd and pwd commands.
+ */
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "var.h"
+#include "nodes.h"	/* for jobs.h */
+#include "jobs.h"
+#include "options.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "exec.h"
+#include "redir.h"
+#include "main.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+#include "show.h"
+#include "cd.h"
+
+#define CD_PHYSICAL 1
+#define CD_PRINT 2
+
+STATIC int docd(const char *, int);
+STATIC const char *updatepwd(const char *);
+STATIC char *getpwd(void);
+STATIC int cdopt(void);
+
+STATIC char *curdir = nullstr;		/* current working directory */
+STATIC char *physdir = nullstr;		/* physical working directory */
+
+STATIC int
+cdopt()
+{
+	int flags = 0;
+	int i, j;
+
+	j = 'L';
+	while ((i = nextopt("LP"))) {
+		if (i != j) {
+			flags ^= CD_PHYSICAL;
+			j = i;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return flags;
+}
+
+int
+cdcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	const char *dest;
+	const char *path;
+	const char *p;
+	char c;
+	struct stat64 statb;
+	int flags;
+	int len;
+
+	flags = cdopt();
+	dest = *argptr;
+	if (!dest)
+		dest = bltinlookup(homestr);
+	else if (dest[0] == '-' && dest[1] == '\0') {
+		dest = bltinlookup("OLDPWD");
+		flags |= CD_PRINT;
+	}
+	if (!dest)
+		dest = nullstr;
+	if (*dest == '/')
+		goto step6;
+	if (*dest == '.') {
+		c = dest[1];
+dotdot:
+		switch (c) {
+		case '\0':
+		case '/':
+			goto step6;
+		case '.':
+			c = dest[2];
+			if (c != '.')
+				goto dotdot;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!*dest)
+		dest = ".";
+	path = bltinlookup("CDPATH");
+	while (p = path, (len = padvance_magic(&path, dest, 0)) >= 0) {
+		c = *p;
+		p = stalloc(len);
+
+		if (stat64(p, &statb) >= 0 && S_ISDIR(statb.st_mode)) {
+			if (c && c != ':')
+				flags |= CD_PRINT;
+docd:
+			if (!docd(p, flags))
+				goto out;
+			goto err;
+		}
+	}
+
+step6:
+	p = dest;
+	goto docd;
+
+err:
+	sh_error("can't cd to %s", dest);
+	/* NOTREACHED */
+out:
+	if (flags & CD_PRINT)
+		out1fmt(snlfmt, curdir);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Actually do the chdir.  We also call hashcd to let the routines in exec.c
+ * know that the current directory has changed.
+ */
+
+STATIC int
+docd(const char *dest, int flags)
+{
+	const char *dir = 0;
+	int err;
+
+	TRACE(("docd(\"%s\", %d) called\n", dest, flags));
+
+	INTOFF;
+	if (!(flags & CD_PHYSICAL)) {
+		dir = updatepwd(dest);
+		if (dir)
+			dest = dir;
+	}
+	err = chdir(dest);
+	if (err)
+		goto out;
+	setpwd(dir, 1);
+	hashcd();
+out:
+	INTON;
+	return err;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Update curdir (the name of the current directory) in response to a
+ * cd command.
+ */
+
+STATIC const char *
+updatepwd(const char *dir)
+{
+	char *new;
+	char *p;
+	char *cdcomppath;
+	const char *lim;
+
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+	/* On cygwin, thanks to drive letters, some absolute paths do
+	   not begin with slash; but cygwin includes a function that
+	   forces normalization to the posix form */
+	char pathbuf[PATH_MAX];
+	if (cygwin_conv_path(CCP_WIN_A_TO_POSIX | CCP_RELATIVE, dir, pathbuf,
+			     sizeof(pathbuf)) < 0)
+		sh_error("can't normalize %s", dir);
+	dir = pathbuf;
+#endif
+
+	cdcomppath = sstrdup(dir);
+	STARTSTACKSTR(new);
+	if (*dir != '/') {
+		if (curdir == nullstr)
+			return 0;
+		new = stputs(curdir, new);
+	}
+	new = makestrspace(strlen(dir) + 2, new);
+	lim = stackblock() + 1;
+	if (*dir != '/') {
+		if (new[-1] != '/')
+			USTPUTC('/', new);
+		if (new > lim && *lim == '/')
+			lim++;
+	} else {
+		USTPUTC('/', new);
+		cdcomppath++;
+		if (dir[1] == '/' && dir[2] != '/') {
+			USTPUTC('/', new);
+			cdcomppath++;
+			lim++;
+		}
+	}
+	p = strtok(cdcomppath, "/");
+	while (p) {
+		switch(*p) {
+		case '.':
+			if (p[1] == '.' && p[2] == '\0') {
+				while (new > lim) {
+					STUNPUTC(new);
+					if (new[-1] == '/')
+						break;
+				}
+				break;
+			} else if (p[1] == '\0')
+				break;
+			/* fall through */
+		default:
+			new = stputs(p, new);
+			USTPUTC('/', new);
+		}
+		p = strtok(0, "/");
+	}
+	if (new > lim)
+		STUNPUTC(new);
+	*new = 0;
+	return stackblock();
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Find out what the current directory is. If we already know the current
+ * directory, this routine returns immediately.
+ */
+inline
+STATIC char *
+getpwd()
+{
+#ifdef __GLIBC__
+	char *dir = getcwd(0, 0);
+
+	if (dir)
+		return dir;
+#else
+	char buf[PATH_MAX];
+
+	if (getcwd(buf, sizeof(buf)))
+		return savestr(buf);
+#endif
+
+	sh_warnx("getcwd() failed: %s", strerror(errno));
+	return nullstr;
+}
+
+int
+pwdcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	int flags;
+	const char *dir = curdir;
+
+	flags = cdopt();
+	if (flags) {
+		if (physdir == nullstr)
+			setpwd(dir, 0);
+		dir = physdir;
+	}
+	out1fmt(snlfmt, dir);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void
+setpwd(const char *val, int setold)
+{
+	char *oldcur, *dir;
+
+	oldcur = dir = curdir;
+
+	if (setold) {
+		setvar("OLDPWD", oldcur, VEXPORT);
+	}
+	INTOFF;
+	if (physdir != nullstr) {
+		if (physdir != oldcur)
+			free(physdir);
+		physdir = nullstr;
+	}
+	if (oldcur == val || !val) {
+		char *s = getpwd();
+		physdir = s;
+		if (!val)
+			dir = s;
+	} else
+		dir = savestr(val);
+	if (oldcur != dir && oldcur != nullstr) {
+		free(oldcur);
+	}
+	curdir = dir;
+	INTON;
+	setvar("PWD", dir, VEXPORT);
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/cd.h b/bin/dash/src/cd.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..87631619
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/cd.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1995
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ */
+
+int	cdcmd(int, char **);
+int	pwdcmd(int, char **);
+void	setpwd(const char *, int);
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/dash.1 b/bin/dash/src/dash.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..32f6ac0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/dash.1
@@ -0,0 +1,2357 @@
+.\" Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\" Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+.\"	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+.\" Kenneth Almquist.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	@(#)sh.1	8.6 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+.\"
+.Dd January 19, 2003
+.Os
+.Dt DASH 1
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm dash
+.Nd command interpreter (shell)
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Bk -words
+.Op Fl aCefnuvxIimqVEb
+.Op Cm +aCefnuvxIimqVEb
+.Ek
+.Bk -words
+.Op Fl o Ar option_name
+.Op Cm +o Ar option_name
+.Ek
+.Bk -words
+.Op Ar command_file Oo Ar argument ... Oc
+.Ek
+.Nm
+.Fl c
+.Bk -words
+.Op Fl aCefnuvxIimqVEb
+.Op Cm +aCefnuvxIimqVEb
+.Ek
+.Bk -words
+.Op Fl o Ar option_name
+.Op Cm +o Ar option_name
+.Ek
+.Bk -words
+.Ar command_string
+.Op Ar command_name Oo Ar argument ... Oc
+.Ek
+.Nm
+.Fl s
+.Bk -words
+.Op Fl aCefnuvxIimqVEb
+.Op Cm +aCefnuvxIimqVEb
+.Ek
+.Bk -words
+.Op Fl o Ar option_name
+.Op Cm +o Ar option_name
+.Ek
+.Bk -words
+.Op Ar argument ...
+.Ek
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+is the standard command interpreter for the system.
+The current version of
+.Nm
+is in the process of being changed to conform with the
+.Tn POSIX
+1003.2 and 1003.2a specifications for the shell.
+This version has many
+features which make it appear similar in some respects to the Korn shell,
+but it is not a Korn shell clone (see
+.Xr ksh 1 ) .
+Only features designated by
+.Tn POSIX ,
+plus a few Berkeley extensions, are being incorporated into this shell.
+This man page is not intended
+to be a tutorial or a complete specification of the shell.
+.Ss Overview
+The shell is a command that reads lines from either a file or the
+terminal, interprets them, and generally executes other commands.
+It is the program that is running when a user logs into the system
+(although a user can select a different shell with the
+.Xr chsh 1
+command).
+The shell implements a language that has flow control
+constructs, a macro facility that provides a variety of features in
+addition to data storage, along with built in history and line editing
+capabilities.
+It incorporates many features to aid interactive use and
+has the advantage that the interpretative language is common to both
+interactive and non-interactive use (shell scripts).
+That is, commands
+can be typed directly to the running shell or can be put into a file and
+the file can be executed directly by the shell.
+.Ss Invocation
+If no args are present and if the standard input of the shell
+is connected to a terminal (or if the
+.Fl i
+flag is set),
+and the
+.Fl c
+option is not present, the shell is considered an interactive shell.
+An interactive shell generally prompts before each command and handles
+programming and command errors differently (as described below).
+When first starting,
+the shell inspects argument 0, and if it begins with a dash
+.Sq - ,
+the shell is also considered
+a login shell.
+This is normally done automatically by the system
+when the user first logs in.
+A login shell first reads commands
+from the files
+.Pa /etc/profile
+and
+.Pa .profile
+if they exist.
+If the environment variable
+.Ev ENV
+is set on entry to an interactive shell, or is set in the
+.Pa .profile
+of a login shell, the shell next reads
+commands from the file named in
+.Ev ENV .
+Therefore, a user should place commands that are to be executed only at
+login time in the
+.Pa .profile
+file, and commands that are executed for every interactive shell inside the
+.Ev ENV
+file.
+To set the
+.Ev ENV
+variable to some file, place the following line in your
+.Pa .profile
+of your home directory
+.Pp
+.Dl ENV=$HOME/.shinit; export ENV
+.Pp
+substituting for
+.Dq .shinit
+any filename you wish.
+.Pp
+If command line arguments besides the options have been specified, then
+the shell treats the first argument as the name of a file from which to
+read commands (a shell script), and the remaining arguments are set as the
+positional parameters of the shell ($1, $2, etc).
+Otherwise, the shell
+reads commands from its standard input.
+.Ss Argument List Processing
+All of the single letter options that have a corresponding name can be
+used as an argument to the
+.Fl o
+option.
+The set
+.Fl o
+name is provided next to the single letter option in
+the description below.
+Specifying a dash
+.Dq -
+turns the option on, while using a plus
+.Dq +
+disables the option.
+The following options can be set from the command line or
+with the
+.Ic set
+builtin (described later).
+.Bl -tag -width aaaallexportfoo -offset indent
+.It Fl a Em allexport
+Export all variables assigned to.
+.It Fl c
+Read commands from the
+.Ar command_string
+operand instead of from the standard input.
+Special parameter 0 will be set from the
+.Ar command_name
+operand and the positional parameters ($1, $2, etc.)
+set from the remaining argument operands.
+.It Fl C Em noclobber
+Don't overwrite existing files with
+.Dq \*[Gt] .
+.It Fl e Em errexit
+If not interactive, exit immediately if any untested command fails.
+The exit status of a command is considered to be
+explicitly tested if the command is used to control an
+.Ic if ,
+.Ic elif ,
+.Ic while ,
+or
+.Ic until ;
+or if the command is the left hand operand of an
+.Dq &&
+or
+.Dq ||
+operator.
+.It Fl f Em noglob
+Disable pathname expansion.
+.It Fl n Em noexec
+If not interactive, read commands but do not execute them.
+This is useful for checking the syntax of shell scripts.
+.It Fl u Em nounset
+Write a message to standard error when attempting to expand a variable
+that is not set, and if the shell is not interactive, exit immediately.
+.It Fl v Em verbose
+The shell writes its input to standard error as it is read.
+Useful for debugging.
+.It Fl x Em xtrace
+Write each command to standard error (preceded by a
+.Sq +\  )
+before it is executed.
+Useful for debugging.
+.It Fl I Em ignoreeof
+Ignore EOF's from input when interactive.
+.It Fl i Em interactive
+Force the shell to behave interactively.
+.It Fl l
+Make dash act as if it had been invoked as a login shell.
+.It Fl m Em monitor
+Turn on job control (set automatically when interactive).
+.It Fl s Em stdin
+Read commands from standard input (set automatically if no file arguments
+are present).
+This option has no effect when set after the shell has
+already started running (i.e. with
+.Ic set ) .
+.It Fl V Em vi
+Enable the built-in
+.Xr vi 1
+command line editor (disables
+.Fl E
+if it has been set).
+.It Fl E Em emacs
+Enable the built-in
+.Xr emacs 1
+command line editor (disables
+.Fl V
+if it has been set).
+.It Fl b Em notify
+Enable asynchronous notification of background job completion.
+(UNIMPLEMENTED for 4.4alpha)
+.El
+.Ss Lexical Structure
+The shell reads input in terms of lines from a file and breaks it up into
+words at whitespace (blanks and tabs), and at certain sequences of
+characters that are special to the shell called
+.Dq operators .
+There are two types of operators: control operators and redirection
+operators (their meaning is discussed later).
+Following is a list of operators:
+.Bl -ohang -offset indent
+.It "Control operators:"
+.Dl &  &&  \&(  \&)  \&;  ;; | || \*[Lt]newline\*[Gt]
+.It "Redirection operators:"
+.Dl \*[Lt]  \*[Gt]  \*[Gt]|  \*[Lt]\*[Lt]  \*[Gt]\*[Gt]  \*[Lt]&  \*[Gt]&  \*[Lt]\*[Lt]-  \*[Lt]\*[Gt]
+.El
+.Ss Quoting
+Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or
+words to the shell, such as operators, whitespace, or keywords.
+There are three types of quoting: matched single quotes,
+matched double quotes, and backslash.
+.Ss Backslash
+A backslash preserves the literal meaning of the following
+character, with the exception of
+.Aq newline .
+A backslash preceding a
+.Aq newline
+is treated as a line continuation.
+.Ss Single Quotes
+Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal meaning of all
+the characters (except single quotes, making it impossible to put
+single-quotes in a single-quoted string).
+.Ss Double Quotes
+Enclosing characters within double quotes preserves the literal
+meaning of all characters except dollarsign
+.Pq $ ,
+backquote
+.Pq ` ,
+and backslash
+.Pq \e .
+The backslash inside double quotes is historically weird, and serves to
+quote only the following characters:
+.Dl $  `  \*q  \e  \*[Lt]newline\*[Gt] .
+Otherwise it remains literal.
+.Ss Reserved Words
+Reserved words are words that have special meaning to the
+shell and are recognized at the beginning of a line and
+after a control operator.
+The following are reserved words:
+.Bl -column while while while while while -offset indent
+.It ! Ta elif Ta fi Ta while Ta case
+.It else Ta for Ta then Ta { Ta }
+.It do Ta done Ta until Ta if Ta esac
+.El
+.Pp
+Their meaning is discussed later.
+.Ss Aliases
+An alias is a name and corresponding value set using the
+.Xr alias 1
+builtin command.
+Whenever a reserved word may occur (see above),
+and after checking for reserved words, the shell
+checks the word to see if it matches an alias.
+If it does, it replaces it in the input stream with its value.
+For example, if there is an alias called
+.Dq lf
+with the value
+.Dq "ls -F" ,
+then the input:
+.Pp
+.Dl lf foobar Aq return
+.Pp
+would become
+.Pp
+.Dl ls -F foobar Aq return
+.Pp
+Aliases provide a convenient way for naive users to create shorthands for
+commands without having to learn how to create functions with arguments.
+They can also be used to create lexically obscure code.
+This use is discouraged.
+.Ss Commands
+The shell interprets the words it reads according to a language, the
+specification of which is outside the scope of this man page (refer to the
+BNF in the
+.Tn POSIX
+1003.2 document).
+Essentially though, a line is read and if the first
+word of the line (or after a control operator) is not a reserved word,
+then the shell has recognized a simple command.
+Otherwise, a complex
+command or some other special construct may have been recognized.
+.Ss Simple Commands
+If a simple command has been recognized, the shell performs
+the following actions:
+.Bl -enum -offset indent
+.It
+Leading words of the form
+.Dq name=value
+are stripped off and assigned to the environment of the simple command.
+Redirection operators and their arguments (as described below) are
+stripped off and saved for processing.
+.It
+The remaining words are expanded as described in
+the section called
+.Dq Expansions ,
+and the first remaining word is considered the command name and the
+command is located.
+The remaining words are considered the arguments of the command.
+If no command name resulted, then the
+.Dq name=value
+variable assignments recognized in item 1 affect the current shell.
+.It
+Redirections are performed as described in the next section.
+.El
+.Ss Redirections
+Redirections are used to change where a command reads its input or sends
+its output.
+In general, redirections open, close, or duplicate an
+existing reference to a file.
+The overall format used for redirection is:
+.Pp
+.Dl [n] Va redir-op Ar file
+.Pp
+where
+.Va redir-op
+is one of the redirection operators mentioned previously.
+Following is a list of the possible redirections.
+The
+.Bq n
+is an optional number between 0 and 9, as in
+.Sq 3
+(not
+.Sq Bq 3 ) ,
+that refers to a file descriptor.
+.Bl -tag -width aaabsfiles -offset indent
+.It [n] Ns \*[Gt] file
+Redirect standard output (or n) to file.
+.It [n] Ns \*[Gt]| file
+Same, but override the
+.Fl C
+option.
+.It [n] Ns \*[Gt]\*[Gt] file
+Append standard output (or n) to file.
+.It [n] Ns \*[Lt] file
+Redirect standard input (or n) from file.
+.It [n1] Ns \*[Lt]& Ns n2
+Copy file descriptor n2 as stdout (or fd n1).
+fd n2.
+.It [n] Ns \*[Lt]&-
+Close standard input (or n).
+.It [n1] Ns \*[Gt]& Ns n2
+Copy file descriptor n2 as stdin (or fd n1).
+fd n2.
+.It [n] Ns \*[Gt]&-
+Close standard output (or n).
+.It [n] Ns \*[Lt]\*[Gt] file
+Open file for reading and writing on standard input (or n).
+.El
+.Pp
+The following redirection is often called a
+.Dq here-document .
+.Bl -item -offset indent
+.It
+.Li [n]\*[Lt]\*[Lt] delimiter
+.Dl here-doc-text ...
+.Li delimiter
+.El
+.Pp
+All the text on successive lines up to the delimiter is saved away and
+made available to the command on standard input, or file descriptor n if
+it is specified.
+If the delimiter as specified on the initial line is
+quoted, then the here-doc-text is treated literally, otherwise the text is
+subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
+expansion (as described in the section on
+.Dq Expansions ) .
+If the operator is
+.Dq \*[Lt]\*[Lt]-
+instead of
+.Dq \*[Lt]\*[Lt] ,
+then leading tabs in the here-doc-text are stripped.
+.Ss Search and Execution
+There are three types of commands: shell functions, builtin commands, and
+normal programs -- and the command is searched for (by name) in that order.
+They each are executed in a different way.
+.Pp
+When a shell function is executed, all of the shell positional parameters
+(except $0, which remains unchanged) are set to the arguments of the shell
+function.
+The variables which are explicitly placed in the environment of
+the command (by placing assignments to them before the function name) are
+made local to the function and are set to the values given.
+Then the command given in the function definition is executed.
+The positional parameters are restored to their original values
+when the command completes.
+This all occurs within the current shell.
+.Pp
+Shell builtins are executed internally to the shell, without spawning a
+new process.
+.Pp
+Otherwise, if the command name doesn't match a function or builtin, the
+command is searched for as a normal program in the file system (as
+described in the next section).
+When a normal program is executed, the shell runs the program,
+passing the arguments and the environment to the program.
+If the program is not a normal executable file (i.e., if it does
+not begin with the "magic number" whose
+.Tn ASCII
+representation is "#!", so
+.Xr execve 2
+returns
+.Er ENOEXEC
+then) the shell will interpret the program in a subshell.
+The child shell will reinitialize itself in this case,
+so that the effect will be as if a
+new shell had been invoked to handle the ad-hoc shell script, except that
+the location of hashed commands located in the parent shell will be
+remembered by the child.
+.Pp
+Note that previous versions of this document and the source code itself
+misleadingly and sporadically refer to a shell script without a magic
+number as a "shell procedure".
+.Ss Path Search
+When locating a command, the shell first looks to see if it has a shell
+function by that name.
+Then it looks for a builtin command by that name.
+If a builtin command is not found, one of two things happen:
+.Bl -enum
+.It
+Command names containing a slash are simply executed without performing
+any searches.
+.It
+The shell searches each entry in
+.Ev PATH
+in turn for the command.
+The value of the
+.Ev PATH
+variable should be a series of entries separated by colons.
+Each entry consists of a directory name.
+The current directory may be indicated
+implicitly by an empty directory name, or explicitly by a single period.
+.El
+.Ss Command Exit Status
+Each command has an exit status that can influence the behaviour
+of other shell commands.
+The paradigm is that a command exits
+with zero for normal or success, and non-zero for failure,
+error, or a false indication.
+The man page for each command
+should indicate the various exit codes and what they mean.
+Additionally, the builtin commands return exit codes, as does
+an executed shell function.
+.Pp
+If a command consists entirely of variable assignments then the
+exit status of the command is that of the last command substitution
+if any, otherwise 0.
+.Ss Complex Commands
+Complex commands are combinations of simple commands with control
+operators or reserved words, together creating a larger complex command.
+More generally, a command is one of the following:
+.Bl -bullet
+.It
+simple command
+.It
+pipeline
+.It
+list or compound-list
+.It
+compound command
+.It
+function definition
+.El
+.Pp
+Unless otherwise stated, the exit status of a command is that of the last
+simple command executed by the command.
+.Ss Pipelines
+A pipeline is a sequence of one or more commands separated
+by the control operator |.
+The standard output of all but
+the last command is connected to the standard input
+of the next command.
+The standard output of the last
+command is inherited from the shell, as usual.
+.Pp
+The format for a pipeline is:
+.Pp
+.Dl [!] command1 [ | command2 ...]
+.Pp
+The standard output of command1 is connected to the standard input of
+command2.
+The standard input, standard output, or both of a command is
+considered to be assigned by the pipeline before any redirection specified
+by redirection operators that are part of the command.
+.Pp
+If the pipeline is not in the background (discussed later), the shell
+waits for all commands to complete.
+.Pp
+If the reserved word ! does not precede the pipeline, the exit status is
+the exit status of the last command specified in the pipeline.
+Otherwise, the exit status is the logical NOT of the exit status of the
+last command.
+That is, if the last command returns zero, the exit status
+is 1; if the last command returns greater than zero, the exit status is
+zero.
+.Pp
+Because pipeline assignment of standard input or standard output or both
+takes place before redirection, it can be modified by redirection.
+For example:
+.Pp
+.Dl $ command1 2\*[Gt]&1 | command2
+.Pp
+sends both the standard output and standard error of command1
+to the standard input of command2.
+.Pp
+A ; or
+.Aq newline
+terminator causes the preceding AND-OR-list (described
+next) to be executed sequentially; a & causes asynchronous execution of
+the preceding AND-OR-list.
+.Pp
+Note that unlike some other shells, each process in the pipeline is a
+child of the invoking shell (unless it is a shell builtin, in which case
+it executes in the current shell -- but any effect it has on the
+environment is wiped).
+.Ss Background Commands -- &
+If a command is terminated by the control operator ampersand (&), the
+shell executes the command asynchronously -- that is, the shell does not
+wait for the command to finish before executing the next command.
+.Pp
+The format for running a command in background is:
+.Pp
+.Dl command1 & [command2 & ...]
+.Pp
+If the shell is not interactive, the standard input of an asynchronous
+command is set to
+.Pa /dev/null .
+.Ss Lists -- Generally Speaking
+A list is a sequence of zero or more commands separated by newlines,
+semicolons, or ampersands, and optionally terminated by one of these three
+characters.
+The commands in a list are executed in the order they are written.
+If command is followed by an ampersand, the shell starts the
+command and immediately proceeds onto the next command; otherwise it waits
+for the command to terminate before proceeding to the next one.
+.Ss Short-Circuit List Operators
+.Dq &&
+and
+.Dq ||
+are AND-OR list operators.
+.Dq &&
+executes the first command, and then executes the second command if and only
+if the exit status of the first command is zero.
+.Dq ||
+is similar, but executes the second command if and only if the exit status
+of the first command is nonzero.
+.Dq &&
+and
+.Dq ||
+both have the same priority.
+.Ss Flow-Control Constructs -- if, while, for, case
+The syntax of the if command is
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+if list
+then list
+[ elif list
+then    list ] ...
+[ else list ]
+fi
+.Ed
+.Pp
+The syntax of the while command is
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+while list
+do   list
+done
+.Ed
+.Pp
+The two lists are executed repeatedly while the exit status of the
+first list is zero.
+The until command is similar, but has the word
+until in place of while, which causes it to
+repeat until the exit status of the first list is zero.
+.Pp
+The syntax of the for command is
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+for variable [ in [ word ... ] ]
+do   list
+done
+.Ed
+.Pp
+The words following
+.Pa in
+are expanded, and then the list is executed repeatedly with the
+variable set to each word in turn.
+Omitting in word ... is equivalent to in "$@".
+.Pp
+The syntax of the break and continue command is
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+break [ num ]
+continue [ num ]
+.Ed
+.Pp
+Break terminates the num innermost for or while loops.
+Continue continues with the next iteration of the innermost loop.
+These are implemented as builtin commands.
+.Pp
+The syntax of the case command is
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+case word in
+[(]pattern) list ;;
+\&...
+esac
+.Ed
+.Pp
+The pattern can actually be one or more patterns (see
+.Sx Shell Patterns
+described later), separated by
+.Dq \*(Ba
+characters.
+The
+.Do
+(
+.Dc
+character before the pattern is optional.
+.Ss Grouping Commands Together
+Commands may be grouped by writing either
+.Pp
+.Dl (list)
+.Pp
+or
+.Pp
+.Dl { list; }
+.Pp
+The first of these executes the commands in a subshell.
+Builtin commands grouped into a (list) will not affect the current shell.
+The second form does not fork another shell so is slightly more efficient.
+Grouping commands together this way allows you to redirect
+their output as though they were one program:
+.Pp
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+{ printf \*q hello \*q ; printf \*q world\\n" ; } \*[Gt] greeting
+.Ed
+.Pp
+Note that
+.Dq }
+must follow a control operator (here,
+.Dq \&; )
+so that it is recognized as a reserved word and not as another command argument.
+.Ss Functions
+The syntax of a function definition is
+.Pp
+.Dl name ( ) command
+.Pp
+A function definition is an executable statement; when executed it
+installs a function named name and returns an exit status of zero.
+The command is normally a list enclosed between
+.Dq {
+and
+.Dq } .
+.Pp
+Variables may be declared to be local to a function by using a local
+command.
+This should appear as the first statement of a function, and the syntax is
+.Pp
+.Dl local [ variable | - ] ...
+.Pp
+Local is implemented as a builtin command.
+.Pp
+When a variable is made local, it inherits the initial value and exported
+and readonly flags from the variable with the same name in the surrounding
+scope, if there is one.
+Otherwise, the variable is initially unset.
+The shell uses dynamic scoping, so that if you make the variable x local to
+function f, which then calls function g, references to the variable x made
+inside g will refer to the variable x declared inside f, not to the global
+variable named x.
+.Pp
+The only special parameter that can be made local is
+.Dq - .
+Making
+.Dq -
+local any shell options that are changed via the set command inside the
+function to be restored to their original values when the function
+returns.
+.Pp
+The syntax of the return command is
+.Pp
+.Dl return [ exitstatus ]
+.Pp
+It terminates the currently executing function.
+Return is implemented as a builtin command.
+.Ss Variables and Parameters
+The shell maintains a set of parameters.
+A parameter denoted by a name is called a variable.
+When starting up, the shell turns all the environment
+variables into shell variables.
+New variables can be set using the form
+.Pp
+.Dl name=value
+.Pp
+Variables set by the user must have a name consisting solely of
+alphabetics, numerics, and underscores - the first of which must not be
+numeric.
+A parameter can also be denoted by a number or a special
+character as explained below.
+.Ss Positional Parameters
+A positional parameter is a parameter denoted by a number (n \*[Gt] 0).
+The shell sets these initially to the values of its command line arguments
+that follow the name of the shell script.
+The
+.Ic set
+builtin can also be used to set or reset them.
+.Ss Special Parameters
+A special parameter is a parameter denoted by one of the following special
+characters.
+The value of the parameter is listed next to its character.
+.Bl -tag -width thinhyphena
+.It *
+Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
+When the
+expansion occurs within a double-quoted string it expands to a single
+field with the value of each parameter separated by the first character of
+the
+.Ev IFS
+variable, or by a
+.Aq space
+if
+.Ev IFS
+is unset.
+.It @
+Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
+When the expansion occurs within double-quotes, each positional
+parameter expands as a separate argument.
+If there are no positional parameters, the
+expansion of @ generates zero arguments, even when @ is
+double-quoted.
+What this basically means, for example, is
+if $1 is
+.Dq abc
+and $2 is
+.Dq def ghi ,
+then
+.Qq $@
+expands to
+the two arguments:
+.Pp
+.Sm off
+.Dl \*q abc \*q \  \*q def\ ghi \*q
+.Sm on
+.It #
+Expands to the number of positional parameters.
+.It ?
+Expands to the exit status of the most recent pipeline.
+.It - (Hyphen.)
+Expands to the current option flags (the single-letter
+option names concatenated into a string) as specified on
+invocation, by the set builtin command, or implicitly
+by the shell.
+.It $
+Expands to the process ID of the invoked shell.
+A subshell retains the same value of $ as its parent.
+.It !
+Expands to the process ID of the most recent background
+command executed from the current shell.
+For a pipeline, the process ID is that of the last command in the pipeline.
+.It 0 (Zero.)
+Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.
+.El
+.Ss Word Expansions
+This clause describes the various expansions that are performed on words.
+Not all expansions are performed on every word, as explained later.
+.Pp
+Tilde expansions, parameter expansions, command substitutions, arithmetic
+expansions, and quote removals that occur within a single word expand to a
+single field.
+It is only field splitting or pathname expansion that can
+create multiple fields from a single word.
+The single exception to this
+rule is the expansion of the special parameter @ within double-quotes, as
+was described above.
+.Pp
+The order of word expansion is:
+.Bl -enum
+.It
+Tilde Expansion, Parameter Expansion, Command Substitution,
+Arithmetic Expansion (these all occur at the same time).
+.It
+Field Splitting is performed on fields
+generated by step (1) unless the
+.Ev IFS
+variable is null.
+.It
+Pathname Expansion (unless set
+.Fl f
+is in effect).
+.It
+Quote Removal.
+.El
+.Pp
+The $ character is used to introduce parameter expansion, command
+substitution, or arithmetic evaluation.
+.Ss Tilde Expansion (substituting a user's home directory)
+A word beginning with an unquoted tilde character (~) is
+subjected to tilde expansion.
+All the characters up to
+a slash (/) or the end of the word are treated as a username
+and are replaced with the user's home directory.
+If the username is missing (as in
+.Pa ~/foobar ) ,
+the tilde is replaced with the value of the
+.Va HOME
+variable (the current user's home directory).
+.Ss Parameter Expansion
+The format for parameter expansion is as follows:
+.Pp
+.Dl ${expression}
+.Pp
+where expression consists of all characters until the matching
+.Dq } .
+Any
+.Dq }
+escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and characters in
+embedded arithmetic expansions, command substitutions, and variable
+expansions, are not examined in determining the matching
+.Dq } .
+.Pp
+The simplest form for parameter expansion is:
+.Pp
+.Dl ${parameter}
+.Pp
+The value, if any, of parameter is substituted.
+.Pp
+The parameter name or symbol can be enclosed in braces, which are
+optional except for positional parameters with more than one digit or
+when parameter is followed by a character that could be interpreted as
+part of the name.
+If a parameter expansion occurs inside double-quotes:
+.Bl -enum
+.It
+Pathname expansion is not performed on the results of the expansion.
+.It
+Field splitting is not performed on the results of the
+expansion, with the exception of @.
+.El
+.Pp
+In addition, a parameter expansion can be modified by using one of the
+following formats.
+.Bl -tag -width aaparameterwordaaaaa
+.It ${parameter:-word}
+Use Default Values.
+If parameter is unset or null, the expansion of word
+is substituted; otherwise, the value of parameter is substituted.
+.It ${parameter:=word}
+Assign Default Values.
+If parameter is unset or null, the expansion of
+word is assigned to parameter.
+In all cases, the final value of parameter is substituted.
+Only variables, not positional parameters or special
+parameters, can be assigned in this way.
+.It ${parameter:?[word]}
+Indicate Error if Null or Unset.
+If parameter is unset or null, the
+expansion of word (or a message indicating it is unset if word is omitted)
+is written to standard error and the shell exits with a nonzero exit status.
+Otherwise, the value of parameter is substituted.
+An interactive shell need not exit.
+.It ${parameter:+word}
+Use Alternative Value.
+If parameter is unset or null, null is
+substituted; otherwise, the expansion of word is substituted.
+.El
+.Pp
+In the parameter expansions shown previously, use of the colon in the
+format results in a test for a parameter that is unset or null; omission
+of the colon results in a test for a parameter that is only unset.
+.Bl -tag -width aaparameterwordaaaaa
+.It ${#parameter}
+String Length.
+The length in characters of the value of parameter.
+.El
+.Pp
+The following four varieties of parameter expansion provide for substring
+processing.
+In each case, pattern matching notation (see
+.Sx Shell Patterns ) ,
+rather than regular expression notation, is used to evaluate the patterns.
+If parameter is * or @, the result of the expansion is unspecified.
+Enclosing the full parameter expansion string in double-quotes does not
+cause the following four varieties of pattern characters to be quoted,
+whereas quoting characters within the braces has this effect.
+.Bl -tag -width aaparameterwordaaaaa
+.It ${parameter%word}
+Remove Smallest Suffix Pattern.
+The word is expanded to produce a pattern.
+The parameter expansion then results in parameter, with the
+smallest portion of the suffix matched by the pattern deleted.
+.It ${parameter%%word}
+Remove Largest Suffix Pattern.
+The word is expanded to produce a pattern.
+The parameter expansion then results in parameter, with the largest
+portion of the suffix matched by the pattern deleted.
+.It ${parameter#word}
+Remove Smallest Prefix Pattern.
+The word is expanded to produce a pattern.
+The parameter expansion then results in parameter, with the
+smallest portion of the prefix matched by the pattern deleted.
+.It ${parameter##word}
+Remove Largest Prefix Pattern.
+The word is expanded to produce a pattern.
+The parameter expansion then results in parameter, with the largest
+portion of the prefix matched by the pattern deleted.
+.El
+.Ss Command Substitution
+Command substitution allows the output of a command to be substituted in
+place of the command name itself.
+Command substitution occurs when the command is enclosed as follows:
+.Pp
+.Dl $(command)
+.Pp
+or
+.Po
+.Dq backquoted
+version
+.Pc :
+.Pp
+.Dl `command`
+.Pp
+The shell expands the command substitution by executing command in a
+subshell environment and replacing the command substitution with the
+standard output of the command, removing sequences of one or more
+.Ao newline Ac Ns s
+at the end of the substitution.
+(Embedded
+.Ao newline Ac Ns s
+before
+the end of the output are not removed; however, during field splitting,
+they may be translated into
+.Ao space Ac Ns s ,
+depending on the value of
+.Ev IFS
+and quoting that is in effect.)
+.Ss Arithmetic Expansion
+Arithmetic expansion provides a mechanism for evaluating an arithmetic
+expression and substituting its value.
+The format for arithmetic expansion is as follows:
+.Pp
+.Dl $((expression))
+.Pp
+The expression is treated as if it were in double-quotes, except
+that a double-quote inside the expression is not treated specially.
+The shell expands all tokens in the expression for parameter expansion,
+command substitution, and quote removal.
+.Pp
+Next, the shell treats this as an arithmetic expression and
+substitutes the value of the expression.
+.Ss White Space Splitting (Field Splitting)
+After parameter expansion, command substitution, and
+arithmetic expansion the shell scans the results of
+expansions and substitutions that did not occur in double-quotes for
+field splitting and multiple fields can result.
+.Pp
+The shell treats each character of the
+.Ev IFS
+as a delimiter and uses the delimiters to split the results of parameter
+expansion and command substitution into fields.
+.Ss Pathname Expansion (File Name Generation)
+Unless the
+.Fl f
+flag is set, file name generation is performed after word splitting is
+complete.
+Each word is viewed as a series of patterns, separated by slashes.
+The process of expansion replaces the word with the names of all
+existing files whose names can be formed by replacing each pattern with a
+string that matches the specified pattern.
+There are two restrictions on
+this: first, a pattern cannot match a string containing a slash, and
+second, a pattern cannot match a string starting with a period unless the
+first character of the pattern is a period.
+The next section describes the
+patterns used for both Pathname Expansion and the
+.Ic case
+command.
+.Ss Shell Patterns
+A pattern consists of normal characters, which match themselves,
+and meta-characters.
+The meta-characters are
+.Dq \&! ,
+.Dq * ,
+.Dq \&? ,
+and
+.Dq \&[ .
+These characters lose their special meanings if they are quoted.
+When command or variable substitution is performed
+and the dollar sign or back quotes are not double quoted,
+the value of the variable or the output of
+the command is scanned for these characters and they are turned into
+meta-characters.
+.Pp
+An asterisk
+.Pq Dq *
+matches any string of characters.
+A question mark matches any single character.
+A left bracket
+.Pq Dq \&[
+introduces a character class.
+The end of the character class is indicated by a
+.Pq Dq \&] ;
+if the
+.Dq \&]
+is missing then the
+.Dq \&[
+matches a
+.Dq \&[
+rather than introducing a character class.
+A character class matches any of the characters between the square brackets.
+A range of characters may be specified using a minus sign.
+The character class may be complemented
+by making an exclamation point the first character of the character class.
+.Pp
+To include a
+.Dq \&]
+in a character class, make it the first character listed (after the
+.Dq \&! ,
+if any).
+To include a minus sign, make it the first or last character listed.
+.Ss Builtins
+This section lists the builtin commands which are builtin because they
+need to perform some operation that can't be performed by a separate
+process.
+In addition to these, there are several other commands that may
+be builtin for efficiency (e.g.
+.Xr printf 1 ,
+.Xr echo 1 ,
+.Xr test 1 ,
+etc).
+.Bl -tag -width 5n
+.It :
+.It true
+A null command that returns a 0 (true) exit value.
+.It \&. file
+The commands in the specified file are read and executed by the shell.
+.It alias Op Ar name Ns Op Ar "=string ..."
+If
+.Ar name=string
+is specified, the shell defines the alias
+.Ar name
+with value
+.Ar string .
+If just
+.Ar name
+is specified, the value of the alias
+.Ar name
+is printed.
+With no arguments, the
+.Ic alias
+builtin prints the
+names and values of all defined aliases (see
+.Ic unalias ) .
+.It bg [ Ar job ] ...
+Continue the specified jobs (or the current job if no
+jobs are given) in the background.
+.It Xo command
+.Op Fl p
+.Op Fl v
+.Op Fl V
+.Ar command
+.Op Ar arg ...
+.Xc
+Execute the specified command but ignore shell functions when searching
+for it.
+(This is useful when you
+have a shell function with the same name as a builtin command.)
+.Bl -tag -width 5n
+.It Fl p
+search for command using a
+.Ev PATH
+that guarantees to find all the standard utilities.
+.It Fl V
+Do not execute the command but
+search for the command and print the resolution of the
+command search.
+This is the same as the type builtin.
+.It Fl v
+Do not execute the command but
+search for the command and print the absolute pathname
+of utilities, the name for builtins or the expansion of aliases.
+.El
+.It cd Ar -
+.It Xo cd Op Fl LP
+.Op Ar directory
+.Xc
+Switch to the specified directory (default
+.Ev HOME ) .
+If an entry for
+.Ev CDPATH
+appears in the environment of the
+.Ic cd
+command or the shell variable
+.Ev CDPATH
+is set and the directory name does not begin with a slash, then the
+directories listed in
+.Ev CDPATH
+will be searched for the specified directory.
+The format of
+.Ev CDPATH
+is the same as that of
+.Ev PATH .
+If a single dash is specified as the argument, it will be replaced by the
+value of
+.Ev OLDPWD .
+The
+.Ic cd
+command will print out the name of the
+directory that it actually switched to if this is different from the name
+that the user gave.
+These may be different either because the
+.Ev CDPATH
+mechanism was used or because the argument is a single dash.
+The
+.Fl P
+option causes the physical directory structure to be used, that is, all
+symbolic links are resolved to their respective values.  The
+.Fl L
+option turns off the effect of any preceding
+.Fl P
+options.
+.It Xo echo Op Fl n
+.Ar args... 
+.Xc
+Print the arguments on the standard output, separated by spaces.
+Unless the
+.Fl n
+option is present, a newline is output following the arguments.
+.Pp
+If any of the following sequences of characters is encountered during
+output, the sequence is not output.  Instead, the specified action is
+performed:
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+.It Li \eb
+A backspace character is output.
+.It Li \ec
+Subsequent output is suppressed.  This is normally used at the end of the
+last argument to suppress the trailing newline that
+.Ic echo
+would otherwise output.
+.It Li \ef
+Output a form feed.
+.It Li \en
+Output a newline character.
+.It Li \er
+Output a carriage return.
+.It Li \et
+Output a (horizontal) tab character.
+.It Li \ev
+Output a vertical tab.
+.It Li \e0 Ns Ar digits
+Output the character whose value is given by zero to three octal digits.
+If there are zero digits, a nul character is output.
+.It Li \e\e
+Output a backslash.
+.El
+.Pp
+All other backslash sequences elicit undefined behaviour.
+.It eval Ar string ...
+Concatenate all the arguments with spaces.
+Then re-parse and execute the command.
+.It exec Op Ar command arg ...
+Unless command is omitted, the shell process is replaced with the
+specified program (which must be a real program, not a shell builtin or
+function).
+Any redirections on the
+.Ic exec
+command are marked as permanent, so that they are not undone when the
+.Ic exec
+command finishes.
+.It exit Op Ar exitstatus
+Terminate the shell process.
+If
+.Ar exitstatus
+is given it is used as the exit status of the shell; otherwise the
+exit status of the preceding command is used.
+.It export Ar name ...
+.It export Fl p
+The specified names are exported so that they will appear in the
+environment of subsequent commands.
+The only way to un-export a variable is to unset it.
+The shell allows the value of a variable to be set at the
+same time it is exported by writing
+.Pp
+.Dl export name=value
+.Pp
+With no arguments the export command lists the names of all exported variables.
+With the
+.Fl p
+option specified the output will be formatted suitably for non-interactive use.
+.It Xo fc Op Fl e Ar editor
+.Op Ar first Op Ar last
+.Xc
+.It Xo fc Fl l
+.Op Fl nr
+.Op Ar first Op Ar last
+.Xc
+.It Xo fc Fl s Op Ar old=new
+.Op Ar first
+.Xc
+The
+.Ic fc
+builtin lists, or edits and re-executes, commands previously entered
+to an interactive shell.
+.Bl -tag -width 5n
+.It Fl e No editor
+Use the editor named by editor to edit the commands.
+The editor string is a command name, subject to search via the
+.Ev PATH
+variable.
+The value in the
+.Ev FCEDIT
+variable is used as a default when
+.Fl e
+is not specified.
+If
+.Ev FCEDIT
+is null or unset, the value of the
+.Ev EDITOR
+variable is used.
+If
+.Ev EDITOR
+is null or unset,
+.Xr ed 1
+is used as the editor.
+.It Fl l No (ell)
+List the commands rather than invoking an editor on them.
+The commands are written in the sequence indicated by
+the first and last operands, as affected by
+.Fl r ,
+with each command preceded by the command number.
+.It Fl n
+Suppress command numbers when listing with -l.
+.It Fl r
+Reverse the order of the commands listed (with
+.Fl l )
+or edited (with neither
+.Fl l
+nor
+.Fl s ) .
+.It Fl s
+Re-execute the command without invoking an editor.
+.It first
+.It last
+Select the commands to list or edit.
+The number of previous commands that
+can be accessed are determined by the value of the
+.Ev HISTSIZE
+variable.
+The value of first or last or both are one of the following:
+.Bl -tag -width 5n
+.It [+]number
+A positive number representing a command number; command numbers can be
+displayed with the
+.Fl l
+option.
+.It Fl number
+A negative decimal number representing the command that was executed
+number of commands previously.
+For example, \-1 is the immediately previous command.
+.El
+.It string
+A string indicating the most recently entered command that begins with
+that string.
+If the old=new operand is not also specified with
+.Fl s ,
+the string form of the first operand cannot contain an embedded equal sign.
+.El
+.Pp
+The following environment variables affect the execution of fc:
+.Bl -tag -width HISTSIZE
+.It Ev FCEDIT
+Name of the editor to use.
+.It Ev HISTSIZE
+The number of previous commands that are accessible.
+.El
+.It fg Op Ar job
+Move the specified job or the current job to the foreground.
+.It getopts Ar optstring var
+The
+.Tn POSIX
+.Ic getopts
+command, not to be confused with the
+.Em Bell Labs
+-derived
+.Xr getopt 1 .
+.Pp
+The first argument should be a series of letters, each of which may be
+optionally followed by a colon to indicate that the option requires an
+argument.
+The variable specified is set to the parsed option.
+.Pp
+The
+.Ic getopts
+command deprecates the older
+.Xr getopt 1
+utility due to its handling of arguments containing whitespace.
+.Pp
+The
+.Ic getopts
+builtin may be used to obtain options and their arguments
+from a list of parameters.
+When invoked,
+.Ic getopts
+places the value of the next option from the option string in the list in
+the shell variable specified by
+.Va var
+and its index in the shell variable
+.Ev OPTIND .
+When the shell is invoked,
+.Ev OPTIND
+is initialized to 1.
+For each option that requires an argument, the
+.Ic getopts
+builtin will place it in the shell variable
+.Ev OPTARG .
+If an option is not allowed for in the
+.Va optstring ,
+then
+.Ev OPTARG
+will be unset.
+.Pp
+.Va optstring
+is a string of recognized option letters (see
+.Xr getopt 3 ) .
+If a letter is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an
+argument which may or may not be separated from it by white space.
+If an option character is not found where expected,
+.Ic getopts
+will set the variable
+.Va var
+to a
+.Dq \&? ;
+.Ic getopts
+will then unset
+.Ev OPTARG
+and write output to standard error.
+By specifying a colon as the first character of
+.Va optstring
+all errors will be ignored.
+.Pp
+After the last option
+.Ic getopts
+will return a non-zero value and set
+.Va var
+to
+.Dq \&? .
+.Pp
+The following code fragment shows how one might process the arguments
+for a command that can take the options
+.Op a
+and
+.Op b ,
+and the option
+.Op c ,
+which requires an argument.
+.Pp
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+while getopts abc: f
+do
+	case $f in
+	a | b)	flag=$f;;
+	c)	carg=$OPTARG;;
+	\\?)	echo $USAGE; exit 1;;
+	esac
+done
+shift `expr $OPTIND - 1`
+.Ed
+.Pp
+This code will accept any of the following as equivalent:
+.Pp
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+cmd \-acarg file file
+cmd \-a \-c arg file file
+cmd \-carg -a file file
+cmd \-a \-carg \-\- file file
+.Ed
+.It hash Fl rv Ar command ...
+The shell maintains a hash table which remembers the
+locations of commands.
+With no arguments whatsoever,
+the
+.Ic hash
+command prints out the contents of this table.
+Entries which have not been looked at since the last
+.Ic cd
+command are marked with an asterisk; it is possible for these entries
+to be invalid.
+.Pp
+With arguments, the
+.Ic hash
+command removes the specified commands from the hash table (unless
+they are functions) and then locates them.
+With the
+.Fl v
+option, hash prints the locations of the commands as it finds them.
+The
+.Fl r
+option causes the hash command to delete all the entries in the hash table
+except for functions.
+.It pwd Op Fl LP
+builtin command remembers what the current directory
+is rather than recomputing it each time.
+This makes it faster.
+However, if the current directory is renamed, the builtin version of
+.Ic pwd
+will continue to print the old name for the directory.
+The
+.Fl P
+option causes the physical value of the current working directory to be shown,
+that is, all symbolic links are resolved to their respective values.  The
+.Fl L
+option turns off the effect of any preceding
+.Fl P
+options.
+.It Xo read Op Fl p Ar prompt
+.Op Fl r
+.Ar variable
+.Op Ar ...
+.Xc
+The prompt is printed if the
+.Fl p
+option is specified and the standard input is a terminal.
+Then a line is read from the standard input.
+The trailing newline is deleted from the
+line and the line is split as described in the section on word splitting
+above, and the pieces are assigned to the variables in order.
+At least one variable must be specified.
+If there are more pieces than variables, the remaining pieces
+(along with the characters in
+.Ev IFS
+that separated them) are assigned to the last variable.
+If there are more variables than pieces,
+the remaining variables are assigned the null string.
+The
+.Ic read
+builtin will indicate success unless EOF is encountered on input, in
+which case failure is returned.
+.Pp
+By default, unless the
+.Fl r
+option is specified, the backslash
+.Dq \e
+acts as an escape character, causing the following character to be treated
+literally.
+If a backslash is followed by a newline, the backslash and the
+newline will be deleted.
+.It readonly Ar name ...
+.It readonly Fl p
+The specified names are marked as read only, so that they cannot be
+subsequently modified or unset.
+The shell allows the value of a variable
+to be set at the same time it is marked read only by writing
+.Pp
+.Dl readonly name=value
+.Pp
+With no arguments the readonly command lists the names of all read only
+variables.
+With the
+.Fl p
+option specified the output will be formatted suitably for non-interactive use.
+.Pp
+.It Xo printf Ar format
+.Op Ar arguments  ...
+.Xc
+.Ic printf
+formats and prints its arguments, after the first, under control
+of the
+.Ar format  .
+The
+.Ar format
+is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain characters,
+which are simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences which
+are converted and copied to the standard output, and format specifications,
+each of which causes printing of the next successive
+.Ar argument  .
+.Pp
+The
+.Ar arguments
+after the first are treated as strings if the corresponding format is
+either
+.Cm b ,
+.Cm c
+or
+.Cm s ;
+otherwise it is evaluated as a C constant, with the following extensions:
+.Pp
+.Bl -bullet -offset indent -compact
+.It
+A leading plus or minus sign is allowed.
+.It
+If the leading character is a single or double quote, the value is the
+.Tn ASCII
+code of the next character.
+.El
+.Pp
+The format string is reused as often as necessary to satisfy the
+.Ar arguments  .
+Any extra format specifications are evaluated with zero or the null
+string.
+.Pp
+Character escape sequences are in backslash notation as defined in
+.St -ansiC .
+The characters and their meanings are as follows:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent
+.It Cm \ea
+Write a \*[Lt]bell\*[Gt] character.
+.It Cm \eb
+Write a \*[Lt]backspace\*[Gt] character.
+.It Cm \ef
+Write a \*[Lt]form-feed\*[Gt] character.
+.It Cm \en
+Write a \*[Lt]new-line\*[Gt] character.
+.It Cm \er
+Write a \*[Lt]carriage return\*[Gt] character.
+.It Cm \et
+Write a \*[Lt]tab\*[Gt] character.
+.It Cm \ev
+Write a \*[Lt]vertical tab\*[Gt] character.
+.It Cm \e\e
+Write a backslash character.
+.It Cm \e Ns Ar num
+Write an 8\-bit character whose
+.Tn ASCII
+value is the 1\-, 2\-, or 3\-digit
+octal number
+.Ar num .
+.El
+.Pp
+Each format specification is introduced by the percent character
+(``%'').
+The remainder of the format specification includes,
+in the following order:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It "Zero or more of the following flags:"
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It Cm #
+A `#' character
+specifying that the value should be printed in an ``alternative form''.
+For
+.Cm b ,
+.Cm c ,
+.Cm d ,
+and
+.Cm s
+formats, this option has no effect.
+For the
+.Cm o
+format the precision of the number is increased to force the first
+character of the output string to a zero.
+For the
+.Cm x
+.Pq Cm X
+format, a non-zero result has the string
+.Li 0x
+.Pq Li 0X
+prepended to it.
+For
+.Cm e  ,
+.Cm E ,
+.Cm f  ,
+.Cm g ,
+and
+.Cm G
+formats, the result will always contain a decimal point, even if no
+digits follow the point (normally, a decimal point only appears in the
+results of those formats if a digit follows the decimal point).
+For
+.Cm g
+and
+.Cm G
+formats, trailing zeros are not removed from the result as they
+would otherwise be.
+.It Cm \&\-
+A minus sign `\-' which specifies
+.Em left adjustment
+of the output in the indicated field;
+.It Cm \&+
+A `+' character specifying that there should always be
+a sign placed before the number when using signed formats.
+.It Sq \&\ \&
+A space specifying that a blank should be left before a positive number
+for a signed format.
+A `+' overrides a space if both are used;
+.It Cm \&0
+A zero `0' character indicating that zero-padding should be used
+rather than blank-padding.
+A `\-' overrides a `0' if both are used;
+.El
+.It "Field Width:"
+An optional digit string specifying a
+.Em field width ;
+if the output string has fewer characters than the field width it will
+be blank-padded on the left (or right, if the left-adjustment indicator
+has been given) to make up the field width (note that a leading zero
+is a flag, but an embedded zero is part of a field width);
+.It Precision :
+An optional period,
+.Sq Cm \&.\& ,
+followed by an optional digit string giving a
+.Em precision
+which specifies the number of digits to appear after the decimal point,
+for
+.Cm e
+and
+.Cm f
+formats, or the maximum number of bytes to be printed
+from a string
+.Sm off
+.Pf ( Cm b
+.Sm on
+and
+.Cm s
+formats); if the digit string is missing, the precision is treated
+as zero;
+.It Format :
+A character which indicates the type of format to use (one of
+.Cm diouxXfwEgGbcs ) .
+.El
+.Pp
+A field width or precision may be
+.Sq Cm \&*
+instead of a digit string.
+In this case an
+.Ar argument
+supplies the field width or precision.
+.Pp
+The format characters and their meanings are:
+.Bl -tag -width Fl
+.It Cm diouXx
+The
+.Ar argument
+is printed as a signed decimal (d or i), unsigned octal, unsigned decimal,
+or unsigned hexadecimal (X or x), respectively.
+.It Cm f
+The
+.Ar argument
+is printed in the style
+.Sm off
+.Pf [\-]ddd Cm \&. No ddd
+.Sm on
+where the number of d's
+after the decimal point is equal to the precision specification for
+the argument.
+If the precision is missing, 6 digits are given; if the precision
+is explicitly 0, no digits and no decimal point are printed.
+.It Cm eE
+The
+.Ar argument
+is printed in the style
+.Sm off
+.Pf [\-]d Cm \&. No ddd Cm e No \*(Pmdd
+.Sm on
+where there
+is one digit before the decimal point and the number after is equal to
+the precision specification for the argument; when the precision is
+missing, 6 digits are produced.
+An upper-case E is used for an `E' format.
+.It Cm gG
+The
+.Ar argument
+is printed in style
+.Cm f
+or in style
+.Cm e
+.Pq Cm E
+whichever gives full precision in minimum space.
+.It Cm b
+Characters from the string
+.Ar argument
+are printed with backslash-escape sequences expanded.
+.br
+The following additional backslash-escape sequences are supported:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It Cm \ec
+Causes
+.Nm
+to ignore any remaining characters in the string operand containing it,
+any remaining string operands, and any additional characters in
+the format operand.
+.It Cm \e0 Ns Ar num
+Write an 8\-bit character whose
+.Tn ASCII
+value is the 1\-, 2\-, or 3\-digit
+octal number
+.Ar num .
+.El
+.It Cm c
+The first character of
+.Ar argument
+is printed.
+.It Cm s
+Characters from the string
+.Ar argument
+are printed until the end is reached or until the number of bytes
+indicated by the precision specification is reached; if the
+precision is omitted, all characters in the string are printed.
+.It Cm \&%
+Print a `%'; no argument is used.
+.El
+.Pp
+In no case does a non-existent or small field width cause truncation of
+a field; padding takes place only if the specified field width exceeds
+the actual width.
+.It Xo set
+.Oo {
+.Fl options | Cm +options | Cm -- }
+.Oc Ar arg ...
+.Xc
+The
+.Ic set
+command performs three different functions.
+.Pp
+With no arguments, it lists the values of all shell variables.
+.Pp
+If options are given, it sets the specified option
+flags, or clears them as described in the section called
+.Sx Argument List Processing .
+As a special case, if the option is -o or +o and no argument is
+supplied, the shell prints the settings of all its options.  If the
+option is -o, the settings are printed in a human-readable format; if
+the option is +o, the settings are printed in a format suitable for
+reinput to the shell to affect the same option settings.
+.Pp
+The third use of the set command is to set the values of the shell's
+positional parameters to the specified args.
+To change the positional
+parameters without changing any options, use
+.Dq --
+as the first argument to set.
+If no args are present, the set command
+will clear all the positional parameters (equivalent to executing
+.Dq shift $# . )
+.It shift Op Ar n
+Shift the positional parameters n times.
+A
+.Ic shift
+sets the value of
+.Va $1
+to the value of
+.Va $2 ,
+the value of
+.Va $2
+to the value of
+.Va $3 ,
+and so on, decreasing
+the value of
+.Va $#
+by one.
+If n is greater than the number of positional parameters,
+.Ic shift
+will issue an error message, and exit with return status 2.
+.It test Ar expression
+.It \&[ Ar expression Cm \&]
+The
+.Ic test
+utility evaluates the expression and, if it evaluates
+to true, returns a zero (true) exit status; otherwise
+it returns 1 (false).
+If there is no expression, test also
+returns 1 (false).
+.Pp
+All operators and flags are separate arguments to the
+.Ic test
+utility.
+.Pp
+The following primaries are used to construct expression:
+.Bl -tag -width Ar
+.It Fl b Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is a block special
+file.
+.It Fl c Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is a character
+special file.
+.It Fl d Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is a directory.
+.It Fl e Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists (regardless of type).
+.It Fl f Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is a regular file.
+.It Fl g Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and its set group ID flag
+is set.
+.It Fl h Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is a symbolic link.
+.It Fl k Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and its sticky bit is set.
+.It Fl n Ar string
+True if the length of
+.Ar string
+is nonzero.
+.It Fl p Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+is a named pipe
+.Po Tn FIFO Pc .
+.It Fl r Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is readable.
+.It Fl s Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and has a size greater
+than zero.
+.It Fl t Ar file_descriptor
+True if the file whose file descriptor number
+is
+.Ar file_descriptor
+is open and is associated with a terminal.
+.It Fl u Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and its set user ID flag
+is set.
+.It Fl w Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is writable.
+True
+indicates only that the write flag is on.
+The file is not writable on a read-only file
+system even if this test indicates true.
+.It Fl x Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is executable.
+True
+indicates only that the execute flag is on.
+If
+.Ar file
+is a directory, true indicates that
+.Ar file
+can be searched.
+.It Fl z Ar string
+True if the length of
+.Ar string
+is zero.
+.It Fl L Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is a symbolic link.
+This operator is retained for compatibility with previous versions of
+this program.
+Do not rely on its existence; use
+.Fl h
+instead.
+.It Fl O Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and its owner matches the effective user id of this process.
+.It Fl G Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and its group matches the effective group id of this process.
+.It Fl S Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is a socket.
+.It Ar file1 Fl nt Ar file2
+True if
+.Ar file1
+and
+.Ar file2
+exist and
+.Ar file1
+is newer than
+.Ar file2 .
+.It Ar file1 Fl ot Ar file2
+True if
+.Ar file1
+and
+.Ar file2
+exist and
+.Ar file1
+is older than
+.Ar file2 .
+.It Ar file1 Fl ef Ar file2
+True if
+.Ar file1
+and
+.Ar file2
+exist and refer to the same file.
+.It Ar string
+True if
+.Ar string
+is not the null
+string.
+.It Ar \&s\&1 Cm \&= Ar \&s\&2
+True if the strings
+.Ar \&s\&1
+and
+.Ar \&s\&2
+are identical.
+.It Ar \&s\&1 Cm \&!= Ar \&s\&2
+True if the strings
+.Ar \&s\&1
+and
+.Ar \&s\&2
+are not identical.
+.It Ar \&s\&1 Cm \&\*[Lt] Ar \&s\&2
+True if string
+.Ar \&s\&1
+comes before
+.Ar \&s\&2
+based on the ASCII value of their characters.
+.It Ar \&s\&1 Cm \&\*[Gt] Ar \&s\&2
+True if string
+.Ar \&s\&1
+comes after
+.Ar \&s\&2
+based on the ASCII value of their characters.
+.It Ar \&n\&1 Fl \&eq Ar \&n\&2
+True if the integers
+.Ar \&n\&1
+and
+.Ar \&n\&2
+are algebraically
+equal.
+.It Ar \&n\&1 Fl \&ne Ar \&n\&2
+True if the integers
+.Ar \&n\&1
+and
+.Ar \&n\&2
+are not
+algebraically equal.
+.It Ar \&n\&1 Fl \&gt Ar \&n\&2
+True if the integer
+.Ar \&n\&1
+is algebraically
+greater than the integer
+.Ar \&n\&2 .
+.It Ar \&n\&1 Fl \&ge Ar \&n\&2
+True if the integer
+.Ar \&n\&1
+is algebraically
+greater than or equal to the integer
+.Ar \&n\&2 .
+.It Ar \&n\&1 Fl \&lt Ar \&n\&2
+True if the integer
+.Ar \&n\&1
+is algebraically less
+than the integer
+.Ar \&n\&2 .
+.It Ar \&n\&1 Fl \&le Ar \&n\&2
+True if the integer
+.Ar \&n\&1
+is algebraically less
+than or equal to the integer
+.Ar \&n\&2 .
+.El
+.Pp
+These primaries can be combined with the following operators:
+.Bl -tag -width Ar
+.It Cm \&! Ar expression
+True if
+.Ar expression
+is false.
+.It Ar expression1 Fl a Ar expression2
+True if both
+.Ar expression1
+and
+.Ar expression2
+are true.
+.It Ar expression1 Fl o Ar expression2
+True if either
+.Ar expression1
+or
+.Ar expression2
+are true.
+.It Cm \&( Ns Ar expression Ns Cm \&)
+True if expression is true.
+.El
+.Pp
+The
+.Fl a
+operator has higher precedence than the
+.Fl o
+operator.
+.It times
+Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for processes
+run from the shell.  The return status is 0.
+.It Xo trap
+.Op Ar action Ar signal ...
+.Xc
+Cause the shell to parse and execute action when any of the specified
+signals are received.
+The signals are specified by signal number or as the name of the signal.
+If
+.Ar signal
+is
+.Li 0
+or
+.Li EXIT ,
+the action is executed when the shell exits.
+.Ar action
+may be empty
+.Li ( "''" ) ,
+which causes the specified signals to be ignored.
+With
+.Ar action
+omitted or set to `-' the specified signals are set to their default action.
+When the shell forks off a subshell, it resets trapped (but not ignored)
+signals to the default action.
+The
+.Ic trap
+command has no effect on signals that were
+ignored on entry to the shell.
+.Ic trap
+without any arguments cause it to write a list of signals and their
+associated action to the standard output in a format that is suitable
+as an input to the shell that achieves the same trapping results.
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Pp
+.Dl trap
+.Pp
+List trapped signals and their corresponding action
+.Pp
+.Dl trap '' INT QUIT tstp 30
+.Pp
+Ignore signals INT QUIT TSTP USR1
+.Pp
+.Dl trap date INT
+.Pp
+Print date upon receiving signal INT
+.It type Op Ar name ...
+Interpret each name as a command and print the resolution of the command
+search.
+Possible resolutions are:
+shell keyword, alias, shell builtin,
+command, tracked alias and not found.
+For aliases the alias expansion is
+printed; for commands and tracked aliases the complete pathname of the
+command is printed.
+.It ulimit Xo
+.Op Fl H \*(Ba Fl S
+.Op Fl a \*(Ba Fl tfdscmlpnv Op Ar value
+.Xc
+Inquire about or set the hard or soft limits on processes or set new
+limits.
+The choice between hard limit (which no process is allowed to
+violate, and which may not be raised once it has been lowered) and soft
+limit (which causes processes to be signaled but not necessarily killed,
+and which may be raised) is made with these flags:
+.Bl -tag -width Fl
+.It Fl H
+set or inquire about hard limits
+.It Fl S
+set or inquire about soft limits.
+If neither
+.Fl H
+nor
+.Fl S
+is specified, the soft limit is displayed or both limits are set.
+If both are specified, the last one wins.
+.El
+.Pp
+The limit to be interrogated or set, then, is chosen by specifying
+any one of these flags:
+.Bl -tag -width Fl
+.It Fl a
+show all the current limits
+.It Fl t
+show or set the limit on CPU time (in seconds)
+.It Fl f
+show or set the limit on the largest file that can be created
+(in 512-byte blocks)
+.It Fl d
+show or set the limit on the data segment size of a process (in kilobytes)
+.It Fl s
+show or set the limit on the stack size of a process (in kilobytes)
+.It Fl c
+show or set the limit on the largest core dump size that can be produced
+(in 512-byte blocks)
+.It Fl m
+show or set the limit on the total physical memory that can be
+in use by a process (in kilobytes)
+.It Fl l
+show or set the limit on how much memory a process can lock with
+.Xr mlock 2
+(in kilobytes)
+.It Fl p
+show or set the limit on the number of processes this user can
+have at one time
+.It Fl n
+show or set the limit on the number files a process can have open at once
+.It Fl v
+show or set the limit on the total virtual memory that can be
+in use by a process (in kilobytes)
+.It Fl r
+show or set the limit on the real-time scheduling priority of a process
+.El
+.Pp
+If none of these is specified, it is the limit on file size that is shown
+or set.
+If value is specified, the limit is set to that number; otherwise
+the current limit is displayed.
+.Pp
+Limits of an arbitrary process can be displayed or set using the
+.Xr sysctl 8
+utility.
+.Pp
+.It umask Op Ar mask
+Set the value of umask (see
+.Xr umask 2 )
+to the specified octal value.
+If the argument is omitted, the umask value is printed.
+.It unalias Xo
+.Op Fl a
+.Op Ar name
+.Xc
+If
+.Ar name
+is specified, the shell removes that alias.
+If
+.Fl a
+is specified, all aliases are removed.
+.It unset Xo
+.Op Fl fv
+.Ar name ...
+.Xc
+The specified variables and functions are unset and unexported.
+If
+.Fl f
+or
+.Fl v
+is specified, the corresponding function or variable is unset, respectively.
+If a given name corresponds to both a variable and a function, and no
+options are given, only the variable is unset.
+.It wait Op Ar job
+Wait for the specified job to complete and return the exit status of the
+last process in the job.
+If the argument is omitted, wait for all jobs to
+complete and return an exit status of zero.
+.El
+.Ss Command Line Editing
+When
+.Nm
+is being used interactively from a terminal, the current command
+and the command history (see
+.Ic fc
+in
+.Sx Builtins )
+can be edited using vi-mode command-line editing.
+This mode uses commands, described below,
+similar to a subset of those described in the vi man page.
+The command
+.Ql set -o vi
+enables vi-mode editing and places sh into vi insert mode.
+With vi-mode
+enabled, sh can be switched between insert mode and command mode.
+It is similar to vi: typing
+.Aq ESC
+enters vi command mode.
+Hitting
+.Aq return
+while in command mode will pass the line to the shell.
+.Sh EXIT STATUS
+Errors that are detected by the shell, such as a syntax error, will cause the
+shell to exit with a non-zero exit status.
+If the shell is not an
+interactive shell, the execution of the shell file will be aborted.
+Otherwise
+the shell will return the exit status of the last command executed, or
+if the exit builtin is used with a numeric argument, it will return the
+argument.
+.Sh ENVIRONMENT
+.Bl -tag -width MAILCHECK
+.It Ev HOME
+Set automatically by
+.Xr login 1
+from the user's login directory in the password file
+.Pq Xr passwd 4 .
+This environment variable also functions as the default argument for the
+cd builtin.
+.It Ev PATH
+The default search path for executables.
+See the above section
+.Sx Path Search .
+.It Ev CDPATH
+The search path used with the cd builtin.
+.It Ev MAIL
+The name of a mail file, that will be checked for the arrival of new mail.
+Overridden by
+.Ev MAILPATH .
+.It Ev MAILCHECK
+The frequency in seconds that the shell checks for the arrival of mail
+in the files specified by the
+.Ev MAILPATH
+or the
+.Ev MAIL
+file.
+If set to 0, the check will occur at each prompt.
+.It Ev MAILPATH
+A colon
+.Dq \&:
+separated list of file names, for the shell to check for incoming mail.
+This environment setting overrides the
+.Ev MAIL
+setting.
+There is a maximum of 10 mailboxes that can be monitored at once.
+.It Ev PS1
+The primary prompt string, which defaults to
+.Dq $\  ,
+unless you are the superuser, in which case it defaults to
+.Dq #\  .
+.It Ev PS2
+The secondary prompt string, which defaults to
+.Dq \*[Gt]\  .
+.It Ev PS4
+Output before each line when execution trace (set -x) is enabled,
+defaults to
+.Dq +\  .
+.It Ev IFS
+Input Field Separators.
+This is normally set to
+.Aq space ,
+.Aq tab ,
+and
+.Aq newline .
+See the
+.Sx White Space Splitting
+section for more details.
+.It Ev TERM
+The default terminal setting for the shell.
+This is inherited by
+children of the shell, and is used in the history editing modes.
+.It Ev HISTSIZE
+The number of lines in the history buffer for the shell.
+.It Ev PWD
+The logical value of the current working directory.  This is set by the
+.Ic cd
+command.
+.It Ev OLDPWD
+The previous logical value of the current working directory.  This is set by
+the
+.Ic cd
+command.
+.It Ev PPID
+The process ID of the parent process of the shell.
+.El
+.Sh FILES
+.Bl -item -width HOMEprofilexxxx
+.It
+.Pa $HOME/.profile
+.It
+.Pa /etc/profile
+.El
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr csh 1 ,
+.Xr echo 1 ,
+.Xr getopt 1 ,
+.Xr ksh 1 ,
+.Xr login 1 ,
+.Xr printf 1 ,
+.Xr test 1 ,
+.Xr getopt 3 ,
+.Xr passwd 5 ,
+.\" .Xr profile 4 ,
+.Xr environ 7 ,
+.Xr sysctl 8
+.Sh HISTORY
+.Nm
+is a POSIX-compliant implementation of /bin/sh that aims to be as small as
+possible.
+.Nm
+is a direct descendant of the NetBSD version of ash (the Almquist SHell),
+ported to Linux in early 1997.
+It was renamed to
+.Nm
+in 2002.
+.Sh BUGS
+Setuid shell scripts should be avoided at all costs, as they are a
+significant security risk.
+.Pp
+PS1, PS2, and PS4 should be subject to parameter expansion before
+being displayed.
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/error.c b/bin/dash/src/error.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..728ff885
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/error.c
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Errors and exceptions.
+ */
+
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "jobs.h"
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "main.h"
+#include "options.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "show.h"
+#include "eval.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "system.h"
+
+
+/*
+ * Code to handle exceptions in C.
+ */
+
+struct jmploc *handler;
+int exception;
+int suppressint;
+volatile sig_atomic_t intpending;
+int errlinno;
+
+
+static void exverror(int, const char *, va_list)
+    __attribute__((__noreturn__));
+
+/*
+ * Called to raise an exception.  Since C doesn't include exceptions, we
+ * just do a longjmp to the exception handler.  The type of exception is
+ * stored in the global variable "exception".
+ */
+
+void
+exraise(int e)
+{
+#ifdef DEBUG
+	if (handler == NULL)
+		abort();
+#endif
+
+	if (vforked)
+		_exit(exitstatus);
+
+	INTOFF;
+
+	exception = e;
+	longjmp(handler->loc, 1);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Called from trap.c when a SIGINT is received.  (If the user specifies
+ * that SIGINT is to be trapped or ignored using the trap builtin, then
+ * this routine is not called.)  Suppressint is nonzero when interrupts
+ * are held using the INTOFF macro.  (The test for iflag is just
+ * defensive programming.)
+ */
+
+void
+onint(void) {
+
+	intpending = 0;
+	sigclearmask();
+	if (!(rootshell && iflag)) {
+		signal(SIGINT, SIG_DFL);
+		raise(SIGINT);
+	}
+	exitstatus = SIGINT + 128;
+	exraise(EXINT);
+	/* NOTREACHED */
+}
+
+static void
+exvwarning2(const char *msg, va_list ap)
+{
+	struct output *errs;
+	const char *name;
+	const char *fmt;
+
+	errs = out2;
+	name = arg0 ? arg0 : "sh";
+	if (!commandname)
+		fmt = "%s: %d: ";
+	else
+		fmt = "%s: %d: %s: ";
+	outfmt(errs, fmt, name, errlinno, commandname);
+	doformat(errs, msg, ap);
+#if FLUSHERR
+	outc('\n', errs);
+#else
+	outcslow('\n', errs);
+#endif
+}
+
+#define exvwarning(a, b, c) exvwarning2(b, c)
+
+/*
+ * Exverror is called to raise the error exception.  If the second argument
+ * is not NULL then error prints an error message using printf style
+ * formatting.  It then raises the error exception.
+ */
+static void
+exverror(int cond, const char *msg, va_list ap)
+{
+#ifdef DEBUG
+	if (msg) {
+		va_list aq;
+		TRACE(("exverror(%d, \"", cond));
+		va_copy(aq, ap);
+		TRACEV((msg, aq));
+		va_end(aq);
+		TRACE(("\") pid=%d\n", getpid()));
+	} else
+		TRACE(("exverror(%d, NULL) pid=%d\n", cond, getpid()));
+	if (msg)
+#endif
+		exvwarning(-1, msg, ap);
+
+	flushall();
+	exraise(cond);
+	/* NOTREACHED */
+}
+
+
+void
+sh_error(const char *msg, ...)
+{
+	va_list ap;
+
+	exitstatus = 2;
+
+	va_start(ap, msg);
+	exverror(EXERROR, msg, ap);
+	/* NOTREACHED */
+	va_end(ap);
+}
+
+
+void
+exerror(int cond, const char *msg, ...)
+{
+	va_list ap;
+
+	va_start(ap, msg);
+	exverror(cond, msg, ap);
+	/* NOTREACHED */
+	va_end(ap);
+}
+
+/*
+ * error/warning routines for external builtins
+ */
+
+void
+sh_warnx(const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+	va_list ap;
+
+	va_start(ap, fmt);
+	exvwarning(-1, fmt, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a string describing an error.  The returned string may be a
+ * pointer to a static buffer that will be overwritten on the next call.
+ * Action describes the operation that got the error.
+ */
+
+const char *
+errmsg(int e, int action)
+{
+	if (e != ENOENT && e != ENOTDIR)
+		return strerror(e);
+
+	if (action & E_OPEN)
+		return "No such file";
+	else if (action & E_CREAT)
+		return "Directory nonexistent";
+	else
+		return "not found";
+}
+
+
+#ifdef REALLY_SMALL
+void
+__inton() {
+	if (--suppressint == 0 && intpending) {
+		onint();
+	}
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/error.h b/bin/dash/src/error.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..94e30a27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/error.h
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)error.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ */
+
+#include <setjmp.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+
+/*
+ * Types of operations (passed to the errmsg routine).
+ */
+
+#define E_OPEN 01	/* opening a file */
+#define E_CREAT 02	/* creating a file */
+#define E_EXEC 04	/* executing a program */
+
+
+/*
+ * We enclose jmp_buf in a structure so that we can declare pointers to
+ * jump locations.  The global variable handler contains the location to
+ * jump to when an exception occurs, and the global variable exception
+ * contains a code identifying the exeception.  To implement nested
+ * exception handlers, the user should save the value of handler on entry
+ * to an inner scope, set handler to point to a jmploc structure for the
+ * inner scope, and restore handler on exit from the scope.
+ */
+
+struct jmploc {
+	jmp_buf loc;
+};
+
+extern struct jmploc *handler;
+extern int exception;
+
+/* exceptions */
+#define EXINT 0		/* SIGINT received */
+#define EXERROR 1	/* a generic error */
+#define EXEND 3		/* exit the shell */
+#define EXEXIT 4	/* exit the shell via exitcmd */
+
+
+/*
+ * These macros allow the user to suspend the handling of interrupt signals
+ * over a period of time.  This is similar to SIGHOLD to or sigblock, but
+ * much more efficient and portable.  (But hacking the kernel is so much
+ * more fun than worrying about efficiency and portability. :-))
+ */
+
+extern int suppressint;
+extern volatile sig_atomic_t intpending;
+
+#define barrier() ({ __asm__ __volatile__ ("": : :"memory"); })
+#define INTOFF \
+	({ \
+		suppressint++; \
+		barrier(); \
+		0; \
+	})
+#ifdef REALLY_SMALL
+void __inton(void);
+#define INTON __inton()
+#else
+#define INTON \
+	({ \
+		barrier(); \
+		if (--suppressint == 0 && intpending) onint(); \
+		0; \
+	})
+#endif
+#define FORCEINTON \
+	({ \
+		barrier(); \
+		suppressint = 0; \
+		if (intpending) onint(); \
+		0; \
+	})
+#define SAVEINT(v) ((v) = suppressint)
+#define RESTOREINT(v) \
+	({ \
+		barrier(); \
+		if ((suppressint = (v)) == 0 && intpending) onint(); \
+		0; \
+	})
+#define CLEAR_PENDING_INT intpending = 0
+#define int_pending() intpending
+
+void exraise(int) __attribute__((__noreturn__));
+#ifdef USE_NORETURN
+void onint(void) __attribute__((__noreturn__));
+#else
+void onint(void);
+#endif
+extern int errlinno;
+void sh_error(const char *, ...) __attribute__((__noreturn__));
+void exerror(int, const char *, ...) __attribute__((__noreturn__));
+const char *errmsg(int, int);
+
+void sh_warnx(const char *, ...);
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/eval.c b/bin/dash/src/eval.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1b5d61dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/eval.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1147 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+/*
+ * Evaluate a command.
+ */
+
+#include "init.h"
+#include "main.h"
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "nodes.h"
+#include "syntax.h"
+#include "expand.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "jobs.h"
+#include "eval.h"
+#include "builtins.h"
+#include "options.h"
+#include "exec.h"
+#include "redir.h"
+#include "input.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "trap.h"
+#include "var.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "show.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+#ifndef SMALL
+#include "myhistedit.h"
+#endif
+
+
+int evalskip;			/* set if we are skipping commands */
+STATIC int skipcount;		/* number of levels to skip */
+MKINIT int loopnest;		/* current loop nesting level */
+static int funcline;		/* starting line number of current function, or 0 if not in a function */
+
+
+char *commandname;
+int exitstatus;			/* exit status of last command */
+int back_exitstatus;		/* exit status of backquoted command */
+int savestatus = -1;		/* exit status of last command outside traps */
+
+
+#if !defined(__alpha__) || (defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ >= 3)
+STATIC
+#endif
+void evaltreenr(union node *, int) __attribute__ ((__noreturn__));
+STATIC int evalloop(union node *, int);
+STATIC int evalfor(union node *, int);
+STATIC int evalcase(union node *, int);
+STATIC int evalsubshell(union node *, int);
+STATIC void expredir(union node *);
+STATIC int evalpipe(union node *, int);
+#ifdef notyet
+STATIC int evalcommand(union node *, int, struct backcmd *);
+#else
+STATIC int evalcommand(union node *, int);
+#endif
+STATIC int evalbltin(const struct builtincmd *, int, char **, int);
+STATIC int evalfun(struct funcnode *, int, char **, int);
+STATIC void prehash(union node *);
+STATIC int eprintlist(struct output *, struct strlist *, int);
+STATIC int bltincmd(int, char **);
+
+
+STATIC const struct builtincmd bltin = {
+	.name = nullstr,
+	.builtin = bltincmd,
+	.flags = BUILTIN_REGULAR,
+};
+
+
+/*
+ * Called to reset things after an exception.
+ */
+
+#ifdef mkinit
+INCLUDE "eval.h"
+
+EXITRESET {
+	if (savestatus >= 0) {
+		if (exception == EXEXIT || evalskip == SKIPFUNCDEF)
+			exitstatus = savestatus;
+		savestatus = -1;
+	}
+	evalskip = 0;
+	loopnest = 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+
+/*
+ * The eval commmand.
+ */
+
+static int evalcmd(int argc, char **argv, int flags)
+{
+        char *p;
+        char *concat;
+        char **ap;
+
+        if (argc > 1) {
+                p = argv[1];
+                if (argc > 2) {
+                        STARTSTACKSTR(concat);
+                        ap = argv + 2;
+                        for (;;) {
+                        	concat = stputs(p, concat);
+                                if ((p = *ap++) == NULL)
+                                        break;
+                                STPUTC(' ', concat);
+                        }
+                        STPUTC('\0', concat);
+                        p = grabstackstr(concat);
+                }
+                return evalstring(p, flags & EV_TESTED);
+        }
+        return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Execute a command or commands contained in a string.
+ */
+
+int
+evalstring(char *s, int flags)
+{
+	union node *n;
+	struct stackmark smark;
+	int status;
+
+	s = sstrdup(s);
+	setinputstring(s);
+	setstackmark(&smark);
+
+	status = 0;
+	for (; (n = parsecmd(0)) != NEOF; popstackmark(&smark)) {
+		int i;
+
+		i = evaltree(n, flags & ~(parser_eof() ? 0 : EV_EXIT));
+		if (n)
+			status = i;
+
+		if (evalskip)
+			break;
+	}
+	popstackmark(&smark);
+	popfile();
+	stunalloc(s);
+
+	return status;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Evaluate a parse tree.  The value is left in the global variable
+ * exitstatus.
+ */
+
+int
+evaltree(union node *n, int flags)
+{
+	int checkexit = 0;
+	int (*evalfn)(union node *, int);
+	struct stackmark smark;
+	unsigned isor;
+	int status = 0;
+
+	setstackmark(&smark);
+
+	if (n == NULL) {
+		TRACE(("evaltree(NULL) called\n"));
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	dotrap();
+
+#ifndef SMALL
+	displayhist = 1;	/* show history substitutions done with fc */
+#endif
+	TRACE(("pid %d, evaltree(%p: %d, %d) called\n",
+	    getpid(), n, n->type, flags));
+	switch (n->type) {
+	default:
+#ifdef DEBUG
+		out1fmt("Node type = %d\n", n->type);
+#ifndef USE_GLIBC_STDIO
+		flushout(out1);
+#endif
+		break;
+#endif
+	case NNOT:
+		status = !evaltree(n->nnot.com, EV_TESTED);
+		goto setstatus;
+	case NREDIR:
+		errlinno = lineno = n->nredir.linno;
+		if (funcline)
+			lineno -= funcline - 1;
+		expredir(n->nredir.redirect);
+		pushredir(n->nredir.redirect);
+		status = redirectsafe(n->nredir.redirect, REDIR_PUSH) ?:
+			 evaltree(n->nredir.n, flags & EV_TESTED);
+		if (n->nredir.redirect)
+			popredir(0);
+		goto setstatus;
+	case NCMD:
+#ifdef notyet
+		if (eflag && !(flags & EV_TESTED))
+			checkexit = ~0;
+		status = evalcommand(n, flags, (struct backcmd *)NULL);
+		goto setstatus;
+#else
+		evalfn = evalcommand;
+checkexit:
+		if (eflag && !(flags & EV_TESTED))
+			checkexit = ~0;
+		goto calleval;
+#endif
+	case NFOR:
+		evalfn = evalfor;
+		goto calleval;
+	case NWHILE:
+	case NUNTIL:
+		evalfn = evalloop;
+		goto calleval;
+	case NSUBSHELL:
+	case NBACKGND:
+		evalfn = evalsubshell;
+		goto checkexit;
+	case NPIPE:
+		evalfn = evalpipe;
+		goto checkexit;
+	case NCASE:
+		evalfn = evalcase;
+		goto calleval;
+	case NAND:
+	case NOR:
+	case NSEMI:
+#if NAND + 1 != NOR
+#error NAND + 1 != NOR
+#endif
+#if NOR + 1 != NSEMI
+#error NOR + 1 != NSEMI
+#endif
+		isor = n->type - NAND;
+		status = evaltree(n->nbinary.ch1,
+				  (flags | ((isor >> 1) - 1)) & EV_TESTED);
+		if ((!status) == isor || evalskip)
+			break;
+		n = n->nbinary.ch2;
+evaln:
+		evalfn = evaltree;
+calleval:
+		status = evalfn(n, flags);
+		goto setstatus;
+	case NIF:
+		status = evaltree(n->nif.test, EV_TESTED);
+		if (evalskip)
+			break;
+		if (!status) {
+			n = n->nif.ifpart;
+			goto evaln;
+		} else if (n->nif.elsepart) {
+			n = n->nif.elsepart;
+			goto evaln;
+		}
+		status = 0;
+		goto setstatus;
+	case NDEFUN:
+		defun(n);
+setstatus:
+		exitstatus = status;
+		break;
+	}
+out:
+	dotrap();
+
+	if (checkexit & status)
+		goto exexit;
+
+	if (flags & EV_EXIT) {
+exexit:
+		exraise(EXEND);
+	}
+
+	popstackmark(&smark);
+
+	return exitstatus;
+}
+
+
+#if !defined(__alpha__) || (defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ >= 3)
+STATIC
+#endif
+void evaltreenr(union node *n, int flags)
+#ifdef HAVE_ATTRIBUTE_ALIAS
+	__attribute__ ((alias("evaltree")));
+#else
+{
+	evaltree(n, flags);
+	abort();
+}
+#endif
+
+
+static int skiploop(void)
+{
+	int skip = evalskip;
+
+	switch (skip) {
+	case 0:
+		break;
+
+	case SKIPBREAK:
+	case SKIPCONT:
+		if (likely(--skipcount <= 0)) {
+			evalskip = 0;
+			break;
+		}
+
+		skip = SKIPBREAK;
+		break;
+	}
+
+	return skip;
+}
+
+
+STATIC int
+evalloop(union node *n, int flags)
+{
+	int skip;
+	int status;
+
+	loopnest++;
+	status = 0;
+	flags &= EV_TESTED;
+	do {
+		int i;
+
+		i = evaltree(n->nbinary.ch1, EV_TESTED);
+		skip = skiploop();
+		if (skip == SKIPFUNC)
+			status = i;
+		if (skip)
+			continue;
+		if (n->type != NWHILE)
+			i = !i;
+		if (i != 0)
+			break;
+		status = evaltree(n->nbinary.ch2, flags);
+		skip = skiploop();
+	} while (!(skip & ~SKIPCONT));
+	loopnest--;
+
+	return status;
+}
+
+
+
+STATIC int
+evalfor(union node *n, int flags)
+{
+	struct arglist arglist;
+	union node *argp;
+	struct strlist *sp;
+	int status;
+
+	errlinno = lineno = n->nfor.linno;
+	if (funcline)
+		lineno -= funcline - 1;
+
+	arglist.lastp = &arglist.list;
+	for (argp = n->nfor.args ; argp ; argp = argp->narg.next) {
+		expandarg(argp, &arglist, EXP_FULL | EXP_TILDE);
+	}
+	*arglist.lastp = NULL;
+
+	status = 0;
+	loopnest++;
+	flags &= EV_TESTED;
+	for (sp = arglist.list ; sp ; sp = sp->next) {
+		setvar(n->nfor.var, sp->text, 0);
+		status = evaltree(n->nfor.body, flags);
+		if (skiploop() & ~SKIPCONT)
+			break;
+	}
+	loopnest--;
+
+	return status;
+}
+
+
+
+STATIC int
+evalcase(union node *n, int flags)
+{
+	union node *cp;
+	union node *patp;
+	struct arglist arglist;
+	int status = 0;
+
+	errlinno = lineno = n->ncase.linno;
+	if (funcline)
+		lineno -= funcline - 1;
+
+	arglist.lastp = &arglist.list;
+	expandarg(n->ncase.expr, &arglist, EXP_TILDE);
+	for (cp = n->ncase.cases ; cp && evalskip == 0 ; cp = cp->nclist.next) {
+		for (patp = cp->nclist.pattern ; patp ; patp = patp->narg.next) {
+			if (casematch(patp, arglist.list->text)) {
+				/* Ensure body is non-empty as otherwise
+				 * EV_EXIT may prevent us from setting the
+				 * exit status.
+				 */
+				if (evalskip == 0 && cp->nclist.body) {
+					status = evaltree(cp->nclist.body,
+							  flags);
+				}
+				goto out;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+out:
+	return status;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Kick off a subshell to evaluate a tree.
+ */
+
+STATIC int
+evalsubshell(union node *n, int flags)
+{
+	struct job *jp;
+	int backgnd = (n->type == NBACKGND);
+	int status;
+
+	errlinno = lineno = n->nredir.linno;
+	if (funcline)
+		lineno -= funcline - 1;
+
+	expredir(n->nredir.redirect);
+	INTOFF;
+	if (!backgnd && flags & EV_EXIT && !have_traps()) {
+		forkreset();
+		goto nofork;
+	}
+	jp = makejob(n, 1);
+	if (forkshell(jp, n, backgnd) == 0) {
+		flags |= EV_EXIT;
+		if (backgnd)
+			flags &=~ EV_TESTED;
+nofork:
+		INTON;
+		redirect(n->nredir.redirect, 0);
+		evaltreenr(n->nredir.n, flags);
+		/* never returns */
+	}
+	status = 0;
+	if (! backgnd)
+		status = waitforjob(jp);
+	INTON;
+	return status;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Compute the names of the files in a redirection list.
+ */
+
+STATIC void
+expredir(union node *n)
+{
+	union node *redir;
+
+	for (redir = n ; redir ; redir = redir->nfile.next) {
+		struct arglist fn;
+		fn.lastp = &fn.list;
+		switch (redir->type) {
+		case NFROMTO:
+		case NFROM:
+		case NTO:
+		case NCLOBBER:
+		case NAPPEND:
+			expandarg(redir->nfile.fname, &fn, EXP_TILDE | EXP_REDIR);
+			redir->nfile.expfname = fn.list->text;
+			break;
+		case NFROMFD:
+		case NTOFD:
+			if (redir->ndup.vname) {
+				expandarg(redir->ndup.vname, &fn, EXP_TILDE | EXP_REDIR);
+				fixredir(redir, fn.list->text, 1);
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Evaluate a pipeline.  All the processes in the pipeline are children
+ * of the process creating the pipeline.  (This differs from some versions
+ * of the shell, which make the last process in a pipeline the parent
+ * of all the rest.)
+ */
+
+STATIC int
+evalpipe(union node *n, int flags)
+{
+	struct job *jp;
+	struct nodelist *lp;
+	int pipelen;
+	int prevfd;
+	int pip[2];
+	int status = 0;
+
+	TRACE(("evalpipe(0x%lx) called\n", (long)n));
+	pipelen = 0;
+	for (lp = n->npipe.cmdlist ; lp ; lp = lp->next)
+		pipelen++;
+	flags |= EV_EXIT;
+	INTOFF;
+	jp = makejob(n, pipelen);
+	prevfd = -1;
+	for (lp = n->npipe.cmdlist ; lp ; lp = lp->next) {
+		prehash(lp->n);
+		pip[1] = -1;
+		if (lp->next) {
+			if (pipe(pip) < 0) {
+				close(prevfd);
+				sh_error("Pipe call failed");
+			}
+		}
+		if (forkshell(jp, lp->n, n->npipe.backgnd) == 0) {
+			INTON;
+			if (pip[1] >= 0) {
+				close(pip[0]);
+			}
+			if (prevfd > 0) {
+				dup2(prevfd, 0);
+				close(prevfd);
+			}
+			if (pip[1] > 1) {
+				dup2(pip[1], 1);
+				close(pip[1]);
+			}
+			evaltreenr(lp->n, flags);
+			/* never returns */
+		}
+		if (prevfd >= 0)
+			close(prevfd);
+		prevfd = pip[0];
+		close(pip[1]);
+	}
+	if (n->npipe.backgnd == 0) {
+		status = waitforjob(jp);
+		TRACE(("evalpipe:  job done exit status %d\n", status));
+	}
+	INTON;
+
+	return status;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Execute a command inside back quotes.  If it's a builtin command, we
+ * want to save its output in a block obtained from malloc.  Otherwise
+ * we fork off a subprocess and get the output of the command via a pipe.
+ * Should be called with interrupts off.
+ */
+
+void
+evalbackcmd(union node *n, struct backcmd *result)
+{
+	int pip[2];
+	struct job *jp;
+
+	result->fd = -1;
+	result->buf = NULL;
+	result->nleft = 0;
+	result->jp = NULL;
+	if (n == NULL) {
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	if (pipe(pip) < 0)
+		sh_error("Pipe call failed");
+	jp = makejob(n, 1);
+	if (forkshell(jp, n, FORK_NOJOB) == 0) {
+		FORCEINTON;
+		close(pip[0]);
+		if (pip[1] != 1) {
+			dup2(pip[1], 1);
+			close(pip[1]);
+		}
+		ifsfree();
+		evaltreenr(n, EV_EXIT);
+		/* NOTREACHED */
+	}
+	close(pip[1]);
+	result->fd = pip[0];
+	result->jp = jp;
+
+out:
+	TRACE(("evalbackcmd done: fd=%d buf=0x%x nleft=%d jp=0x%x\n",
+		result->fd, result->buf, result->nleft, result->jp));
+}
+
+static struct strlist *fill_arglist(struct arglist *arglist,
+				    union node **argpp)
+{
+	struct strlist **lastp = arglist->lastp;
+	union node *argp;
+
+	while ((argp = *argpp)) {
+		expandarg(argp, arglist, EXP_FULL | EXP_TILDE);
+		*argpp = argp->narg.next;
+		if (*lastp)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	return *lastp;
+}
+
+static int parse_command_args(struct arglist *arglist, union node **argpp,
+			      const char **path)
+{
+	struct strlist *sp = arglist->list;
+	char *cp, c;
+
+	for (;;) {
+		sp = unlikely(sp->next) ? sp->next :
+					  fill_arglist(arglist, argpp);
+		if (!sp)
+			return 0;
+		cp = sp->text;
+		if (*cp++ != '-')
+			break;
+		if (!(c = *cp++))
+			break;
+		if (c == '-' && !*cp) {
+			if (likely(!sp->next) && !fill_arglist(arglist, argpp))
+				return 0;
+			sp = sp->next;
+			break;
+		}
+		do {
+			switch (c) {
+			case 'p':
+				*path = defpath;
+				break;
+			default:
+				/* run 'typecmd' for other options */
+				return 0;
+			}
+		} while ((c = *cp++));
+	}
+
+	arglist->list = sp;
+	return DO_NOFUNC;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Execute a simple command.
+ */
+
+STATIC int
+#ifdef notyet
+evalcommand(union node *cmd, int flags, struct backcmd *backcmd)
+#else
+evalcommand(union node *cmd, int flags)
+#endif
+{
+	struct localvar_list *localvar_stop;
+	struct parsefile *file_stop;
+	struct redirtab *redir_stop;
+	union node *argp;
+	struct arglist arglist;
+	struct arglist varlist;
+	char **argv;
+	int argc;
+	struct strlist *osp;
+	struct strlist *sp;
+#ifdef notyet
+	int pip[2];
+#endif
+	struct cmdentry cmdentry;
+	struct job *jp;
+	char *lastarg;
+	const char *path;
+	int spclbltin;
+	int cmd_flag;
+	int execcmd;
+	int status;
+	char **nargv;
+	int vflags;
+	int vlocal;
+
+	errlinno = lineno = cmd->ncmd.linno;
+	if (funcline)
+		lineno -= funcline - 1;
+
+	/* First expand the arguments. */
+	TRACE(("evalcommand(0x%lx, %d) called\n", (long)cmd, flags));
+	file_stop = parsefile;
+	back_exitstatus = 0;
+
+	cmdentry.cmdtype = CMDBUILTIN;
+	cmdentry.u.cmd = &bltin;
+	varlist.lastp = &varlist.list;
+	*varlist.lastp = NULL;
+	arglist.lastp = &arglist.list;
+	*arglist.lastp = NULL;
+
+	cmd_flag = 0;
+	execcmd = 0;
+	spclbltin = -1;
+	vflags = 0;
+	vlocal = 0;
+	path = NULL;
+
+	argc = 0;
+	argp = cmd->ncmd.args;
+	if ((osp = fill_arglist(&arglist, &argp))) {
+		int pseudovarflag = 0;
+
+		for (;;) {
+			find_command(arglist.list->text, &cmdentry,
+				     cmd_flag | DO_REGBLTIN, pathval());
+
+			vlocal++;
+
+			/* implement bltin and command here */
+			if (cmdentry.cmdtype != CMDBUILTIN)
+				break;
+
+			pseudovarflag = cmdentry.u.cmd->flags & BUILTIN_ASSIGN;
+			if (likely(spclbltin < 0)) {
+				spclbltin =
+					cmdentry.u.cmd->flags &
+					BUILTIN_SPECIAL
+				;
+				vlocal = spclbltin ^ BUILTIN_SPECIAL;
+			}
+			execcmd = cmdentry.u.cmd == EXECCMD;
+			if (likely(cmdentry.u.cmd != COMMANDCMD))
+				break;
+
+			cmd_flag = parse_command_args(&arglist, &argp, &path);
+			if (!cmd_flag)
+				break;
+		}
+
+		for (; argp; argp = argp->narg.next)
+			expandarg(argp, &arglist,
+				  pseudovarflag &&
+				  isassignment(argp->narg.text) ?
+				  EXP_VARTILDE : EXP_FULL | EXP_TILDE);
+
+		for (sp = arglist.list; sp; sp = sp->next)
+			argc++;
+
+		if (execcmd && argc > 1)
+			vflags = VEXPORT;
+	}
+
+	localvar_stop = pushlocalvars(vlocal);
+
+	/* Reserve one extra spot at the front for shellexec. */
+	nargv = stalloc(sizeof (char *) * (argc + 2));
+	argv = ++nargv;
+	for (sp = arglist.list ; sp ; sp = sp->next) {
+		TRACE(("evalcommand arg: %s\n", sp->text));
+		*nargv++ = sp->text;
+	}
+	*nargv = NULL;
+
+	lastarg = NULL;
+	if (iflag && funcline == 0 && argc > 0)
+		lastarg = nargv[-1];
+
+	preverrout.fd = 2;
+	expredir(cmd->ncmd.redirect);
+	redir_stop = pushredir(cmd->ncmd.redirect);
+	status = redirectsafe(cmd->ncmd.redirect, REDIR_PUSH|REDIR_SAVEFD2);
+
+	if (unlikely(status)) {
+bail:
+		exitstatus = status;
+
+		/* We have a redirection error. */
+		if (spclbltin > 0)
+			exraise(EXERROR);
+
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	for (argp = cmd->ncmd.assign; argp; argp = argp->narg.next) {
+		struct strlist **spp;
+
+		spp = varlist.lastp;
+		expandarg(argp, &varlist, EXP_VARTILDE);
+
+		if (vlocal)
+			mklocal((*spp)->text, VEXPORT);
+		else
+			setvareq((*spp)->text, vflags);
+	}
+
+	/* Print the command if xflag is set. */
+	if (xflag) {
+		struct output *out;
+		int sep;
+
+		out = &preverrout;
+		outstr(expandstr(ps4val()), out);
+		sep = 0;
+		sep = eprintlist(out, varlist.list, sep);
+		eprintlist(out, osp, sep);
+		outcslow('\n', out);
+#ifdef FLUSHERR
+		flushout(out);
+#endif
+	}
+
+	/* Now locate the command. */
+	if (cmdentry.cmdtype != CMDBUILTIN ||
+	    !(cmdentry.u.cmd->flags & BUILTIN_REGULAR)) {
+		path = unlikely(path) ? path : pathval();
+		find_command(argv[0], &cmdentry, cmd_flag | DO_ERR, path);
+	}
+
+	jp = NULL;
+
+	/* Execute the command. */
+	switch (cmdentry.cmdtype) {
+	case CMDUNKNOWN:
+		status = 127;
+#ifdef FLUSHERR
+		flushout(&errout);
+#endif
+		goto bail;
+
+	default:
+		/* Fork off a child process if necessary. */
+		if (!(flags & EV_EXIT) || have_traps()) {
+			INTOFF;
+			jp = vforkexec(cmd, argv, path, cmdentry.u.index);
+			break;
+		}
+		shellexec(argv, path, cmdentry.u.index);
+		/* NOTREACHED */
+
+	case CMDBUILTIN:
+		if (evalbltin(cmdentry.u.cmd, argc, argv, flags) &&
+		    !(exception == EXERROR && spclbltin <= 0)) {
+raise:
+			longjmp(handler->loc, 1);
+		}
+		break;
+
+	case CMDFUNCTION:
+		if (evalfun(cmdentry.u.func, argc, argv, flags))
+			goto raise;
+		break;
+	}
+
+	status = waitforjob(jp);
+	FORCEINTON;
+
+out:
+	if (cmd->ncmd.redirect)
+		popredir(execcmd);
+	unwindredir(redir_stop);
+	unwindfiles(file_stop);
+	unwindlocalvars(localvar_stop);
+	if (lastarg)
+		/* dsl: I think this is intended to be used to support
+		 * '_' in 'vi' command mode during line editing...
+		 * However I implemented that within libedit itself.
+		 */
+		setvar("_", lastarg, 0);
+
+	return status;
+}
+
+STATIC int
+evalbltin(const struct builtincmd *cmd, int argc, char **argv, int flags)
+{
+	char *volatile savecmdname;
+	struct jmploc *volatile savehandler;
+	struct jmploc jmploc;
+	int status;
+	int i;
+
+	savecmdname = commandname;
+	savehandler = handler;
+	if ((i = setjmp(jmploc.loc)))
+		goto cmddone;
+	handler = &jmploc;
+	commandname = argv[0];
+	argptr = argv + 1;
+	optptr = NULL;			/* initialize nextopt */
+	if (cmd == EVALCMD)
+		status = evalcmd(argc, argv, flags);
+	else
+		status = (*cmd->builtin)(argc, argv);
+	flushall();
+	if (outerr(out1))
+		sh_warnx("%s: I/O error", commandname);
+	status |= outerr(out1);
+	exitstatus = status;
+cmddone:
+	freestdout();
+	commandname = savecmdname;
+	handler = savehandler;
+
+	return i;
+}
+
+STATIC int
+evalfun(struct funcnode *func, int argc, char **argv, int flags)
+{
+	volatile struct shparam saveparam;
+	struct jmploc *volatile savehandler;
+	struct jmploc jmploc;
+	int e;
+	int savefuncline;
+	int saveloopnest;
+
+	saveparam = shellparam;
+	savefuncline = funcline;
+	saveloopnest = loopnest;
+	savehandler = handler;
+	if ((e = setjmp(jmploc.loc))) {
+		goto funcdone;
+	}
+	INTOFF;
+	handler = &jmploc;
+	shellparam.malloc = 0;
+	func->count++;
+	funcline = func->n.ndefun.linno;
+	loopnest = 0;
+	INTON;
+	shellparam.nparam = argc - 1;
+	shellparam.p = argv + 1;
+	shellparam.optind = 1;
+	shellparam.optoff = -1;
+	evaltree(func->n.ndefun.body, flags & EV_TESTED);
+funcdone:
+	INTOFF;
+	loopnest = saveloopnest;
+	funcline = savefuncline;
+	freefunc(func);
+	freeparam(&shellparam);
+	shellparam = saveparam;
+	handler = savehandler;
+	INTON;
+	evalskip &= ~(SKIPFUNC | SKIPFUNCDEF);
+	return e;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Search for a command.  This is called before we fork so that the
+ * location of the command will be available in the parent as well as
+ * the child.  The check for "goodname" is an overly conservative
+ * check that the name will not be subject to expansion.
+ */
+
+STATIC void
+prehash(union node *n)
+{
+	struct cmdentry entry;
+
+	if (n->type == NCMD && n->ncmd.args)
+		if (goodname(n->ncmd.args->narg.text))
+			find_command(n->ncmd.args->narg.text, &entry, 0,
+				     pathval());
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Builtin commands.  Builtin commands whose functions are closely
+ * tied to evaluation are implemented here.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * No command given.
+ */
+
+STATIC int
+bltincmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	/*
+	 * Preserve exitstatus of a previous possible redirection
+	 * as POSIX mandates
+	 */
+	return back_exitstatus;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Handle break and continue commands.  Break, continue, and return are
+ * all handled by setting the evalskip flag.  The evaluation routines
+ * above all check this flag, and if it is set they start skipping
+ * commands rather than executing them.  The variable skipcount is
+ * the number of loops to break/continue, or the number of function
+ * levels to return.  (The latter is always 1.)  It should probably
+ * be an error to break out of more loops than exist, but it isn't
+ * in the standard shell so we don't make it one here.
+ */
+
+int
+breakcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	int n = argc > 1 ? number(argv[1]) : 1;
+
+	if (n <= 0)
+		badnum(argv[1]);
+	if (n > loopnest)
+		n = loopnest;
+	if (n > 0) {
+		evalskip = (**argv == 'c')? SKIPCONT : SKIPBREAK;
+		skipcount = n;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * The return command.
+ */
+
+int
+returncmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	int skip;
+	int status;
+
+	/*
+	 * If called outside a function, do what ksh does;
+	 * skip the rest of the file.
+	 */
+	if (argv[1]) {
+		skip = SKIPFUNC;
+		status = number(argv[1]);
+	} else {
+		skip = SKIPFUNCDEF;
+		status = exitstatus;
+	}
+	evalskip = skip;
+
+	return status;
+}
+
+
+int
+falsecmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	return 1;
+}
+
+
+int
+truecmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+int
+execcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	if (argc > 1) {
+		iflag = 0;		/* exit on error */
+		mflag = 0;
+		optschanged();
+		shellexec(argv + 1, pathval(), 0);
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+STATIC int
+eprintlist(struct output *out, struct strlist *sp, int sep)
+{
+	while (sp) {
+		const char *p;
+
+		p = " %s";
+		p += (1 - sep);
+		sep |= 1;
+		outfmt(out, p, sp->text);
+		sp = sp->next;
+	}
+
+	return sep;
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/eval.h b/bin/dash/src/eval.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..63e7d865
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/eval.h
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)eval.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ */
+
+extern char *commandname;	/* currently executing command */
+extern int exitstatus;		/* exit status of last command */
+extern int back_exitstatus;	/* exit status of backquoted command */
+extern int savestatus;		/* exit status of last command outside traps */
+
+
+struct backcmd {		/* result of evalbackcmd */
+	int fd;			/* file descriptor to read from */
+	char *buf;		/* buffer */
+	int nleft;		/* number of chars in buffer */
+	struct job *jp;		/* job structure for command */
+};
+
+/* flags in argument to evaltree */
+#define EV_EXIT 01		/* exit after evaluating tree */
+#define EV_TESTED 02		/* exit status is checked; ignore -e flag */
+
+int evalstring(char *, int);
+union node;	/* BLETCH for ansi C */
+int evaltree(union node *, int);
+void evalbackcmd(union node *, struct backcmd *);
+
+extern int evalskip;
+
+/* reasons for skipping commands (see comment on breakcmd routine) */
+#define SKIPBREAK	(1 << 0)
+#define SKIPCONT	(1 << 1)
+#define SKIPFUNC	(1 << 2)
+#define SKIPFUNCDEF	(1 << 3)
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/exec.c b/bin/dash/src/exec.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..87354d49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/exec.c
@@ -0,0 +1,908 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#ifdef HAVE_PATHS_H
+#include <paths.h>
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * When commands are first encountered, they are entered in a hash table.
+ * This ensures that a full path search will not have to be done for them
+ * on each invocation.
+ *
+ * We should investigate converting to a linear search, even though that
+ * would make the command name "hash" a misnomer.
+ */
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "main.h"
+#include "nodes.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "redir.h"
+#include "eval.h"
+#include "exec.h"
+#include "builtins.h"
+#include "var.h"
+#include "options.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "syntax.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "init.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+#include "show.h"
+#include "jobs.h"
+#include "alias.h"
+#include "system.h"
+
+
+#define CMDTABLESIZE 31		/* should be prime */
+#define ARB 1			/* actual size determined at run time */
+
+
+
+struct tblentry {
+	struct tblentry *next;	/* next entry in hash chain */
+	union param param;	/* definition of builtin function */
+	short cmdtype;		/* index identifying command */
+	char rehash;		/* if set, cd done since entry created */
+	char cmdname[ARB];	/* name of command */
+};
+
+
+STATIC struct tblentry *cmdtable[CMDTABLESIZE];
+STATIC int builtinloc = -1;		/* index in path of %builtin, or -1 */
+
+
+STATIC void tryexec(char *, char **, char **);
+STATIC void printentry(struct tblentry *);
+STATIC void clearcmdentry(void);
+STATIC struct tblentry *cmdlookup(const char *, int);
+STATIC void delete_cmd_entry(void);
+STATIC void addcmdentry(char *, struct cmdentry *);
+STATIC int describe_command(struct output *, char *, const char *, int);
+
+
+/*
+ * Exec a program.  Never returns.  If you change this routine, you may
+ * have to change the find_command routine as well.
+ */
+
+void
+shellexec(char **argv, const char *path, int idx)
+{
+	char *cmdname;
+	int e;
+	char **envp;
+	int exerrno;
+
+	envp = environment();
+	if (strchr(argv[0], '/') != NULL) {
+		tryexec(argv[0], argv, envp);
+		e = errno;
+	} else {
+		e = ENOENT;
+		while (padvance(&path, argv[0]) >= 0) {
+			cmdname = stackblock();
+			if (--idx < 0 && pathopt == NULL) {
+				tryexec(cmdname, argv, envp);
+				if (errno != ENOENT && errno != ENOTDIR)
+					e = errno;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Map to POSIX errors */
+	switch (e) {
+	default:
+		exerrno = 126;
+		break;
+	case ELOOP:
+	case ENAMETOOLONG:
+	case ENOENT:
+	case ENOTDIR:
+		exerrno = 127;
+		break;
+	}
+	exitstatus = exerrno;
+	TRACE(("shellexec failed for %s, errno %d, suppressint %d\n",
+		argv[0], e, suppressint ));
+	exerror(EXEND, "%s: %s", argv[0], errmsg(e, E_EXEC));
+	/* NOTREACHED */
+}
+
+
+STATIC void
+tryexec(char *cmd, char **argv, char **envp)
+{
+	char *const path_bshell = _PATH_BSHELL;
+
+repeat:
+#ifdef SYSV
+	do {
+		execve(cmd, argv, envp);
+	} while (errno == EINTR);
+#else
+	execve(cmd, argv, envp);
+#endif
+	if (cmd != path_bshell && errno == ENOEXEC) {
+		*argv-- = cmd;
+		*argv = cmd = path_bshell;
+		goto repeat;
+	}
+}
+
+static const char *legal_pathopt(const char *opt, const char *term, int magic)
+{
+	switch (magic) {
+	case 0:
+		opt = NULL;
+		break;
+
+	case 1:
+		opt = prefix(opt, "builtin") ?: prefix(opt, "func");
+		break;
+
+	default:
+		opt += strcspn(opt, term);
+		break;
+	}
+
+	if (opt && *opt == '%')
+		opt++;
+
+	return opt;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Do a path search.  The variable path (passed by reference) should be
+ * set to the start of the path before the first call; padvance will update
+ * this value as it proceeds.  Successive calls to padvance will return
+ * the possible path expansions in sequence.  If an option (indicated by
+ * a percent sign) appears in the path entry then the global variable
+ * pathopt will be set to point to it; otherwise pathopt will be set to
+ * NULL.
+ *
+ * If magic is 0 then pathopt recognition will be disabled.  If magic is
+ * 1 we shall recognise %builtin/%func.  Otherwise we shall accept any
+ * pathopt.
+ */
+
+const char *pathopt;
+
+int padvance_magic(const char **path, const char *name, int magic)
+{
+	const char *term = "%:";
+	const char *lpathopt;
+	const char *p;
+	char *q;
+	const char *start;
+	size_t qlen;
+	size_t len;
+
+	if (*path == NULL)
+		return -1;
+
+	lpathopt = NULL;
+	start = *path;
+
+	if (*start == '%' && (p = legal_pathopt(start + 1, term, magic))) {
+		lpathopt = start + 1;
+		start = p;
+		term = ":";
+	}
+
+	len = strcspn(start, term);
+	p = start + len;
+
+	if (*p == '%') {
+		size_t extra = strchrnul(p, ':') - p;
+
+		if (legal_pathopt(p + 1, term, magic))
+			lpathopt = p + 1;
+		else
+			len += extra;
+
+		p += extra;
+	}
+
+	pathopt = lpathopt;
+	*path = *p == ':' ? p + 1 : NULL;
+
+	/* "2" is for '/' and '\0' */
+	qlen = len + strlen(name) + 2;
+	q = growstackto(qlen);
+
+	if (likely(len)) {
+		q = mempcpy(q, start, len);
+		*q++ = '/';
+	}
+	strcpy(q, name);
+
+	return qlen;
+}
+
+
+
+/*** Command hashing code ***/
+
+
+int
+hashcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	struct tblentry **pp;
+	struct tblentry *cmdp;
+	int c;
+	struct cmdentry entry;
+	char *name;
+
+	while ((c = nextopt("r")) != '\0') {
+		clearcmdentry();
+		return 0;
+	}
+	if (*argptr == NULL) {
+		for (pp = cmdtable ; pp < &cmdtable[CMDTABLESIZE] ; pp++) {
+			for (cmdp = *pp ; cmdp ; cmdp = cmdp->next) {
+				if (cmdp->cmdtype == CMDNORMAL)
+					printentry(cmdp);
+			}
+		}
+		return 0;
+	}
+	c = 0;
+	while ((name = *argptr) != NULL) {
+		if ((cmdp = cmdlookup(name, 0)) &&
+		    (cmdp->cmdtype == CMDNORMAL ||
+		     (cmdp->cmdtype == CMDBUILTIN &&
+		      !(cmdp->param.cmd->flags & BUILTIN_REGULAR) &&
+		      builtinloc > 0)))
+			delete_cmd_entry();
+		find_command(name, &entry, DO_ERR, pathval());
+		if (entry.cmdtype == CMDUNKNOWN)
+			c = 1;
+		argptr++;
+	}
+	return c;
+}
+
+
+STATIC void
+printentry(struct tblentry *cmdp)
+{
+	int idx;
+	const char *path;
+	char *name;
+
+	idx = cmdp->param.index;
+	path = pathval();
+	do {
+		padvance(&path, cmdp->cmdname);
+	} while (--idx >= 0);
+	name = stackblock();
+	out1str(name);
+	out1fmt(snlfmt, cmdp->rehash ? "*" : nullstr);
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Resolve a command name.  If you change this routine, you may have to
+ * change the shellexec routine as well.
+ */
+
+void
+find_command(char *name, struct cmdentry *entry, int act, const char *path)
+{
+	struct tblentry *cmdp;
+	int idx;
+	int prev;
+	char *fullname;
+	struct stat64 statb;
+	int e;
+	int updatetbl;
+	struct builtincmd *bcmd;
+	int len;
+
+	/* If name contains a slash, don't use PATH or hash table */
+	if (strchr(name, '/') != NULL) {
+		entry->u.index = -1;
+		if (act & DO_ABS) {
+			while (stat64(name, &statb) < 0) {
+#ifdef SYSV
+				if (errno == EINTR)
+					continue;
+#endif
+				entry->cmdtype = CMDUNKNOWN;
+				return;
+			}
+		}
+		entry->cmdtype = CMDNORMAL;
+		return;
+	}
+
+	updatetbl = (path == pathval());
+	if (!updatetbl)
+		act |= DO_ALTPATH;
+
+	/* If name is in the table, check answer will be ok */
+	if ((cmdp = cmdlookup(name, 0)) != NULL) {
+		int bit;
+
+		switch (cmdp->cmdtype) {
+		default:
+#if DEBUG
+			abort();
+#endif
+		case CMDNORMAL:
+			bit = DO_ALTPATH | DO_REGBLTIN;
+			break;
+		case CMDFUNCTION:
+			bit = DO_NOFUNC;
+			break;
+		case CMDBUILTIN:
+			bit = cmdp->param.cmd->flags & BUILTIN_REGULAR ?
+			      0 : DO_REGBLTIN;
+			break;
+		}
+		if (act & bit) {
+			if (act & bit & DO_REGBLTIN)
+				goto fail;
+
+			updatetbl = 0;
+			cmdp = NULL;
+		} else if (cmdp->rehash == 0)
+			/* if not invalidated by cd, we're done */
+			goto success;
+	}
+
+	/* If %builtin not in path, check for builtin next */
+	bcmd = find_builtin(name);
+	if (bcmd && ((bcmd->flags & BUILTIN_REGULAR) | (act & DO_ALTPATH) |
+		     (builtinloc <= 0)))
+		goto builtin_success;
+
+	if (act & DO_REGBLTIN)
+		goto fail;
+
+	/* We have to search path. */
+	prev = -1;		/* where to start */
+	if (cmdp && cmdp->rehash) {	/* doing a rehash */
+		if (cmdp->cmdtype == CMDBUILTIN)
+			prev = builtinloc;
+		else
+			prev = cmdp->param.index;
+	}
+
+	e = ENOENT;
+	idx = -1;
+loop:
+	while ((len = padvance(&path, name)) >= 0) {
+		const char *lpathopt = pathopt;
+
+		fullname = stackblock();
+		idx++;
+		if (lpathopt) {
+			if (*lpathopt == 'b') {
+				if (bcmd)
+					goto builtin_success;
+				continue;
+			} else if (!(act & DO_NOFUNC)) {
+				/* handled below */
+			} else {
+				/* ignore unimplemented options */
+				continue;
+			}
+		}
+		/* if rehash, don't redo absolute path names */
+		if (fullname[0] == '/' && idx <= prev) {
+			if (idx < prev)
+				continue;
+			TRACE(("searchexec \"%s\": no change\n", name));
+			goto success;
+		}
+		while (stat64(fullname, &statb) < 0) {
+#ifdef SYSV
+			if (errno == EINTR)
+				continue;
+#endif
+			if (errno != ENOENT && errno != ENOTDIR)
+				e = errno;
+			goto loop;
+		}
+		e = EACCES;	/* if we fail, this will be the error */
+		if (!S_ISREG(statb.st_mode))
+			continue;
+		if (lpathopt) {		/* this is a %func directory */
+			stalloc(len);
+			readcmdfile(fullname);
+			if ((cmdp = cmdlookup(name, 0)) == NULL ||
+			    cmdp->cmdtype != CMDFUNCTION)
+				sh_error("%s not defined in %s", name,
+					 fullname);
+			stunalloc(fullname);
+			goto success;
+		}
+#ifdef notdef
+		/* XXX this code stops root executing stuff, and is buggy
+		   if you need a group from the group list. */
+		if (statb.st_uid == geteuid()) {
+			if ((statb.st_mode & 0100) == 0)
+				goto loop;
+		} else if (statb.st_gid == getegid()) {
+			if ((statb.st_mode & 010) == 0)
+				goto loop;
+		} else {
+			if ((statb.st_mode & 01) == 0)
+				goto loop;
+		}
+#endif
+		TRACE(("searchexec \"%s\" returns \"%s\"\n", name, fullname));
+		if (!updatetbl) {
+			entry->cmdtype = CMDNORMAL;
+			entry->u.index = idx;
+			return;
+		}
+		INTOFF;
+		cmdp = cmdlookup(name, 1);
+		cmdp->cmdtype = CMDNORMAL;
+		cmdp->param.index = idx;
+		INTON;
+		goto success;
+	}
+
+	/* We failed.  If there was an entry for this command, delete it */
+	if (cmdp && updatetbl)
+		delete_cmd_entry();
+	if (act & DO_ERR)
+		sh_warnx("%s: %s", name, errmsg(e, E_EXEC));
+fail:
+	entry->cmdtype = CMDUNKNOWN;
+	return;
+
+builtin_success:
+	if (!updatetbl) {
+		entry->cmdtype = CMDBUILTIN;
+		entry->u.cmd = bcmd;
+		return;
+	}
+	INTOFF;
+	cmdp = cmdlookup(name, 1);
+	cmdp->cmdtype = CMDBUILTIN;
+	cmdp->param.cmd = bcmd;
+	INTON;
+success:
+	cmdp->rehash = 0;
+	entry->cmdtype = cmdp->cmdtype;
+	entry->u = cmdp->param;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Search the table of builtin commands.
+ */
+
+struct builtincmd *
+find_builtin(const char *name)
+{
+	struct builtincmd *bp;
+
+	bp = bsearch(
+		&name, builtincmd, NUMBUILTINS, sizeof(struct builtincmd),
+		pstrcmp
+	);
+	return bp;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Called when a cd is done.  Marks all commands so the next time they
+ * are executed they will be rehashed.
+ */
+
+void
+hashcd(void)
+{
+	struct tblentry **pp;
+	struct tblentry *cmdp;
+
+	for (pp = cmdtable ; pp < &cmdtable[CMDTABLESIZE] ; pp++) {
+		for (cmdp = *pp ; cmdp ; cmdp = cmdp->next) {
+			if (cmdp->cmdtype == CMDNORMAL || (
+				cmdp->cmdtype == CMDBUILTIN &&
+				!(cmdp->param.cmd->flags & BUILTIN_REGULAR) &&
+				builtinloc > 0
+			))
+				cmdp->rehash = 1;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Fix command hash table when PATH changed.
+ * Called before PATH is changed.  The argument is the new value of PATH;
+ * pathval() still returns the old value at this point.
+ * Called with interrupts off.
+ */
+
+void
+changepath(const char *newval)
+{
+	const char *new;
+	int idx;
+	int bltin;
+
+	new = newval;
+	idx = 0;
+	bltin = -1;
+	for (;;) {
+		if (*new == '%' && prefix(new + 1, "builtin")) {
+			bltin = idx;
+			break;
+		}
+		new = strchr(new, ':');
+		if (!new)
+			break;
+		idx++;
+		new++;
+	}
+	builtinloc = bltin;
+	clearcmdentry();
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Clear out command entries.  The argument specifies the first entry in
+ * PATH which has changed.
+ */
+
+STATIC void
+clearcmdentry(void)
+{
+	struct tblentry **tblp;
+	struct tblentry **pp;
+	struct tblentry *cmdp;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	for (tblp = cmdtable ; tblp < &cmdtable[CMDTABLESIZE] ; tblp++) {
+		pp = tblp;
+		while ((cmdp = *pp) != NULL) {
+			if (cmdp->cmdtype == CMDNORMAL ||
+			    (cmdp->cmdtype == CMDBUILTIN &&
+			     !(cmdp->param.cmd->flags & BUILTIN_REGULAR) &&
+			     builtinloc > 0)) {
+				*pp = cmdp->next;
+				ckfree(cmdp);
+			} else {
+				pp = &cmdp->next;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	INTON;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Locate a command in the command hash table.  If "add" is nonzero,
+ * add the command to the table if it is not already present.  The
+ * variable "lastcmdentry" is set to point to the address of the link
+ * pointing to the entry, so that delete_cmd_entry can delete the
+ * entry.
+ *
+ * Interrupts must be off if called with add != 0.
+ */
+
+struct tblentry **lastcmdentry;
+
+
+STATIC struct tblentry *
+cmdlookup(const char *name, int add)
+{
+	unsigned int hashval;
+	const char *p;
+	struct tblentry *cmdp;
+	struct tblentry **pp;
+
+	p = name;
+	hashval = (unsigned char)*p << 4;
+	while (*p)
+		hashval += (unsigned char)*p++;
+	hashval &= 0x7FFF;
+	pp = &cmdtable[hashval % CMDTABLESIZE];
+	for (cmdp = *pp ; cmdp ; cmdp = cmdp->next) {
+		if (equal(cmdp->cmdname, name))
+			break;
+		pp = &cmdp->next;
+	}
+	if (add && cmdp == NULL) {
+		cmdp = *pp = ckmalloc(sizeof (struct tblentry) - ARB
+					+ strlen(name) + 1);
+		cmdp->next = NULL;
+		cmdp->cmdtype = CMDUNKNOWN;
+		strcpy(cmdp->cmdname, name);
+	}
+	lastcmdentry = pp;
+	return cmdp;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Delete the command entry returned on the last lookup.
+ */
+
+STATIC void
+delete_cmd_entry(void)
+{
+	struct tblentry *cmdp;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	cmdp = *lastcmdentry;
+	*lastcmdentry = cmdp->next;
+	if (cmdp->cmdtype == CMDFUNCTION)
+		freefunc(cmdp->param.func);
+	ckfree(cmdp);
+	INTON;
+}
+
+
+
+#ifdef notdef
+void
+getcmdentry(char *name, struct cmdentry *entry)
+{
+	struct tblentry *cmdp = cmdlookup(name, 0);
+
+	if (cmdp) {
+		entry->u = cmdp->param;
+		entry->cmdtype = cmdp->cmdtype;
+	} else {
+		entry->cmdtype = CMDUNKNOWN;
+		entry->u.index = 0;
+	}
+}
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+ * Add a new command entry, replacing any existing command entry for
+ * the same name - except special builtins.
+ */
+
+STATIC void
+addcmdentry(char *name, struct cmdentry *entry)
+{
+	struct tblentry *cmdp;
+
+	cmdp = cmdlookup(name, 1);
+	if (cmdp->cmdtype == CMDFUNCTION) {
+		freefunc(cmdp->param.func);
+	}
+	cmdp->cmdtype = entry->cmdtype;
+	cmdp->param = entry->u;
+	cmdp->rehash = 0;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Define a shell function.
+ */
+
+void
+defun(union node *func)
+{
+	struct cmdentry entry;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	entry.cmdtype = CMDFUNCTION;
+	entry.u.func = copyfunc(func);
+	addcmdentry(func->ndefun.text, &entry);
+	INTON;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Delete a function if it exists.
+ */
+
+void
+unsetfunc(const char *name)
+{
+	struct tblentry *cmdp;
+
+	if ((cmdp = cmdlookup(name, 0)) != NULL &&
+	    cmdp->cmdtype == CMDFUNCTION)
+		delete_cmd_entry();
+}
+
+/*
+ * Locate and print what a word is...
+ */
+
+int
+typecmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	int i;
+	int err = 0;
+
+	for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
+		err |= describe_command(out1, argv[i], NULL, 1);
+	}
+	return err;
+}
+
+STATIC int
+describe_command(out, command, path, verbose)
+	struct output *out;
+	char *command;
+	const char *path;
+	int verbose;
+{
+	struct cmdentry entry;
+	struct tblentry *cmdp;
+	const struct alias *ap;
+
+	if (verbose) {
+		outstr(command, out);
+	}
+
+	/* First look at the keywords */
+	if (findkwd(command)) {
+		outstr(verbose ? " is a shell keyword" : command, out);
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	/* Then look at the aliases */
+	if ((ap = lookupalias(command, 0)) != NULL) {
+		if (verbose) {
+			outfmt(out, " is an alias for %s", ap->val);
+		} else {
+			outstr("alias ", out);
+			printalias(ap);
+			return 0;
+		}
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	/* Then if the standard search path is used, check if it is
+	 * a tracked alias.
+	 */
+	if (path == NULL) {
+		path = pathval();
+		cmdp = cmdlookup(command, 0);
+	} else {
+		cmdp = NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (cmdp != NULL) {
+		entry.cmdtype = cmdp->cmdtype;
+		entry.u = cmdp->param;
+	} else {
+		/* Finally use brute force */
+		find_command(command, &entry, DO_ABS, path);
+	}
+
+	switch (entry.cmdtype) {
+	case CMDNORMAL: {
+		int j = entry.u.index;
+		char *p;
+		if (j == -1) {
+			p = command;
+		} else {
+			do {
+				padvance(&path, command);
+			} while (--j >= 0);
+			p = stackblock();
+		}
+		if (verbose) {
+			outfmt(
+				out, " is%s %s",
+				cmdp ? " a tracked alias for" : nullstr, p
+			);
+		} else {
+			outstr(p, out);
+		}
+		break;
+	}
+
+	case CMDFUNCTION:
+		if (verbose) {
+			outstr(" is a shell function", out);
+		} else {
+			outstr(command, out);
+		}
+		break;
+
+	case CMDBUILTIN:
+		if (verbose) {
+			outfmt(
+				out, " is a %sshell builtin",
+				entry.u.cmd->flags & BUILTIN_SPECIAL ?
+					"special " : nullstr
+			);
+		} else {
+			outstr(command, out);
+		}
+		break;
+
+	default:
+		if (verbose) {
+			outstr(": not found\n", out);
+		}
+		return 127;
+	}
+
+out:
+	outc('\n', out);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int
+commandcmd(argc, argv)
+	int argc;
+	char **argv;
+{
+	char *cmd;
+	int c;
+	enum {
+		VERIFY_BRIEF = 1,
+		VERIFY_VERBOSE = 2,
+	} verify = 0;
+	const char *path = NULL;
+
+	while ((c = nextopt("pvV")) != '\0')
+		if (c == 'V')
+			verify |= VERIFY_VERBOSE;
+		else if (c == 'v')
+			verify |= VERIFY_BRIEF;
+#ifdef DEBUG
+		else if (c != 'p')
+			abort();
+#endif
+		else
+			path = defpath;
+
+	cmd = *argptr;
+	if (verify && cmd)
+		return describe_command(out1, cmd, path, verify - VERIFY_BRIEF);
+
+	return 0;
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/exec.h b/bin/dash/src/exec.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..423b07e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/exec.h
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)exec.h	8.3 (Berkeley) 6/8/95
+ */
+
+/* values of cmdtype */
+#define CMDUNKNOWN	-1	/* no entry in table for command */
+#define CMDNORMAL	0	/* command is an executable program */
+#define CMDFUNCTION	1	/* command is a shell function */
+#define CMDBUILTIN	2	/* command is a shell builtin */
+
+
+struct cmdentry {
+	int cmdtype;
+	union param {
+		int index;
+		const struct builtincmd *cmd;
+		struct funcnode *func;
+	} u;
+};
+
+
+/* action to find_command() */
+#define DO_ERR		0x01	/* prints errors */
+#define DO_ABS		0x02	/* checks absolute paths */
+#define DO_NOFUNC	0x04	/* don't return shell functions, for command */
+#define DO_ALTPATH	0x08	/* using alternate path */
+#define DO_REGBLTIN	0x10	/* regular built-ins and functions only */
+
+union node;
+
+extern const char *pathopt;	/* set by padvance */
+
+void shellexec(char **, const char *, int)
+    __attribute__((__noreturn__));
+int padvance_magic(const char **path, const char *name, int magic);
+int hashcmd(int, char **);
+void find_command(char *, struct cmdentry *, int, const char *);
+struct builtincmd *find_builtin(const char *);
+void hashcd(void);
+void changepath(const char *);
+#ifdef notdef
+void getcmdentry(char *, struct cmdentry *);
+#endif
+void defun(union node *);
+void unsetfunc(const char *);
+int typecmd(int, char **);
+int commandcmd(int, char **);
+
+static inline int padvance(const char **path, const char *name)
+{
+	return padvance_magic(path, name, 1);
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/expand.c b/bin/dash/src/expand.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1730670e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/expand.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1753 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#ifdef HAVE_GETPWNAM
+#include <pwd.h>
+#endif
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#ifdef HAVE_FNMATCH
+#include <fnmatch.h>
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_GLOB
+#include <glob.h>
+#endif
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+/*
+ * Routines to expand arguments to commands.  We have to deal with
+ * backquotes, shell variables, and file metacharacters.
+ */
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "main.h"
+#include "nodes.h"
+#include "eval.h"
+#include "expand.h"
+#include "syntax.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "jobs.h"
+#include "options.h"
+#include "var.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+#include "show.h"
+#include "system.h"
+
+/*
+ * _rmescape() flags
+ */
+#define RMESCAPE_ALLOC	0x1	/* Allocate a new string */
+#define RMESCAPE_GLOB	0x2	/* Add backslashes for glob */
+#define RMESCAPE_GROW	0x8	/* Grow strings instead of stalloc */
+#define RMESCAPE_HEAP	0x10	/* Malloc strings instead of stalloc */
+
+/* Add CTLESC when necessary. */
+#define QUOTES_ESC	(EXP_FULL | EXP_CASE)
+
+/*
+ * Structure specifying which parts of the string should be searched
+ * for IFS characters.
+ */
+
+struct ifsregion {
+	struct ifsregion *next;	/* next region in list */
+	int begoff;		/* offset of start of region */
+	int endoff;		/* offset of end of region */
+	int nulonly;		/* search for nul bytes only */
+};
+
+/* output of current string */
+static char *expdest;
+/* list of back quote expressions */
+static struct nodelist *argbackq;
+/* first struct in list of ifs regions */
+static struct ifsregion ifsfirst;
+/* last struct in list */
+static struct ifsregion *ifslastp;
+/* holds expanded arg list */
+static struct arglist exparg;
+
+static char *argstr(char *p, int flag);
+static char *exptilde(char *startp, int flag);
+static char *expari(char *start, int flag);
+STATIC void expbackq(union node *, int);
+STATIC char *evalvar(char *, int);
+static size_t strtodest(const char *p, int flags);
+static size_t memtodest(const char *p, size_t len, int flags);
+STATIC ssize_t varvalue(char *, int, int, int);
+STATIC void expandmeta(struct strlist *);
+#ifdef HAVE_GLOB
+STATIC void addglob(const glob_t *);
+#else
+STATIC void expmeta(char *, unsigned, unsigned);
+STATIC struct strlist *expsort(struct strlist *);
+STATIC struct strlist *msort(struct strlist *, int);
+#endif
+STATIC void addfname(char *);
+STATIC int patmatch(char *, const char *);
+#ifndef HAVE_FNMATCH
+STATIC int pmatch(const char *, const char *);
+#else
+#define pmatch(a, b) !fnmatch((a), (b), 0)
+#endif
+static size_t cvtnum(intmax_t num, int flags);
+STATIC size_t esclen(const char *, const char *);
+STATIC char *scanleft(char *, char *, char *, char *, int, int);
+STATIC char *scanright(char *, char *, char *, char *, int, int);
+STATIC void varunset(const char *, const char *, const char *, int)
+	__attribute__((__noreturn__));
+
+
+/*
+ * Prepare a pattern for a glob(3) call.
+ *
+ * Returns an stalloced string.
+ */
+
+STATIC inline char *
+preglob(const char *pattern, int flag) {
+	flag |= RMESCAPE_GLOB;
+	return _rmescapes((char *)pattern, flag);
+}
+
+
+STATIC size_t
+esclen(const char *start, const char *p) {
+	size_t esc = 0;
+
+	while (p > start && *--p == (char)CTLESC) {
+		esc++;
+	}
+	return esc;
+}
+
+
+static inline const char *getpwhome(const char *name)
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_GETPWNAM
+	struct passwd *pw = getpwnam(name);
+	return pw ? pw->pw_dir : 0;
+#else
+	return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Perform variable substitution and command substitution on an argument,
+ * placing the resulting list of arguments in arglist.  If EXP_FULL is true,
+ * perform splitting and file name expansion.  When arglist is NULL, perform
+ * here document expansion.
+ */
+
+void
+expandarg(union node *arg, struct arglist *arglist, int flag)
+{
+	struct strlist *sp;
+	char *p;
+
+	argbackq = arg->narg.backquote;
+	STARTSTACKSTR(expdest);
+	argstr(arg->narg.text, flag);
+	if (arglist == NULL) {
+		/* here document expanded */
+		goto out;
+	}
+	p = grabstackstr(expdest);
+	exparg.lastp = &exparg.list;
+	/*
+	 * TODO - EXP_REDIR
+	 */
+	if (flag & EXP_FULL) {
+		ifsbreakup(p, -1, &exparg);
+		*exparg.lastp = NULL;
+		exparg.lastp = &exparg.list;
+		expandmeta(exparg.list);
+	} else {
+		sp = (struct strlist *)stalloc(sizeof (struct strlist));
+		sp->text = p;
+		*exparg.lastp = sp;
+		exparg.lastp = &sp->next;
+	}
+	*exparg.lastp = NULL;
+	if (exparg.list) {
+		*arglist->lastp = exparg.list;
+		arglist->lastp = exparg.lastp;
+	}
+
+out:
+	ifsfree();
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Perform variable and command substitution.  If EXP_FULL is set, output CTLESC
+ * characters to allow for further processing.  Otherwise treat
+ * $@ like $* since no splitting will be performed.
+ */
+
+static char *argstr(char *p, int flag)
+{
+	static const char spclchars[] = {
+		'=',
+		':',
+		CTLQUOTEMARK,
+		CTLENDVAR,
+		CTLESC,
+		CTLVAR,
+		CTLBACKQ,
+		CTLARI,
+		CTLENDARI,
+		0
+	};
+	const char *reject = spclchars;
+	int c;
+	int breakall = (flag & (EXP_WORD | EXP_QUOTED)) == EXP_WORD;
+	int inquotes;
+	size_t length;
+	int startloc;
+
+	reject += !!(flag & EXP_VARTILDE2);
+	reject += flag & EXP_VARTILDE ? 0 : 2;
+	inquotes = 0;
+	length = 0;
+	if (flag & EXP_TILDE) {
+		flag &= ~EXP_TILDE;
+tilde:
+		if (*p == '~')
+			p = exptilde(p, flag);
+	}
+start:
+	startloc = expdest - (char *)stackblock();
+	for (;;) {
+		int end;
+
+		length += strcspn(p + length, reject);
+		end = 0;
+		c = (signed char)p[length];
+		if (!(c & 0x80) || c == CTLENDARI || c == CTLENDVAR) {
+			/*
+			 * c == '=' || c == ':' || c == '\0' ||
+			 * c == CTLENDARI || c == CTLENDVAR
+			 */
+			length++;
+			/* c == '\0' || c == CTLENDARI || c == CTLENDVAR */
+			end = !!((c - 1) & 0x80);
+		}
+		if (length > 0 && !(flag & EXP_DISCARD)) {
+			int newloc;
+			char *q;
+
+			q = stnputs(p, length, expdest);
+			q[-1] &= end - 1;
+			expdest = q - (flag & EXP_WORD ? end : 0);
+			newloc = q - (char *)stackblock() - end;
+			if (breakall && !inquotes && newloc > startloc) {
+				recordregion(startloc, newloc, 0);
+			}
+			startloc = newloc;
+		}
+		p += length + 1;
+		length = 0;
+
+		if (end)
+			break;
+
+		switch (c) {
+		case '=':
+			flag |= EXP_VARTILDE2;
+			reject++;
+			/* fall through */
+		case ':':
+			/*
+			 * sort of a hack - expand tildes in variable
+			 * assignments (after the first '=' and after ':'s).
+			 */
+			if (*--p == '~') {
+				goto tilde;
+			}
+			continue;
+		case CTLQUOTEMARK:
+			/* "$@" syntax adherence hack */
+			if (!inquotes && !memcmp(p, dolatstr + 1,
+						 DOLATSTRLEN - 1)) {
+				p = evalvar(p + 1, flag | EXP_QUOTED) + 1;
+				goto start;
+			}
+			inquotes ^= EXP_QUOTED;
+addquote:
+			if (flag & QUOTES_ESC) {
+				p--;
+				length++;
+				startloc++;
+			}
+			break;
+		case CTLESC:
+			startloc++;
+			length++;
+			goto addquote;
+		case CTLVAR:
+			p = evalvar(p, flag | inquotes);
+			goto start;
+		case CTLBACKQ:
+			expbackq(argbackq->n, flag | inquotes);
+			goto start;
+		case CTLARI:
+			p = expari(p, flag | inquotes);
+			goto start;
+		}
+	}
+	return p - 1;
+}
+
+static char *exptilde(char *startp, int flag)
+{
+	signed char c;
+	char *name;
+	const char *home;
+	char *p;
+
+	p = startp;
+	name = p + 1;
+
+	while ((c = *++p) != '\0') {
+		switch(c) {
+		case CTLESC:
+			return (startp);
+		case CTLQUOTEMARK:
+			return (startp);
+		case ':':
+			if (flag & EXP_VARTILDE)
+				goto done;
+			break;
+		case '/':
+		case CTLENDVAR:
+			goto done;
+		}
+	}
+done:
+	if (flag & EXP_DISCARD)
+		goto out;
+	*p = '\0';
+	if (*name == '\0') {
+		home = lookupvar(homestr);
+	} else {
+		home = getpwhome(name);
+	}
+	*p = c;
+	if (!home)
+		goto lose;
+	strtodest(home, flag | EXP_QUOTED);
+out:
+	return (p);
+lose:
+	return (startp);
+}
+
+
+void 
+removerecordregions(int endoff)
+{
+	if (ifslastp == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	if (ifsfirst.endoff > endoff) {
+		while (ifsfirst.next != NULL) {
+			struct ifsregion *ifsp;
+			INTOFF;
+			ifsp = ifsfirst.next->next;
+			ckfree(ifsfirst.next);
+			ifsfirst.next = ifsp;
+			INTON;
+		}
+		if (ifsfirst.begoff > endoff)
+			ifslastp = NULL;
+		else {
+			ifslastp = &ifsfirst;
+			ifsfirst.endoff = endoff;
+		}
+		return;
+	}
+	
+	ifslastp = &ifsfirst;
+	while (ifslastp->next && ifslastp->next->begoff < endoff)
+		ifslastp=ifslastp->next;
+	while (ifslastp->next != NULL) {
+		struct ifsregion *ifsp;
+		INTOFF;
+		ifsp = ifslastp->next->next;
+		ckfree(ifslastp->next);
+		ifslastp->next = ifsp;
+		INTON;
+	}
+	if (ifslastp->endoff > endoff)
+		ifslastp->endoff = endoff;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Expand arithmetic expression.  Backup to start of expression,
+ * evaluate, place result in (backed up) result, adjust string position.
+ */
+static char *expari(char *start, int flag)
+{
+	struct stackmark sm;
+	int begoff;
+	int endoff;
+	int len;
+	intmax_t result;
+	char *p;
+
+	p = stackblock();
+	begoff = expdest - p;
+	p = argstr(start, flag & EXP_DISCARD);
+
+	if (flag & EXP_DISCARD)
+		goto out;
+
+	start = stackblock();
+	endoff = expdest - start;
+	start += begoff;
+	STADJUST(start - expdest, expdest);
+
+	removerecordregions(begoff);
+
+	if (likely(flag & QUOTES_ESC))
+		rmescapes(start);
+
+	pushstackmark(&sm, endoff);
+	result = arith(start);
+	popstackmark(&sm);
+
+	len = cvtnum(result, flag);
+
+	if (likely(!(flag & EXP_QUOTED)))
+		recordregion(begoff, begoff + len, 0);
+
+out:
+	return p;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Expand stuff in backwards quotes.
+ */
+
+STATIC void
+expbackq(union node *cmd, int flag)
+{
+	struct backcmd in;
+	int i;
+	char buf[128];
+	char *p;
+	char *dest;
+	int startloc;
+	struct stackmark smark;
+
+	if (flag & EXP_DISCARD)
+		goto out;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	startloc = expdest - (char *)stackblock();
+	pushstackmark(&smark, startloc);
+	evalbackcmd(cmd, (struct backcmd *) &in);
+	popstackmark(&smark);
+
+	p = in.buf;
+	i = in.nleft;
+	if (i == 0)
+		goto read;
+	for (;;) {
+		memtodest(p, i, flag);
+read:
+		if (in.fd < 0)
+			break;
+		do {
+			i = read(in.fd, buf, sizeof buf);
+		} while (i < 0 && errno == EINTR);
+		TRACE(("expbackq: read returns %d\n", i));
+		if (i <= 0)
+			break;
+		p = buf;
+	}
+
+	if (in.buf)
+		ckfree(in.buf);
+	if (in.fd >= 0) {
+		close(in.fd);
+		back_exitstatus = waitforjob(in.jp);
+	}
+	INTON;
+
+	/* Eat all trailing newlines */
+	dest = expdest;
+	for (; dest > ((char *)stackblock() + startloc) && dest[-1] == '\n';)
+		STUNPUTC(dest);
+	expdest = dest;
+
+	if (!(flag & EXP_QUOTED))
+		recordregion(startloc, dest - (char *)stackblock(), 0);
+	TRACE(("evalbackq: size=%d: \"%.*s\"\n",
+		(dest - (char *)stackblock()) - startloc,
+		(dest - (char *)stackblock()) - startloc,
+		stackblock() + startloc));
+
+out:
+	argbackq = argbackq->next;
+}
+
+
+STATIC char *
+scanleft(
+	char *startp, char *rmesc, char *rmescend, char *str, int quotes,
+	int zero
+) {
+	char *loc;
+	char *loc2;
+	char c;
+
+	loc = startp;
+	loc2 = rmesc;
+	do {
+		int match;
+		const char *s = loc2;
+		c = *loc2;
+		if (zero) {
+			*loc2 = '\0';
+			s = rmesc;
+		}
+		match = pmatch(str, s);
+		*loc2 = c;
+		if (match)
+			return loc;
+		if (quotes && *loc == (char)CTLESC)
+			loc++;
+		loc++;
+		loc2++;
+	} while (c);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+STATIC char *
+scanright(
+	char *startp, char *rmesc, char *rmescend, char *str, int quotes,
+	int zero
+) {
+	int esc = 0;
+	char *loc;
+	char *loc2;
+
+	for (loc = str - 1, loc2 = rmescend; loc >= startp; loc2--) {
+		int match;
+		char c = *loc2;
+		const char *s = loc2;
+		if (zero) {
+			*loc2 = '\0';
+			s = rmesc;
+		}
+		match = pmatch(str, s);
+		*loc2 = c;
+		if (match)
+			return loc;
+		loc--;
+		if (quotes) {
+			if (--esc < 0) {
+				esc = esclen(startp, loc);
+			}
+			if (esc % 2) {
+				esc--;
+				loc--;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static char *subevalvar(char *start, char *str, int strloc, int startloc,
+			int varflags, int flag)
+{
+	int subtype = varflags & VSTYPE;
+	int quotes = flag & QUOTES_ESC;
+	char *startp;
+	char *loc;
+	long amount;
+	char *rmesc, *rmescend;
+	int zero;
+	char *(*scan)(char *, char *, char *, char *, int , int);
+	char *p;
+
+	p = argstr(start, (flag & EXP_DISCARD) | EXP_TILDE |
+			  (str ?  0 : EXP_CASE));
+	if (flag & EXP_DISCARD)
+		return p;
+
+	startp = stackblock() + startloc;
+
+	switch (subtype) {
+	case VSASSIGN:
+		setvar(str, startp, 0);
+
+		loc = startp;
+		goto out;
+
+	case VSQUESTION:
+		varunset(start, str, startp, varflags);
+		/* NOTREACHED */
+	}
+
+	subtype -= VSTRIMRIGHT;
+#ifdef DEBUG
+	if (subtype < 0 || subtype > 3)
+		abort();
+#endif
+
+	rmesc = startp;
+	rmescend = stackblock() + strloc;
+	if (quotes) {
+		rmesc = _rmescapes(startp, RMESCAPE_ALLOC | RMESCAPE_GROW);
+		if (rmesc != startp) {
+			rmescend = expdest;
+			startp = stackblock() + startloc;
+		}
+	}
+	rmescend--;
+	str = stackblock() + strloc;
+	preglob(str, 0);
+
+	/* zero = subtype == VSTRIMLEFT || subtype == VSTRIMLEFTMAX */
+	zero = subtype >> 1;
+	/* VSTRIMLEFT/VSTRIMRIGHTMAX -> scanleft */
+	scan = (subtype & 1) ^ zero ? scanleft : scanright;
+
+	loc = scan(startp, rmesc, rmescend, str, quotes, zero);
+	if (loc) {
+		if (zero) {
+			memmove(startp, loc, str - loc);
+			loc = startp + (str - loc) - 1;
+		}
+		*loc = '\0';
+	} else
+		loc = str - 1;
+
+out:
+	amount = loc - expdest;
+	STADJUST(amount, expdest);
+
+	/* Remove any recorded regions beyond start of variable */
+	removerecordregions(startloc);
+
+	return p;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Expand a variable, and return a pointer to the next character in the
+ * input string.
+ */
+STATIC char *
+evalvar(char *p, int flag)
+{
+	int subtype;
+	int varflags;
+	char *var;
+	int patloc;
+	int startloc;
+	ssize_t varlen;
+	int discard;
+	int quoted;
+
+	varflags = *p++;
+	subtype = varflags & VSTYPE;
+
+	quoted = flag & EXP_QUOTED;
+	var = p;
+	startloc = expdest - (char *)stackblock();
+	p = strchr(p, '=') + 1;
+
+again:
+	varlen = varvalue(var, varflags, flag, quoted);
+	if (varflags & VSNUL)
+		varlen--;
+
+	discard = varlen < 0 ? EXP_DISCARD : 0;
+
+	switch (subtype) {
+	case VSPLUS:
+		discard ^= EXP_DISCARD;
+		/* fall through */
+
+	case 0:
+	case VSMINUS:
+		p = argstr(p, flag | EXP_TILDE | EXP_WORD |
+			      (discard ^ EXP_DISCARD));
+		goto record;
+
+	case VSASSIGN:
+	case VSQUESTION:
+		p = subevalvar(p, var, 0, startloc, varflags,
+			       (flag & ~QUOTES_ESC) |
+			       (discard ^ EXP_DISCARD));
+
+		if ((flag | ~discard) & EXP_DISCARD)
+			goto record;
+
+		varflags &= ~VSNUL;
+		subtype = VSNORMAL;
+		goto again;
+	}
+
+	if ((discard & ~flag) && uflag)
+		varunset(p, var, 0, 0);
+
+	if (subtype == VSLENGTH) {
+		p++;
+		if (flag & EXP_DISCARD)
+			return p;
+		cvtnum(varlen > 0 ? varlen : 0, flag);
+		goto really_record;
+	}
+
+	if (subtype == VSNORMAL)
+		goto record;
+
+#ifdef DEBUG
+	switch (subtype) {
+	case VSTRIMLEFT:
+	case VSTRIMLEFTMAX:
+	case VSTRIMRIGHT:
+	case VSTRIMRIGHTMAX:
+		break;
+	default:
+		abort();
+	}
+#endif
+
+	flag |= discard;
+	if (!(flag & EXP_DISCARD)) {
+		/*
+		 * Terminate the string and start recording the pattern
+		 * right after it
+		 */
+		STPUTC('\0', expdest);
+	}
+
+	patloc = expdest - (char *)stackblock();
+	p = subevalvar(p, NULL, patloc, startloc, varflags, flag);
+
+record:
+	if ((flag | discard) & EXP_DISCARD)
+		return p;
+
+really_record:
+	if (quoted) {
+		quoted = *var == '@' && shellparam.nparam;
+		if (!quoted)
+			return p;
+	}
+	recordregion(startloc, expdest - (char *)stackblock(), quoted);
+	return p;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Put a string on the stack.
+ */
+
+static size_t memtodest(const char *p, size_t len, int flags)
+{
+	const char *syntax = flags & EXP_QUOTED ? DQSYNTAX : BASESYNTAX;
+	char *q;
+	char *s;
+
+	if (unlikely(!len))
+		return 0;
+
+	q = makestrspace(len * 2, expdest);
+	s = q;
+
+	do {
+		int c = (signed char)*p++;
+		if (c) {
+			if ((flags & QUOTES_ESC) &&
+			    ((syntax[c] == CCTL) ||
+			     (flags & EXP_QUOTED && syntax[c] == CBACK)))
+				USTPUTC(CTLESC, q);
+		} else if (!(flags & EXP_KEEPNUL))
+			continue;
+		USTPUTC(c, q);
+	} while (--len);
+
+	expdest = q;
+	return q - s;
+}
+
+
+static size_t strtodest(const char *p, int flags)
+{
+	size_t len = strlen(p);
+	memtodest(p, len, flags);
+	return len;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Add the value of a specialized variable to the stack string.
+ */
+
+STATIC ssize_t
+varvalue(char *name, int varflags, int flags, int quoted)
+{
+	int num;
+	char *p;
+	int i;
+	int sep;
+	char sepc;
+	char **ap;
+	int subtype = varflags & VSTYPE;
+	int discard = (subtype == VSPLUS || subtype == VSLENGTH) |
+		      (flags & EXP_DISCARD);
+	ssize_t len = 0;
+	char c;
+
+	if (!subtype) {
+		if (discard)
+			return -1;
+
+		sh_error("Bad substitution");
+	}
+
+	flags |= EXP_KEEPNUL;
+	flags &= discard ? ~QUOTES_ESC : ~0;
+	sep = (flags & EXP_FULL) << CHAR_BIT;
+
+	switch (*name) {
+	case '$':
+		num = rootpid;
+		goto numvar;
+	case '?':
+		num = exitstatus;
+		goto numvar;
+	case '#':
+		num = shellparam.nparam;
+		goto numvar;
+	case '!':
+		num = backgndpid;
+		if (num == 0)
+			return -1;
+numvar:
+		len = cvtnum(num, flags);
+		break;
+	case '-':
+		p = makestrspace(NOPTS, expdest);
+		for (i = NOPTS - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+			if (optlist[i] && optletters[i]) {
+				USTPUTC(optletters[i], p);
+				len++;
+			}
+		}
+		expdest = p;
+		break;
+	case '@':
+		if (quoted && sep)
+			goto param;
+		/* fall through */
+	case '*':
+		/* We will set c to 0 or ~0 depending on whether
+		 * we're doing field splitting.  We won't do field
+		 * splitting if either we're quoted or sep is zero.
+		 *
+		 * Instead of testing (quoted || !sep) the following
+		 * trick optimises away any branches by using the
+		 * fact that EXP_QUOTED (which is the only bit that
+		 * can be set in quoted) is the same as EXP_FULL <<
+		 * CHAR_BIT (which is the only bit that can be set
+		 * in sep).
+		 */
+#if EXP_QUOTED >> CHAR_BIT != EXP_FULL
+#error The following two lines expect EXP_QUOTED == EXP_FULL << CHAR_BIT
+#endif
+		c = !((quoted | ~sep) & EXP_QUOTED) - 1;
+		sep &= ~quoted;
+		sep |= ifsset() ? (unsigned char)(c & ifsval()[0]) : ' ';
+param:
+		sepc = sep;
+		if (!(ap = shellparam.p))
+			return -1;
+		while ((p = *ap++)) {
+			len += strtodest(p, flags);
+
+			if (*ap && sep) {
+				len++;
+				memtodest(&sepc, 1, flags);
+			}
+		}
+		break;
+	case '0':
+	case '1':
+	case '2':
+	case '3':
+	case '4':
+	case '5':
+	case '6':
+	case '7':
+	case '8':
+	case '9':
+		num = atoi(name);
+		if (num < 0 || num > shellparam.nparam)
+			return -1;
+		p = num ? shellparam.p[num - 1] : arg0;
+		goto value;
+	default:
+		p = lookupvar(name);
+value:
+		if (!p)
+			return -1;
+
+		len = strtodest(p, flags);
+		break;
+	}
+
+	if (discard)
+		STADJUST(-len, expdest);
+
+	return len;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Record the fact that we have to scan this region of the
+ * string for IFS characters.
+ */
+
+void
+recordregion(int start, int end, int nulonly)
+{
+	struct ifsregion *ifsp;
+
+	if (ifslastp == NULL) {
+		ifsp = &ifsfirst;
+	} else {
+		INTOFF;
+		ifsp = (struct ifsregion *)ckmalloc(sizeof (struct ifsregion));
+		ifsp->next = NULL;
+		ifslastp->next = ifsp;
+		INTON;
+	}
+	ifslastp = ifsp;
+	ifslastp->begoff = start;
+	ifslastp->endoff = end;
+	ifslastp->nulonly = nulonly;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Break the argument string into pieces based upon IFS and add the
+ * strings to the argument list.  The regions of the string to be
+ * searched for IFS characters have been stored by recordregion.
+ * If maxargs is non-negative, at most maxargs arguments will be created, by
+ * joining together the last arguments.
+ */
+void
+ifsbreakup(char *string, int maxargs, struct arglist *arglist)
+{
+	struct ifsregion *ifsp;
+	struct strlist *sp;
+	char *start;
+	char *p;
+	char *q;
+	char *r = NULL;
+	const char *ifs, *realifs;
+	int ifsspc;
+	int nulonly;
+
+
+	start = string;
+	if (ifslastp != NULL) {
+		ifsspc = 0;
+		nulonly = 0;
+		realifs = ifsset() ? ifsval() : defifs;
+		ifsp = &ifsfirst;
+		do {
+			int afternul;
+
+			p = string + ifsp->begoff;
+			afternul = nulonly;
+			nulonly = ifsp->nulonly;
+			ifs = nulonly ? nullstr : realifs;
+			ifsspc = 0;
+			while (p < string + ifsp->endoff) {
+				int c;
+				bool isifs;
+				bool isdefifs;
+
+				q = p;
+				c = *p++;
+				if (c == (char)CTLESC)
+					c = *p++;
+
+				isifs = strchr(ifs, c);
+				isdefifs = false;
+				if (isifs)
+					isdefifs = strchr(defifs, c);
+
+				/* If only reading one more argument:
+				 * If we have exactly one field,
+				 * read that field without its terminator.
+				 * If we have more than one field,
+				 * read all fields including their terminators,
+				 * except for trailing IFS whitespace.
+				 *
+				 * This means that if we have only IFS
+				 * characters left, and at most one
+				 * of them is non-whitespace, we stop
+				 * reading here.
+				 * Otherwise, we read all the remaining
+				 * characters except for trailing
+				 * IFS whitespace.
+				 *
+				 * In any case, r indicates the start
+				 * of the characters to remove, or NULL
+				 * if no characters should be removed.
+				 */
+				if (!maxargs) {
+					if (isdefifs) {
+						if (!r)
+							r = q;
+						continue;
+					}
+
+					if (!(isifs && ifsspc))
+						r = NULL;
+
+					ifsspc = 0;
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				if (ifsspc) {
+					if (isifs)
+						q = p;
+
+					start = q;
+
+					if (isdefifs)
+						continue;
+
+					isifs = false;
+				}
+
+				if (isifs) {
+					if (!(afternul || nulonly))
+						ifsspc = isdefifs;
+					/* Ignore IFS whitespace at start */
+					if (q == start && ifsspc) {
+						start = p;
+						ifsspc = 0;
+						continue;
+					}
+					if (maxargs > 0 && !--maxargs) {
+						r = q;
+						continue;
+					}
+					*q = '\0';
+					sp = (struct strlist *)stalloc(sizeof *sp);
+					sp->text = start;
+					*arglist->lastp = sp;
+					arglist->lastp = &sp->next;
+					start = p;
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				ifsspc = 0;
+			}
+		} while ((ifsp = ifsp->next) != NULL);
+		if (nulonly)
+			goto add;
+	}
+
+	if (r)
+		*r = '\0';
+
+	if (!*start)
+		return;
+
+add:
+	sp = (struct strlist *)stalloc(sizeof *sp);
+	sp->text = start;
+	*arglist->lastp = sp;
+	arglist->lastp = &sp->next;
+}
+
+void ifsfree(void)
+{
+	struct ifsregion *p = ifsfirst.next;
+
+	if (!p)
+		goto out;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	do {
+		struct ifsregion *ifsp;
+		ifsp = p->next;
+		ckfree(p);
+		p = ifsp;
+	} while (p);
+	ifsfirst.next = NULL;
+	INTON;
+
+out:
+	ifslastp = NULL;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Expand shell metacharacters.  At this point, the only control characters
+ * should be escapes.  The results are stored in the list exparg.
+ */
+
+#ifdef HAVE_GLOB
+STATIC void
+expandmeta(struct strlist *str)
+{
+	/* TODO - EXP_REDIR */
+
+	while (str) {
+		const char *p;
+		glob_t pglob;
+		int i;
+
+		if (fflag)
+			goto nometa;
+		INTOFF;
+		p = preglob(str->text, RMESCAPE_ALLOC | RMESCAPE_HEAP);
+		i = glob(p, GLOB_NOMAGIC, 0, &pglob);
+		if (p != str->text)
+			ckfree(p);
+		switch (i) {
+		case 0:
+			if ((pglob.gl_flags & (GLOB_NOMAGIC | GLOB_NOCHECK)) ==
+			    (GLOB_NOMAGIC | GLOB_NOCHECK))
+				goto nometa2;
+			addglob(&pglob);
+			globfree(&pglob);
+			INTON;
+			break;
+		case GLOB_NOMATCH:
+nometa2:
+			globfree(&pglob);
+			INTON;
+nometa:
+			*exparg.lastp = str;
+			rmescapes(str->text);
+			exparg.lastp = &str->next;
+			break;
+		default:	/* GLOB_NOSPACE */
+			sh_error("Out of space");
+		}
+		str = str->next;
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Add the result of glob(3) to the list.
+ */
+
+STATIC void
+addglob(pglob)
+	const glob_t *pglob;
+{
+	char **p = pglob->gl_pathv;
+
+	do {
+		addfname(*p);
+	} while (*++p);
+}
+
+
+#else	/* HAVE_GLOB */
+STATIC char *expdir;
+STATIC unsigned expdir_max;
+
+
+STATIC void
+expandmeta(struct strlist *str)
+{
+	static const char metachars[] = {
+		'*', '?', '[', 0
+	};
+	/* TODO - EXP_REDIR */
+
+	while (str) {
+		struct strlist **savelastp;
+		struct strlist *sp;
+		char *p;
+		unsigned len;
+
+		if (fflag)
+			goto nometa;
+		if (!strpbrk(str->text, metachars))
+			goto nometa;
+		savelastp = exparg.lastp;
+
+		INTOFF;
+		p = preglob(str->text, RMESCAPE_ALLOC | RMESCAPE_HEAP);
+		len = strlen(p);
+		expdir_max = len + PATH_MAX;
+		expdir = ckmalloc(expdir_max);
+
+		expmeta(p, len, 0);
+		ckfree(expdir);
+		if (p != str->text)
+			ckfree(p);
+		INTON;
+		if (exparg.lastp == savelastp) {
+			/*
+			 * no matches
+			 */
+nometa:
+			*exparg.lastp = str;
+			rmescapes(str->text);
+			exparg.lastp = &str->next;
+		} else {
+			*exparg.lastp = NULL;
+			*savelastp = sp = expsort(*savelastp);
+			while (sp->next != NULL)
+				sp = sp->next;
+			exparg.lastp = &sp->next;
+		}
+		str = str->next;
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Do metacharacter (i.e. *, ?, [...]) expansion.
+ */
+
+STATIC void
+expmeta(char *name, unsigned name_len, unsigned expdir_len)
+{
+	char *enddir = expdir + expdir_len;
+	char *p;
+	const char *cp;
+	char *start;
+	char *endname;
+	int metaflag;
+	struct stat64 statb;
+	DIR *dirp;
+	struct dirent64 *dp;
+	int atend;
+	int matchdot;
+	int esc;
+
+	metaflag = 0;
+	start = name;
+	for (p = name; esc = 0, *p; p += esc + 1) {
+		if (*p == '*' || *p == '?')
+			metaflag = 1;
+		else if (*p == '[') {
+			char *q = p + 1;
+			if (*q == '!')
+				q++;
+			for (;;) {
+				if (*q == '\\')
+					q++;
+				if (*q == '/' || *q == '\0')
+					break;
+				if (*++q == ']') {
+					metaflag = 1;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			if (*p == '\\' && p[1])
+				esc++;
+			if (p[esc] == '/') {
+				if (metaflag)
+					break;
+				start = p + esc + 1;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if (metaflag == 0) {	/* we've reached the end of the file name */
+		if (!expdir_len)
+			return;
+		p = name;
+		do {
+			if (*p == '\\' && p[1])
+				p++;
+			*enddir++ = *p;
+		} while (*p++);
+		if (lstat64(expdir, &statb) >= 0)
+			addfname(expdir);
+		return;
+	}
+	endname = p;
+	if (name < start) {
+		p = name;
+		do {
+			if (*p == '\\' && p[1])
+				p++;
+			*enddir++ = *p++;
+		} while (p < start);
+	}
+	*enddir = 0;
+	cp = expdir;
+	expdir_len = enddir - cp;
+	if (!expdir_len)
+		cp = ".";
+	if ((dirp = opendir(cp)) == NULL)
+		return;
+	if (*endname == 0) {
+		atend = 1;
+	} else {
+		atend = 0;
+		*endname = '\0';
+		endname += esc + 1;
+	}
+	name_len -= endname - name;
+	matchdot = 0;
+	p = start;
+	if (*p == '\\')
+		p++;
+	if (*p == '.')
+		matchdot++;
+	while (! int_pending() && (dp = readdir64(dirp)) != NULL) {
+		if (dp->d_name[0] == '.' && ! matchdot)
+			continue;
+		if (pmatch(start, dp->d_name)) {
+			if (atend) {
+				scopy(dp->d_name, enddir);
+				addfname(expdir);
+			} else {
+				unsigned offset;
+				unsigned len;
+
+				p = stpcpy(enddir, dp->d_name);
+				*p = '/';
+
+				offset = p - expdir + 1;
+				len = offset + name_len + NAME_MAX;
+				if (len > expdir_max) {
+					len += PATH_MAX;
+					expdir = ckrealloc(expdir, len);
+					expdir_max = len;
+				}
+
+				expmeta(endname, name_len, offset);
+				enddir = expdir + expdir_len;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	closedir(dirp);
+	if (! atend)
+		endname[-esc - 1] = esc ? '\\' : '/';
+}
+#endif	/* HAVE_GLOB */
+
+
+/*
+ * Add a file name to the list.
+ */
+
+STATIC void
+addfname(char *name)
+{
+	struct strlist *sp;
+
+	sp = (struct strlist *)stalloc(sizeof *sp);
+	sp->text = sstrdup(name);
+	*exparg.lastp = sp;
+	exparg.lastp = &sp->next;
+}
+
+
+#ifndef HAVE_GLOB
+/*
+ * Sort the results of file name expansion.  It calculates the number of
+ * strings to sort and then calls msort (short for merge sort) to do the
+ * work.
+ */
+
+STATIC struct strlist *
+expsort(struct strlist *str)
+{
+	int len;
+	struct strlist *sp;
+
+	len = 0;
+	for (sp = str ; sp ; sp = sp->next)
+		len++;
+	return msort(str, len);
+}
+
+
+STATIC struct strlist *
+msort(struct strlist *list, int len)
+{
+	struct strlist *p, *q = NULL;
+	struct strlist **lpp;
+	int half;
+	int n;
+
+	if (len <= 1)
+		return list;
+	half = len >> 1;
+	p = list;
+	for (n = half ; --n >= 0 ; ) {
+		q = p;
+		p = p->next;
+	}
+	q->next = NULL;			/* terminate first half of list */
+	q = msort(list, half);		/* sort first half of list */
+	p = msort(p, len - half);		/* sort second half */
+	lpp = &list;
+	for (;;) {
+		if (strcmp(p->text, q->text) < 0) {
+			*lpp = p;
+			lpp = &p->next;
+			if ((p = *lpp) == NULL) {
+				*lpp = q;
+				break;
+			}
+		} else {
+			*lpp = q;
+			lpp = &q->next;
+			if ((q = *lpp) == NULL) {
+				*lpp = p;
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return list;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+ * Returns true if the pattern matches the string.
+ */
+
+STATIC inline int
+patmatch(char *pattern, const char *string)
+{
+	return pmatch(preglob(pattern, 0), string);
+}
+
+
+#ifndef HAVE_FNMATCH
+STATIC int ccmatch(const char *p, int chr, const char **r)
+{
+	static const struct class {
+		char name[10];
+		int (*fn)(int);
+	} classes[] = {
+		{ .name = ":alnum:]", .fn = isalnum },
+		{ .name = ":cntrl:]", .fn = iscntrl },
+		{ .name = ":lower:]", .fn = islower },
+		{ .name = ":space:]", .fn = isspace },
+		{ .name = ":alpha:]", .fn = isalpha },
+		{ .name = ":digit:]", .fn = isdigit },
+		{ .name = ":print:]", .fn = isprint },
+		{ .name = ":upper:]", .fn = isupper },
+		{ .name = ":blank:]", .fn = isblank },
+		{ .name = ":graph:]", .fn = isgraph },
+		{ .name = ":punct:]", .fn = ispunct },
+		{ .name = ":xdigit:]", .fn = isxdigit },
+	};
+	const struct class *class, *end;
+
+	end = classes + sizeof(classes) / sizeof(classes[0]);
+	for (class = classes; class < end; class++) {
+		const char *q;
+
+		q = prefix(p, class->name);
+		if (!q)
+			continue;
+		*r = q;
+		return class->fn(chr);
+	}
+
+	*r = 0;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+STATIC int
+pmatch(const char *pattern, const char *string)
+{
+	const char *p, *q;
+	char c;
+
+	p = pattern;
+	q = string;
+	for (;;) {
+		switch (c = *p++) {
+		case '\0':
+			goto breakloop;
+		case '\\':
+			if (*p) {
+				c = *p++;
+			}
+			goto dft;
+		case '?':
+			if (*q++ == '\0')
+				return 0;
+			break;
+		case '*':
+			c = *p;
+			while (c == '*')
+				c = *++p;
+			if (c != '\\' && c != '?' && c != '*' && c != '[') {
+				while (*q != c) {
+					if (*q == '\0')
+						return 0;
+					q++;
+				}
+			}
+			do {
+				if (pmatch(p, q))
+					return 1;
+			} while (*q++ != '\0');
+			return 0;
+		case '[': {
+			const char *startp;
+			int invert, found;
+			char chr;
+
+			startp = p;
+			invert = 0;
+			if (*p == '!') {
+				invert++;
+				p++;
+			}
+			found = 0;
+			chr = *q;
+			if (chr == '\0')
+				return 0;
+			c = *p++;
+			do {
+				if (!c) {
+					p = startp;
+					c = '[';
+					goto dft;
+				}
+				if (c == '[') {
+					const char *r;
+
+					found |= !!ccmatch(p, chr, &r);
+					if (r) {
+						p = r;
+						continue;
+					}
+				} else if (c == '\\')
+					c = *p++;
+				if (*p == '-' && p[1] != ']') {
+					p++;
+					if (*p == '\\')
+						p++;
+					if (chr >= c && chr <= *p)
+						found = 1;
+					p++;
+				} else {
+					if (chr == c)
+						found = 1;
+				}
+			} while ((c = *p++) != ']');
+			if (found == invert)
+				return 0;
+			q++;
+			break;
+		}
+dft:	        default:
+			if (*q++ != c)
+				return 0;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+breakloop:
+	if (*q != '\0')
+		return 0;
+	return 1;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Remove any CTLESC characters from a string.
+ */
+
+char *
+_rmescapes(char *str, int flag)
+{
+	char *p, *q, *r;
+	int notescaped;
+	int globbing;
+
+	p = strpbrk(str, qchars);
+	if (!p) {
+		return str;
+	}
+	q = p;
+	r = str;
+	if (flag & RMESCAPE_ALLOC) {
+		size_t len = p - str;
+		size_t fulllen = len + strlen(p) + 1;
+
+		if (flag & RMESCAPE_GROW) {
+			int strloc = str - (char *)stackblock();
+
+			r = makestrspace(fulllen, expdest);
+			str = (char *)stackblock() + strloc;
+			p = str + len;
+		} else if (flag & RMESCAPE_HEAP) {
+			r = ckmalloc(fulllen);
+		} else {
+			r = stalloc(fulllen);
+		}
+		q = r;
+		if (len > 0) {
+			q = mempcpy(q, str, len);
+		}
+	}
+	globbing = flag & RMESCAPE_GLOB;
+	notescaped = globbing;
+	while (*p) {
+		if (*p == (char)CTLQUOTEMARK) {
+			p++;
+			notescaped = globbing;
+			continue;
+		}
+		if (*p == '\\') {
+			/* naked back slash */
+			notescaped = 0;
+			goto copy;
+		}
+		if (*p == (char)CTLESC) {
+			p++;
+			if (notescaped)
+				*q++ = '\\';
+		}
+		notescaped = globbing;
+copy:
+		*q++ = *p++;
+	}
+	*q = '\0';
+	if (flag & RMESCAPE_GROW) {
+		expdest = r;
+		STADJUST(q - r + 1, expdest);
+	}
+	return r;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * See if a pattern matches in a case statement.
+ */
+
+int
+casematch(union node *pattern, char *val)
+{
+	struct stackmark smark;
+	int result;
+
+	setstackmark(&smark);
+	argbackq = pattern->narg.backquote;
+	STARTSTACKSTR(expdest);
+	argstr(pattern->narg.text, EXP_TILDE | EXP_CASE);
+	ifsfree();
+	result = patmatch(stackblock(), val);
+	popstackmark(&smark);
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Our own itoa().
+ */
+
+static size_t cvtnum(intmax_t num, int flags)
+{
+	int len = max_int_length(sizeof(num));
+	char buf[len];
+
+	len = fmtstr(buf, len, "%" PRIdMAX, num);
+	return memtodest(buf, len, flags);
+}
+
+STATIC void
+varunset(const char *end, const char *var, const char *umsg, int varflags)
+{
+	const char *msg;
+	const char *tail;
+
+	tail = nullstr;
+	msg = "parameter not set";
+	if (umsg) {
+		if (*end == (char)CTLENDVAR) {
+			if (varflags & VSNUL)
+				tail = " or null";
+		} else
+			msg = umsg;
+	}
+	sh_error("%.*s: %s%s", end - var - 1, var, msg, tail);
+}
+
+#ifdef mkinit
+
+INCLUDE "expand.h"
+
+EXITRESET {
+	ifsfree();
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/expand.h b/bin/dash/src/expand.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c44b8481
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/expand.h
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)expand.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ */
+
+#include <inttypes.h>
+
+struct strlist {
+	struct strlist *next;
+	char *text;
+};
+
+
+struct arglist {
+	struct strlist *list;
+	struct strlist **lastp;
+};
+
+/*
+ * expandarg() flags
+ */
+#define EXP_FULL	0x1	/* perform word splitting & file globbing */
+#define EXP_TILDE	0x2	/* do normal tilde expansion */
+#define	EXP_VARTILDE	0x4	/* expand tildes in an assignment */
+#define	EXP_REDIR	0x8	/* file glob for a redirection (1 match only) */
+#define EXP_CASE	0x10	/* keeps quotes around for CASE pattern */
+#define EXP_VARTILDE2	0x40	/* expand tildes after colons only */
+#define EXP_WORD	0x80	/* expand word in parameter expansion */
+#define EXP_QUOTED	0x100	/* expand word in double quotes */
+#define EXP_KEEPNUL	0x200	/* do not skip NUL characters */
+#define EXP_DISCARD	0x400	/* discard result of expansion */
+
+
+union node;
+void expandarg(union node *, struct arglist *, int);
+#define rmescapes(p) _rmescapes((p), 0)
+char *_rmescapes(char *, int);
+int casematch(union node *, char *);
+void recordregion(int, int, int);
+void removerecordregions(int); 
+void ifsbreakup(char *, int, struct arglist *);
+void ifsfree(void);
+
+/* From arith.y */
+intmax_t arith(const char *);
+int expcmd(int , char **);
+#ifdef USE_LEX
+void arith_lex_reset(void);
+#else
+#define arith_lex_reset()
+#endif
+int yylex(void);
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/funcs/cmv b/bin/dash/src/funcs/cmv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..91a67c53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/funcs/cmv
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+#	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+# Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+#	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+#
+# This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+# Kenneth Almquist.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+# are met:
+# 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+# 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+#    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+# 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+#    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+#    without specific prior written permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+# ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+# ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+# FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+# DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+# OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+# HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+# LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+# OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+# SUCH DAMAGE.
+#
+#	@(#)cmv	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+
+# Conditional move--don't replace an existing file.
+
+cmv() {
+	if test $# != 2
+	then	echo "cmv: arg count"
+		return 2
+	fi
+	if test -f "$2" -o -w "$2"
+	then	echo "$2 exists"
+		return 2
+	fi
+	/bin/mv "$1" "$2"
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/funcs/dirs b/bin/dash/src/funcs/dirs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5f6ce635
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/funcs/dirs
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+#	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+# Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+#	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+#
+# This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+# Kenneth Almquist.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+# are met:
+# 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+# 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+#    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+# 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+#    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+#    without specific prior written permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+# ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+# ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+# FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+# DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+# OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+# HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+# LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+# OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+# SUCH DAMAGE.
+#
+#	@(#)dirs	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+
+# pushd, popd, and dirs --- written by Chris Bertin
+# Pixel Computer Inc. ...!wjh12!pixel!pixutl!chris
+# as modified by Patrick Elam of GTRI and Kenneth Almquist at UW
+
+pushd () {
+	SAVE=`pwd`
+	if [ "$1" = "" ] 
+	then	if [ "$DSTACK" = "" ]
+		then	echo "pushd: directory stack empty."
+			return 1
+		fi
+		set $DSTACK
+		cd $1 || return
+		shift 1
+		DSTACK="$*"
+	else	cd $1 > /dev/null || return
+	fi
+	DSTACK="$SAVE $DSTACK"
+	dirs
+}
+
+popd () {
+	if [ "$DSTACK" = "" ] 
+	then	echo "popd: directory stack empty."
+		return 1
+	fi
+	set $DSTACK
+	cd $1
+	shift
+	DSTACK=$*
+	dirs
+}
+
+dirs () {
+	echo "`pwd` $DSTACK"
+	return 0
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/funcs/kill b/bin/dash/src/funcs/kill
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c5df95f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/funcs/kill
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+#	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+# Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+#	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+#
+# This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+# Kenneth Almquist.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+# are met:
+# 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+# 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+#    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+# 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+#    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+#    without specific prior written permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+# ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+# ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+# FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+# DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+# OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+# HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+# LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+# OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+# SUCH DAMAGE.
+#
+#	@(#)kill	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+
+# Convert job names to process ids and then run /bin/kill.
+
+kill() {
+	local args x
+	args=
+	for x in "$@"
+	do	case $x in
+		%*)	x=`jobid "$x"` ;;
+		esac
+		args="$args $x"
+	done
+	/bin/kill $args
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/funcs/login b/bin/dash/src/funcs/login
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..215e5352
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/funcs/login
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+#	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+# Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+#	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+#
+# This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+# Kenneth Almquist.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+# are met:
+# 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+# 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+#    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+# 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+#    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+#    without specific prior written permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+# ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+# ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+# FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+# DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+# OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+# HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+# LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+# OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+# SUCH DAMAGE.
+#
+#	@(#)login	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+
+# replaces the login builtin in the BSD shell
+login () exec login "$@"
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/funcs/newgrp b/bin/dash/src/funcs/newgrp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ec0e7e5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/funcs/newgrp
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+#	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+# Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+#	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+#
+# This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+# Kenneth Almquist.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+# are met:
+# 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+# 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+#    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+# 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+#    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+#    without specific prior written permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+# ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+# ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+# FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+# DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+# OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+# HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+# LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+# OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+# SUCH DAMAGE.
+#
+#	@(#)newgrp	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+
+newgrp() exec newgrp "$@"
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/funcs/popd b/bin/dash/src/funcs/popd
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7bccf50d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/funcs/popd
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+#	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+# Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+#	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+#
+# This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+# Kenneth Almquist.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+# are met:
+# 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+# 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+#    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+# 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+#    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+#    without specific prior written permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+# ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+# ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+# FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+# DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+# OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+# HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+# LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+# OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+# SUCH DAMAGE.
+#
+#	@(#)popd	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+
+# pushd, popd, and dirs --- written by Chris Bertin
+# Pixel Computer Inc. ...!wjh12!pixel!pixutl!chris
+# as modified by Patrick Elam of GTRI and Kenneth Almquist at UW
+
+pushd () {
+	SAVE=`pwd`
+	if [ "$1" = "" ] 
+	then	if [ "$DSTACK" = "" ]
+		then	echo "pushd: directory stack empty."
+			return 1
+		fi
+		set $DSTACK
+		cd $1 || return
+		shift 1
+		DSTACK="$*"
+	else	cd $1 > /dev/null || return
+	fi
+	DSTACK="$SAVE $DSTACK"
+	dirs
+}
+
+popd () {
+	if [ "$DSTACK" = "" ] 
+	then	echo "popd: directory stack empty."
+		return 1
+	fi
+	set $DSTACK
+	cd $1
+	shift
+	DSTACK=$*
+	dirs
+}
+
+dirs () {
+	echo "`pwd` $DSTACK"
+	return 0
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/funcs/pushd b/bin/dash/src/funcs/pushd
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..19ac8e08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/funcs/pushd
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+#	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+# Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+#	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+#
+# This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+# Kenneth Almquist.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+# are met:
+# 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+# 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+#    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+# 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+#    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+#    without specific prior written permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+# ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+# ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+# FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+# DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+# OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+# HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+# LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+# OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+# SUCH DAMAGE.
+#
+#	@(#)pushd	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+
+# pushd, popd, and dirs --- written by Chris Bertin
+# Pixel Computer Inc. ...!wjh12!pixel!pixutl!chris
+# as modified by Patrick Elam of GTRI and Kenneth Almquist at UW
+
+pushd () {
+	SAVE=`pwd`
+	if [ "$1" = "" ] 
+	then	if [ "$DSTACK" = "" ]
+		then	echo "pushd: directory stack empty."
+			return 1
+		fi
+		set $DSTACK
+		cd $1 || return
+		shift 1
+		DSTACK="$*"
+	else	cd $1 > /dev/null || return
+	fi
+	DSTACK="$SAVE $DSTACK"
+	dirs
+}
+
+popd () {
+	if [ "$DSTACK" = "" ] 
+	then	echo "popd: directory stack empty."
+		return 1
+	fi
+	set $DSTACK
+	cd $1
+	shift
+	DSTACK=$*
+	dirs
+}
+
+dirs () {
+	echo "`pwd` $DSTACK"
+	return 0
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/funcs/suspend b/bin/dash/src/funcs/suspend
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..44844678
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/funcs/suspend
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+#	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+# Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+#	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+#
+# This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+# Kenneth Almquist.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+# are met:
+# 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+# 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+#    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+# 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+#    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+#    without specific prior written permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+# ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+# ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+# FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+# DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+# OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+# HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+# LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+# OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+# SUCH DAMAGE.
+#
+#	@(#)suspend	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+
+suspend() {
+	local -
+	set +j
+	kill -TSTP 0
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/histedit.c b/bin/dash/src/histedit.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f5c90aba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/histedit.c
@@ -0,0 +1,494 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#include <sys/param.h>
+#ifdef HAVE_PATHS_H
+#include <paths.h>
+#endif
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+/*
+ * Editline and history functions (and glue).
+ */
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "var.h"
+#include "options.h"
+#include "main.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#ifndef SMALL
+#include "myhistedit.h"
+#include "eval.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+
+#define MAXHISTLOOPS	4	/* max recursions through fc */
+#define DEFEDITOR	"ed"	/* default editor *should* be $EDITOR */
+
+History *hist;	/* history cookie */
+EditLine *el;	/* editline cookie */
+int displayhist;
+static FILE *el_in, *el_out;
+
+STATIC const char *fc_replace(const char *, char *, char *);
+
+#ifdef DEBUG
+extern FILE *tracefile;
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Set history and editing status.  Called whenever the status may
+ * have changed (figures out what to do).
+ */
+void
+histedit(void)
+{
+	FILE *el_err;
+
+#define editing (Eflag || Vflag)
+
+	if (iflag) {
+		if (!hist) {
+			/*
+			 * turn history on
+			 */
+			INTOFF;
+			hist = history_init();
+			INTON;
+
+			if (hist != NULL)
+				sethistsize(histsizeval());
+			else
+				out2str("sh: can't initialize history\n");
+		}
+		if (editing && !el && isatty(0)) { /* && isatty(2) ??? */
+			/*
+			 * turn editing on
+			 */
+			INTOFF;
+			if (el_in == NULL)
+				el_in = fdopen(0, "r");
+			if (el_out == NULL)
+				el_out = fdopen(2, "w");
+			if (el_in == NULL || el_out == NULL)
+				goto bad;
+			el_err = el_out;
+#if DEBUG
+			if (tracefile)
+				el_err = tracefile;
+#endif
+			el = el_init(arg0, el_in, el_out, el_err);
+			if (el != NULL) {
+				if (hist)
+					el_set(el, EL_HIST, history, hist);
+				el_set(el, EL_PROMPT, getprompt);
+			} else {
+bad:
+				out2str("sh: can't initialize editing\n");
+			}
+			INTON;
+		} else if (!editing && el) {
+			INTOFF;
+			el_end(el);
+			el = NULL;
+			INTON;
+		}
+		if (el) {
+			if (Vflag)
+				el_set(el, EL_EDITOR, "vi");
+			else if (Eflag)
+				el_set(el, EL_EDITOR, "emacs");
+			el_source(el, NULL);
+		}
+	} else {
+		INTOFF;
+		if (el) {	/* no editing if not interactive */
+			el_end(el);
+			el = NULL;
+		}
+		if (hist) {
+			history_end(hist);
+			hist = NULL;
+		}
+		INTON;
+	}
+}
+
+
+void
+sethistsize(const char *hs)
+{
+	int histsize;
+	HistEvent he;
+
+	if (hist != NULL) {
+		if (hs == NULL || *hs == '\0' ||
+		   (histsize = atoi(hs)) < 0)
+			histsize = 100;
+		history(hist, &he, H_SETSIZE, histsize);
+	}
+}
+
+void
+setterm(const char *term)
+{
+	if (el != NULL && term != NULL)
+		if (el_set(el, EL_TERMINAL, term) != 0) {
+			outfmt(out2, "sh: Can't set terminal type %s\n", term);
+			outfmt(out2, "sh: Using dumb terminal settings.\n");
+		}
+}
+
+/*
+ *  This command is provided since POSIX decided to standardize
+ *  the Korn shell fc command.  Oh well...
+ */
+int
+histcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	int ch;
+	const char *editor = NULL;
+	HistEvent he;
+	int lflg = 0, nflg = 0, rflg = 0, sflg = 0;
+	int i, retval;
+	const char *firststr, *laststr;
+	int first, last, direction;
+	char *pat = NULL, *repl;	/* ksh "fc old=new" crap */
+	static int active = 0;
+	struct jmploc jmploc;
+	struct jmploc *volatile savehandler;
+	char editfile[MAXPATHLEN + 1];
+	FILE *efp;
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+	/* Avoid longjmp clobbering */
+	(void) &editor;
+	(void) &lflg;
+	(void) &nflg;
+	(void) &rflg;
+	(void) &sflg;
+	(void) &firststr;
+	(void) &laststr;
+	(void) &pat;
+	(void) &repl;
+	(void) &efp;
+	(void) &argc;
+	(void) &argv;
+#endif
+
+	if (hist == NULL)
+		sh_error("history not active");
+
+	if (argc == 1)
+		sh_error("missing history argument");
+
+#ifdef __GLIBC__
+	optind = 0;
+#else
+	optreset = 1; optind = 1; /* initialize getopt */
+#endif
+	while (not_fcnumber(argv[optind]) &&
+	      (ch = getopt(argc, argv, ":e:lnrs")) != -1)
+		switch ((char)ch) {
+		case 'e':
+			editor = optionarg;
+			break;
+		case 'l':
+			lflg = 1;
+			break;
+		case 'n':
+			nflg = 1;
+			break;
+		case 'r':
+			rflg = 1;
+			break;
+		case 's':
+			sflg = 1;
+			break;
+		case ':':
+			sh_error("option -%c expects argument", optopt);
+			/* NOTREACHED */
+		case '?':
+		default:
+			sh_error("unknown option: -%c", optopt);
+			/* NOTREACHED */
+		}
+	argc -= optind, argv += optind;
+
+	/*
+	 * If executing...
+	 */
+	if (lflg == 0 || editor || sflg) {
+		lflg = 0;	/* ignore */
+		editfile[0] = '\0';
+		/*
+		 * Catch interrupts to reset active counter and
+		 * cleanup temp files.
+		 */
+		if (setjmp(jmploc.loc)) {
+			active = 0;
+			if (*editfile)
+				unlink(editfile);
+			handler = savehandler;
+			longjmp(handler->loc, 1);
+		}
+		savehandler = handler;
+		handler = &jmploc;
+		if (++active > MAXHISTLOOPS) {
+			active = 0;
+			displayhist = 0;
+			sh_error("called recursively too many times");
+		}
+		/*
+		 * Set editor.
+		 */
+		if (sflg == 0) {
+			if (editor == NULL &&
+			    (editor = bltinlookup("FCEDIT")) == NULL &&
+			    (editor = bltinlookup("EDITOR")) == NULL)
+				editor = DEFEDITOR;
+			if (editor[0] == '-' && editor[1] == '\0') {
+				sflg = 1;	/* no edit */
+				editor = NULL;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * If executing, parse [old=new] now
+	 */
+	if (lflg == 0 && argc > 0 &&
+	     ((repl = strchr(argv[0], '=')) != NULL)) {
+		pat = argv[0];
+		*repl++ = '\0';
+		argc--, argv++;
+	}
+	/*
+	 * determine [first] and [last]
+	 */
+	switch (argc) {
+	case 0:
+		firststr = lflg ? "-16" : "-1";
+		laststr = "-1";
+		break;
+	case 1:
+		firststr = argv[0];
+		laststr = lflg ? "-1" : argv[0];
+		break;
+	case 2:
+		firststr = argv[0];
+		laststr = argv[1];
+		break;
+	default:
+		sh_error("too many args");
+		/* NOTREACHED */
+	}
+	/*
+	 * Turn into event numbers.
+	 */
+	first = str_to_event(firststr, 0);
+	last = str_to_event(laststr, 1);
+
+	if (rflg) {
+		i = last;
+		last = first;
+		first = i;
+	}
+	/*
+	 * XXX - this should not depend on the event numbers
+	 * always increasing.  Add sequence numbers or offset
+	 * to the history element in next (diskbased) release.
+	 */
+	direction = first < last ? H_PREV : H_NEXT;
+
+	/*
+	 * If editing, grab a temp file.
+	 */
+	if (editor) {
+		int fd;
+		INTOFF;		/* easier */
+		sprintf(editfile, "%s_shXXXXXX", _PATH_TMP);
+		if ((fd = mkstemp(editfile)) < 0)
+			sh_error("can't create temporary file %s", editfile);
+		if ((efp = fdopen(fd, "w")) == NULL) {
+			close(fd);
+			sh_error("can't allocate stdio buffer for temp");
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Loop through selected history events.  If listing or executing,
+	 * do it now.  Otherwise, put into temp file and call the editor
+	 * after.
+	 *
+	 * The history interface needs rethinking, as the following
+	 * convolutions will demonstrate.
+	 */
+	history(hist, &he, H_FIRST);
+	retval = history(hist, &he, H_NEXT_EVENT, first);
+	for (;retval != -1; retval = history(hist, &he, direction)) {
+		if (lflg) {
+			if (!nflg)
+				out1fmt("%5d ", he.num);
+			out1str(he.str);
+		} else {
+			const char *s = pat ?
+			   fc_replace(he.str, pat, repl) : he.str;
+
+			if (sflg) {
+				if (displayhist) {
+					out2str(s);
+				}
+
+				evalstring(s, 0);
+				if (displayhist && hist) {
+					/*
+					 *  XXX what about recursive and
+					 *  relative histnums.
+					 */
+					history(hist, &he, H_ENTER, s);
+				}
+			} else
+				fputs(s, efp);
+		}
+		/*
+		 * At end?  (if we were to lose last, we'd sure be
+		 * messed up).
+		 */
+		if (he.num == last)
+			break;
+	}
+	if (editor) {
+		char *editcmd;
+
+		fclose(efp);
+		editcmd = stalloc(strlen(editor) + strlen(editfile) + 2);
+		sprintf(editcmd, "%s %s", editor, editfile);
+		/* XXX - should use no JC command */
+		evalstring(editcmd, 0);
+		INTON;
+		readcmdfile(editfile);	/* XXX - should read back - quick tst */
+		unlink(editfile);
+	}
+
+	if (lflg == 0 && active > 0)
+		--active;
+	if (displayhist)
+		displayhist = 0;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+STATIC const char *
+fc_replace(const char *s, char *p, char *r)
+{
+	char *dest;
+	int plen = strlen(p);
+
+	STARTSTACKSTR(dest);
+	while (*s) {
+		if (*s == *p && strncmp(s, p, plen) == 0) {
+			while (*r)
+				STPUTC(*r++, dest);
+			s += plen;
+			*p = '\0';	/* so no more matches */
+		} else
+			STPUTC(*s++, dest);
+	}
+	STACKSTRNUL(dest);
+	dest = grabstackstr(dest);
+
+	return (dest);
+}
+
+int
+not_fcnumber(char *s)
+{
+	if (s == NULL)
+		return 0;
+        if (*s == '-')
+                s++;
+	return (!is_number(s));
+}
+
+int
+str_to_event(const char *str, int last)
+{
+	HistEvent he;
+	const char *s = str;
+	int relative = 0;
+	int i, retval;
+
+	retval = history(hist, &he, H_FIRST);
+	switch (*s) {
+	case '-':
+		relative = 1;
+		/*FALLTHROUGH*/
+	case '+':
+		s++;
+	}
+	if (is_number(s)) {
+		i = atoi(s);
+		if (relative) {
+			while (retval != -1 && i--) {
+				retval = history(hist, &he, H_NEXT);
+			}
+			if (retval == -1)
+				retval = history(hist, &he, H_LAST);
+		} else {
+			retval = history(hist, &he, H_NEXT_EVENT, i);
+			if (retval == -1) {
+				/*
+				 * the notion of first and last is
+				 * backwards to that of the history package
+				 */
+				retval = history(hist, &he,
+						last ? H_FIRST : H_LAST);
+			}
+		}
+		if (retval == -1)
+			sh_error("history number %s not found (internal error)",
+				 str);
+	} else {
+		/*
+		 * pattern
+		 */
+		retval = history(hist, &he, H_PREV_STR, str);
+		if (retval == -1)
+			sh_error("history pattern not found: %s", str);
+	}
+	return (he.num);
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/init.h b/bin/dash/src/init.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d56fb28e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/init.h
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)init.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ */
+
+void init(void);
+void exitreset(void);
+void forkreset(void);
+void reset(void);
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/input.c b/bin/dash/src/input.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..17544e78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/input.c
@@ -0,0 +1,502 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#include <stdio.h>	/* defines BUFSIZ */
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+/*
+ * This file implements the input routines used by the parser.
+ */
+
+#include "eval.h"
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "redir.h"
+#include "syntax.h"
+#include "input.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "options.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "alias.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "main.h"
+#ifndef SMALL
+#include "myhistedit.h"
+#endif
+
+#define EOF_NLEFT -99		/* value of parsenleft when EOF pushed back */
+#define IBUFSIZ (BUFSIZ + 1)
+
+
+MKINIT struct parsefile basepf;	/* top level input file */
+MKINIT char basebuf[IBUFSIZ];	/* buffer for top level input file */
+struct parsefile *parsefile = &basepf;	/* current input file */
+int whichprompt;		/* 1 == PS1, 2 == PS2 */
+
+STATIC void pushfile(void);
+static int preadfd(void);
+static void setinputfd(int fd, int push);
+static int preadbuffer(void);
+
+#ifdef mkinit
+INCLUDE <stdio.h>
+INCLUDE <unistd.h>
+INCLUDE "input.h"
+INCLUDE "error.h"
+
+INIT {
+	basepf.nextc = basepf.buf = basebuf;
+	basepf.linno = 1;
+}
+
+RESET {
+	/* clear input buffer */
+	basepf.lleft = basepf.nleft = 0;
+	popallfiles();
+}
+
+FORKRESET {
+	popallfiles();
+	if (parsefile->fd > 0) {
+		close(parsefile->fd);
+		parsefile->fd = 0;
+	}
+}
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+ * Read a character from the script, returning PEOF on end of file.
+ * Nul characters in the input are silently discarded.
+ */
+
+int
+pgetc(void)
+{
+	int c;
+
+	if (parsefile->unget)
+		return parsefile->lastc[--parsefile->unget];
+
+	if (--parsefile->nleft >= 0)
+		c = (signed char)*parsefile->nextc++;
+	else
+		c = preadbuffer();
+
+	parsefile->lastc[1] = parsefile->lastc[0];
+	parsefile->lastc[0] = c;
+
+	return c;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Same as pgetc(), but ignores PEOA.
+ */
+
+int
+pgetc2()
+{
+	int c;
+	do {
+		c = pgetc();
+	} while (c == PEOA);
+	return c;
+}
+
+
+static int
+preadfd(void)
+{
+	int nr;
+	char *buf =  parsefile->buf;
+	parsefile->nextc = buf;
+
+retry:
+#ifndef SMALL
+	if (parsefile->fd == 0 && el) {
+		static const char *rl_cp;
+		static int el_len;
+
+		if (rl_cp == NULL) {
+			struct stackmark smark;
+			pushstackmark(&smark, stackblocksize());
+			rl_cp = el_gets(el, &el_len);
+			popstackmark(&smark);
+		}
+		if (rl_cp == NULL)
+			nr = 0;
+		else {
+			nr = el_len;
+			if (nr > IBUFSIZ - 1)
+				nr = IBUFSIZ - 1;
+			memcpy(buf, rl_cp, nr);
+			if (nr != el_len) {
+				el_len -= nr;
+				rl_cp += nr;
+			} else
+				rl_cp = 0;
+		}
+
+	} else
+#endif
+		nr = read(parsefile->fd, buf, IBUFSIZ - 1);
+
+
+	if (nr < 0) {
+		if (errno == EINTR)
+			goto retry;
+		if (parsefile->fd == 0 && errno == EWOULDBLOCK) {
+			int flags = fcntl(0, F_GETFL, 0);
+			if (flags >= 0 && flags & O_NONBLOCK) {
+				flags &=~ O_NONBLOCK;
+				if (fcntl(0, F_SETFL, flags) >= 0) {
+					out2str("sh: turning off NDELAY mode\n");
+					goto retry;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nr;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Refill the input buffer and return the next input character:
+ *
+ * 1) If a string was pushed back on the input, pop it;
+ * 2) If an EOF was pushed back (parsenleft == EOF_NLEFT) or we are reading
+ *    from a string so we can't refill the buffer, return EOF.
+ * 3) If the is more stuff in this buffer, use it else call read to fill it.
+ * 4) Process input up to the next newline, deleting nul characters.
+ */
+
+static int preadbuffer(void)
+{
+	char *q;
+	int more;
+#ifndef SMALL
+	int something;
+#endif
+	char savec;
+
+	if (unlikely(parsefile->strpush)) {
+		if (
+			parsefile->nleft == -1 &&
+			parsefile->strpush->ap &&
+			parsefile->nextc[-1] != ' ' &&
+			parsefile->nextc[-1] != '\t'
+		) {
+			return PEOA;
+		}
+		popstring();
+		return pgetc();
+	}
+	if (unlikely(parsefile->nleft == EOF_NLEFT ||
+		     parsefile->buf == NULL))
+		return PEOF;
+	flushall();
+
+	more = parsefile->lleft;
+	if (more <= 0) {
+again:
+		if ((more = preadfd()) <= 0) {
+			parsefile->lleft = parsefile->nleft = EOF_NLEFT;
+			return PEOF;
+		}
+	}
+
+	q = parsefile->nextc;
+
+	/* delete nul characters */
+#ifndef SMALL
+	something = 0;
+#endif
+	for (;;) {
+		int c;
+
+		more--;
+		c = *q;
+
+		if (!c)
+			memmove(q, q + 1, more);
+		else {
+			q++;
+
+			if (c == '\n') {
+				parsefile->nleft = q - parsefile->nextc - 1;
+				break;
+			}
+
+#ifndef SMALL
+			switch (c) {
+			default:
+				something = 1;
+				/* fall through */
+			case '\t':
+			case ' ':
+				break;
+			}
+#endif
+		}
+
+		if (more <= 0) {
+			parsefile->nleft = q - parsefile->nextc - 1;
+			if (parsefile->nleft < 0)
+				goto again;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	parsefile->lleft = more;
+
+	savec = *q;
+	*q = '\0';
+
+#ifndef SMALL
+	if (parsefile->fd == 0 && hist && something) {
+		HistEvent he;
+		INTOFF;
+		history(hist, &he, whichprompt == 1? H_ENTER : H_APPEND,
+			parsefile->nextc);
+		INTON;
+	}
+#endif
+
+	if (vflag) {
+		out2str(parsefile->nextc);
+#ifdef FLUSHERR
+		flushout(out2);
+#endif
+	}
+
+	*q = savec;
+
+	return (signed char)*parsefile->nextc++;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Undo a call to pgetc.  Only two characters may be pushed back.
+ * PEOF may be pushed back.
+ */
+
+void
+pungetc(void)
+{
+	parsefile->unget++;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Push a string back onto the input at this current parsefile level.
+ * We handle aliases this way.
+ */
+void
+pushstring(char *s, void *ap)
+{
+	struct strpush *sp;
+	size_t len;
+
+	len = strlen(s);
+	INTOFF;
+/*dprintf("*** calling pushstring: %s, %d\n", s, len);*/
+	if (parsefile->strpush) {
+		sp = ckmalloc(sizeof (struct strpush));
+		sp->prev = parsefile->strpush;
+		parsefile->strpush = sp;
+	} else
+		sp = parsefile->strpush = &(parsefile->basestrpush);
+	sp->prevstring = parsefile->nextc;
+	sp->prevnleft = parsefile->nleft;
+	sp->unget = parsefile->unget;
+	memcpy(sp->lastc, parsefile->lastc, sizeof(sp->lastc));
+	sp->ap = (struct alias *)ap;
+	if (ap) {
+		((struct alias *)ap)->flag |= ALIASINUSE;
+		sp->string = s;
+	}
+	parsefile->nextc = s;
+	parsefile->nleft = len;
+	parsefile->unget = 0;
+	INTON;
+}
+
+void
+popstring(void)
+{
+	struct strpush *sp = parsefile->strpush;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	if (sp->ap) {
+		if (parsefile->nextc[-1] == ' ' ||
+		    parsefile->nextc[-1] == '\t') {
+			checkkwd |= CHKALIAS;
+		}
+		if (sp->string != sp->ap->val) {
+			ckfree(sp->string);
+		}
+		sp->ap->flag &= ~ALIASINUSE;
+		if (sp->ap->flag & ALIASDEAD) {
+			unalias(sp->ap->name);
+		}
+	}
+	parsefile->nextc = sp->prevstring;
+	parsefile->nleft = sp->prevnleft;
+	parsefile->unget = sp->unget;
+	memcpy(parsefile->lastc, sp->lastc, sizeof(sp->lastc));
+/*dprintf("*** calling popstring: restoring to '%s'\n", parsenextc);*/
+	parsefile->strpush = sp->prev;
+	if (sp != &(parsefile->basestrpush))
+		ckfree(sp);
+	INTON;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Set the input to take input from a file.  If push is set, push the
+ * old input onto the stack first.
+ */
+
+int
+setinputfile(const char *fname, int flags)
+{
+	int fd;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	if ((fd = open64(fname, O_RDONLY)) < 0) {
+		if (flags & INPUT_NOFILE_OK)
+			goto out;
+		exitstatus = 127;
+		exerror(EXERROR, "Can't open %s", fname);
+	}
+	if (fd < 10)
+		fd = savefd(fd, fd);
+	setinputfd(fd, flags & INPUT_PUSH_FILE);
+out:
+	INTON;
+	return fd;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Like setinputfile, but takes an open file descriptor.  Call this with
+ * interrupts off.
+ */
+
+static void
+setinputfd(int fd, int push)
+{
+	if (push) {
+		pushfile();
+		parsefile->buf = 0;
+	}
+	parsefile->fd = fd;
+	if (parsefile->buf == NULL)
+		parsefile->buf = ckmalloc(IBUFSIZ);
+	parsefile->lleft = parsefile->nleft = 0;
+	plinno = 1;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Like setinputfile, but takes input from a string.
+ */
+
+void
+setinputstring(char *string)
+{
+	INTOFF;
+	pushfile();
+	parsefile->nextc = string;
+	parsefile->nleft = strlen(string);
+	parsefile->buf = NULL;
+	plinno = 1;
+	INTON;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * To handle the "." command, a stack of input files is used.  Pushfile
+ * adds a new entry to the stack and popfile restores the previous level.
+ */
+
+STATIC void
+pushfile(void)
+{
+	struct parsefile *pf;
+
+	pf = (struct parsefile *)ckmalloc(sizeof (struct parsefile));
+	pf->prev = parsefile;
+	pf->fd = -1;
+	pf->strpush = NULL;
+	pf->basestrpush.prev = NULL;
+	pf->unget = 0;
+	parsefile = pf;
+}
+
+
+void
+popfile(void)
+{
+	struct parsefile *pf = parsefile;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	if (pf->fd >= 0)
+		close(pf->fd);
+	if (pf->buf)
+		ckfree(pf->buf);
+	while (pf->strpush)
+		popstring();
+	parsefile = pf->prev;
+	ckfree(pf);
+	INTON;
+}
+
+
+void unwindfiles(struct parsefile *stop)
+{
+	while (parsefile != stop)
+		popfile();
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return to top level.
+ */
+
+void
+popallfiles(void)
+{
+	unwindfiles(&basepf);
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/input.h b/bin/dash/src/input.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8acc6e9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/input.h
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)input.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ */
+
+/* PEOF (the end of file marker) is defined in syntax.h */
+
+enum {
+	INPUT_PUSH_FILE = 1,
+	INPUT_NOFILE_OK = 2,
+};
+
+struct alias;
+
+struct strpush {
+	struct strpush *prev;	/* preceding string on stack */
+	char *prevstring;
+	int prevnleft;
+	struct alias *ap;	/* if push was associated with an alias */
+	char *string;		/* remember the string since it may change */
+
+	/* Remember last two characters for pungetc. */
+	int lastc[2];
+
+	/* Number of outstanding calls to pungetc. */
+	int unget;
+};
+
+/*
+ * The parsefile structure pointed to by the global variable parsefile
+ * contains information about the current file being read.
+ */
+
+struct parsefile {
+	struct parsefile *prev;	/* preceding file on stack */
+	int linno;		/* current line */
+	int fd;			/* file descriptor (or -1 if string) */
+	int nleft;		/* number of chars left in this line */
+	int lleft;		/* number of chars left in this buffer */
+	char *nextc;		/* next char in buffer */
+	char *buf;		/* input buffer */
+	struct strpush *strpush; /* for pushing strings at this level */
+	struct strpush basestrpush; /* so pushing one is fast */
+
+	/* Remember last two characters for pungetc. */
+	int lastc[2];
+
+	/* Number of outstanding calls to pungetc. */
+	int unget;
+};
+
+extern struct parsefile *parsefile;
+
+/*
+ * The input line number.  Input.c just defines this variable, and saves
+ * and restores it when files are pushed and popped.  The user of this
+ * package must set its value.
+ */
+#define plinno (parsefile->linno)
+
+int pgetc(void);
+int pgetc2(void);
+void pungetc(void);
+void pushstring(char *, void *);
+void popstring(void);
+int setinputfile(const char *, int);
+void setinputstring(char *);
+void popfile(void);
+void unwindfiles(struct parsefile *);
+void popallfiles(void);
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/jobs.c b/bin/dash/src/jobs.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d4c13c0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/jobs.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1545 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#ifdef HAVE_PATHS_H
+#include <paths.h>
+#endif
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/param.h>
+#ifdef BSD
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <sys/resource.h>
+#endif
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#if JOBS
+#include <termios.h>
+#undef CEOF			/* syntax.h redefines this */
+#endif
+#include "exec.h"
+#include "eval.h"
+#include "init.h"
+#include "redir.h"
+#include "show.h"
+#include "main.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "nodes.h"
+#include "jobs.h"
+#include "options.h"
+#include "trap.h"
+#include "syntax.h"
+#include "input.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+#include "system.h"
+
+/* mode flags for set_curjob */
+#define CUR_DELETE 2
+#define CUR_RUNNING 1
+#define CUR_STOPPED 0
+
+/* mode flags for dowait */
+#define DOWAIT_NONBLOCK 0
+#define DOWAIT_BLOCK 1
+#define DOWAIT_WAITCMD 2
+
+/* array of jobs */
+static struct job *jobtab;
+/* size of array */
+static unsigned njobs;
+/* pid of last background process */
+pid_t backgndpid;
+
+#if JOBS
+/* pgrp of shell on invocation */
+static int initialpgrp;
+/* control terminal */
+static int ttyfd = -1;
+#endif
+
+/* current job */
+static struct job *curjob;
+
+/* Set if we are in the vforked child */
+int vforked;
+
+STATIC void set_curjob(struct job *, unsigned);
+STATIC int jobno(const struct job *);
+STATIC int sprint_status(char *, int, int);
+STATIC void freejob(struct job *);
+STATIC struct job *getjob(const char *, int);
+STATIC struct job *growjobtab(void);
+STATIC void forkchild(struct job *, union node *, int);
+STATIC void forkparent(struct job *, union node *, int, pid_t);
+STATIC int dowait(int, struct job *);
+#ifdef SYSV
+STATIC int onsigchild(void);
+#endif
+STATIC int waitproc(int, int *);
+STATIC char *commandtext(union node *);
+STATIC void cmdtxt(union node *);
+STATIC void cmdlist(union node *, int);
+STATIC void cmdputs(const char *);
+STATIC void showpipe(struct job *, struct output *);
+STATIC int getstatus(struct job *);
+
+#if JOBS
+static int restartjob(struct job *, int);
+static void xtcsetpgrp(int, pid_t);
+#endif
+
+STATIC void
+set_curjob(struct job *jp, unsigned mode)
+{
+	struct job *jp1;
+	struct job **jpp, **curp;
+
+	/* first remove from list */
+	jpp = curp = &curjob;
+	do {
+		jp1 = *jpp;
+		if (jp1 == jp)
+			break;
+		jpp = &jp1->prev_job;
+	} while (1);
+	*jpp = jp1->prev_job;
+
+	/* Then re-insert in correct position */
+	jpp = curp;
+	switch (mode) {
+	default:
+#ifdef DEBUG
+		abort();
+#endif
+	case CUR_DELETE:
+		/* job being deleted */
+		break;
+	case CUR_RUNNING:
+		/* newly created job or backgrounded job,
+		   put after all stopped jobs. */
+		do {
+			jp1 = *jpp;
+			if (!JOBS || !jp1 || jp1->state != JOBSTOPPED)
+				break;
+			jpp = &jp1->prev_job;
+		} while (1);
+		/* FALLTHROUGH */
+#if JOBS
+	case CUR_STOPPED:
+#endif
+		/* newly stopped job - becomes curjob */
+		jp->prev_job = *jpp;
+		*jpp = jp;
+		break;
+	}
+}
+
+#if JOBS
+/*
+ * Turn job control on and off.
+ *
+ * Note:  This code assumes that the third arg to ioctl is a character
+ * pointer, which is true on Berkeley systems but not System V.  Since
+ * System V doesn't have job control yet, this isn't a problem now.
+ *
+ * Called with interrupts off.
+ */
+
+int jobctl;
+
+void
+setjobctl(int on)
+{
+	int fd;
+	int pgrp;
+
+	if (on == jobctl || rootshell == 0)
+		return;
+	if (on) {
+		int ofd;
+		ofd = fd = open64(_PATH_TTY, O_RDWR);
+		if (fd < 0) {
+			fd += 3;
+			while (!isatty(fd))
+				if (--fd < 0)
+					goto out;
+		}
+		fd = savefd(fd, ofd);
+		do { /* while we are in the background */
+			if ((pgrp = tcgetpgrp(fd)) < 0) {
+out:
+				sh_warnx("can't access tty; job control turned off");
+				mflag = on = 0;
+				goto close;
+			}
+			if (pgrp == getpgrp())
+				break;
+			killpg(0, SIGTTIN);
+		} while (1);
+		initialpgrp = pgrp;
+
+		setsignal(SIGTSTP);
+		setsignal(SIGTTOU);
+		setsignal(SIGTTIN);
+		pgrp = rootpid;
+		setpgid(0, pgrp);
+		xtcsetpgrp(fd, pgrp);
+	} else {
+		/* turning job control off */
+		fd = ttyfd;
+		pgrp = initialpgrp;
+		xtcsetpgrp(fd, pgrp);
+		setpgid(0, pgrp);
+		setsignal(SIGTSTP);
+		setsignal(SIGTTOU);
+		setsignal(SIGTTIN);
+close:
+		close(fd);
+		fd = -1;
+	}
+	ttyfd = fd;
+	jobctl = on;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+int
+killcmd(argc, argv)
+	int argc;
+	char **argv;
+{
+	extern char *signal_names[];
+	int signo = -1;
+	int list = 0;
+	int i;
+	pid_t pid;
+	struct job *jp;
+
+	if (argc <= 1) {
+usage:
+		sh_error(
+"Usage: kill [-s sigspec | -signum | -sigspec] [pid | job]... or\n"
+"kill -l [exitstatus]"
+		);
+	}
+
+	if (**++argv == '-') {
+		signo = decode_signal(*argv + 1, 1);
+		if (signo < 0) {
+			int c;
+
+			while ((c = nextopt("ls:")) != '\0')
+				switch (c) {
+				default:
+#ifdef DEBUG
+					abort();
+#endif
+				case 'l':
+					list = 1;
+					break;
+				case 's':
+					signo = decode_signal(optionarg, 1);
+					if (signo < 0) {
+						sh_error(
+							"invalid signal number or name: %s",
+							optionarg
+						);
+					}
+		                        break;
+				}
+			argv = argptr;
+		} else
+			argv++;
+	}
+
+	if (!list && signo < 0)
+		signo = SIGTERM;
+
+	if ((signo < 0 || !*argv) ^ list) {
+		goto usage;
+	}
+
+	if (list) {
+		struct output *out;
+
+		out = out1;
+		if (!*argv) {
+			outstr("0\n", out);
+			for (i = 1; i < NSIG; i++) {
+				outfmt(out, snlfmt, signal_names[i]);
+			}
+			return 0;
+		}
+		signo = number(*argv);
+		if (signo > 128)
+			signo -= 128;
+		if (0 < signo && signo < NSIG)
+			outfmt(out, snlfmt, signal_names[signo]);
+		else
+			sh_error("invalid signal number or exit status: %s",
+				 *argv);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	i = 0;
+	do {
+		if (**argv == '%') {
+			jp = getjob(*argv, 0);
+			pid = -jp->ps[0].pid;
+		} else
+			pid = **argv == '-' ?
+				-number(*argv + 1) : number(*argv);
+		if (kill(pid, signo) != 0) {
+			sh_warnx("%s\n", strerror(errno));
+			i = 1;
+		}
+	} while (*++argv);
+
+	return i;
+}
+
+STATIC int
+jobno(const struct job *jp)
+{
+	return jp - jobtab + 1;
+}
+
+#if JOBS
+int
+fgcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	struct job *jp;
+	struct output *out;
+	int mode;
+	int retval;
+
+	mode = (**argv == 'f') ? FORK_FG : FORK_BG;
+	nextopt(nullstr);
+	argv = argptr;
+	out = out1;
+	do {
+		jp = getjob(*argv, 1);
+		if (mode == FORK_BG) {
+			set_curjob(jp, CUR_RUNNING);
+			outfmt(out, "[%d] ", jobno(jp));
+		}
+		outstr(jp->ps->cmd, out);
+		showpipe(jp, out);
+		retval = restartjob(jp, mode);
+	} while (*argv && *++argv);
+	return retval;
+}
+
+int bgcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+#ifdef HAVE_ALIAS_ATTRIBUTE
+	__attribute__((__alias__("fgcmd")));
+#else
+{
+	return fgcmd(argc, argv);
+}
+#endif
+
+
+STATIC int
+restartjob(struct job *jp, int mode)
+{
+	struct procstat *ps;
+	int i;
+	int status;
+	pid_t pgid;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	if (jp->state == JOBDONE)
+		goto out;
+	jp->state = JOBRUNNING;
+	pgid = jp->ps->pid;
+	if (mode == FORK_FG)
+		xtcsetpgrp(ttyfd, pgid);
+	killpg(pgid, SIGCONT);
+	ps = jp->ps;
+	i = jp->nprocs;
+	do {
+		if (WIFSTOPPED(ps->status)) {
+			ps->status = -1;
+		}
+	} while (ps++, --i);
+out:
+	status = (mode == FORK_FG) ? waitforjob(jp) : 0;
+	INTON;
+	return status;
+}
+#endif
+
+STATIC int
+sprint_status(char *os, int status, int sigonly)
+{
+	char *s = os;
+	int st;
+
+	st = WEXITSTATUS(status);
+	if (!WIFEXITED(status)) {
+#if JOBS
+		st = WSTOPSIG(status);
+		if (!WIFSTOPPED(status))
+#endif
+			st = WTERMSIG(status);
+		if (sigonly) {
+			if (st == SIGINT || st == SIGPIPE)
+				goto out;
+#if JOBS
+			if (WIFSTOPPED(status))
+				goto out;
+#endif
+		}
+		s = stpncpy(s, strsignal(st), 32);
+#ifdef WCOREDUMP
+		if (WCOREDUMP(status)) {
+			s = stpcpy(s, " (core dumped)");
+		}
+#endif
+	} else if (!sigonly) {
+		if (st)
+			s += fmtstr(s, 16, "Done(%d)", st);
+		else
+			s = stpcpy(s, "Done");
+	}
+
+out:
+	return s - os;
+}
+
+static void
+showjob(struct output *out, struct job *jp, int mode)
+{
+	struct procstat *ps;
+	struct procstat *psend;
+	int col;
+	int indent;
+	char s[80];
+
+	ps = jp->ps;
+
+	if (mode & SHOW_PGID) {
+		/* just output process (group) id of pipeline */
+		outfmt(out, "%d\n", ps->pid);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	col = fmtstr(s, 16, "[%d]   ", jobno(jp));
+	indent = col;
+
+	if (jp == curjob)
+		s[col - 2] = '+';
+	else if (curjob && jp == curjob->prev_job)
+		s[col - 2] = '-';
+
+	if (mode & SHOW_PID)
+		col += fmtstr(s + col, 16, "%d ", ps->pid);
+
+	psend = ps + jp->nprocs;
+
+	if (jp->state == JOBRUNNING) {
+		scopy("Running", s + col);
+		col += strlen("Running");
+	} else {
+		int status = psend[-1].status;
+#if JOBS
+		if (jp->state == JOBSTOPPED)
+			status = jp->stopstatus;
+#endif
+		col += sprint_status(s + col, status, 0);
+	}
+
+	goto start;
+
+	do {
+		/* for each process */
+		col = fmtstr(s, 48, " |\n%*c%d ", indent, ' ', ps->pid) - 3;
+
+start:
+		outfmt(
+			out, "%s%*c%s",
+			s, 33 - col >= 0 ? 33 - col : 0, ' ', ps->cmd
+		);
+		if (!(mode & SHOW_PID)) {
+			showpipe(jp, out);
+			break;
+		}
+		if (++ps == psend) {
+			outcslow('\n', out);
+			break;
+		}
+	} while (1);
+
+	jp->changed = 0;
+
+	if (jp->state == JOBDONE) {
+		TRACE(("showjob: freeing job %d\n", jobno(jp)));
+		freejob(jp);
+	}
+}
+
+
+int
+jobscmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	int mode, m;
+	struct output *out;
+
+	mode = 0;
+	while ((m = nextopt("lp")))
+		if (m == 'l')
+			mode = SHOW_PID;
+		else
+			mode = SHOW_PGID;
+
+	out = out1;
+	argv = argptr;
+	if (*argv)
+		do
+			showjob(out, getjob(*argv,0), mode);
+		while (*++argv);
+	else
+		showjobs(out, mode);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Print a list of jobs.  If "change" is nonzero, only print jobs whose
+ * statuses have changed since the last call to showjobs.
+ */
+
+void
+showjobs(struct output *out, int mode)
+{
+	struct job *jp;
+
+	TRACE(("showjobs(%x) called\n", mode));
+
+	/* If not even one job changed, there is nothing to do */
+	dowait(DOWAIT_NONBLOCK, NULL);
+
+	for (jp = curjob; jp; jp = jp->prev_job) {
+		if (!(mode & SHOW_CHANGED) || jp->changed)
+			showjob(out, jp, mode);
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * Mark a job structure as unused.
+ */
+
+STATIC void
+freejob(struct job *jp)
+{
+	struct procstat *ps;
+	int i;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	for (i = jp->nprocs, ps = jp->ps ; --i >= 0 ; ps++) {
+		if (ps->cmd != nullstr)
+			ckfree(ps->cmd);
+	}
+	if (jp->ps != &jp->ps0)
+		ckfree(jp->ps);
+	jp->used = 0;
+	set_curjob(jp, CUR_DELETE);
+	INTON;
+}
+
+
+
+int
+waitcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	struct job *job;
+	int retval;
+	struct job *jp;
+
+	nextopt(nullstr);
+	retval = 0;
+
+	argv = argptr;
+	if (!*argv) {
+		/* wait for all jobs */
+		for (;;) {
+			jp = curjob;
+			while (1) {
+				if (!jp) {
+					/* no running procs */
+					goto out;
+				}
+				if (jp->state == JOBRUNNING)
+					break;
+				jp->waited = 1;
+				jp = jp->prev_job;
+			}
+			if (!dowait(DOWAIT_WAITCMD, 0))
+				goto sigout;
+		}
+	}
+
+	retval = 127;
+	do {
+		if (**argv != '%') {
+			pid_t pid = number(*argv);
+			job = curjob;
+			goto start;
+			do {
+				if (job->ps[job->nprocs - 1].pid == pid)
+					break;
+				job = job->prev_job;
+start:
+				if (!job)
+					goto repeat;
+			} while (1);
+		} else
+			job = getjob(*argv, 0);
+		/* loop until process terminated or stopped */
+		if (!dowait(DOWAIT_WAITCMD, job))
+			goto sigout;
+		job->waited = 1;
+		retval = getstatus(job);
+repeat:
+		;
+	} while (*++argv);
+
+out:
+	return retval;
+
+sigout:
+	retval = 128 + pending_sig;
+	goto out;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Convert a job name to a job structure.
+ */
+
+STATIC struct job *
+getjob(const char *name, int getctl)
+{
+	struct job *jp;
+	struct job *found;
+	const char *err_msg = "No such job: %s";
+	unsigned num;
+	int c;
+	const char *p;
+	char *(*match)(const char *, const char *);
+
+	jp = curjob;
+	p = name;
+	if (!p)
+		goto currentjob;
+
+	if (*p != '%')
+		goto err;
+
+	c = *++p;
+	if (!c)
+		goto currentjob;
+
+	if (!p[1]) {
+		if (c == '+' || c == '%') {
+currentjob:
+			err_msg = "No current job";
+			goto check;
+		} else if (c == '-') {
+			if (jp)
+				jp = jp->prev_job;
+			err_msg = "No previous job";
+check:
+			if (!jp)
+				goto err;
+			goto gotit;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (is_number(p)) {
+		num = atoi(p);
+		if (num > 0 && num <= njobs) {
+			jp = jobtab + num - 1;
+			if (jp->used)
+				goto gotit;
+			goto err;
+		}
+	}
+
+	match = prefix;
+	if (*p == '?') {
+		match = strstr;
+		p++;
+	}
+
+	found = 0;
+	while (jp) {
+		if (match(jp->ps[0].cmd, p)) {
+			if (found)
+				goto err;
+			found = jp;
+			err_msg = "%s: ambiguous";
+		}
+		jp = jp->prev_job;
+	}
+
+	if (!found)
+		goto err;
+	jp = found;
+
+gotit:
+#if JOBS
+	err_msg = "job %s not created under job control";
+	if (getctl && jp->jobctl == 0)
+		goto err;
+#endif
+	return jp;
+err:
+	sh_error(err_msg, name);
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a new job structure.
+ * Called with interrupts off.
+ */
+
+struct job *
+makejob(union node *node, int nprocs)
+{
+	int i;
+	struct job *jp;
+
+	for (i = njobs, jp = jobtab ; ; jp++) {
+		if (--i < 0) {
+			jp = growjobtab();
+			break;
+		}
+		if (jp->used == 0)
+			break;
+		if (jp->state != JOBDONE || !jp->waited)
+			continue;
+		if (jobctl)
+			continue;
+		freejob(jp);
+		break;
+	}
+	memset(jp, 0, sizeof(*jp));
+#if JOBS
+	if (jobctl)
+		jp->jobctl = 1;
+#endif
+	jp->prev_job = curjob;
+	curjob = jp;
+	jp->used = 1;
+	jp->ps = &jp->ps0;
+	if (nprocs > 1) {
+		jp->ps = ckmalloc(nprocs * sizeof (struct procstat));
+	}
+	TRACE(("makejob(0x%lx, %d) returns %%%d\n", (long)node, nprocs,
+	    jobno(jp)));
+	return jp;
+}
+
+STATIC struct job *
+growjobtab(void)
+{
+	size_t len;
+	ptrdiff_t offset;
+	struct job *jp, *jq;
+
+	len = njobs * sizeof(*jp);
+	jq = jobtab;
+	jp = ckrealloc(jq, len + 4 * sizeof(*jp));
+
+	offset = (char *)jp - (char *)jq;
+	if (offset) {
+		/* Relocate pointers */
+		size_t l = len;
+
+		jq = (struct job *)((char *)jq + l);
+		while (l) {
+			l -= sizeof(*jp);
+			jq--;
+#define joff(p) ((struct job *)((char *)(p) + l))
+#define jmove(p) (p) = (void *)((char *)(p) + offset)
+			if (likely(joff(jp)->ps == &jq->ps0))
+				jmove(joff(jp)->ps);
+			if (joff(jp)->prev_job)
+				jmove(joff(jp)->prev_job);
+		}
+		if (curjob)
+			jmove(curjob);
+#undef joff
+#undef jmove
+	}
+
+	njobs += 4;
+	jobtab = jp;
+	jp = (struct job *)((char *)jp + len);
+	jq = jp + 3;
+	do {
+		jq->used = 0;
+	} while (--jq >= jp);
+	return jp;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Fork off a subshell.  If we are doing job control, give the subshell its
+ * own process group.  Jp is a job structure that the job is to be added to.
+ * N is the command that will be evaluated by the child.  Both jp and n may
+ * be NULL.  The mode parameter can be one of the following:
+ *	FORK_FG - Fork off a foreground process.
+ *	FORK_BG - Fork off a background process.
+ *	FORK_NOJOB - Like FORK_FG, but don't give the process its own
+ *		     process group even if job control is on.
+ *
+ * When job control is turned off, background processes have their standard
+ * input redirected to /dev/null (except for the second and later processes
+ * in a pipeline).
+ *
+ * Called with interrupts off.
+ */
+
+static void forkchild(struct job *jp, union node *n, int mode)
+{
+	int lvforked;
+	int oldlvl;
+
+	TRACE(("Child shell %d\n", getpid()));
+
+	oldlvl = shlvl;
+	lvforked = vforked;
+
+	if (!lvforked) {
+		shlvl++;
+
+		forkreset();
+
+#if JOBS
+		/* do job control only in root shell */
+		jobctl = 0;
+#endif
+	}
+
+#if JOBS
+	if (mode != FORK_NOJOB && jp->jobctl && !oldlvl) {
+		pid_t pgrp;
+
+		if (jp->nprocs == 0)
+			pgrp = getpid();
+		else
+			pgrp = jp->ps[0].pid;
+		/* This can fail because we are doing it in the parent also */
+		(void)setpgid(0, pgrp);
+		if (mode == FORK_FG)
+			xtcsetpgrp(ttyfd, pgrp);
+		setsignal(SIGTSTP);
+		setsignal(SIGTTOU);
+	} else
+#endif
+	if (mode == FORK_BG) {
+		ignoresig(SIGINT);
+		ignoresig(SIGQUIT);
+		if (jp->nprocs == 0) {
+			close(0);
+			if (open64(_PATH_DEVNULL, O_RDONLY) != 0)
+				sh_error("Can't open %s", _PATH_DEVNULL);
+		}
+	}
+	if (!oldlvl && iflag) {
+		if (mode != FORK_BG) {
+			setsignal(SIGINT);
+			setsignal(SIGQUIT);
+		}
+		setsignal(SIGTERM);
+	}
+
+	if (lvforked)
+		return;
+
+	for (jp = curjob; jp; jp = jp->prev_job)
+		freejob(jp);
+}
+
+static void forkparent(struct job *jp, union node *n, int mode, pid_t pid)
+{
+	if (pid < 0) {
+		TRACE(("Fork failed, errno=%d", errno));
+		if (jp)
+			freejob(jp);
+		sh_error("Cannot fork");
+		/* NOTREACHED */
+	}
+
+	TRACE(("In parent shell:  child = %d\n", pid));
+	if (!jp)
+		return;
+#if JOBS
+	if (mode != FORK_NOJOB && jp->jobctl) {
+		int pgrp;
+
+		if (jp->nprocs == 0)
+			pgrp = pid;
+		else
+			pgrp = jp->ps[0].pid;
+		/* This can fail because we are doing it in the child also */
+		(void)setpgid(pid, pgrp);
+	}
+#endif
+	if (mode == FORK_BG) {
+		backgndpid = pid;		/* set $! */
+		set_curjob(jp, CUR_RUNNING);
+	}
+	if (jp) {
+		struct procstat *ps = &jp->ps[jp->nprocs++];
+		ps->pid = pid;
+		ps->status = -1;
+		ps->cmd = nullstr;
+		if (jobctl && n)
+			ps->cmd = commandtext(n);
+	}
+}
+
+int
+forkshell(struct job *jp, union node *n, int mode)
+{
+	int pid;
+
+	TRACE(("forkshell(%%%d, %p, %d) called\n", jobno(jp), n, mode));
+	pid = fork();
+	if (pid == 0)
+		forkchild(jp, n, mode);
+	else
+		forkparent(jp, n, mode, pid);
+
+	return pid;
+}
+
+struct job *vforkexec(union node *n, char **argv, const char *path, int idx)
+{
+	struct job *jp;
+	int pid;
+
+	jp = makejob(n, 1);
+
+	sigblockall(NULL);
+	vforked++;
+
+	pid = vfork();
+
+	if (!pid) {
+		forkchild(jp, n, FORK_FG);
+		sigclearmask();
+		shellexec(argv, path, idx);
+		/* NOTREACHED */
+	}
+
+	vforked = 0;
+	sigclearmask();
+	forkparent(jp, n, FORK_FG, pid);
+
+	return jp;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Wait for job to finish.
+ *
+ * Under job control we have the problem that while a child process is
+ * running interrupts generated by the user are sent to the child but not
+ * to the shell.  This means that an infinite loop started by an inter-
+ * active user may be hard to kill.  With job control turned off, an
+ * interactive user may place an interactive program inside a loop.  If
+ * the interactive program catches interrupts, the user doesn't want
+ * these interrupts to also abort the loop.  The approach we take here
+ * is to have the shell ignore interrupt signals while waiting for a
+ * forground process to terminate, and then send itself an interrupt
+ * signal if the child process was terminated by an interrupt signal.
+ * Unfortunately, some programs want to do a bit of cleanup and then
+ * exit on interrupt; unless these processes terminate themselves by
+ * sending a signal to themselves (instead of calling exit) they will
+ * confuse this approach.
+ *
+ * Called with interrupts off.
+ */
+
+int
+waitforjob(struct job *jp)
+{
+	int st;
+
+	TRACE(("waitforjob(%%%d) called\n", jp ? jobno(jp) : 0));
+	dowait(jp ? DOWAIT_BLOCK : DOWAIT_NONBLOCK, jp);
+	if (!jp)
+		return exitstatus;
+
+	st = getstatus(jp);
+#if JOBS
+	if (jp->jobctl) {
+		xtcsetpgrp(ttyfd, rootpid);
+		/*
+		 * This is truly gross.
+		 * If we're doing job control, then we did a TIOCSPGRP which
+		 * caused us (the shell) to no longer be in the controlling
+		 * session -- so we wouldn't have seen any ^C/SIGINT.  So, we
+		 * intuit from the subprocess exit status whether a SIGINT
+		 * occurred, and if so interrupt ourselves.  Yuck.  - mycroft
+		 */
+		if (jp->sigint)
+			raise(SIGINT);
+	}
+#endif
+	if (! JOBS || jp->state == JOBDONE)
+		freejob(jp);
+	return st;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Wait for a process to terminate.
+ */
+
+static int waitone(int block, struct job *job)
+{
+	int pid;
+	int status;
+	struct job *jp;
+	struct job *thisjob = NULL;
+	int state;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	TRACE(("dowait(%d) called\n", block));
+	pid = waitproc(block, &status);
+	TRACE(("wait returns pid %d, status=%d\n", pid, status));
+	if (pid <= 0)
+		goto out;
+
+	for (jp = curjob; jp; jp = jp->prev_job) {
+		struct procstat *sp;
+		struct procstat *spend;
+		if (jp->state == JOBDONE)
+			continue;
+		state = JOBDONE;
+		spend = jp->ps + jp->nprocs;
+		sp = jp->ps;
+		do {
+			if (sp->pid == pid) {
+				TRACE(("Job %d: changing status of proc %d from 0x%x to 0x%x\n", jobno(jp), pid, sp->status, status));
+				sp->status = status;
+				thisjob = jp;
+			}
+			if (sp->status == -1)
+				state = JOBRUNNING;
+#if JOBS
+			if (state == JOBRUNNING)
+				continue;
+			if (WIFSTOPPED(sp->status)) {
+				jp->stopstatus = sp->status;
+				state = JOBSTOPPED;
+			}
+#endif
+		} while (++sp < spend);
+		if (thisjob)
+			goto gotjob;
+	}
+	goto out;
+
+gotjob:
+	if (state != JOBRUNNING) {
+		thisjob->changed = 1;
+
+		if (thisjob->state != state) {
+			TRACE(("Job %d: changing state from %d to %d\n", jobno(thisjob), thisjob->state, state));
+			thisjob->state = state;
+#if JOBS
+			if (state == JOBSTOPPED) {
+				set_curjob(thisjob, CUR_STOPPED);
+			}
+#endif
+		}
+	}
+
+out:
+	INTON;
+
+	if (thisjob && thisjob == job) {
+		char s[48 + 1];
+		int len;
+
+		len = sprint_status(s, status, 1);
+		if (len) {
+			s[len] = '\n';
+			s[len + 1] = 0;
+			outstr(s, out2);
+		}
+	}
+	return pid;
+}
+
+static int dowait(int block, struct job *jp)
+{
+	int gotchld = *(volatile int *)&gotsigchld;
+	int rpid;
+	int pid;
+
+	if (jp && jp->state != JOBRUNNING)
+		block = DOWAIT_NONBLOCK;
+
+	if (block == DOWAIT_NONBLOCK && !gotchld)
+		return 1;
+
+	rpid = 1;
+
+	do {
+		pid = waitone(block, jp);
+		rpid &= !!pid;
+
+		if (!pid || (jp && jp->state != JOBRUNNING))
+			block = DOWAIT_NONBLOCK;
+	} while (pid >= 0);
+
+	return rpid;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Do a wait system call.  If block is zero, we return -1 rather than
+ * blocking.  If block is DOWAIT_WAITCMD, we return 0 when a signal
+ * other than SIGCHLD interrupted the wait.
+ *
+ * We use sigsuspend in conjunction with a non-blocking wait3 in
+ * order to ensure that waitcmd exits promptly upon the reception
+ * of a signal.
+ *
+ * For code paths other than waitcmd we either use a blocking wait3
+ * or a non-blocking wait3.  For the latter case the caller of dowait
+ * must ensure that it is called over and over again until all dead
+ * children have been reaped.  Otherwise zombies may linger.
+ */
+
+
+STATIC int
+waitproc(int block, int *status)
+{
+	sigset_t oldmask;
+	int flags = block == DOWAIT_BLOCK ? 0 : WNOHANG;
+	int err;
+
+#if JOBS
+	if (jobctl)
+		flags |= WUNTRACED;
+#endif
+
+	do {
+		gotsigchld = 0;
+		do
+			err = wait3(status, flags, NULL);
+		while (err < 0 && errno == EINTR);
+
+		if (err || (err = -!block))
+			break;
+
+		sigblockall(&oldmask);
+
+		while (!gotsigchld && !pending_sig)
+			sigsuspend(&oldmask);
+
+		sigclearmask();
+	} while (gotsigchld);
+
+	return err;
+}
+
+/*
+ * return 1 if there are stopped jobs, otherwise 0
+ */
+int job_warning;
+int
+stoppedjobs(void)
+{
+	struct job *jp;
+	int retval;
+
+	retval = 0;
+	if (job_warning)
+		goto out;
+	jp = curjob;
+	if (jp && jp->state == JOBSTOPPED) {
+		out2str("You have stopped jobs.\n");
+		job_warning = 2;
+		retval++;
+	}
+
+out:
+	return retval;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return a string identifying a command (to be printed by the
+ * jobs command).
+ */
+
+STATIC char *cmdnextc;
+
+STATIC char *
+commandtext(union node *n)
+{
+	char *name;
+
+	STARTSTACKSTR(cmdnextc);
+	cmdtxt(n);
+	name = stackblock();
+	TRACE(("commandtext: name %p, end %p\n", name, cmdnextc));
+	return savestr(name);
+}
+
+
+STATIC void
+cmdtxt(union node *n)
+{
+	union node *np;
+	struct nodelist *lp;
+	const char *p;
+	char s[2];
+
+	if (!n)
+		return;
+	switch (n->type) {
+	default:
+#if DEBUG
+		abort();
+#endif
+	case NPIPE:
+		lp = n->npipe.cmdlist;
+		for (;;) {
+			cmdtxt(lp->n);
+			lp = lp->next;
+			if (!lp)
+				break;
+			cmdputs(" | ");
+		}
+		break;
+	case NSEMI:
+		p = "; ";
+		goto binop;
+	case NAND:
+		p = " && ";
+		goto binop;
+	case NOR:
+		p = " || ";
+binop:
+		cmdtxt(n->nbinary.ch1);
+		cmdputs(p);
+		n = n->nbinary.ch2;
+		goto donode;
+	case NREDIR:
+	case NBACKGND:
+		n = n->nredir.n;
+		goto donode;
+	case NNOT:
+		cmdputs("!");
+		n = n->nnot.com;
+donode:
+		cmdtxt(n);
+		break;
+	case NIF:
+		cmdputs("if ");
+		cmdtxt(n->nif.test);
+		cmdputs("; then ");
+		if (n->nif.elsepart) {
+			cmdtxt(n->nif.ifpart);
+			cmdputs("; else ");
+			n = n->nif.elsepart;
+		} else {
+			n = n->nif.ifpart;
+		}
+		p = "; fi";
+		goto dotail;
+	case NSUBSHELL:
+		cmdputs("(");
+		n = n->nredir.n;
+		p = ")";
+		goto dotail;
+	case NWHILE:
+		p = "while ";
+		goto until;
+	case NUNTIL:
+		p = "until ";
+until:
+		cmdputs(p);
+		cmdtxt(n->nbinary.ch1);
+		n = n->nbinary.ch2;
+		p = "; done";
+dodo:
+		cmdputs("; do ");
+dotail:
+		cmdtxt(n);
+		goto dotail2;
+	case NFOR:
+		cmdputs("for ");
+		cmdputs(n->nfor.var);
+		cmdputs(" in ");
+		cmdlist(n->nfor.args, 1);
+		n = n->nfor.body;
+		p = "; done";
+		goto dodo;
+	case NDEFUN:
+		cmdputs(n->ndefun.text);
+		p = "() { ... }";
+		goto dotail2;
+	case NCMD:
+		cmdlist(n->ncmd.args, 1);
+		cmdlist(n->ncmd.redirect, 0);
+		break;
+	case NARG:
+		p = n->narg.text;
+dotail2:
+		cmdputs(p);
+		break;
+	case NHERE:
+	case NXHERE:
+		p = "<<...";
+		goto dotail2;
+	case NCASE:
+		cmdputs("case ");
+		cmdputs(n->ncase.expr->narg.text);
+		cmdputs(" in ");
+		for (np = n->ncase.cases; np; np = np->nclist.next) {
+			cmdtxt(np->nclist.pattern);
+			cmdputs(") ");
+			cmdtxt(np->nclist.body);
+			cmdputs(";; ");
+		}
+		p = "esac";
+		goto dotail2;
+	case NTO:
+		p = ">";
+		goto redir;
+	case NCLOBBER:
+		p = ">|";
+		goto redir;
+	case NAPPEND:
+		p = ">>";
+		goto redir;
+	case NTOFD:
+		p = ">&";
+		goto redir;
+	case NFROM:
+		p = "<";
+		goto redir;
+	case NFROMFD:
+		p = "<&";
+		goto redir;
+	case NFROMTO:
+		p = "<>";
+redir:
+		s[0] = n->nfile.fd + '0';
+		s[1] = '\0';
+		cmdputs(s);
+		cmdputs(p);
+		if (n->type == NTOFD || n->type == NFROMFD) {
+			s[0] = n->ndup.dupfd + '0';
+			p = s;
+			goto dotail2;
+		} else {
+			n = n->nfile.fname;
+			goto donode;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+STATIC void
+cmdlist(union node *np, int sep)
+{
+	for (; np; np = np->narg.next) {
+		if (!sep)
+			cmdputs(spcstr);
+		cmdtxt(np);
+		if (sep && np->narg.next)
+			cmdputs(spcstr);
+	}
+}
+
+
+STATIC void
+cmdputs(const char *s)
+{
+	const char *p, *str;
+	char cc[2] = " ";
+	char *nextc;
+	signed char c;
+	int subtype = 0;
+	int quoted = 0;
+	static const char vstype[VSTYPE + 1][4] = {
+		"", "}", "-", "+", "?", "=",
+		"%", "%%", "#", "##",
+	};
+
+	nextc = makestrspace((strlen(s) + 1) * 8, cmdnextc);
+	p = s;
+	while ((c = *p++) != 0) {
+		str = 0;
+		switch (c) {
+		case CTLESC:
+			c = *p++;
+			break;
+		case CTLVAR:
+			subtype = *p++;
+			if ((subtype & VSTYPE) == VSLENGTH)
+				str = "${#";
+			else
+				str = "${";
+			goto dostr;
+		case CTLENDVAR:
+			str = "\"}";
+			str += !(quoted & 1);
+			quoted >>= 1;
+			subtype = 0;
+			goto dostr;
+		case CTLBACKQ:
+			str = "$(...)";
+			goto dostr;
+		case CTLARI:
+			str = "$((";
+			goto dostr;
+		case CTLENDARI:
+			str = "))";
+			goto dostr;
+		case CTLQUOTEMARK:
+			quoted ^= 1;
+			c = '"';
+			break;
+		case '=':
+			if (subtype == 0)
+				break;
+			if ((subtype & VSTYPE) != VSNORMAL)
+				quoted <<= 1;
+			str = vstype[subtype & VSTYPE];
+			if (subtype & VSNUL)
+				c = ':';
+			else
+				goto checkstr;
+			break;
+		case '\'':
+		case '\\':
+		case '"':
+		case '$':
+			/* These can only happen inside quotes */
+			cc[0] = c;
+			str = cc;
+			c = '\\';
+			break;
+		default:
+			break;
+		}
+		USTPUTC(c, nextc);
+checkstr:
+		if (!str)
+			continue;
+dostr:
+		while ((c = *str++)) {
+			USTPUTC(c, nextc);
+		}
+	}
+	if (quoted & 1) {
+		USTPUTC('"', nextc);
+	}
+	*nextc = 0;
+	cmdnextc = nextc;
+}
+
+
+STATIC void
+showpipe(struct job *jp, struct output *out)
+{
+	struct procstat *sp;
+	struct procstat *spend;
+
+	spend = jp->ps + jp->nprocs;
+	for (sp = jp->ps + 1; sp < spend; sp++)
+		outfmt(out, " | %s", sp->cmd);
+	outcslow('\n', out);
+	flushall();
+}
+
+
+#if JOBS
+STATIC void
+xtcsetpgrp(int fd, pid_t pgrp)
+{
+	if (tcsetpgrp(fd, pgrp))
+		sh_error("Cannot set tty process group (%s)", strerror(errno));
+}
+#endif
+
+
+STATIC int
+getstatus(struct job *job) {
+	int status;
+	int retval;
+
+	status = job->ps[job->nprocs - 1].status;
+	retval = WEXITSTATUS(status);
+	if (!WIFEXITED(status)) {
+#if JOBS
+		retval = WSTOPSIG(status);
+		if (!WIFSTOPPED(status))
+#endif
+		{
+			/* XXX: limits number of signals */
+			retval = WTERMSIG(status);
+#if JOBS
+			if (retval == SIGINT)
+				job->sigint = 1;
+#endif
+		}
+		retval += 128;
+	}
+	TRACE(("getstatus: job %d, nproc %d, status %x, retval %x\n",
+		jobno(job), job->nprocs, status, retval));
+	return retval;
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/jobs.h b/bin/dash/src/jobs.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6ac6c56d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/jobs.h
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)jobs.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ */
+
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+/* Mode argument to forkshell.  Don't change FORK_FG or FORK_BG. */
+#define FORK_FG 0
+#define FORK_BG 1
+#define FORK_NOJOB 2
+
+/* mode flags for showjob(s) */
+#define	SHOW_PGID	0x01	/* only show pgid - for jobs -p */
+#define	SHOW_PID	0x04	/* include process pid */
+#define	SHOW_CHANGED	0x08	/* only jobs whose state has changed */
+
+
+/*
+ * A job structure contains information about a job.  A job is either a
+ * single process or a set of processes contained in a pipeline.  In the
+ * latter case, pidlist will be non-NULL, and will point to a -1 terminated
+ * array of pids.
+ */
+
+struct procstat {
+	pid_t	pid;		/* process id */
+ 	int	status;		/* last process status from wait() */
+ 	char	*cmd;		/* text of command being run */
+};
+
+struct job {
+	struct procstat ps0;	/* status of process */
+	struct procstat *ps;	/* status or processes when more than one */
+#if JOBS
+	int stopstatus;		/* status of a stopped job */
+#endif
+	uint32_t
+		nprocs: 16,	/* number of processes */
+		state: 8,
+#define	JOBRUNNING	0	/* at least one proc running */
+#define	JOBSTOPPED	1	/* all procs are stopped */
+#define	JOBDONE		2	/* all procs are completed */
+#if JOBS
+		sigint: 1,	/* job was killed by SIGINT */
+		jobctl: 1,	/* job running under job control */
+#endif
+		waited: 1,	/* true if this entry has been waited for */
+		used: 1,	/* true if this entry is in used */
+		changed: 1;	/* true if status has changed */
+	struct job *prev_job;	/* previous job */
+};
+
+union node;
+
+extern pid_t backgndpid;	/* pid of last background process */
+extern int job_warning;		/* user was warned about stopped jobs */
+#if JOBS
+extern int jobctl;		/* true if doing job control */
+#else
+#define jobctl 0
+#endif
+extern int vforked;		/* Set if we are in the vforked child */
+
+void setjobctl(int);
+int killcmd(int, char **);
+int fgcmd(int, char **);
+int bgcmd(int, char **);
+int jobscmd(int, char **);
+struct output;
+void showjobs(struct output *, int);
+int waitcmd(int, char **);
+struct job *makejob(union node *, int);
+int forkshell(struct job *, union node *, int);
+struct job *vforkexec(union node *n, char **argv, const char *path, int idx);
+int waitforjob(struct job *);
+int stoppedjobs(void);
+
+#if ! JOBS
+#define setjobctl(on) ((void)(on))	/* do nothing */
+#endif
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/machdep.h b/bin/dash/src/machdep.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f2ff0ad8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/machdep.h
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)machdep.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Most machines require the value returned from malloc to be aligned
+ * in some way.  The following macro will get this right on many machines.
+ */
+
+#define SHELL_SIZE (sizeof(union {int i; char *cp; double d; }) - 1)
+/*
+ * It appears that grabstackstr() will barf with such alignments
+ * because stalloc() will return a string allocated in a new stackblock.
+ */
+#define SHELL_ALIGN(nbytes) (((nbytes) + SHELL_SIZE) & ~SHELL_SIZE)
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/mail.c b/bin/dash/src/mail.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8eacb2d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/mail.c
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Routines to check for mail.  (Perhaps make part of main.c?)
+ */
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "nodes.h"
+#include "exec.h"	/* defines padvance() */
+#include "var.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "mail.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+
+
+#define MAXMBOXES 10
+
+/* times of mailboxes */
+static time_t mailtime[MAXMBOXES];
+/* Set if MAIL or MAILPATH is changed. */
+static int changed;
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Print appropriate message(s) if mail has arrived.  If changed is set,
+ * then the value of MAIL has changed, so we just update the values.
+ */
+
+void
+chkmail(void)
+{
+	const char *mpath;
+	char *p;
+	char *q;
+	time_t *mtp;
+	struct stackmark smark;
+	struct stat64 statb;
+
+	setstackmark(&smark);
+	mpath = mpathset() ? mpathval() : mailval();
+	for (mtp = mailtime; mtp < mailtime + MAXMBOXES; mtp++) {
+		int len;
+
+		len = padvance_magic(&mpath, nullstr, 2);
+		if (!len)
+			break;
+		p = stackblock();
+		if (*p == '\0')
+			continue;
+		for (q = p ; *q ; q++);
+#ifdef DEBUG
+		if (q[-1] != '/')
+			abort();
+#endif
+		q[-1] = '\0';			/* delete trailing '/' */
+		if (stat64(p, &statb) < 0) {
+			*mtp = 0;
+			continue;
+		}
+		if (!changed && statb.st_mtime != *mtp) {
+			outfmt(
+				&errout, snlfmt,
+				pathopt ? pathopt : "you have mail"
+			);
+		}
+		*mtp = statb.st_mtime;
+	}
+	changed = 0;
+	popstackmark(&smark);
+}
+
+
+void
+changemail(const char *val)
+{
+	changed++;
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/mail.h b/bin/dash/src/mail.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3c6b21d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/mail.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)mail.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ */
+
+void chkmail(void);
+void changemail(const char *);
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/main.c b/bin/dash/src/main.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7a285346
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/main.c
@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "main.h"
+#include "mail.h"
+#include "options.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "nodes.h"
+#include "expand.h"
+#include "eval.h"
+#include "jobs.h"
+#include "input.h"
+#include "trap.h"
+#include "var.h"
+#include "show.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "init.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+#include "exec.h"
+#include "cd.h"
+
+#define PROFILE 0
+
+int rootpid;
+int shlvl;
+#ifdef __GLIBC__
+int *dash_errno;
+#endif
+#if PROFILE
+short profile_buf[16384];
+extern int etext();
+#endif
+MKINIT struct jmploc main_handler;
+
+STATIC void read_profile(const char *);
+STATIC char *find_dot_file(char *);
+static int cmdloop(int);
+int main(int, char **);
+
+/*
+ * Main routine.  We initialize things, parse the arguments, execute
+ * profiles if we're a login shell, and then call cmdloop to execute
+ * commands.  The setjmp call sets up the location to jump to when an
+ * exception occurs.  When an exception occurs the variable "state"
+ * is used to figure out how far we had gotten.
+ */
+
+int
+main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	char *shinit;
+	volatile int state;
+	struct stackmark smark;
+	int login;
+
+#ifdef __GLIBC__
+	dash_errno = __errno_location();
+#endif
+
+#if PROFILE
+	monitor(4, etext, profile_buf, sizeof profile_buf, 50);
+#endif
+	state = 0;
+	if (unlikely(setjmp(main_handler.loc))) {
+		int e;
+		int s;
+
+		exitreset();
+
+		e = exception;
+
+		s = state;
+		if (e == EXEND || e == EXEXIT || s == 0 || iflag == 0 || shlvl)
+			exitshell();
+
+		reset();
+
+		if (e == EXINT
+#if ATTY
+		 && (! attyset() || equal(termval(), "emacs"))
+#endif
+		 ) {
+			out2c('\n');
+#ifdef FLUSHERR
+			flushout(out2);
+#endif
+		}
+		popstackmark(&smark);
+		FORCEINTON;				/* enable interrupts */
+		if (s == 1)
+			goto state1;
+		else if (s == 2)
+			goto state2;
+		else if (s == 3)
+			goto state3;
+		else
+			goto state4;
+	}
+	handler = &main_handler;
+#ifdef DEBUG
+	opentrace();
+	trputs("Shell args:  ");  trargs(argv);
+#endif
+	rootpid = getpid();
+	init();
+	setstackmark(&smark);
+	login = procargs(argc, argv);
+	if (login) {
+		state = 1;
+		read_profile("/etc/profile");
+state1:
+		state = 2;
+		read_profile("$HOME/.profile");
+	}
+state2:
+	state = 3;
+	if (
+#ifndef linux
+		getuid() == geteuid() && getgid() == getegid() &&
+#endif
+		iflag
+	) {
+		if ((shinit = lookupvar("ENV")) != NULL && *shinit != '\0') {
+			read_profile(shinit);
+		}
+	}
+	popstackmark(&smark);
+state3:
+	state = 4;
+	if (minusc)
+		evalstring(minusc, sflag ? 0 : EV_EXIT);
+
+	if (sflag || minusc == NULL) {
+state4:	/* XXX ??? - why isn't this before the "if" statement */
+		cmdloop(1);
+	}
+#if PROFILE
+	monitor(0);
+#endif
+#if GPROF
+	{
+		extern void _mcleanup(void);
+		_mcleanup();
+	}
+#endif
+	exitshell();
+	/* NOTREACHED */
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Read and execute commands.  "Top" is nonzero for the top level command
+ * loop; it turns on prompting if the shell is interactive.
+ */
+
+static int
+cmdloop(int top)
+{
+	union node *n;
+	struct stackmark smark;
+	int inter;
+	int status = 0;
+	int numeof = 0;
+
+	TRACE(("cmdloop(%d) called\n", top));
+	for (;;) {
+		int skip;
+
+		setstackmark(&smark);
+		if (jobctl)
+			showjobs(out2, SHOW_CHANGED);
+		inter = 0;
+		if (iflag && top) {
+			inter++;
+			chkmail();
+		}
+		n = parsecmd(inter);
+		/* showtree(n); DEBUG */
+		if (n == NEOF) {
+			if (!top || numeof >= 50)
+				break;
+			if (!stoppedjobs()) {
+				if (!Iflag) {
+					if (iflag) {
+						out2c('\n');
+#ifdef FLUSHERR
+						flushout(out2);
+#endif
+					}
+					break;
+				}
+				out2str("\nUse \"exit\" to leave shell.\n");
+			}
+			numeof++;
+		} else if (nflag == 0) {
+			int i;
+
+			job_warning = (job_warning == 2) ? 1 : 0;
+			numeof = 0;
+			i = evaltree(n, 0);
+			if (n)
+				status = i;
+		}
+		popstackmark(&smark);
+
+		skip = evalskip;
+		if (skip) {
+			evalskip &= ~(SKIPFUNC | SKIPFUNCDEF);
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return status;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Read /etc/profile or .profile.  Return on error.
+ */
+
+STATIC void
+read_profile(const char *name)
+{
+	name = expandstr(name);
+	if (setinputfile(name, INPUT_PUSH_FILE | INPUT_NOFILE_OK) < 0)
+		return;
+
+	cmdloop(0);
+	popfile();
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Read a file containing shell functions.
+ */
+
+void
+readcmdfile(char *name)
+{
+	setinputfile(name, INPUT_PUSH_FILE);
+	cmdloop(0);
+	popfile();
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Take commands from a file.  To be compatible we should do a path
+ * search for the file, which is necessary to find sub-commands.
+ */
+
+
+STATIC char *
+find_dot_file(char *basename)
+{
+	char *fullname;
+	const char *path = pathval();
+	struct stat64 statb;
+	int len;
+
+	/* don't try this for absolute or relative paths */
+	if (strchr(basename, '/'))
+		return basename;
+
+	while ((len = padvance(&path, basename)) >= 0) {
+		fullname = stackblock();
+		if ((!pathopt || *pathopt == 'f') &&
+		    !stat64(fullname, &statb) && S_ISREG(statb.st_mode)) {
+			/* This will be freed by the caller. */
+			return stalloc(len);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* not found in the PATH */
+	sh_error("%s: not found", basename);
+	/* NOTREACHED */
+}
+
+int
+dotcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	int status = 0;
+
+	nextopt(nullstr);
+	argv = argptr;
+
+	if (*argv) {
+		char *fullname;
+
+		fullname = find_dot_file(*argv);
+		setinputfile(fullname, INPUT_PUSH_FILE);
+		commandname = fullname;
+		status = cmdloop(0);
+		popfile();
+	}
+
+	return status;
+}
+
+
+int
+exitcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	if (stoppedjobs())
+		return 0;
+
+	if (argc > 1)
+		savestatus = number(argv[1]);
+
+	exraise(EXEXIT);
+	/* NOTREACHED */
+}
+
+#ifdef mkinit
+INCLUDE "error.h"
+
+FORKRESET {
+	handler = &main_handler;
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/main.h b/bin/dash/src/main.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..19e49835
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/main.h
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)main.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ */
+
+#include <errno.h>
+
+/* pid of main shell */
+extern int rootpid;
+/* shell level: 0 for the main shell, 1 for its children, and so on */
+extern int shlvl;
+#define rootshell (!shlvl)
+
+#ifdef __GLIBC__
+/* glibc sucks */
+extern int *dash_errno;
+#undef errno
+#define errno (*dash_errno)
+#endif
+
+void readcmdfile(char *);
+int dotcmd(int, char **);
+int exitcmd(int, char **);
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/memalloc.c b/bin/dash/src/memalloc.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..60637da1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/memalloc.c
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "machdep.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+#include "system.h"
+
+/*
+ * Like malloc, but returns an error when out of space.
+ */
+
+pointer
+ckmalloc(size_t nbytes)
+{
+	pointer p;
+
+	p = malloc(nbytes);
+	if (p == NULL)
+		sh_error("Out of space");
+	return p;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Same for realloc.
+ */
+
+pointer
+ckrealloc(pointer p, size_t nbytes)
+{
+	p = realloc(p, nbytes);
+	if (p == NULL)
+		sh_error("Out of space");
+	return p;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Make a copy of a string in safe storage.
+ */
+
+char *
+savestr(const char *s)
+{
+	char *p = strdup(s);
+	if (!p)
+		sh_error("Out of space");
+	return p;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Parse trees for commands are allocated in lifo order, so we use a stack
+ * to make this more efficient, and also to avoid all sorts of exception
+ * handling code to handle interrupts in the middle of a parse.
+ *
+ * The size 504 was chosen because the Ultrix malloc handles that size
+ * well.
+ */
+
+/* minimum size of a block */
+#define MINSIZE SHELL_ALIGN(504)
+
+struct stack_block {
+	struct stack_block *prev;
+	char space[MINSIZE];
+};
+
+struct stack_block stackbase;
+struct stack_block *stackp = &stackbase;
+char *stacknxt = stackbase.space;
+size_t stacknleft = MINSIZE;
+char *sstrend = stackbase.space + MINSIZE;
+
+pointer
+stalloc(size_t nbytes)
+{
+	char *p;
+	size_t aligned;
+
+	aligned = SHELL_ALIGN(nbytes);
+	if (aligned > stacknleft) {
+		size_t len;
+		size_t blocksize;
+		struct stack_block *sp;
+
+		blocksize = aligned;
+		if (blocksize < MINSIZE)
+			blocksize = MINSIZE;
+		len = sizeof(struct stack_block) - MINSIZE + blocksize;
+		if (len < blocksize)
+			sh_error("Out of space");
+		INTOFF;
+		sp = ckmalloc(len);
+		sp->prev = stackp;
+		stacknxt = sp->space;
+		stacknleft = blocksize;
+		sstrend = stacknxt + blocksize;
+		stackp = sp;
+		INTON;
+	}
+	p = stacknxt;
+	stacknxt += aligned;
+	stacknleft -= aligned;
+	return p;
+}
+
+
+void
+stunalloc(pointer p)
+{
+#ifdef DEBUG
+	if (!p || (stacknxt < (char *)p) || ((char *)p < stackp->space)) {
+		write(2, "stunalloc\n", 10);
+		abort();
+	}
+#endif
+	stacknleft += stacknxt - (char *)p;
+	stacknxt = p;
+}
+
+
+
+void pushstackmark(struct stackmark *mark, size_t len)
+{
+	mark->stackp = stackp;
+	mark->stacknxt = stacknxt;
+	mark->stacknleft = stacknleft;
+	grabstackblock(len);
+}
+
+void setstackmark(struct stackmark *mark)
+{
+	pushstackmark(mark, stacknxt == stackp->space && stackp != &stackbase);
+}
+
+
+void
+popstackmark(struct stackmark *mark)
+{
+	struct stack_block *sp;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	while (stackp != mark->stackp) {
+		sp = stackp;
+		stackp = sp->prev;
+		ckfree(sp);
+	}
+	stacknxt = mark->stacknxt;
+	stacknleft = mark->stacknleft;
+	sstrend = mark->stacknxt + mark->stacknleft;
+	INTON;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * When the parser reads in a string, it wants to stick the string on the
+ * stack and only adjust the stack pointer when it knows how big the
+ * string is.  Stackblock (defined in stack.h) returns a pointer to a block
+ * of space on top of the stack and stackblocklen returns the length of
+ * this block.  Growstackblock will grow this space by at least one byte,
+ * possibly moving it (like realloc).  Grabstackblock actually allocates the
+ * part of the block that has been used.
+ */
+
+static void growstackblock(size_t min)
+{
+	size_t newlen;
+
+	newlen = stacknleft * 2;
+	if (newlen < stacknleft)
+		sh_error("Out of space");
+	min = SHELL_ALIGN(min | 128);
+	if (newlen < min)
+		newlen += min;
+
+	if (stacknxt == stackp->space && stackp != &stackbase) {
+		struct stack_block *sp;
+		struct stack_block *prevstackp;
+		size_t grosslen;
+
+		INTOFF;
+		sp = stackp;
+		prevstackp = sp->prev;
+		grosslen = newlen + sizeof(struct stack_block) - MINSIZE;
+		sp = ckrealloc((pointer)sp, grosslen);
+		sp->prev = prevstackp;
+		stackp = sp;
+		stacknxt = sp->space;
+		stacknleft = newlen;
+		sstrend = sp->space + newlen;
+		INTON;
+	} else {
+		char *oldspace = stacknxt;
+		int oldlen = stacknleft;
+		char *p = stalloc(newlen);
+
+		/* free the space we just allocated */
+		stacknxt = memcpy(p, oldspace, oldlen);
+		stacknleft += newlen;
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * The following routines are somewhat easier to use than the above.
+ * The user declares a variable of type STACKSTR, which may be declared
+ * to be a register.  The macro STARTSTACKSTR initializes things.  Then
+ * the user uses the macro STPUTC to add characters to the string.  In
+ * effect, STPUTC(c, p) is the same as *p++ = c except that the stack is
+ * grown as necessary.  When the user is done, she can just leave the
+ * string there and refer to it using stackblock().  Or she can allocate
+ * the space for it using grabstackstr().  If it is necessary to allow
+ * someone else to use the stack temporarily and then continue to grow
+ * the string, the user should use grabstack to allocate the space, and
+ * then call ungrabstr(p) to return to the previous mode of operation.
+ *
+ * USTPUTC is like STPUTC except that it doesn't check for overflow.
+ * CHECKSTACKSPACE can be called before USTPUTC to ensure that there
+ * is space for at least one character.
+ */
+
+void *
+growstackstr(void)
+{
+	size_t len = stackblocksize();
+
+	growstackblock(0);
+	return stackblock() + len;
+}
+
+char *growstackto(size_t len)
+{
+	if (stackblocksize() < len)
+		growstackblock(len);
+	return stackblock();
+}
+
+/*
+ * Called from CHECKSTRSPACE.
+ */
+
+char *
+makestrspace(size_t newlen, char *p)
+{
+	size_t len = p - stacknxt;
+
+	return growstackto(len + newlen) + len;
+}
+
+char *
+stnputs(const char *s, size_t n, char *p)
+{
+	p = makestrspace(n, p);
+	p = mempcpy(p, s, n);
+	return p;
+}
+
+char *
+stputs(const char *s, char *p)
+{
+	return stnputs(s, strlen(s), p);
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/memalloc.h b/bin/dash/src/memalloc.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b9adf764
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/memalloc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)memalloc.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ */
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+struct stackmark {
+	struct stack_block *stackp;
+	char *stacknxt;
+	size_t stacknleft;
+};
+
+
+extern char *stacknxt;
+extern size_t stacknleft;
+extern char *sstrend;
+
+pointer ckmalloc(size_t);
+pointer ckrealloc(pointer, size_t);
+char *savestr(const char *);
+pointer stalloc(size_t);
+void stunalloc(pointer);
+void pushstackmark(struct stackmark *mark, size_t len);
+void setstackmark(struct stackmark *);
+void popstackmark(struct stackmark *);
+void *growstackstr(void);
+char *growstackto(size_t len);
+char *makestrspace(size_t, char *);
+char *stnputs(const char *, size_t, char *);
+char *stputs(const char *, char *);
+
+
+static inline void grabstackblock(size_t len)
+{
+	stalloc(len);
+}
+
+static inline char *_STPUTC(int c, char *p) {
+	if (p == sstrend)
+		p = growstackstr();
+	*p++ = c;
+	return p;
+}
+
+#define stackblock() ((void *)stacknxt)
+#define stackblocksize() stacknleft
+#define STARTSTACKSTR(p) ((p) = stackblock())
+#define STPUTC(c, p) ((p) = _STPUTC((c), (p)))
+#define CHECKSTRSPACE(n, p) \
+	({ \
+		char *q = (p); \
+		size_t l = (n); \
+		size_t m = sstrend - q; \
+		if (l > m) \
+			(p) = makestrspace(l, q); \
+		0; \
+	})
+#define USTPUTC(c, p)	(*p++ = (c))
+#define STACKSTRNUL(p)	((p) == sstrend? (p = growstackstr(), *p = '\0') : (*p = '\0'))
+#define STUNPUTC(p)	(--p)
+#define STTOPC(p)	p[-1]
+#define STADJUST(amount, p)	(p += (amount))
+
+#define grabstackstr(p)	stalloc((char *)(p) - (char *)stackblock())
+#define ungrabstackstr(s, p) stunalloc((s))
+#define stackstrend() ((void *)sstrend)
+
+#define ckfree(p)	free((pointer)(p))
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/miscbltin.c b/bin/dash/src/miscbltin.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5ccbbcb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/miscbltin.c
@@ -0,0 +1,506 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Miscelaneous builtins.
+ */
+
+#include <sys/types.h>		/* quad_t */
+#include <sys/param.h>		/* BSD4_4 */
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <sys/resource.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "options.h"
+#include "var.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "miscbltin.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+#include "main.h"
+#include "expand.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "trap.h"
+
+#undef rflag
+
+
+/** handle one line of the read command.
+ *  more fields than variables -> remainder shall be part of last variable.
+ *  less fields than variables -> remaining variables unset.
+ *
+ *  @param line complete line of input
+ *  @param ac argument count
+ *  @param ap argument (variable) list
+ *  @param len length of line including trailing '\0'
+ */
+static void
+readcmd_handle_line(char *s, int ac, char **ap)
+{
+	struct arglist arglist;
+	struct strlist *sl;
+
+	s = grabstackstr(s);
+
+	arglist.lastp = &arglist.list;
+	
+	ifsbreakup(s, ac, &arglist);
+	*arglist.lastp = NULL;
+	ifsfree();
+
+	sl = arglist.list;
+
+	do {
+		if (!sl) {
+			/* nullify remaining arguments */
+			do {
+				setvar(*ap, nullstr, 0);
+			} while (*++ap);
+
+			return;
+		}
+
+		/* set variable to field */
+		rmescapes(sl->text);
+		setvar(*ap, sl->text, 0);
+		sl = sl->next;
+	} while (*++ap);
+}
+
+/*
+ * The read builtin.  The -e option causes backslashes to escape the
+ * following character. The -p option followed by an argument prompts
+ * with the argument.
+ *
+ * This uses unbuffered input, which may be avoidable in some cases.
+ */
+
+int
+readcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	char **ap;
+	char c;
+	int rflag;
+	char *prompt;
+	char *p;
+	int startloc;
+	int newloc;
+	int status;
+	int i;
+
+	rflag = 0;
+	prompt = NULL;
+	while ((i = nextopt("p:r")) != '\0') {
+		if (i == 'p')
+			prompt = optionarg;
+		else
+			rflag = 1;
+	}
+	if (prompt && isatty(0)) {
+		out2str(prompt);
+#ifdef FLUSHERR
+		flushall();
+#endif
+	}
+	if (*(ap = argptr) == NULL)
+		sh_error("arg count");
+
+	status = 0;
+	STARTSTACKSTR(p);
+
+	goto start;
+
+	for (;;) {
+		switch (read(0, &c, 1)) {
+		case 1:
+			break;
+		default:
+			if (errno == EINTR && !pending_sig)
+				continue;
+				/* fall through */
+		case 0:
+			status = 1;
+			goto out;
+		}
+		if (c == '\0')
+			continue;
+		if (newloc >= startloc) {
+			if (c == '\n')
+				goto resetbs;
+			goto put;
+		}
+		if (!rflag && c == '\\') {
+			newloc = p - (char *)stackblock();
+			continue;
+		}
+		if (c == '\n')
+			break;
+put:
+		CHECKSTRSPACE(2, p);
+		if (strchr(qchars, c))
+			USTPUTC(CTLESC, p);
+		USTPUTC(c, p);
+
+		if (newloc >= startloc) {
+resetbs:
+			recordregion(startloc, newloc, 0);
+start:
+			startloc = p - (char *)stackblock();
+			newloc = startloc - 1;
+		}
+	}
+out:
+	recordregion(startloc, p - (char *)stackblock(), 0);
+	STACKSTRNUL(p);
+	readcmd_handle_line(p + 1, argc - (ap - argv), ap);
+	return status;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * umask builtin
+ *
+ * This code was ripped from pdksh 5.2.14 and hacked for use with
+ * dash by Herbert Xu.
+ *
+ * Public domain.
+ */
+
+int
+umaskcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	char *ap;
+	int mask;
+	int i;
+	int symbolic_mode = 0;
+
+	while ((i = nextopt("S")) != '\0') {
+		symbolic_mode = 1;
+	}
+
+	INTOFF;
+	mask = umask(0);
+	umask(mask);
+	INTON;
+
+	if ((ap = *argptr) == NULL) {
+		if (symbolic_mode) {
+			char buf[18];
+			int j;
+
+			mask = ~mask;
+			ap = buf;
+			for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+				*ap++ = "ugo"[i];
+				*ap++ = '=';
+				for (j = 0; j < 3; j++)
+					if (mask & (1 << (8 - (3*i + j))))
+						*ap++ = "rwx"[j];
+				*ap++ = ',';
+			}
+			ap[-1] = '\0';
+			out1fmt("%s\n", buf);
+		} else {
+			out1fmt("%.4o\n", mask);
+		}
+	} else {
+		int new_mask;
+
+		if (isdigit((unsigned char) *ap)) {
+			new_mask = 0;
+			do {
+				if (*ap >= '8' || *ap < '0')
+					sh_error(illnum, *argptr);
+				new_mask = (new_mask << 3) + (*ap - '0');
+			} while (*++ap != '\0');
+		} else {
+			int positions, new_val;
+			char op;
+
+			mask = ~mask;
+			new_mask = mask;
+			positions = 0;
+			while (*ap) {
+				while (*ap && strchr("augo", *ap))
+					switch (*ap++) {
+					case 'a': positions |= 0111; break;
+					case 'u': positions |= 0100; break;
+					case 'g': positions |= 0010; break;
+					case 'o': positions |= 0001; break;
+					}
+				if (!positions)
+					positions = 0111; /* default is a */
+				if (!strchr("=+-", op = *ap))
+					break;
+				ap++;
+				new_val = 0;
+				while (*ap && strchr("rwxugoXs", *ap))
+					switch (*ap++) {
+					case 'r': new_val |= 04; break;
+					case 'w': new_val |= 02; break;
+					case 'x': new_val |= 01; break;
+					case 'u': new_val |= mask >> 6;
+						  break;
+					case 'g': new_val |= mask >> 3;
+						  break;
+					case 'o': new_val |= mask >> 0;
+						  break;
+					case 'X': if (mask & 0111)
+							new_val |= 01;
+						  break;
+					case 's': /* ignored */
+						  break;
+					}
+				new_val = (new_val & 07) * positions;
+				switch (op) {
+				case '-':
+					new_mask &= ~new_val;
+					break;
+				case '=':
+					new_mask = new_val
+					    | (new_mask & ~(positions * 07));
+					break;
+				case '+':
+					new_mask |= new_val;
+				}
+				if (*ap == ',') {
+					positions = 0;
+					ap++;
+				} else if (!strchr("=+-", *ap))
+					break;
+			}
+			if (*ap) {
+				sh_error("Illegal mode: %s", *argptr);
+				return 1;
+			}
+			new_mask = ~new_mask;
+		}
+		umask(new_mask);
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_GETRLIMIT
+/*
+ * ulimit builtin
+ *
+ * This code, originally by Doug Gwyn, Doug Kingston, Eric Gisin, and
+ * Michael Rendell was ripped from pdksh 5.0.8 and hacked for use with
+ * ash by J.T. Conklin.
+ *
+ * Public domain.
+ */
+
+struct limits {
+	const char *name;
+	int	cmd;
+	int	factor;	/* multiply by to get rlim_{cur,max} values */
+	char	option;
+};
+
+static const struct limits limits[] = {
+#ifdef RLIMIT_CPU
+	{ "time(seconds)",		RLIMIT_CPU,	   1, 't' },
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_FSIZE
+	{ "file(blocks)",		RLIMIT_FSIZE,	 512, 'f' },
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_DATA
+	{ "data(kbytes)",		RLIMIT_DATA,	1024, 'd' },
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_STACK
+	{ "stack(kbytes)",		RLIMIT_STACK,	1024, 's' },
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_CORE
+	{ "coredump(blocks)",		RLIMIT_CORE,	 512, 'c' },
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_RSS
+	{ "memory(kbytes)",		RLIMIT_RSS,	1024, 'm' },
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_MEMLOCK
+	{ "locked memory(kbytes)",	RLIMIT_MEMLOCK, 1024, 'l' },
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_NPROC
+	{ "process",			RLIMIT_NPROC,      1, 'p' },
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_NOFILE
+	{ "nofiles",			RLIMIT_NOFILE,     1, 'n' },
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_AS
+	{ "vmemory(kbytes)",		RLIMIT_AS,	1024, 'v' },
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_LOCKS
+	{ "locks",			RLIMIT_LOCKS,	   1, 'w' },
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_RTPRIO
+	{ "rtprio",			RLIMIT_RTPRIO,	   1, 'r' },
+#endif
+	{ (char *) 0,			0,		   0,  '\0' }
+};
+
+enum limtype { SOFT = 0x1, HARD = 0x2 };
+
+static void printlim(enum limtype how, const struct rlimit *limit,
+		     const struct limits *l)
+{
+	rlim_t val;
+
+	val = limit->rlim_max;
+	if (how & SOFT)
+		val = limit->rlim_cur;
+
+	if (val == RLIM_INFINITY)
+		out1fmt("unlimited\n");
+	else {
+		val /= l->factor;
+		out1fmt("%" PRIdMAX "\n", (intmax_t) val);
+	}
+}
+
+int
+ulimitcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	int	c;
+	rlim_t val = 0;
+	enum limtype how = SOFT | HARD;
+	const struct limits	*l;
+	int		set, all = 0;
+	int		optc, what;
+	struct rlimit	limit;
+
+	what = 'f';
+	while ((optc = nextopt("HSa"
+#ifdef RLIMIT_CPU
+			       "t"
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_FSIZE
+			       "f"
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_DATA
+			       "d"
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_STACK
+			       "s"
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_CORE
+			       "c"
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_RSS
+			       "m"
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_MEMLOCK
+			       "l"
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_NPROC
+			       "p"
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_NOFILE
+			       "n"
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_AS
+			       "v"
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_LOCKS
+			       "w"
+#endif
+	)) != '\0')
+		switch (optc) {
+		case 'H':
+			how = HARD;
+			break;
+		case 'S':
+			how = SOFT;
+			break;
+		case 'a':
+			all = 1;
+			break;
+		default:
+			what = optc;
+		}
+
+	for (l = limits; l->option != what; l++)
+		;
+
+	set = *argptr ? 1 : 0;
+	if (set) {
+		char *p = *argptr;
+
+		if (all || argptr[1])
+			sh_error("too many arguments");
+		if (strcmp(p, "unlimited") == 0)
+			val = RLIM_INFINITY;
+		else {
+			val = (rlim_t) 0;
+
+			while ((c = *p++) >= '0' && c <= '9')
+			{
+				val = (val * 10) + (long)(c - '0');
+				if (val < (rlim_t) 0)
+					break;
+			}
+			if (c)
+				sh_error("bad number");
+			val *= l->factor;
+		}
+	}
+	if (all) {
+		for (l = limits; l->name; l++) {
+			getrlimit(l->cmd, &limit);
+			out1fmt("%-20s ", l->name);
+			printlim(how, &limit, l);
+		}
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	getrlimit(l->cmd, &limit);
+	if (set) {
+		if (how & HARD)
+			limit.rlim_max = val;
+		if (how & SOFT)
+			limit.rlim_cur = val;
+		if (setrlimit(l->cmd, &limit) < 0)
+			sh_error("error setting limit (%s)", strerror(errno));
+	} else {
+		printlim(how, &limit, l);
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/miscbltin.h b/bin/dash/src/miscbltin.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dd9a8d1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/miscbltin.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1997 Christos Zoulas.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
+ *    derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
+ * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
+ * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+ * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+ * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
+ * THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+int readcmd(int, char **);
+int umaskcmd(int, char **);
+int ulimitcmd(int, char **);
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/mkbuiltins b/bin/dash/src/mkbuiltins
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f1f25932
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/mkbuiltins
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+#!/bin/sh -
+#	$NetBSD: mkbuiltins,v 1.17 2002/11/24 22:35:41 christos Exp $
+#
+# Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+#	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+# Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+#	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+#
+# This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+# Kenneth Almquist.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+# are met:
+# 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+# 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+#    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+# 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+#    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+#    without specific prior written permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+# ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+# ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+# FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+# DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+# OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+# HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+# LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+# OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+# SUCH DAMAGE.
+#
+#	@(#)mkbuiltins	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+
+tempfile=mktemp
+if ! type tempfile > /dev/null 2>&1 && ! type mktemp > /dev/null 2>&1; then
+	_my_tempfile()
+	{
+		local index=0
+		while test -f "${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/builtin.$$.$index"; do
+			index=`expr $index + 1`
+		done
+
+		touch "${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/builtin.$$.$index"
+		echo "${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/builtin.$$.$index"
+	}
+
+	tempfile="_my_tempfile"
+elif ! type tempfile > /dev/null 2>&1; then
+	tempfile="mktemp ${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/builtin.XXXXXX"
+fi
+
+trap 'rm -f $temp $temp2' EXIT
+temp=$($tempfile)
+temp2=$($tempfile)
+
+builtins=$1
+
+exec > builtins.c
+cat <<\!
+/*
+ * This file was generated by the mkbuiltins program.
+ */
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "builtins.h"
+
+!
+< $builtins sed '/^#/d; /^ *$/d' > $temp
+awk '{	printf "int %s(int, char **);\n", $1}' $temp
+echo '
+const struct builtincmd builtincmd[] = {'
+awk '{	for (i = 2 ; i <= NF ; i++) {
+		line = $i "\t" $1
+		if ($i ~ /^-/)
+			line = $(++i) "\t" line
+		print line
+	}}' $temp | LC_ALL= LC_COLLATE=C sort -k 1,1 | tee $temp2 | awk '{
+		opt = ""
+		if (NF > 2) {
+			opt = substr($2, 2)
+			$2 = $3
+		}
+		mask = 0
+		cmd = $2
+		if (opt ~ /n/) { cmd = "NULL" }
+		if (opt ~ /s/) { mask += 1 }
+		if (opt ~ /[su]/) { mask += 2 }
+		if (opt ~ /a/) { mask += 4 }
+		printf "\t{ \"%s\", %s, %d },\n", $1, cmd, mask
+	}'
+echo '};'
+
+exec > builtins.h
+cat <<\!
+/*
+ * This file was generated by the mkbuiltins program.
+ */
+
+!
+sed 's/	-[a-z]*//' $temp2 | nl -ba -v0 |
+	LC_ALL= LC_COLLATE=C sort -u -k 3,3 |
+	tr abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ |
+	awk '{	printf "#define %s (builtincmd + %d)\n", $3, $1}'
+printf '\n#define NUMBUILTINS %d\n' $(wc -l < $temp2)
+echo '
+#define BUILTIN_SPECIAL 0x1
+#define BUILTIN_REGULAR 0x2
+#define BUILTIN_ASSIGN 0x4
+
+struct builtincmd {
+	const char *name;
+	int (*builtin)(int, char **);
+	unsigned flags;
+};
+
+extern const struct builtincmd builtincmd[];'
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/mkinit.c b/bin/dash/src/mkinit.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9025862e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/mkinit.c
@@ -0,0 +1,493 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * This program scans all the source files for code to handle various
+ * special events and combines this code into one file.  This (allegedly)
+ * improves the structure of the program since there is no need for
+ * anyone outside of a module to know that that module performs special
+ * operations on particular events.
+ *
+ * Usage:  mkinit sourcefile...
+ */
+
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+
+/*
+ * OUTFILE is the name of the output file.  Output is initially written
+ * to the file OUTTEMP, which is then moved to OUTFILE.
+ */
+
+#define OUTFILE "init.c"
+#define OUTTEMP "init.c.new"
+
+
+/*
+ * A text structure is basicly just a string that grows as more characters
+ * are added onto the end of it.  It is implemented as a linked list of
+ * blocks of characters.  The routines addstr and addchar append a string
+ * or a single character, respectively, to a text structure.  Writetext
+ * writes the contents of a text structure to a file.
+ */
+
+#define BLOCKSIZE 512
+
+struct text {
+	char *nextc;
+	int nleft;
+	struct block *start;
+	struct block *last;
+};
+
+struct block {
+	struct block *next;
+	char text[BLOCKSIZE];
+};
+
+
+/*
+ * There is one event structure for each event that mkinit handles.
+ */
+
+struct event {
+	char *name;		/* name of event (e.g. INIT) */
+	char *routine;		/* name of routine called on event */
+	char *comment;		/* comment describing routine */
+	struct text code;	/* code for handling event */
+};
+
+
+char writer[] = "\
+/*\n\
+ * This file was generated by the mkinit program.\n\
+ */\n\
+\n";
+
+char init[] = "\
+/*\n\
+ * Initialization code.\n\
+ */\n";
+
+char exitreset[] = "\
+/*\n\
+ * This routine is called when an error or an interrupt occurs in an\n\
+ * interactive shell and control is returned to the main command loop\n\
+ * but prior to exitshell. \n\
+ */\n";
+
+char forkreset[] = "\
+/*\n\
+ * This routine is called when we enter a subshell.\n\
+ */\n";
+
+char reset[] = "\
+/*\n\
+ * This routine is called when an error or an interrupt occurs in an\n\
+ * interactive shell and control is returned to the main command loop.\n\
+ */\n";
+
+
+struct event event[] = {
+	{"INIT", "init", init},
+	{"EXITRESET", "exitreset", exitreset},
+	{"FORKRESET", "forkreset", forkreset},
+	{"RESET", "reset", reset},
+	{NULL, NULL}
+};
+
+
+char *curfile;				/* current file */
+int linno;				/* current line */
+char *header_files[200];		/* list of header files */
+struct text defines;			/* #define statements */
+struct text decls;			/* declarations */
+int amiddecls;				/* for formatting */
+
+
+void readfile(char *);
+int match(char *, char *);
+int gooddefine(char *);
+void doevent(struct event *, FILE *, char *);
+void doinclude(char *);
+void dodecl(char *, FILE *);
+void output(void);
+void addstr(char *, struct text *);
+void addchar(int, struct text *);
+void writetext(struct text *, FILE *);
+FILE *ckfopen(char *, char *);
+void *ckmalloc(int);
+char *savestr(char *);
+static void error(char *);
+int main(int, char **);
+
+#define equal(s1, s2)	(strcmp(s1, s2) == 0)
+
+int
+main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	char **ap;
+
+	header_files[0] = "\"shell.h\"";
+	header_files[1] = "\"mystring.h\"";
+	header_files[2] = "\"init.h\"";
+	for (ap = argv + 1 ; *ap ; ap++)
+		readfile(*ap);
+	output();
+	rename(OUTTEMP, OUTFILE);
+	exit(0);
+	/* NOTREACHED */
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Parse an input file.
+ */
+
+void
+readfile(char *fname)
+{
+	FILE *fp;
+	char line[1024];
+	struct event *ep;
+
+	fp = ckfopen(fname, "r");
+	curfile = fname;
+	linno = 0;
+	amiddecls = 0;
+	while (fgets(line, sizeof line, fp) != NULL) {
+		linno++;
+		for (ep = event ; ep->name ; ep++) {
+			if (line[0] == ep->name[0] && match(ep->name, line)) {
+				doevent(ep, fp, fname);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+		if (line[0] == 'I' && match("INCLUDE", line))
+			doinclude(line);
+		if (line[0] == 'M' && match("MKINIT", line))
+			dodecl(line, fp);
+		if (line[0] == '#' && gooddefine(line)) {
+		        char *cp;
+			char line2[1024];
+			static const char undef[] = "#undef ";
+
+			strcpy(line2, line);
+			memcpy(line2, undef, sizeof(undef) - 1);
+			cp = line2 + sizeof(undef) - 1;
+			while(*cp && (*cp == ' ' || *cp == '\t'))
+			        cp++;
+			while(*cp && *cp != ' ' && *cp != '\t' && *cp != '\n')
+			        cp++;
+			*cp++ = '\n'; *cp = '\0';
+			addstr(line2, &defines);
+			addstr(line, &defines);
+		}
+	}
+	fclose(fp);
+}
+
+
+int
+match(char *name, char *line)
+{
+	char *p, *q;
+
+	p = name, q = line;
+	while (*p) {
+		if (*p++ != *q++)
+			return 0;
+	}
+	if (*q != '{' && *q != ' ' && *q != '\t' && *q != '\n')
+		return 0;
+	return 1;
+}
+
+
+int
+gooddefine(char *line)
+{
+	char *p;
+
+	if (! match("#define", line))
+		return 0;			/* not a define */
+	p = line + 7;
+	while (*p == ' ' || *p == '\t')
+		p++;
+	while (*p != ' ' && *p != '\t') {
+		if (*p == '(')
+			return 0;		/* macro definition */
+		p++;
+	}
+	while (*p != '\n' && *p != '\0')
+		p++;
+	if (p[-1] == '\\')
+		return 0;			/* multi-line definition */
+	return 1;
+}
+
+
+void
+doevent(struct event *ep, FILE *fp, char *fname)
+{
+	char line[1024];
+	int indent;
+	char *p;
+
+	sprintf(line, "\n      /* from %s: */\n", fname);
+	addstr(line, &ep->code);
+	addstr("      {\n", &ep->code);
+	for (;;) {
+		linno++;
+		if (fgets(line, sizeof line, fp) == NULL)
+			error("Unexpected EOF");
+		if (equal(line, "}\n"))
+			break;
+		indent = 6;
+		for (p = line ; *p == '\t' ; p++)
+			indent += 8;
+		for ( ; *p == ' ' ; p++)
+			indent++;
+		if (*p == '\n' || *p == '#')
+			indent = 0;
+		while (indent >= 8) {
+			addchar('\t', &ep->code);
+			indent -= 8;
+		}
+		while (indent > 0) {
+			addchar(' ', &ep->code);
+			indent--;
+		}
+		addstr(p, &ep->code);
+	}
+	addstr("      }\n", &ep->code);
+}
+
+
+void
+doinclude(char *line)
+{
+	char *p;
+	char *name;
+	char **pp;
+
+	for (p = line ; *p != '"' && *p != '<' && *p != '\0' ; p++);
+	if (*p == '\0')
+		error("Expecting '\"' or '<'");
+	name = p;
+	while (*p != ' ' && *p != '\t' && *p != '\n')
+		p++;
+	if (p[-1] != '"' && p[-1] != '>')
+		error("Missing terminator");
+	*p = '\0';
+
+	/* name now contains the name of the include file */
+	for (pp = header_files ; *pp && ! equal(*pp, name) ; pp++);
+	if (*pp == NULL)
+		*pp = savestr(name);
+}
+
+
+void
+dodecl(char *line1, FILE *fp)
+{
+	char line[1024];
+	char *p, *q;
+
+	if (strcmp(line1, "MKINIT\n") == 0) { /* start of struct/union decl */
+		addchar('\n', &decls);
+		do {
+			linno++;
+			if (fgets(line, sizeof line, fp) == NULL)
+				error("Unterminated structure declaration");
+			addstr(line, &decls);
+		} while (line[0] != '}');
+		amiddecls = 0;
+	} else {
+		if (! amiddecls)
+			addchar('\n', &decls);
+		q = NULL;
+		for (p = line1 + 6 ; *p && strchr("=/\n", *p) == NULL; p++)
+			continue;
+		if (*p == '=') {		/* eliminate initialization */
+			for (q = p ; *q && *q != ';' ; q++);
+			if (*q == '\0')
+				q = NULL;
+			else {
+				while (p[-1] == ' ')
+					p--;
+				*p = '\0';
+			}
+		}
+		addstr("extern", &decls);
+		addstr(line1 + 6, &decls);
+		if (q != NULL)
+			addstr(q, &decls);
+		amiddecls = 1;
+	}
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Write the output to the file OUTTEMP.
+ */
+
+void
+output(void)
+{
+	FILE *fp;
+	char **pp;
+	struct event *ep;
+
+	fp = ckfopen(OUTTEMP, "w");
+	fputs(writer, fp);
+	for (pp = header_files ; *pp ; pp++)
+		fprintf(fp, "#include %s\n", *pp);
+	fputs("\n\n\n", fp);
+	writetext(&defines, fp);
+	fputs("\n\n", fp);
+	writetext(&decls, fp);
+	for (ep = event ; ep->name ; ep++) {
+		fputs("\n\n\n", fp);
+		fputs(ep->comment, fp);
+		fprintf(fp, "\nvoid\n%s() {\n", ep->routine);
+		writetext(&ep->code, fp);
+		fprintf(fp, "}\n");
+	}
+	fclose(fp);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * A text structure is simply a block of text that is kept in memory.
+ * Addstr appends a string to the text struct, and addchar appends a single
+ * character.
+ */
+
+void
+addstr(char *s, struct text *text)
+{
+	while (*s) {
+		if (--text->nleft < 0)
+			addchar(*s++, text);
+		else
+			*text->nextc++ = *s++;
+	}
+}
+
+
+void
+addchar(int c, struct text *text)
+{
+	struct block *bp;
+
+	if (--text->nleft < 0) {
+		bp = ckmalloc(sizeof *bp);
+		if (text->start == NULL)
+			text->start = bp;
+		else
+			text->last->next = bp;
+		text->last = bp;
+		text->nextc = bp->text;
+		text->nleft = BLOCKSIZE - 1;
+	}
+	*text->nextc++ = c;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Write the contents of a text structure to a file.
+ */
+void
+writetext(struct text *text, FILE *fp)
+{
+	struct block *bp;
+
+	if (text->start != NULL) {
+		for (bp = text->start ; bp != text->last ; bp = bp->next) {
+			if ((fwrite(bp->text, sizeof (char), BLOCKSIZE, fp)) != BLOCKSIZE)
+				error("Can't write data\n");
+		}
+		if ((fwrite(bp->text, sizeof (char), BLOCKSIZE - text->nleft, fp)) != (BLOCKSIZE - text->nleft))
+			error("Can't write data\n");
+	}
+}
+
+FILE *
+ckfopen(char *file, char *mode)
+{
+	FILE *fp;
+
+	if ((fp = fopen(file, mode)) == NULL) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Can't open %s\n", file);
+		exit(2);
+	}
+	return fp;
+}
+
+void *
+ckmalloc(int nbytes)
+{
+	char *p;
+
+	if ((p = malloc(nbytes)) == NULL)
+		error("Out of space");
+	return p;
+}
+
+char *
+savestr(char *s)
+{
+	char *p;
+
+	p = ckmalloc(strlen(s) + 1);
+	strcpy(p, s);
+	return p;
+}
+
+static void
+error(char *msg)
+{
+	if (curfile != NULL)
+		fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: ", curfile, linno);
+	fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", msg);
+	exit(2);
+	/* NOTREACHED */
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/mknodes.c b/bin/dash/src/mknodes.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1903a605
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/mknodes.c
@@ -0,0 +1,448 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * This program reads the nodetypes file and nodes.c.pat file.  It generates
+ * the files nodes.h and nodes.c.
+ */
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+
+#define MAXTYPES 50		/* max number of node types */
+#define MAXFIELDS 20		/* max fields in a structure */
+#define BUFLEN 100		/* size of character buffers */
+
+/* field types */
+#define T_NODE 1		/* union node *field */
+#define T_NODELIST 2		/* struct nodelist *field */
+#define T_STRING 3
+#define T_INT 4			/* int field */
+#define T_OTHER 5		/* other */
+#define T_TEMP 6		/* don't copy this field */
+
+
+struct field {			/* a structure field */
+	char *name;		/* name of field */
+	int type;			/* type of field */
+	char *decl;		/* declaration of field */
+};
+
+
+struct str {			/* struct representing a node structure */
+	char *tag;		/* structure tag */
+	int nfields;		/* number of fields in the structure */
+	struct field field[MAXFIELDS];	/* the fields of the structure */
+	int done;			/* set if fully parsed */
+};
+
+
+static int ntypes;			/* number of node types */
+static char *nodename[MAXTYPES];	/* names of the nodes */
+static struct str *nodestr[MAXTYPES];	/* type of structure used by the node */
+static int nstr;			/* number of structures */
+static struct str str[MAXTYPES];	/* the structures */
+static struct str *curstr;		/* current structure */
+static FILE *infp;
+static char line[1024];
+static int linno;
+static char *linep;
+
+static void parsenode(void);
+static void parsefield(void);
+static void output(char *);
+static void outsizes(FILE *);
+static void outfunc(FILE *, int);
+static void indent(int, FILE *);
+static int nextfield(char *);
+static void skipbl(void);
+static int readline(void);
+static void error(const char *, ...);
+static char *savestr(const char *);
+int main(int, char **);
+
+
+int
+main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+
+	/*
+	 * some versions of linux complain: initializer element is not
+	 * constant if this is done at compile time.
+	 */
+	infp = stdin;
+
+	if (argc != 3)
+		error("usage: mknodes file");
+	if ((infp = fopen(argv[1], "r")) == NULL)
+		error("Can't open %s", argv[1]);
+	while (readline()) {
+		if (line[0] == ' ' || line[0] == '\t')
+			parsefield();
+		else if (line[0] != '\0')
+			parsenode();
+	}
+	output(argv[2]);
+	exit(0);
+	/* NOTREACHED */
+}
+
+
+
+static void
+parsenode(void)
+{
+	char name[BUFLEN];
+	char tag[BUFLEN];
+	struct str *sp;
+
+	if (curstr && curstr->nfields > 0)
+		curstr->done = 1;
+	nextfield(name);
+	if (! nextfield(tag))
+		error("Tag expected");
+	if (*linep != '\0')
+		error("Garbage at end of line");
+	nodename[ntypes] = savestr(name);
+	for (sp = str ; sp < str + nstr ; sp++) {
+		if (strcmp(sp->tag, tag) == 0)
+			break;
+	}
+	if (sp >= str + nstr) {
+		sp->tag = savestr(tag);
+		sp->nfields = 0;
+		curstr = sp;
+		nstr++;
+	}
+	nodestr[ntypes] = sp;
+	ntypes++;
+}
+
+
+static void
+parsefield(void)
+{
+	char name[BUFLEN];
+	char type[BUFLEN];
+	char decl[2 * BUFLEN];
+	struct field *fp;
+
+	if (curstr == NULL || curstr->done)
+		error("No current structure to add field to");
+	if (! nextfield(name))
+		error("No field name");
+	if (! nextfield(type))
+		error("No field type");
+	fp = &curstr->field[curstr->nfields];
+	fp->name = savestr(name);
+	if (strcmp(type, "nodeptr") == 0) {
+		fp->type = T_NODE;
+		sprintf(decl, "union node *%s", name);
+	} else if (strcmp(type, "nodelist") == 0) {
+		fp->type = T_NODELIST;
+		sprintf(decl, "struct nodelist *%s", name);
+	} else if (strcmp(type, "string") == 0) {
+		fp->type = T_STRING;
+		sprintf(decl, "char *%s", name);
+	} else if (strcmp(type, "int") == 0) {
+		fp->type = T_INT;
+		sprintf(decl, "int %s", name);
+	} else if (strcmp(type, "other") == 0) {
+		fp->type = T_OTHER;
+	} else if (strcmp(type, "temp") == 0) {
+		fp->type = T_TEMP;
+	} else {
+		error("Unknown type %s", type);
+	}
+	if (fp->type == T_OTHER || fp->type == T_TEMP) {
+		skipbl();
+		fp->decl = savestr(linep);
+	} else {
+		if (*linep)
+			error("Garbage at end of line");
+		fp->decl = savestr(decl);
+	}
+	curstr->nfields++;
+}
+
+
+char writer[] = "\
+/*\n\
+ * This file was generated by the mknodes program.\n\
+ */\n\
+\n";
+
+static void
+output(char *file)
+{
+	FILE *hfile;
+	FILE *cfile;
+	FILE *patfile;
+	int i;
+	struct str *sp;
+	struct field *fp;
+	char *p;
+
+	if ((patfile = fopen(file, "r")) == NULL)
+		error("Can't open %s", file);
+	if ((hfile = fopen("nodes.h", "w")) == NULL)
+		error("Can't create nodes.h");
+	if ((cfile = fopen("nodes.c", "w")) == NULL)
+		error("Can't create nodes.c");
+	fputs(writer, hfile);
+	for (i = 0 ; i < ntypes ; i++)
+		fprintf(hfile, "#define %s %d\n", nodename[i], i);
+	fputs("\n\n\n", hfile);
+	for (sp = str ; sp < &str[nstr] ; sp++) {
+		fprintf(hfile, "struct %s {\n", sp->tag);
+		for (i = sp->nfields, fp = sp->field ; --i >= 0 ; fp++) {
+			fprintf(hfile, "      %s;\n", fp->decl);
+		}
+		fputs("};\n\n\n", hfile);
+	}
+	fputs("union node {\n", hfile);
+	fprintf(hfile, "      int type;\n");
+	for (sp = str ; sp < &str[nstr] ; sp++) {
+		fprintf(hfile, "      struct %s %s;\n", sp->tag, sp->tag);
+	}
+	fputs("};\n\n\n", hfile);
+	fputs("struct nodelist {\n", hfile);
+	fputs("\tstruct nodelist *next;\n", hfile);
+	fputs("\tunion node *n;\n", hfile);
+	fputs("};\n\n\n", hfile);
+	fputs("struct funcnode {\n", hfile);
+	fputs("\tint count;\n", hfile);
+	fputs("\tunion node n;\n", hfile);
+	fputs("};\n\n\n", hfile);
+	fputs("struct funcnode *copyfunc(union node *);\n", hfile);
+	fputs("void freefunc(struct funcnode *);\n", hfile);
+
+	fputs(writer, cfile);
+	while (fgets(line, sizeof line, patfile) != NULL) {
+		for (p = line ; *p == ' ' || *p == '\t' ; p++);
+		if (strcmp(p, "%SIZES\n") == 0)
+			outsizes(cfile);
+		else if (strcmp(p, "%CALCSIZE\n") == 0)
+			outfunc(cfile, 1);
+		else if (strcmp(p, "%COPY\n") == 0)
+			outfunc(cfile, 0);
+		else
+			fputs(line, cfile);
+	}
+}
+
+
+
+static void
+outsizes(FILE *cfile)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	fprintf(cfile, "static const short nodesize[%d] = {\n", ntypes);
+	for (i = 0 ; i < ntypes ; i++) {
+		fprintf(cfile, "      SHELL_ALIGN(sizeof (struct %s)),\n",
+		    nodestr[i]->tag);
+	}
+	fprintf(cfile, "};\n");
+}
+
+
+static void
+outfunc(FILE *cfile, int calcsize)
+{
+	struct str *sp;
+	struct field *fp;
+	int i;
+
+	fputs("      if (n == NULL)\n", cfile);
+	if (calcsize)
+		fputs("	    return;\n", cfile);
+	else
+		fputs("	    return NULL;\n", cfile);
+	if (calcsize)
+		fputs("      funcblocksize += nodesize[n->type];\n", cfile);
+	else {
+		fputs("      new = funcblock;\n", cfile);
+		fputs("      funcblock = (char *) funcblock + nodesize[n->type];\n", cfile);
+	}
+	fputs("      switch (n->type) {\n", cfile);
+	for (sp = str ; sp < &str[nstr] ; sp++) {
+		for (i = 0 ; i < ntypes ; i++) {
+			if (nodestr[i] == sp)
+				fprintf(cfile, "      case %s:\n", nodename[i]);
+		}
+		for (i = sp->nfields ; --i >= 1 ; ) {
+			fp = &sp->field[i];
+			switch (fp->type) {
+			case T_NODE:
+				if (calcsize) {
+					indent(12, cfile);
+					fprintf(cfile, "calcsize(n->%s.%s);\n",
+						sp->tag, fp->name);
+				} else {
+					indent(12, cfile);
+					fprintf(cfile, "new->%s.%s = copynode(n->%s.%s);\n",
+						sp->tag, fp->name, sp->tag, fp->name);
+				}
+				break;
+			case T_NODELIST:
+				if (calcsize) {
+					indent(12, cfile);
+					fprintf(cfile, "sizenodelist(n->%s.%s);\n",
+						sp->tag, fp->name);
+				} else {
+					indent(12, cfile);
+					fprintf(cfile, "new->%s.%s = copynodelist(n->%s.%s);\n",
+						sp->tag, fp->name, sp->tag, fp->name);
+				}
+				break;
+			case T_STRING:
+				if (calcsize) {
+					indent(12, cfile);
+					fprintf(cfile, "funcstringsize += strlen(n->%s.%s) + 1;\n",
+						sp->tag, fp->name);
+				} else {
+					indent(12, cfile);
+					fprintf(cfile, "new->%s.%s = nodesavestr(n->%s.%s);\n",
+						sp->tag, fp->name, sp->tag, fp->name);
+				}
+				break;
+			case T_INT:
+			case T_OTHER:
+				if (! calcsize) {
+					indent(12, cfile);
+					fprintf(cfile, "new->%s.%s = n->%s.%s;\n",
+						sp->tag, fp->name, sp->tag, fp->name);
+				}
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+		indent(12, cfile);
+		fputs("break;\n", cfile);
+	}
+	fputs("      };\n", cfile);
+	if (! calcsize)
+		fputs("      new->type = n->type;\n", cfile);
+}
+
+
+static void
+indent(int amount, FILE *fp)
+{
+	while (amount >= 8) {
+		putc('\t', fp);
+		amount -= 8;
+	}
+	while (--amount >= 0) {
+		putc(' ', fp);
+	}
+}
+
+
+static int
+nextfield(char *buf)
+{
+	char *p, *q;
+
+	p = linep;
+	while (*p == ' ' || *p == '\t')
+		p++;
+	q = buf;
+	while (*p != ' ' && *p != '\t' && *p != '\0')
+		*q++ = *p++;
+	*q = '\0';
+	linep = p;
+	return (q > buf);
+}
+
+
+static void
+skipbl(void)
+{
+	while (*linep == ' ' || *linep == '\t')
+		linep++;
+}
+
+
+static int
+readline(void)
+{
+	char *p;
+
+	if (fgets(line, 1024, infp) == NULL)
+		return 0;
+	for (p = line ; *p != '#' && *p != '\n' && *p != '\0' ; p++);
+	while (p > line && (p[-1] == ' ' || p[-1] == '\t'))
+		p--;
+	*p = '\0';
+	linep = line;
+	linno++;
+	if (p - line > BUFLEN)
+		error("Line too long");
+	return 1;
+}
+
+
+
+static void
+error(const char *msg, ...)
+{
+	va_list va;
+
+	va_start(va, msg);
+
+	(void) fprintf(stderr, "line %d: ", linno);
+	(void) vfprintf(stderr, msg, va);
+	(void) fputc('\n', stderr);
+
+	va_end(va);
+
+	exit(2);
+	/* NOTREACHED */
+}
+
+
+
+static char *
+savestr(const char *s)
+{
+	char *p;
+
+	if ((p = malloc(strlen(s) + 1)) == NULL)
+		error("Out of space");
+	(void) strcpy(p, s);
+	return p;
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/mksignames.c b/bin/dash/src/mksignames.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a832eab9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/mksignames.c
@@ -0,0 +1,417 @@
+/* signames.c -- Create and write `signames.c', which contains an array of
+   signal names. */
+
+/* Copyright (C) 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+   This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
+
+   Bash is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+   the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
+   Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later
+   version.
+
+   Bash is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
+   WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+   FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+   for more details.
+
+   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
+   with Bash; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the Free Software
+   Foundation, 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111 USA. */
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#if !defined (NSIG)
+#  define NSIG 64
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Special traps:
+ *	EXIT == 0
+ */
+#define LASTSIG NSIG-1
+
+char *signal_names[2 * NSIG + 3];
+
+#define signal_names_size (sizeof(signal_names)/sizeof(signal_names[0]))
+
+char *progname;
+
+/* AIX 4.3 defines SIGRTMIN and SIGRTMAX as 888 and 999 respectively.
+   I don't want to allocate so much unused space for the intervening signal
+   numbers, so we just punt if SIGRTMAX is past the bounds of the
+   signal_names array (handled in configure). */
+#if defined (SIGRTMAX) && defined (UNUSABLE_RT_SIGNALS)
+#  undef SIGRTMAX
+#  undef SIGRTMIN
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGRTMAX) || defined (SIGRTMIN)
+#  define RTLEN 14
+#  define RTLIM 256
+#endif
+
+void
+initialize_signames ()
+{
+  register int i;
+#if defined (SIGRTMAX) || defined (SIGRTMIN)
+  int rtmin, rtmax, rtcnt;
+#endif
+
+  for (i = 1; i < signal_names_size; i++)
+    signal_names[i] = (char *)NULL;
+
+  /* `signal' 0 is what we do on exit. */
+  signal_names[0] = "EXIT";
+
+  /* Place signal names which can be aliases for more common signal
+     names first.  This allows (for example) SIGABRT to overwrite SIGLOST. */
+
+  /* POSIX 1003.1b-1993 real time signals, but take care of incomplete
+     implementations. Acoording to the standard, both, SIGRTMIN and
+     SIGRTMAX must be defined, SIGRTMIN must be stricly less than
+     SIGRTMAX, and the difference must be at least 7, that is, there
+     must be at least eight distinct real time signals. */
+
+  /* The generated signal names are SIGRTMIN, SIGRTMIN+1, ...,
+     SIGRTMIN+x, SIGRTMAX-x, ..., SIGRTMAX-1, SIGRTMAX. If the number
+     of RT signals is odd, there is an extra SIGRTMIN+(x+1).
+     These names are the ones used by ksh and /usr/xpg4/bin/sh on SunOS5. */
+
+#if defined (SIGRTMIN)
+  rtmin = SIGRTMIN;
+  signal_names[rtmin] = "RTMIN";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGRTMAX)
+  rtmax = SIGRTMAX;
+  signal_names[rtmax] = "RTMAX";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGRTMAX) && defined (SIGRTMIN)
+  if (rtmax > rtmin)
+    {
+      rtcnt = (rtmax - rtmin - 1) / 2;
+      /* croak if there are too many RT signals */
+      if (rtcnt >= RTLIM/2)
+	{
+	  rtcnt = RTLIM/2-1;
+	  fprintf(stderr, "%s: error: more than %i real time signals, fix `%s'\n",
+		  progname, RTLIM, progname);
+	}
+
+      for (i = 1; i <= rtcnt; i++)
+	{
+	  signal_names[rtmin+i] = (char *)malloc(RTLEN);
+	  if (signal_names[rtmin+i])
+	    sprintf (signal_names[rtmin+i], "RTMIN+%d", i);
+	  signal_names[rtmax-i] = (char *)malloc(RTLEN);
+	  if (signal_names[rtmax-i])
+	    sprintf (signal_names[rtmax-i], "RTMAX-%d", i);
+	}
+
+      if (rtcnt < RTLIM/2-1 && rtcnt != (rtmax-rtmin)/2)
+	{
+	  /* Need an extra RTMIN signal */
+	  signal_names[rtmin+rtcnt+1] = (char *)malloc(RTLEN);
+	  if (signal_names[rtmin+rtcnt+1])
+	    sprintf (signal_names[rtmin+rtcnt+1], "RTMIN+%d", rtcnt+1);
+	}
+    }
+#endif /* SIGRTMIN && SIGRTMAX */
+
+/* AIX */
+#if defined (SIGLOST)	/* resource lost (eg, record-lock lost) */
+  signal_names[SIGLOST] = "LOST";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGMSG)	/* HFT input data pending */
+  signal_names[SIGMSG] = "MSG";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGDANGER)	/* system crash imminent */
+  signal_names[SIGDANGER] = "DANGER";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGMIGRATE) /* migrate process to another CPU */
+  signal_names[SIGMIGRATE] = "MIGRATE";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGPRE)	/* programming error */
+  signal_names[SIGPRE] = "PRE";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGVIRT)	/* AIX virtual time alarm */
+  signal_names[SIGVIRT] = "VIRT";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGALRM1)	/* m:n condition variables */
+  signal_names[SIGALRM1] = "ALRM1";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGWAITING)	/* m:n scheduling */
+  signal_names[SIGWAITING] = "WAITING";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGGRANT)	/* HFT monitor mode granted */
+  signal_names[SIGGRANT] = "GRANT";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGKAP)	/* keep alive poll from native keyboard */
+  signal_names[SIGKAP] = "KAP";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGRETRACT) /* HFT monitor mode retracted */
+  signal_names[SIGRETRACT] = "RETRACT";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGSOUND)	/* HFT sound sequence has completed */
+  signal_names[SIGSOUND] = "SOUND";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGSAK)	/* Secure Attention Key */
+  signal_names[SIGSAK] = "SAK";
+#endif
+
+/* SunOS5 */
+#if defined (SIGLWP)	/* special signal used by thread library */
+  signal_names[SIGLWP] = "LWP";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGFREEZE)	/* special signal used by CPR */
+  signal_names[SIGFREEZE] = "FREEZE";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGTHAW)	/* special signal used by CPR */
+  signal_names[SIGTHAW] = "THAW";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGCANCEL)	/* thread cancellation signal used by libthread */
+  signal_names[SIGCANCEL] = "CANCEL";
+#endif
+
+/* HP-UX */
+#if defined (SIGDIL)	/* DIL signal (?) */
+  signal_names[SIGDIL] = "DIL";
+#endif
+
+/* System V */
+#if defined (SIGCLD)	/* Like SIGCHLD.  */
+  signal_names[SIGCLD] = "CLD";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGPWR)	/* power state indication */
+  signal_names[SIGPWR] = "PWR";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGPOLL)	/* Pollable event (for streams)  */
+  signal_names[SIGPOLL] = "POLL";
+#endif
+
+/* Unknown */
+#if defined (SIGWINDOW)
+  signal_names[SIGWINDOW] = "WINDOW";
+#endif
+
+/* Common */
+#if defined (SIGHUP)	/* hangup */
+  signal_names[SIGHUP] = "HUP";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGINT)	/* interrupt */
+  signal_names[SIGINT] = "INT";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGQUIT)	/* quit */
+  signal_names[SIGQUIT] = "QUIT";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGILL)	/* illegal instruction (not reset when caught) */
+  signal_names[SIGILL] = "ILL";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGTRAP)	/* trace trap (not reset when caught) */
+  signal_names[SIGTRAP] = "TRAP";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGIOT)	/* IOT instruction */
+  signal_names[SIGIOT] = "IOT";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGABRT)	/* Cause current process to dump core. */
+  signal_names[SIGABRT] = "ABRT";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGEMT)	/* EMT instruction */
+  signal_names[SIGEMT] = "EMT";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGFPE)	/* floating point exception */
+  signal_names[SIGFPE] = "FPE";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGKILL)	/* kill (cannot be caught or ignored) */
+  signal_names[SIGKILL] = "KILL";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGBUS)	/* bus error */
+  signal_names[SIGBUS] = "BUS";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGSEGV)	/* segmentation violation */
+  signal_names[SIGSEGV] = "SEGV";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGSYS)	/* bad argument to system call */
+  signal_names[SIGSYS] = "SYS";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGPIPE)	/* write on a pipe with no one to read it */
+  signal_names[SIGPIPE] = "PIPE";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGALRM)	/* alarm clock */
+  signal_names[SIGALRM] = "ALRM";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGTERM)	/* software termination signal from kill */
+  signal_names[SIGTERM] = "TERM";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGURG)	/* urgent condition on IO channel */
+  signal_names[SIGURG] = "URG";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGSTOP)	/* sendable stop signal not from tty */
+  signal_names[SIGSTOP] = "STOP";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGTSTP)	/* stop signal from tty */
+  signal_names[SIGTSTP] = "TSTP";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGCONT)	/* continue a stopped process */
+  signal_names[SIGCONT] = "CONT";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGCHLD)	/* to parent on child stop or exit */
+  signal_names[SIGCHLD] = "CHLD";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGTTIN)	/* to readers pgrp upon background tty read */
+  signal_names[SIGTTIN] = "TTIN";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGTTOU)	/* like TTIN for output if (tp->t_local&LTOSTOP) */
+  signal_names[SIGTTOU] = "TTOU";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGIO)	/* input/output possible signal */
+  signal_names[SIGIO] = "IO";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGXCPU)	/* exceeded CPU time limit */
+  signal_names[SIGXCPU] = "XCPU";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGXFSZ)	/* exceeded file size limit */
+  signal_names[SIGXFSZ] = "XFSZ";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGVTALRM)	/* virtual time alarm */
+  signal_names[SIGVTALRM] = "VTALRM";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGPROF)	/* profiling time alarm */
+  signal_names[SIGPROF] = "PROF";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGWINCH)	/* window changed */
+  signal_names[SIGWINCH] = "WINCH";
+#endif
+
+/* 4.4 BSD */
+#if defined (SIGINFO) && !defined (_SEQUENT_)	/* information request */
+  signal_names[SIGINFO] = "INFO";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGUSR1)	/* user defined signal 1 */
+  signal_names[SIGUSR1] = "USR1";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGUSR2)	/* user defined signal 2 */
+  signal_names[SIGUSR2] = "USR2";
+#endif
+
+#if defined (SIGKILLTHR)	/* BeOS: Kill Thread */
+  signal_names[SIGKILLTHR] = "KILLTHR";
+#endif
+
+  for (i = 0; i < NSIG; i++)
+    if (signal_names[i] == (char *)NULL)
+      {
+	signal_names[i] = (char *)malloc (18);
+	if (signal_names[i])
+	  sprintf (signal_names[i], "%d", i);
+      }
+}
+
+void
+write_signames (stream)
+     FILE *stream;
+{
+  register int i;
+
+  fprintf (stream, "/* This file was automatically created by %s.\n",
+	   progname);
+  fprintf (stream, "   Do not edit.  Edit support/mksignames.c instead. */\n\n");
+  fprintf (stream, "#include <signal.h>\n\n");
+  fprintf (stream,
+	   "/* A translation list so we can be polite to our users. */\n");
+  fprintf (stream, "const char *const signal_names[NSIG + 1] = {\n");
+
+  for (i = 0; i <= LASTSIG; i++)
+    fprintf (stream, "    \"%s\",\n", signal_names[i]);
+
+  fprintf (stream, "    (char *)0x0\n");
+  fprintf (stream, "};\n");
+}
+
+int
+main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+  char *stream_name;
+  FILE *stream;
+
+  progname = argv[0];
+
+  if (argc == 1)
+    {
+      stream_name = "signames.c";
+    }
+  else if (argc == 2)
+    {
+      stream_name = argv[1];
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      fprintf (stderr, "Usage: %s [output-file]\n", progname);
+      exit (1);
+    }
+
+  stream = fopen (stream_name, "w");
+  if (!stream)
+    {
+      fprintf (stderr, "%s: %s: cannot open for writing\n",
+	       progname, stream_name);
+      exit (2);
+    }
+
+  initialize_signames ();
+  write_signames (stream);
+  exit (0);
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/mksyntax.c b/bin/dash/src/mksyntax.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a23c18ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/mksyntax.c
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * This program creates syntax.h and syntax.c.
+ */
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include "parser.h"
+
+
+struct synclass {
+	char *name;
+	char *comment;
+};
+
+/* Syntax classes */
+struct synclass synclass[] = {
+	{ "CWORD",	"character is nothing special" },
+	{ "CNL",	"newline character" },
+	{ "CBACK",	"a backslash character" },
+	{ "CSQUOTE",	"single quote" },
+	{ "CDQUOTE",	"double quote" },
+	{ "CENDQUOTE",	"a terminating quote" },
+	{ "CBQUOTE",	"backwards single quote" },
+	{ "CVAR",	"a dollar sign" },
+	{ "CENDVAR",	"a '}' character" },
+	{ "CLP",	"a left paren in arithmetic" },
+	{ "CRP",	"a right paren in arithmetic" },
+	{ "CEOF",	"end of file" },
+	{ "CCTL",	"like CWORD, except it must be escaped" },
+	{ "CSPCL",	"these terminate a word" },
+	{ "CIGN",	"character should be ignored" },
+	{ NULL,		NULL }
+};
+
+
+/*
+ * Syntax classes for is_ functions.  Warning:  if you add new classes
+ * you may have to change the definition of the is_in_name macro.
+ */
+struct synclass is_entry[] = {
+	{ "ISDIGIT",	"a digit" },
+	{ "ISUPPER",	"an upper case letter" },
+	{ "ISLOWER",	"a lower case letter" },
+	{ "ISUNDER",	"an underscore" },
+	{ "ISSPECL",	"the name of a special parameter" },
+	{ NULL, 	NULL }
+};
+
+static char writer[] = "\
+/*\n\
+ * This file was generated by the mksyntax program.\n\
+ */\n\
+\n";
+
+
+static FILE *cfile;
+static FILE *hfile;
+static char *syntax[513];
+
+static void filltable(char *);
+static void init(void);
+static void add(char *, char *);
+static void print(char *);
+static void output_type_macros(void);
+int main(int, char **);
+
+int
+main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	int i;
+	char buf[80];
+	int pos;
+
+	/* Create output files */
+	if ((cfile = fopen("syntax.c", "w")) == NULL) {
+		perror("syntax.c");
+		exit(2);
+	}
+	if ((hfile = fopen("syntax.h", "w")) == NULL) {
+		perror("syntax.h");
+		exit(2);
+	}
+	fputs(writer, hfile);
+	fputs(writer, cfile);
+
+	fputs("#include <ctype.h>\n", hfile);
+	fputs("\n", hfile);
+	fputs("#ifdef CEOF\n", hfile);
+	fputs("#undef CEOF\n", hfile);
+	fputs("#endif\n", hfile);
+	fputs("\n", hfile);
+
+	/* Generate the #define statements in the header file */
+	fputs("/* Syntax classes */\n", hfile);
+	for (i = 0 ; synclass[i].name ; i++) {
+		sprintf(buf, "#define %s %d", synclass[i].name, i);
+		fputs(buf, hfile);
+		for (pos = strlen(buf) ; pos < 32 ; pos = (pos + 8) & ~07)
+			putc('\t', hfile);
+		fprintf(hfile, "/* %s */\n", synclass[i].comment);
+	}
+	putc('\n', hfile);
+	fputs("/* Syntax classes for is_ functions */\n", hfile);
+	for (i = 0 ; is_entry[i].name ; i++) {
+		sprintf(buf, "#define %s %#o", is_entry[i].name, 1 << i);
+		fputs(buf, hfile);
+		for (pos = strlen(buf) ; pos < 32 ; pos = (pos + 8) & ~07)
+			putc('\t', hfile);
+		fprintf(hfile, "/* %s */\n", is_entry[i].comment);
+	}
+	putc('\n', hfile);
+	fprintf(hfile, "#define SYNBASE %d\n", 130);
+	fprintf(hfile, "#define PEOF %d\n\n", -130);
+	fprintf(hfile, "#define PEOA %d\n\n", -129);
+	putc('\n', hfile);
+	fputs("#define BASESYNTAX (basesyntax + SYNBASE)\n", hfile);
+	fputs("#define DQSYNTAX (dqsyntax + SYNBASE)\n", hfile);
+	fputs("#define SQSYNTAX (sqsyntax + SYNBASE)\n", hfile);
+	fputs("#define ARISYNTAX (arisyntax + SYNBASE)\n", hfile);
+	putc('\n', hfile);
+	output_type_macros();		/* is_digit, etc. */
+	putc('\n', hfile);
+
+	/* Generate the syntax tables. */
+	fputs("#include \"shell.h\"\n", cfile);
+	fputs("#include \"syntax.h\"\n\n", cfile);
+	init();
+	fputs("/* syntax table used when not in quotes */\n", cfile);
+	add("\n", "CNL");
+	add("\\", "CBACK");
+	add("'", "CSQUOTE");
+	add("\"", "CDQUOTE");
+	add("`", "CBQUOTE");
+	add("$", "CVAR");
+	add("}", "CENDVAR");
+	add("<>();&| \t", "CSPCL");
+	syntax[1] = "CSPCL";
+	print("basesyntax");
+	init();
+	fputs("\n/* syntax table used when in double quotes */\n", cfile);
+	add("\n", "CNL");
+	add("\\", "CBACK");
+	add("\"", "CENDQUOTE");
+	add("`", "CBQUOTE");
+	add("$", "CVAR");
+	add("}", "CENDVAR");
+	/* ':/' for tilde expansion, '-' for [a\-x] pattern ranges */
+	add("!*?[=~:/-]", "CCTL");
+	print("dqsyntax");
+	init();
+	fputs("\n/* syntax table used when in single quotes */\n", cfile);
+	add("\n", "CNL");
+	add("'", "CENDQUOTE");
+	/* ':/' for tilde expansion, '-' for [a\-x] pattern ranges */
+	add("!*?[=~:/-]\\", "CCTL");
+	print("sqsyntax");
+	init();
+	fputs("\n/* syntax table used when in arithmetic */\n", cfile);
+	add("\n", "CNL");
+	add("\\", "CBACK");
+	add("`", "CBQUOTE");
+	add("$", "CVAR");
+	add("}", "CENDVAR");
+	add("(", "CLP");
+	add(")", "CRP");
+	print("arisyntax");
+	filltable("0");
+	fputs("\n/* character classification table */\n", cfile);
+	add("0123456789", "ISDIGIT");
+	add("abcdefghijklmnopqrstucvwxyz", "ISLOWER");
+	add("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUCVWXYZ", "ISUPPER");
+	add("_", "ISUNDER");
+	add("#?$!-*@", "ISSPECL");
+	print("is_type");
+	exit(0);
+	/* NOTREACHED */
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Clear the syntax table.
+ */
+
+static void
+filltable(char *dftval)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	for (i = 0 ; i < 258; i++)
+		syntax[i] = dftval;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Initialize the syntax table with default values.
+ */
+
+static void
+init(void)
+{
+	int ctl;
+
+	filltable("CWORD");
+	syntax[0] = "CEOF";
+	syntax[1] = "CIGN";
+	for (ctl = CTL_FIRST; ctl <= CTL_LAST; ctl++ )
+		syntax[130 + ctl] = "CCTL";
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Add entries to the syntax table.
+ */
+
+static void
+add(char *p, char *type)
+{
+	while (*p)
+		syntax[(signed char)*p++ + 130] = type;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Output the syntax table.
+ */
+
+static void
+print(char *name)
+{
+	int i;
+	int col;
+
+	fprintf(hfile, "extern const char %s[];\n", name);
+	fprintf(cfile, "const char %s[] = {\n", name);
+	col = 0;
+	for (i = 0 ; i < 258; i++) {
+		if (i == 0) {
+			fputs("      ", cfile);
+		} else if ((i & 03) == 0) {
+			fputs(",\n      ", cfile);
+			col = 0;
+		} else {
+			putc(',', cfile);
+			while (++col < 9 * (i & 03))
+				putc(' ', cfile);
+		}
+		fputs(syntax[i], cfile);
+		col += strlen(syntax[i]);
+	}
+	fputs("\n};\n", cfile);
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Output character classification macros (e.g. is_digit).  If digits are
+ * contiguous, we can test for them quickly.
+ */
+
+static char *macro[] = {
+	"#define is_digit(c)\t((unsigned)((c) - '0') <= 9)\n",
+	"#define is_alpha(c)\tisalpha((unsigned char)(c))\n",
+	"#define is_name(c)\t((c) == '_' || isalpha((unsigned char)(c)))\n",
+	"#define is_in_name(c)\t((c) == '_' || isalnum((unsigned char)(c)))\n",
+	"#define is_special(c)\t((is_type+SYNBASE)[(signed char)(c)] & (ISSPECL|ISDIGIT))\n",
+	NULL
+};
+
+static void
+output_type_macros(void)
+{
+	char **pp;
+
+	for (pp = macro ; *pp ; pp++)
+		fputs(*pp, hfile);
+	fputs("#define digit_val(c)\t((c) - '0')\n", hfile);
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/mktokens b/bin/dash/src/mktokens
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..78055be8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/mktokens
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+#!/bin/sh -
+# Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+#	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+# Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+#	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+#
+# This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+# Kenneth Almquist.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+# are met:
+# 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+# 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+#    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+# 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+#    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+#    without specific prior written permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+# ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+# ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+# FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+# DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+# OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+# HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+# LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+# OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+# SUCH DAMAGE.
+#
+#	@(#)mktokens	8.1 (Berkeley) 5/31/93
+
+# The following is a list of tokens.  The second column is nonzero if the
+# token marks the end of a list.  The third column is the name to print in
+# error messages.
+
+: "${TMPDIR:=/tmp}"
+
+cat > "${TMPDIR}"/ka$$ <<\!
+TEOF	1	end of file
+TNL	0	newline
+TSEMI	0	";"
+TBACKGND 0	"&"
+TAND	0	"&&"
+TOR	0	"||"
+TPIPE	0	"|"
+TLP	0	"("
+TRP	1	")"
+TENDCASE 1	";;"
+TENDBQUOTE 1	"`"
+TREDIR	0	redirection
+TWORD	0	word
+TNOT	0	"!"
+TCASE	0	"case"
+TDO	1	"do"
+TDONE	1	"done"
+TELIF	1	"elif"
+TELSE	1	"else"
+TESAC	1	"esac"
+TFI	1	"fi"
+TFOR	0	"for"
+TIF	0	"if"
+TIN	0	"in"
+TTHEN	1	"then"
+TUNTIL	0	"until"
+TWHILE	0	"while"
+TBEGIN	0	"{"
+TEND	1	"}"
+!
+nl=`wc -l "${TMPDIR}"/ka$$`
+exec > token.h
+awk '{print "#define " $1 " " NR-1}' "${TMPDIR}"/ka$$
+
+exec > token_vars.h
+
+echo '
+/* Array indicating which tokens mark the end of a list */
+static const char tokendlist[] = {'
+awk '{print "\t" $2 ","}' "${TMPDIR}"/ka$$
+echo '};
+
+static const char *const tokname[] = {'
+sed -e 's/"/\\"/g' \
+    -e 's/[^	 ]*[	 ][	 ]*[^	 ]*[	 ][	 ]*\(.*\)/	"\1",/' \
+    "${TMPDIR}"/ka$$
+echo '};
+'
+sed 's/"//g' "${TMPDIR}"/ka$$ | awk '
+/TNOT/{print "#define KWDOFFSET " NR-1; print ""; 
+      print "static const char *const parsekwd[] = {"}
+/TNOT/,/neverfound/{if (last) print "	\"" last "\","; last = $3}
+END{print "	\"" last "\"\n};"}'
+
+rm "${TMPDIR}"/ka$$
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/myhistedit.h b/bin/dash/src/myhistedit.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..22e5c438
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/myhistedit.h
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)myhistedit.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ */
+
+#include <histedit.h>
+
+extern History *hist;
+extern EditLine *el;
+extern int displayhist;
+
+void histedit(void);
+void sethistsize(const char *);
+void setterm(const char *);
+int histcmd(int, char **);
+int not_fcnumber(char *);
+int str_to_event(const char *, int);
+
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/mystring.c b/bin/dash/src/mystring.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..de624b89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/mystring.c
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * String functions.
+ *
+ *	equal(s1, s2)		Return true if strings are equal.
+ *	scopy(from, to)		Copy a string.
+ *	scopyn(from, to, n)	Like scopy, but checks for overflow.
+ *	number(s)		Convert a string of digits to an integer.
+ *	is_number(s)		Return true if s is a string of digits.
+ */
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "syntax.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "system.h"
+
+
+char nullstr[1];		/* zero length string */
+const char spcstr[] = " ";
+const char snlfmt[] = "%s\n";
+const char dolatstr[] = { CTLQUOTEMARK, CTLVAR, VSNORMAL, '@', '=',
+			  CTLQUOTEMARK, '\0' };
+const char qchars[] = { CTLESC, CTLQUOTEMARK, 0 };
+const char illnum[] = "Illegal number: %s";
+const char homestr[] = "HOME";
+
+/*
+ * equal - #defined in mystring.h
+ */
+
+/*
+ * scopy - #defined in mystring.h
+ */
+
+
+#if 0
+/*
+ * scopyn - copy a string from "from" to "to", truncating the string
+ *		if necessary.  "To" is always nul terminated, even if
+ *		truncation is performed.  "Size" is the size of "to".
+ */
+
+void
+scopyn(const char *from, char *to, int size)
+{
+
+	while (--size > 0) {
+		if ((*to++ = *from++) == '\0')
+			return;
+	}
+	*to = '\0';
+}
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+ * prefix -- see if pfx is a prefix of string.
+ */
+
+char *
+prefix(const char *string, const char *pfx)
+{
+	while (*pfx) {
+		if (*pfx++ != *string++)
+			return 0;
+	}
+	return (char *) string;
+}
+
+void badnum(const char *s)
+{
+	sh_error(illnum, s);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert a string into an integer of type intmax_t.  Alow trailing spaces.
+ */
+intmax_t atomax(const char *s, int base)
+{
+	char *p;
+	intmax_t r;
+
+	errno = 0;
+	r = strtoimax(s, &p, base);
+
+	if (errno == ERANGE)
+		badnum(s);
+
+	/*
+	 * Disallow completely blank strings in non-arithmetic (base != 0)
+	 * contexts.
+	 */
+	if (p == s && base)
+		badnum(s);
+
+	while (isspace((unsigned char)*p))
+	      p++;
+
+	if (*p)
+		badnum(s);
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+intmax_t atomax10(const char *s)
+{
+	return atomax(s, 10);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert a string of digits to an integer, printing an error message on
+ * failure.
+ */
+
+int
+number(const char *s)
+{
+	intmax_t n = atomax10(s);
+
+	if (n < 0 || n > INT_MAX)
+		badnum(s);
+
+	return n;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Check for a valid number.  This should be elsewhere.
+ */
+
+int
+is_number(const char *p)
+{
+	do {
+		if (! is_digit(*p))
+			return 0;
+	} while (*++p != '\0');
+	return 1;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Produce a possibly single quoted string suitable as input to the shell.
+ * The return string is allocated on the stack.
+ */
+
+char *
+single_quote(const char *s) {
+	char *p;
+
+	STARTSTACKSTR(p);
+
+	do {
+		char *q;
+		size_t len;
+
+		len = strchrnul(s, '\'') - s;
+
+		q = p = makestrspace(len + 3, p);
+
+		*q++ = '\'';
+		q = mempcpy(q, s, len);
+		*q++ = '\'';
+		s += len;
+
+		STADJUST(q - p, p);
+
+		len = strspn(s, "'");
+		if (!len)
+			break;
+
+		q = p = makestrspace(len + 3, p);
+
+		*q++ = '"';
+		q = mempcpy(q, s, len);
+		*q++ = '"';
+		s += len;
+
+		STADJUST(q - p, p);
+	} while (*s);
+
+	USTPUTC(0, p);
+
+	return stackblock();
+}
+
+/*
+ * Like strdup but works with the ash stack.
+ */
+
+char *
+sstrdup(const char *p)
+{
+	size_t len = strlen(p) + 1;
+	return memcpy(stalloc(len), p, len);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Wrapper around strcmp for qsort/bsearch/...
+ */
+int
+pstrcmp(const void *a, const void *b)
+{
+	return strcmp(*(const char *const *) a, *(const char *const *) b);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Find a string is in a sorted array.
+ */
+const char *const *
+findstring(const char *s, const char *const *array, size_t nmemb)
+{
+	return bsearch(&s, array, nmemb, sizeof(const char *), pstrcmp);
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/mystring.h b/bin/dash/src/mystring.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..083ea98c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/mystring.h
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)mystring.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ */
+
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+extern const char snlfmt[];
+extern const char spcstr[];
+extern const char dolatstr[];
+#define DOLATSTRLEN 6
+extern const char qchars[];
+extern const char illnum[];
+extern const char homestr[];
+
+#if 0
+void scopyn(const char *, char *, int);
+#endif
+char *prefix(const char *, const char *);
+void badnum(const char *s) __attribute__ ((noreturn));
+intmax_t atomax(const char *, int);
+intmax_t atomax10(const char *);
+int number(const char *);
+int is_number(const char *);
+char *single_quote(const char *);
+char *sstrdup(const char *);
+int pstrcmp(const void *, const void *);
+const char *const *findstring(const char *, const char *const *, size_t);
+
+#define equal(s1, s2)	(strcmp(s1, s2) == 0)
+#define scopy(s1, s2)	((void)strcpy(s2, s1))
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/nodes.c.pat b/bin/dash/src/nodes.c.pat
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9125bc73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/nodes.c.pat
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)nodes.c.pat	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ */
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+/*
+ * Routine for dealing with parsed shell commands.
+ */
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "nodes.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "machdep.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+#include "system.h"
+
+
+int     funcblocksize;		/* size of structures in function */
+int     funcstringsize;		/* size of strings in node */
+pointer funcblock;		/* block to allocate function from */
+char   *funcstring;		/* block to allocate strings from */
+
+%SIZES
+
+
+STATIC void calcsize(union node *);
+STATIC void sizenodelist(struct nodelist *);
+STATIC union node *copynode(union node *);
+STATIC struct nodelist *copynodelist(struct nodelist *);
+STATIC char *nodesavestr(char *);
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Make a copy of a parse tree.
+ */
+
+struct funcnode *
+copyfunc(union node *n)
+{
+	struct funcnode *f;
+	size_t blocksize;
+
+	funcblocksize = offsetof(struct funcnode, n);
+	funcstringsize = 0;
+	calcsize(n);
+	blocksize = funcblocksize;
+	f = ckmalloc(blocksize + funcstringsize);
+	funcblock = (char *) f + offsetof(struct funcnode, n);
+	funcstring = (char *) f + blocksize;
+	copynode(n);
+	f->count = 0;
+	return f;
+}
+
+
+
+STATIC void
+calcsize(n)
+	union node *n;
+{
+	%CALCSIZE
+}
+
+
+
+STATIC void
+sizenodelist(lp)
+	struct nodelist *lp;
+{
+	while (lp) {
+		funcblocksize += SHELL_ALIGN(sizeof(struct nodelist));
+		calcsize(lp->n);
+		lp = lp->next;
+	}
+}
+
+
+
+STATIC union node *
+copynode(n)
+	union node *n;
+{
+	union node *new;
+
+	%COPY
+	return new;
+}
+
+
+STATIC struct nodelist *
+copynodelist(lp)
+	struct nodelist *lp;
+{
+	struct nodelist *start;
+	struct nodelist **lpp;
+
+	lpp = &start;
+	while (lp) {
+		*lpp = funcblock;
+		funcblock = (char *) funcblock +
+		    SHELL_ALIGN(sizeof(struct nodelist));
+		(*lpp)->n = copynode(lp->n);
+		lp = lp->next;
+		lpp = &(*lpp)->next;
+	}
+	*lpp = NULL;
+	return start;
+}
+
+
+
+STATIC char *
+nodesavestr(s)
+	char   *s;
+{
+	char   *rtn = funcstring;
+
+	funcstring = stpcpy(funcstring, s) + 1;
+	return rtn;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Free a parse tree.
+ */
+
+void
+freefunc(struct funcnode *f)
+{
+	if (f && --f->count < 0)
+		ckfree(f);
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/nodetypes b/bin/dash/src/nodetypes
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ceaf478c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/nodetypes
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+# Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+#	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+# Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+#	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+#
+# This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+# Kenneth Almquist.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+# are met:
+# 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+# 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+#    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+# 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+#    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+#    without specific prior written permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+# ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+# ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+# FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+# DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+# OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+# HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+# LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+# OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+# SUCH DAMAGE.
+#
+#	@(#)nodetypes	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+
+# This file describes the nodes used in parse trees.  Unindented lines
+# contain a node type followed by a structure tag.  Subsequent indented
+# lines specify the fields of the structure.  Several node types can share
+# the same structure, in which case the fields of the structure should be
+# specified only once.
+#
+# A field of a structure is described by the name of the field followed
+# by a type.  The currently implemented types are:
+#	nodeptr - a pointer to a node
+#	nodelist - a pointer to a list of nodes
+#	string - a pointer to a nul terminated string
+#	int - an integer
+#	other - any type that can be copied by assignment
+#	temp - a field that doesn't have to be copied when the node is copied
+# The last two types should be followed by the text of a C declaration for
+# the field.
+
+NCMD ncmd			# a simple command
+	type	  int
+	linno	  int
+	assign    nodeptr		# variable assignments
+	args	  nodeptr		# the arguments
+	redirect  nodeptr		# list of file redirections
+
+NPIPE npipe			# a pipeline
+	type	  int
+	backgnd	  int			# set to run pipeline in background
+	cmdlist	  nodelist		# the commands in the pipeline
+
+NREDIR nredir			# redirection (of a complex command)
+	type	  int
+	linno	  int
+	n	  nodeptr		# the command
+	redirect  nodeptr		# list of file redirections
+
+NBACKGND nredir			# run command in background
+NSUBSHELL nredir		# run command in a subshell
+
+NAND nbinary			# the && operator
+NOR nbinary			# the || operator
+
+NSEMI nbinary			# two commands separated by a semicolon
+	type	  int
+	ch1	  nodeptr		# the first child
+	ch2	  nodeptr		# the second child
+
+NIF nif				# the if statement.  Elif clauses are handled
+	type	  int		    # using multiple if nodes.
+	test	  nodeptr		# if test
+	ifpart	  nodeptr		# then ifpart
+	elsepart  nodeptr		# else elsepart
+
+NWHILE nbinary			# the while statement.  First child is the test
+NUNTIL nbinary			# the until statement
+
+NFOR nfor			# the for statement
+	type	  int
+	linno	  int
+	args	  nodeptr		# for var in args
+	body	  nodeptr		# do body; done
+	var	  string		# the for variable
+
+NCASE ncase			# a case statement
+	type	  int
+	linno	  int
+	expr	  nodeptr		# the word to switch on
+	cases	  nodeptr		# the list of cases (NCLIST nodes)
+
+NCLIST nclist			# a case
+	type	  int
+	next	  nodeptr		# the next case in list
+	pattern	  nodeptr		# list of patterns for this case
+	body	  nodeptr		# code to execute for this case
+
+
+NDEFUN ndefun			# a function
+	type	  int
+	linno	  int
+	text	  string
+	body	  nodeptr
+
+NARG narg			# represents a word
+	type	  int
+	next	  nodeptr		# next word in list
+	text	  string		# the text of the word
+	backquote nodelist		# list of commands in back quotes
+
+NTO nfile			# fd> fname
+NCLOBBER nfile			# fd>| fname
+NFROM nfile			# fd< fname
+NFROMTO nfile			# fd<> fname
+NAPPEND nfile			# fd>> fname
+	type	  int
+	next	  nodeptr		# next redirection in list
+	fd	  int			# file descriptor being redirected
+	fname	  nodeptr		# file name, in a NARG node
+	expfname  temp	char *expfname	# actual file name
+
+NTOFD ndup			# fd<&dupfd
+NFROMFD ndup			# fd>&dupfd
+	type	  int
+	next	  nodeptr		# next redirection in list
+	fd	  int			# file descriptor being redirected
+	dupfd	  int			# file descriptor to duplicate
+	vname	  nodeptr		# file name if fd>&$var
+
+
+NHERE nhere			# fd<<\!
+NXHERE nhere			# fd<<!
+	type	  int
+	next	  nodeptr		# next redirection in list
+	fd	  int			# file descriptor being redirected
+	doc	  nodeptr		# input to command (NARG node)
+
+NNOT nnot			# ! command  (actually pipeline)
+	type	int
+	com	nodeptr
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/options.c b/bin/dash/src/options.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a46c23b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/options.c
@@ -0,0 +1,558 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#define DEFINE_OPTIONS
+#include "options.h"
+#undef DEFINE_OPTIONS
+#include "nodes.h"	/* for other header files */
+#include "eval.h"
+#include "jobs.h"
+#include "input.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "trap.h"
+#include "var.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+#ifndef SMALL
+#include "myhistedit.h"
+#endif
+#include "show.h"
+
+char *arg0;			/* value of $0 */
+struct shparam shellparam;	/* current positional parameters */
+char **argptr;			/* argument list for builtin commands */
+char *optionarg;		/* set by nextopt (like getopt) */
+char *optptr;			/* used by nextopt */
+
+char *minusc;			/* argument to -c option */
+
+static const char *const optnames[NOPTS] = {
+	"errexit",
+	"noglob",
+	"ignoreeof",
+	"interactive",
+	"monitor",
+	"noexec",
+	"stdin",
+	"xtrace",
+	"verbose",
+	"vi",
+	"emacs",
+	"noclobber",
+	"allexport",
+	"notify",
+	"nounset",
+	"nolog",
+	"debug",
+};
+
+const char optletters[NOPTS] = {
+	'e',
+	'f',
+	'I',
+	'i',
+	'm',
+	'n',
+	's',
+	'x',
+	'v',
+	'V',
+	'E',
+	'C',
+	'a',
+	'b',
+	'u',
+	0,
+	0,
+};
+
+char optlist[NOPTS];
+
+
+static int options(int);
+STATIC void minus_o(char *, int);
+STATIC void setoption(int, int);
+STATIC int getopts(char *, char *, char **);
+
+
+/*
+ * Process the shell command line arguments.
+ */
+
+int
+procargs(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	int i;
+	const char *xminusc;
+	char **xargv;
+	int login;
+
+	xargv = argv;
+	login = xargv[0] && xargv[0][0] == '-';
+	arg0 = xargv[0];
+	if (argc > 0)
+		xargv++;
+	for (i = 0; i < NOPTS; i++)
+		optlist[i] = 2;
+	argptr = xargv;
+	login |= options(1);
+	xargv = argptr;
+	xminusc = minusc;
+	if (*xargv == NULL) {
+		if (xminusc)
+			sh_error("-c requires an argument");
+		sflag = 1;
+	}
+	if (iflag == 2 && sflag == 1 && isatty(0) && isatty(1))
+		iflag = 1;
+	if (mflag == 2)
+		mflag = iflag;
+	for (i = 0; i < NOPTS; i++)
+		if (optlist[i] == 2)
+			optlist[i] = 0;
+#if DEBUG == 2
+	debug = 1;
+#endif
+	/* POSIX 1003.2: first arg after -c cmd is $0, remainder $1... */
+	if (xminusc) {
+		minusc = *xargv++;
+		if (*xargv)
+			goto setarg0;
+	} else if (!sflag) {
+		setinputfile(*xargv, 0);
+setarg0:
+		arg0 = *xargv++;
+	}
+
+	shellparam.p = xargv;
+	shellparam.optind = 1;
+	shellparam.optoff = -1;
+	/* assert(shellparam.malloc == 0 && shellparam.nparam == 0); */
+	while (*xargv) {
+		shellparam.nparam++;
+		xargv++;
+	}
+	optschanged();
+
+	return login;
+}
+
+
+void
+optschanged(void)
+{
+#ifdef DEBUG
+	opentrace();
+#endif
+	setinteractive(iflag);
+#ifndef SMALL
+	histedit();
+#endif
+	setjobctl(mflag);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Process shell options.  The global variable argptr contains a pointer
+ * to the argument list; we advance it past the options.
+ */
+
+STATIC int
+options(int cmdline)
+{
+	char *p;
+	int val;
+	int c;
+	int login = 0;
+
+	if (cmdline)
+		minusc = NULL;
+	while ((p = *argptr) != NULL) {
+		argptr++;
+		if ((c = *p++) == '-') {
+			val = 1;
+                        if (p[0] == '\0' || (p[0] == '-' && p[1] == '\0')) {
+                                if (!cmdline) {
+                                        /* "-" means turn off -x and -v */
+                                        if (p[0] == '\0')
+                                                xflag = vflag = 0;
+                                        /* "--" means reset params */
+                                        else if (*argptr == NULL)
+						setparam(argptr);
+                                }
+				break;	  /* "-" or  "--" terminates options */
+			}
+		} else if (c == '+') {
+			val = 0;
+		} else {
+			argptr--;
+			break;
+		}
+		while ((c = *p++) != '\0') {
+			if (c == 'c' && cmdline) {
+				minusc = p;	/* command is after shell args*/
+			} else if (c == 'l' && cmdline) {
+				login = 1;
+			} else if (c == 'o') {
+				minus_o(*argptr, val);
+				if (*argptr)
+					argptr++;
+			} else {
+				setoption(c, val);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return login;
+}
+
+STATIC void
+minus_o(char *name, int val)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	if (name == NULL) {
+		if (val) {
+			out1str("Current option settings\n");
+			for (i = 0; i < NOPTS; i++)
+				out1fmt("%-16s%s\n", optnames[i],
+					optlist[i] ? "on" : "off");
+		} else {
+			for (i = 0; i < NOPTS; i++)
+				out1fmt("set %s %s\n",
+					optlist[i] ? "-o" : "+o",
+					optnames[i]);
+
+		}
+	} else {
+		for (i = 0; i < NOPTS; i++)
+			if (equal(name, optnames[i])) {
+				optlist[i] = val;
+				return;
+			}
+		sh_error("Illegal option -o %s", name);
+	}
+}
+
+
+STATIC void
+setoption(int flag, int val)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < NOPTS; i++)
+		if (optletters[i] == flag) {
+			optlist[i] = val;
+			if (val) {
+				/* #%$ hack for ksh semantics */
+				if (flag == 'V')
+					Eflag = 0;
+				else if (flag == 'E')
+					Vflag = 0;
+			}
+			return;
+		}
+	sh_error("Illegal option -%c", flag);
+	/* NOTREACHED */
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Set the shell parameters.
+ */
+
+void
+setparam(char **argv)
+{
+	char **newparam;
+	char **ap;
+	int nparam;
+
+	for (nparam = 0 ; argv[nparam] ; nparam++);
+	ap = newparam = ckmalloc((nparam + 1) * sizeof *ap);
+	while (*argv) {
+		*ap++ = savestr(*argv++);
+	}
+	*ap = NULL;
+	freeparam(&shellparam);
+	shellparam.malloc = 1;
+	shellparam.nparam = nparam;
+	shellparam.p = newparam;
+	shellparam.optind = 1;
+	shellparam.optoff = -1;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Free the list of positional parameters.
+ */
+
+void
+freeparam(volatile struct shparam *param)
+{
+	char **ap;
+
+	if (param->malloc) {
+		for (ap = param->p ; *ap ; ap++)
+			ckfree(*ap);
+		ckfree(param->p);
+	}
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * The shift builtin command.
+ */
+
+int
+shiftcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	int n;
+	char **ap1, **ap2;
+
+	n = 1;
+	if (argc > 1)
+		n = number(argv[1]);
+	if (n > shellparam.nparam)
+		sh_error("can't shift that many");
+	INTOFF;
+	shellparam.nparam -= n;
+	for (ap1 = shellparam.p ; --n >= 0 ; ap1++) {
+		if (shellparam.malloc)
+			ckfree(*ap1);
+	}
+	ap2 = shellparam.p;
+	while ((*ap2++ = *ap1++) != NULL);
+	shellparam.optind = 1;
+	shellparam.optoff = -1;
+	INTON;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * The set command builtin.
+ */
+
+int
+setcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	if (argc == 1)
+		return showvars(nullstr, 0, VUNSET);
+	INTOFF;
+	options(0);
+	optschanged();
+	if (*argptr != NULL) {
+		setparam(argptr);
+	}
+	INTON;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+void
+getoptsreset(value)
+	const char *value;
+{
+	shellparam.optind = number(value) ?: 1;
+	shellparam.optoff = -1;
+}
+
+/*
+ * The getopts builtin.  Shellparam.optnext points to the next argument
+ * to be processed.  Shellparam.optptr points to the next character to
+ * be processed in the current argument.  If shellparam.optnext is NULL,
+ * then it's the first time getopts has been called.
+ */
+
+int
+getoptscmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	char **optbase;
+
+	if (argc < 3)
+		sh_error("Usage: getopts optstring var [arg]");
+	else if (argc == 3) {
+		optbase = shellparam.p;
+		if ((unsigned)shellparam.optind > shellparam.nparam + 1) {
+			shellparam.optind = 1;
+			shellparam.optoff = -1;
+		}
+	}
+	else {
+		optbase = &argv[3];
+		if ((unsigned)shellparam.optind > argc - 2) {
+			shellparam.optind = 1;
+			shellparam.optoff = -1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return getopts(argv[1], argv[2], optbase);
+}
+
+STATIC int
+getopts(char *optstr, char *optvar, char **optfirst)
+{
+	char *p, *q;
+	char c = '?';
+	int done = 0;
+	char s[2];
+	char **optnext;
+	int ind = shellparam.optind;
+	int off = shellparam.optoff;
+
+	shellparam.optind = -1;
+	optnext = optfirst + ind - 1;
+
+	if (ind <= 1 || off < 0 || strlen(optnext[-1]) < off)
+		p = NULL;
+	else
+		p = optnext[-1] + off;
+	if (p == NULL || *p == '\0') {
+		/* Current word is done, advance */
+		p = *optnext;
+		if (p == NULL || *p != '-' || *++p == '\0') {
+atend:
+			p = NULL;
+			done = 1;
+			goto out;
+		}
+		optnext++;
+		if (p[0] == '-' && p[1] == '\0')	/* check for "--" */
+			goto atend;
+	}
+
+	c = *p++;
+	for (q = optstr; *q != c; ) {
+		if (*q == '\0') {
+			if (optstr[0] == ':') {
+				s[0] = c;
+				s[1] = '\0';
+				setvar("OPTARG", s, 0);
+			} else {
+				outfmt(&errout, "Illegal option -%c\n", c);
+				(void) unsetvar("OPTARG");
+			}
+			c = '?';
+			goto out;
+		}
+		if (*++q == ':')
+			q++;
+	}
+
+	if (*++q == ':') {
+		if (*p == '\0' && (p = *optnext) == NULL) {
+			if (optstr[0] == ':') {
+				s[0] = c;
+				s[1] = '\0';
+				setvar("OPTARG", s, 0);
+				c = ':';
+			} else {
+				outfmt(&errout, "No arg for -%c option\n", c);
+				(void) unsetvar("OPTARG");
+				c = '?';
+			}
+			goto out;
+		}
+
+		if (p == *optnext)
+			optnext++;
+		setvar("OPTARG", p, 0);
+		p = NULL;
+	} else
+		setvar("OPTARG", nullstr, 0);
+
+out:
+	ind = optnext - optfirst + 1;
+	setvarint("OPTIND", ind, VNOFUNC);
+	s[0] = c;
+	s[1] = '\0';
+	setvar(optvar, s, 0);
+
+	shellparam.optoff = p ? p - *(optnext - 1) : -1;
+	shellparam.optind = ind;
+
+	return done;
+}
+
+/*
+ * XXX - should get rid of.  have all builtins use getopt(3).  the
+ * library getopt must have the BSD extension static variable "optreset"
+ * otherwise it can't be used within the shell safely.
+ *
+ * Standard option processing (a la getopt) for builtin routines.  The
+ * only argument that is passed to nextopt is the option string; the
+ * other arguments are unnecessary.  It return the character, or '\0' on
+ * end of input.
+ */
+
+int
+nextopt(const char *optstring)
+{
+	char *p;
+	const char *q;
+	char c;
+
+	if ((p = optptr) == NULL || *p == '\0') {
+		p = *argptr;
+		if (p == NULL || *p != '-' || *++p == '\0')
+			return '\0';
+		argptr++;
+		if (p[0] == '-' && p[1] == '\0')	/* check for "--" */
+			return '\0';
+	}
+	c = *p++;
+	for (q = optstring ; *q != c ; ) {
+		if (*q == '\0')
+			sh_error("Illegal option -%c", c);
+		if (*++q == ':')
+			q++;
+	}
+	if (*++q == ':') {
+		if (*p == '\0' && (p = *argptr++) == NULL)
+			sh_error("No arg for -%c option", c);
+		optionarg = p;
+		p = NULL;
+	}
+	optptr = p;
+	return c;
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/options.h b/bin/dash/src/options.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..975fe339
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/options.h
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)options.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ */
+
+struct shparam {
+	int nparam;		/* # of positional parameters (without $0) */
+	unsigned char malloc;	/* if parameter list dynamically allocated */
+	char **p;		/* parameter list */
+	int optind;		/* next parameter to be processed by getopts */
+	int optoff;		/* used by getopts */
+};
+
+
+
+#define eflag optlist[0]
+#define fflag optlist[1]
+#define Iflag optlist[2]
+#define iflag optlist[3]
+#define mflag optlist[4]
+#define nflag optlist[5]
+#define sflag optlist[6]
+#define xflag optlist[7]
+#define vflag optlist[8]
+#define Vflag optlist[9]
+#define	Eflag optlist[10]
+#define	Cflag optlist[11]
+#define	aflag optlist[12]
+#define	bflag optlist[13]
+#define	uflag optlist[14]
+#define	nolog optlist[15]
+#define	debug optlist[16]
+
+#define NOPTS	17
+
+extern const char optletters[NOPTS];
+extern char optlist[NOPTS];
+
+
+extern char *minusc;		/* argument to -c option */
+extern char *arg0;		/* $0 */
+extern struct shparam shellparam;  /* $@ */
+extern char **argptr;		/* argument list for builtin commands */
+extern char *optionarg;		/* set by nextopt */
+extern char *optptr;		/* used by nextopt */
+
+int procargs(int, char **);
+void optschanged(void);
+void setparam(char **);
+void freeparam(volatile struct shparam *);
+int shiftcmd(int, char **);
+int setcmd(int, char **);
+int getoptscmd(int, char **);
+int nextopt(const char *);
+void getoptsreset(const char *);
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/output.c b/bin/dash/src/output.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e9ee9b4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/output.c
@@ -0,0 +1,429 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Shell output routines.  We use our own output routines because:
+ *	When a builtin command is interrupted we have to discard
+ *		any pending output.
+ *	When a builtin command appears in back quotes, we want to
+ *		save the output of the command in a region obtained
+ *		via malloc, rather than doing a fork and reading the
+ *		output of the command via a pipe.
+ *	Our output routines may be smaller than the stdio routines.
+ */
+
+#include <sys/types.h>		/* quad_t */
+#include <sys/param.h>		/* BSD4_4 */
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+
+#include <stdio.h>	/* defines BUFSIZ */
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#ifdef USE_GLIBC_STDIO
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#endif
+#include <limits.h>
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "syntax.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "main.h"
+#include "system.h"
+
+
+#define OUTBUFSIZ BUFSIZ
+#define MEM_OUT -3		/* output to dynamically allocated memory */
+
+
+#ifdef USE_GLIBC_STDIO
+struct output output = {
+	.stream = 0, .nextc = 0, .end = 0, .buf = 0, .bufsize = 0, .fd = 1, .flags = 0
+};
+struct output errout = {
+	.stream = 0, .nextc = 0, .end = 0, .buf = 0, .bufsize = 0, .fd = 2, .flags = 0
+}
+#ifdef notyet
+struct output memout = {
+	.stream = 0, .nextc = 0, .end = 0, .buf = 0, .bufsize = 0, .fd = MEM_OUT, .flags = 0
+};
+#endif
+#else
+struct output output = {
+	.nextc = 0, .end = 0, .buf = 0, .bufsize = OUTBUFSIZ, .fd = 1, .flags = 0
+};
+struct output errout = {
+	.nextc = 0, .end = 0, .buf = 0, .bufsize = 0, .fd = 2, .flags = 0
+};
+struct output preverrout;
+#ifdef notyet
+struct output memout = {
+	.nextc = 0, .end = 0, .buf = 0, .bufsize = 0, .fd = MEM_OUT, .flags = 0
+};
+#endif
+#endif
+struct output *out1 = &output;
+struct output *out2 = &errout;
+
+
+static int xvsnprintf(char *, size_t, const char *, va_list);
+
+
+#ifdef mkinit
+
+INCLUDE "output.h"
+INCLUDE "memalloc.h"
+
+INIT {
+#ifdef USE_GLIBC_STDIO
+	initstreams();
+#endif
+}
+
+RESET {
+#ifdef notyet
+	out1 = &output;
+	out2 = &errout;
+#ifdef USE_GLIBC_STDIO
+	if (memout.stream != NULL)
+		__closememout();
+#endif
+	if (memout.buf != NULL) {
+		ckfree(memout.buf);
+		memout.buf = NULL;
+	}
+#endif
+}
+
+#endif
+
+
+void
+outmem(const char *p, size_t len, struct output *dest)
+{
+#ifdef USE_GLIBC_STDIO
+	INTOFF;
+	fwrite(p, 1, len, dest->stream);
+	INTON;
+#else
+	size_t bufsize;
+	size_t offset;
+	size_t nleft;
+
+	nleft = dest->end - dest->nextc;
+	if (likely(nleft >= len)) {
+buffered:
+		dest->nextc = mempcpy(dest->nextc, p, len);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	bufsize = dest->bufsize;
+	if (!bufsize) {
+		;
+	} else if (dest->buf == NULL) {
+#ifdef notyet
+		if (dest->fd == MEM_OUT && len > bufsize) {
+			bufsize = len;
+		}
+#endif
+		offset = 0;
+#ifdef notyet
+		goto alloc;
+	} else if (dest->fd == MEM_OUT) {
+		offset = bufsize;
+		if (bufsize >= len) {
+			bufsize <<= 1;
+		} else {
+			bufsize += len;
+		}
+		if (bufsize < offset)
+			goto err;
+alloc:
+#endif
+		INTOFF;
+		dest->buf = ckrealloc(dest->buf, bufsize);
+		dest->bufsize = bufsize;
+		dest->end = dest->buf + bufsize;
+		dest->nextc = dest->buf + offset;
+		INTON;
+	} else {
+		flushout(dest);
+	}
+
+	nleft = dest->end - dest->nextc;
+	if (nleft > len)
+		goto buffered;
+
+	if ((xwrite(dest->fd, p, len))) {
+#ifdef notyet
+err:
+#endif
+		dest->flags |= OUTPUT_ERR;
+	}
+#endif
+}
+
+
+void
+outstr(const char *p, struct output *file)
+{
+#ifdef USE_GLIBC_STDIO
+	INTOFF;
+	fputs(p, file->stream);
+	INTON;
+#else
+	size_t len;
+
+	len = strlen(p);
+	outmem(p, len, file);
+#endif
+}
+
+
+#ifndef USE_GLIBC_STDIO
+
+
+void
+outcslow(int c, struct output *dest)
+{
+	char buf = c;
+	outmem(&buf, 1, dest);
+}
+#endif
+
+
+void
+flushall(void)
+{
+	flushout(&output);
+#ifdef FLUSHERR
+	flushout(&errout);
+#endif
+}
+
+
+void
+flushout(struct output *dest)
+{
+#ifdef USE_GLIBC_STDIO
+	INTOFF;
+	fflush(dest->stream);
+	INTON;
+#else
+	size_t len;
+
+	len = dest->nextc - dest->buf;
+	if (!len || dest->fd < 0)
+		return;
+	dest->nextc = dest->buf;
+	if ((xwrite(dest->fd, dest->buf, len)))
+		dest->flags |= OUTPUT_ERR;
+#endif
+}
+
+
+void
+outfmt(struct output *file, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+	va_list ap;
+
+	va_start(ap, fmt);
+	doformat(file, fmt, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+}
+
+
+void
+out1fmt(const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+	va_list ap;
+
+	va_start(ap, fmt);
+	doformat(out1, fmt, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+}
+
+
+int
+fmtstr(char *outbuf, size_t length, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+	va_list ap;
+	int ret;
+
+	va_start(ap, fmt);
+	ret = xvsnprintf(outbuf, length, fmt, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+	return ret > (int)length ? length : ret;
+}
+
+
+static int xvasprintf(char **sp, size_t size, const char *f, va_list ap)
+{
+	char *s;
+	int len;
+	va_list ap2;
+
+	va_copy(ap2, ap);
+	len = xvsnprintf(*sp, size, f, ap2);
+	va_end(ap2);
+	if (len < 0)
+		sh_error("xvsnprintf failed");
+	if (len < size)
+		return len;
+
+	s = stalloc((len >= stackblocksize() ? len : stackblocksize()) + 1);
+	*sp = s;
+	len = xvsnprintf(s, len + 1, f, ap);
+	return len;
+}
+
+
+int xasprintf(char **sp, const char *f, ...)
+{
+	va_list ap;
+	int ret;
+
+	va_start(ap, f);
+	ret = xvasprintf(sp, 0, f, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+
+#ifndef USE_GLIBC_STDIO
+void
+doformat(struct output *dest, const char *f, va_list ap)
+{
+	struct stackmark smark;
+	char *s;
+	int len;
+	int olen;
+
+	setstackmark(&smark);
+	s = dest->nextc;
+	olen = dest->end - dest->nextc;
+	len = xvasprintf(&s, olen, f, ap);
+	if (likely(olen > len)) {
+		dest->nextc += len;
+		goto out;
+	}
+	outmem(s, len, dest);
+out:
+	popstackmark(&smark);
+}
+#endif
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Version of write which resumes after a signal is caught.
+ */
+
+int
+xwrite(int fd, const void *p, size_t n)
+{
+	const char *buf = p;
+
+	while (n) {
+		ssize_t i;
+		size_t m;
+
+		m = n;
+		if (m > SSIZE_MAX)
+			m = SSIZE_MAX;
+		do {
+			i = write(fd, buf, m);
+		} while (i < 0 && errno == EINTR);
+		if (i < 0)
+			return -1;
+		buf += i;
+		n -= i;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+#ifdef notyet
+#ifdef USE_GLIBC_STDIO
+void initstreams() {
+	output.stream = stdout;
+	errout.stream = stderr;
+}
+
+
+void
+openmemout(void) {
+	INTOFF;
+	memout.stream = open_memstream(&memout.buf, &memout.bufsize);
+	INTON;
+}
+
+
+int
+__closememout(void) {
+	int error;
+	error = fclose(memout.stream);
+	memout.stream = NULL;
+	return error;
+}
+#endif
+#endif
+
+
+static int
+xvsnprintf(char *outbuf, size_t length, const char *fmt, va_list ap)
+{
+	int ret;
+
+#ifdef __sun
+	/*
+	 * vsnprintf() on older versions of Solaris returns -1 when
+	 * passed a length of 0.  To avoid this, use a dummy
+	 * 1-character buffer instead.
+	 */
+	char dummy[1];
+
+	if (length == 0) {
+		outbuf = dummy;
+		length = sizeof(dummy);
+	}
+#endif
+
+	INTOFF;
+	ret = vsnprintf(outbuf, length, fmt, ap);
+	INTON;
+	return ret;
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/output.h b/bin/dash/src/output.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c43d4937
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/output.h
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)output.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ */
+
+#ifndef OUTPUT_INCL
+
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#ifdef USE_GLIBC_STDIO
+#include <stdio.h>
+#endif
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+struct output {
+#ifdef USE_GLIBC_STDIO
+	FILE *stream;
+#endif
+	char *nextc;
+	char *end;
+	char *buf;
+	size_t bufsize;
+	int fd;
+	int flags;
+};
+
+extern struct output output;
+extern struct output errout;
+extern struct output preverrout;
+#ifdef notyet
+extern struct output memout;
+#endif
+extern struct output *out1;
+extern struct output *out2;
+
+void outmem(const char *, size_t, struct output *);
+void outstr(const char *, struct output *);
+#ifndef USE_GLIBC_STDIO
+void outcslow(int, struct output *);
+#endif
+void flushall(void);
+void flushout(struct output *);
+void outfmt(struct output *, const char *, ...)
+    __attribute__((__format__(__printf__,2,3)));
+void out1fmt(const char *, ...)
+    __attribute__((__format__(__printf__,1,2)));
+int fmtstr(char *, size_t, const char *, ...)
+    __attribute__((__format__(__printf__,3,4)));
+int xasprintf(char **, const char *, ...);
+#ifndef USE_GLIBC_STDIO
+void doformat(struct output *, const char *, va_list);
+#endif
+int xwrite(int, const void *, size_t);
+#ifdef notyet
+#ifdef USE_GLIBC_STDIO
+void initstreams(void);
+void openmemout(void);
+int __closememout(void);
+#endif
+#endif
+
+static inline void
+freestdout()
+{
+	output.nextc = output.buf;
+	output.flags = 0;
+}
+
+#define OUTPUT_ERR 01		/* error occurred on output */
+
+#ifdef USE_GLIBC_STDIO
+static inline void outc(int ch, struct output *file)
+{
+	putc(ch, file->stream);
+}
+#define doformat(d, f, a)	vfprintf((d)->stream, (f), (a))
+#else
+static inline void outc(int ch, struct output *file)
+{
+	if (file->nextc == file->end)
+		outcslow(ch, file);
+	else {
+		*file->nextc = ch;
+		file->nextc++;
+	}
+}
+#endif
+#define out1c(c)	outc((c), out1)
+#define out2c(c)	outcslow((c), out2)
+#define out1mem(s, l)	outmem((s), (l), out1)
+#define out1str(s)	outstr((s), out1)
+#define out2str(s)	outstr((s), out2)
+#define outerr(f)	(f)->flags
+
+#define OUTPUT_INCL
+#endif
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/parser.c b/bin/dash/src/parser.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a47022e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/parser.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1647 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#if HAVE_ALLOCA_H
+#include <alloca.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "nodes.h"
+#include "expand.h"	/* defines rmescapes() */
+#include "exec.h"	/* defines find_builtin() */
+#include "syntax.h"
+#include "options.h"
+#include "input.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "var.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+#include "alias.h"
+#include "show.h"
+#include "builtins.h"
+#include "system.h"
+#ifndef SMALL
+#include "myhistedit.h"
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Shell command parser.
+ */
+
+/* values returned by readtoken */
+#include "token_vars.h"
+
+
+
+/* Used by expandstr to get here-doc like behaviour. */
+#define FAKEEOFMARK (char *)1
+
+
+
+struct heredoc {
+	struct heredoc *next;	/* next here document in list */
+	union node *here;		/* redirection node */
+	char *eofmark;		/* string indicating end of input */
+	int striptabs;		/* if set, strip leading tabs */
+};
+
+struct synstack {
+	const char *syntax;
+	struct synstack *prev;
+	struct synstack *next;
+	int innerdq;
+	int varpushed;
+	int dblquote;
+	int varnest;		/* levels of variables expansion */
+	int parenlevel;		/* levels of parens in arithmetic */
+	int dqvarnest;		/* levels of variables expansion within double quotes */
+};
+
+
+
+struct heredoc *heredoclist;	/* list of here documents to read */
+int doprompt;			/* if set, prompt the user */
+int needprompt;			/* true if interactive and at start of line */
+int lasttoken;			/* last token read */
+int tokpushback;		/* last token pushed back */
+char *wordtext;			/* text of last word returned by readtoken */
+int checkkwd;
+struct nodelist *backquotelist;
+union node *redirnode;
+struct heredoc *heredoc;
+int quoteflag;			/* set if (part of) last token was quoted */
+
+
+STATIC union node *list(int);
+STATIC union node *andor(void);
+STATIC union node *pipeline(void);
+STATIC union node *command(void);
+STATIC union node *simplecmd(void);
+STATIC union node *makename(void);
+STATIC void parsefname(void);
+STATIC void parseheredoc(void);
+STATIC int readtoken(void);
+STATIC int xxreadtoken(void);
+STATIC int pgetc_eatbnl();
+STATIC int readtoken1(int, char const *, char *, int);
+STATIC void synexpect(int) __attribute__((__noreturn__));
+STATIC void synerror(const char *) __attribute__((__noreturn__));
+STATIC void setprompt(int);
+
+
+int isassignment(const char *p)
+{
+	const char *q = endofname(p);
+	if (p == q)
+		return 0;
+	return *q == '=';
+}
+
+static inline int realeofmark(const char *eofmark)
+{
+	return eofmark && eofmark != FAKEEOFMARK;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Read and parse a command.  Returns NEOF on end of file.  (NULL is a
+ * valid parse tree indicating a blank line.)
+ */
+
+union node *
+parsecmd(int interact)
+{
+	tokpushback = 0;
+	checkkwd = 0;
+	heredoclist = 0;
+	doprompt = interact;
+	if (doprompt)
+		setprompt(doprompt);
+	needprompt = 0;
+	return list(1);
+}
+
+
+STATIC union node *
+list(int nlflag)
+{
+	int chknl = nlflag & 1 ? 0 : CHKNL;
+	union node *n1, *n2, *n3;
+	int tok;
+
+	n1 = NULL;
+	for (;;) {
+		checkkwd = chknl | CHKKWD | CHKALIAS;
+		tok = readtoken();
+		switch (tok) {
+		case TNL:
+			parseheredoc();
+			return n1;
+
+		case TEOF:
+			if (!n1 && !chknl)
+				n1 = NEOF;
+out_eof:
+			parseheredoc();
+			tokpushback++;
+			lasttoken = TEOF;
+			return n1;
+		}
+
+		tokpushback++;
+		if (nlflag == 2 && tokendlist[tok])
+			return n1;
+		nlflag |= 2;
+
+		n2 = andor();
+		tok = readtoken();
+		if (tok == TBACKGND) {
+			if (n2->type == NPIPE) {
+				n2->npipe.backgnd = 1;
+			} else {
+				if (n2->type != NREDIR) {
+					n3 = stalloc(sizeof(struct nredir));
+					n3->nredir.n = n2;
+					n3->nredir.redirect = NULL;
+					n2 = n3;
+				}
+				n2->type = NBACKGND;
+			}
+		}
+		if (n1 == NULL) {
+			n1 = n2;
+		}
+		else {
+			n3 = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct nbinary));
+			n3->type = NSEMI;
+			n3->nbinary.ch1 = n1;
+			n3->nbinary.ch2 = n2;
+			n1 = n3;
+		}
+		switch (tok) {
+		case TEOF:
+			goto out_eof;
+		case TNL:
+			tokpushback++;
+			/* fall through */
+		case TBACKGND:
+		case TSEMI:
+			break;
+		default:
+			if (!chknl)
+				synexpect(-1);
+			tokpushback++;
+			return n1;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+
+
+STATIC union node *
+andor(void)
+{
+	union node *n1, *n2, *n3;
+	int t;
+
+	n1 = pipeline();
+	for (;;) {
+		if ((t = readtoken()) == TAND) {
+			t = NAND;
+		} else if (t == TOR) {
+			t = NOR;
+		} else {
+			tokpushback++;
+			return n1;
+		}
+		checkkwd = CHKNL | CHKKWD | CHKALIAS;
+		n2 = pipeline();
+		n3 = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct nbinary));
+		n3->type = t;
+		n3->nbinary.ch1 = n1;
+		n3->nbinary.ch2 = n2;
+		n1 = n3;
+	}
+}
+
+
+
+STATIC union node *
+pipeline(void)
+{
+	union node *n1, *n2, *pipenode;
+	struct nodelist *lp, *prev;
+	int negate;
+
+	negate = 0;
+	TRACE(("pipeline: entered\n"));
+	if (readtoken() == TNOT) {
+		negate = !negate;
+		checkkwd = CHKKWD | CHKALIAS;
+	} else
+		tokpushback++;
+	n1 = command();
+	if (readtoken() == TPIPE) {
+		pipenode = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct npipe));
+		pipenode->type = NPIPE;
+		pipenode->npipe.backgnd = 0;
+		lp = (struct nodelist *)stalloc(sizeof (struct nodelist));
+		pipenode->npipe.cmdlist = lp;
+		lp->n = n1;
+		do {
+			prev = lp;
+			lp = (struct nodelist *)stalloc(sizeof (struct nodelist));
+			checkkwd = CHKNL | CHKKWD | CHKALIAS;
+			lp->n = command();
+			prev->next = lp;
+		} while (readtoken() == TPIPE);
+		lp->next = NULL;
+		n1 = pipenode;
+	}
+	tokpushback++;
+	if (negate) {
+		n2 = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct nnot));
+		n2->type = NNOT;
+		n2->nnot.com = n1;
+		return n2;
+	} else
+		return n1;
+}
+
+
+
+STATIC union node *
+command(void)
+{
+	union node *n1, *n2;
+	union node *ap, **app;
+	union node *cp, **cpp;
+	union node *redir, **rpp;
+	union node **rpp2;
+	int t;
+	int savelinno;
+
+	redir = NULL;
+	rpp2 = &redir;
+
+	savelinno = plinno;
+
+	switch (readtoken()) {
+	default:
+		synexpect(-1);
+		/* NOTREACHED */
+	case TIF:
+		n1 = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct nif));
+		n1->type = NIF;
+		n1->nif.test = list(0);
+		if (readtoken() != TTHEN)
+			synexpect(TTHEN);
+		n1->nif.ifpart = list(0);
+		n2 = n1;
+		while (readtoken() == TELIF) {
+			n2->nif.elsepart = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct nif));
+			n2 = n2->nif.elsepart;
+			n2->type = NIF;
+			n2->nif.test = list(0);
+			if (readtoken() != TTHEN)
+				synexpect(TTHEN);
+			n2->nif.ifpart = list(0);
+		}
+		if (lasttoken == TELSE)
+			n2->nif.elsepart = list(0);
+		else {
+			n2->nif.elsepart = NULL;
+			tokpushback++;
+		}
+		t = TFI;
+		break;
+	case TWHILE:
+	case TUNTIL: {
+		int got;
+		n1 = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct nbinary));
+		n1->type = (lasttoken == TWHILE)? NWHILE : NUNTIL;
+		n1->nbinary.ch1 = list(0);
+		if ((got=readtoken()) != TDO) {
+TRACE(("expecting DO got %s %s\n", tokname[got], got == TWORD ? wordtext : ""));
+			synexpect(TDO);
+		}
+		n1->nbinary.ch2 = list(0);
+		t = TDONE;
+		break;
+	}
+	case TFOR:
+		if (readtoken() != TWORD || quoteflag || ! goodname(wordtext))
+			synerror("Bad for loop variable");
+		n1 = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct nfor));
+		n1->type = NFOR;
+		n1->nfor.linno = savelinno;
+		n1->nfor.var = wordtext;
+		checkkwd = CHKNL | CHKKWD | CHKALIAS;
+		if (readtoken() == TIN) {
+			app = &ap;
+			while (readtoken() == TWORD) {
+				n2 = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct narg));
+				n2->type = NARG;
+				n2->narg.text = wordtext;
+				n2->narg.backquote = backquotelist;
+				*app = n2;
+				app = &n2->narg.next;
+			}
+			*app = NULL;
+			n1->nfor.args = ap;
+			if (lasttoken != TNL && lasttoken != TSEMI)
+				synexpect(-1);
+		} else {
+			n2 = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct narg));
+			n2->type = NARG;
+			n2->narg.text = (char *)dolatstr;
+			n2->narg.backquote = NULL;
+			n2->narg.next = NULL;
+			n1->nfor.args = n2;
+			/*
+			 * Newline or semicolon here is optional (but note
+			 * that the original Bourne shell only allowed NL).
+			 */
+			if (lasttoken != TSEMI)
+				tokpushback++;
+		}
+		checkkwd = CHKNL | CHKKWD | CHKALIAS;
+		if (readtoken() != TDO)
+			synexpect(TDO);
+		n1->nfor.body = list(0);
+		t = TDONE;
+		break;
+	case TCASE:
+		n1 = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct ncase));
+		n1->type = NCASE;
+		n1->ncase.linno = savelinno;
+		if (readtoken() != TWORD)
+			synexpect(TWORD);
+		n1->ncase.expr = n2 = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct narg));
+		n2->type = NARG;
+		n2->narg.text = wordtext;
+		n2->narg.backquote = backquotelist;
+		n2->narg.next = NULL;
+		checkkwd = CHKNL | CHKKWD | CHKALIAS;
+		if (readtoken() != TIN)
+			synexpect(TIN);
+		cpp = &n1->ncase.cases;
+next_case:
+		checkkwd = CHKNL | CHKKWD;
+		t = readtoken();
+		while(t != TESAC) {
+			if (lasttoken == TLP)
+				readtoken();
+			*cpp = cp = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct nclist));
+			cp->type = NCLIST;
+			app = &cp->nclist.pattern;
+			for (;;) {
+				*app = ap = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct narg));
+				ap->type = NARG;
+				ap->narg.text = wordtext;
+				ap->narg.backquote = backquotelist;
+				if (readtoken() != TPIPE)
+					break;
+				app = &ap->narg.next;
+				readtoken();
+			}
+			ap->narg.next = NULL;
+			if (lasttoken != TRP)
+				synexpect(TRP);
+			cp->nclist.body = list(2);
+
+			cpp = &cp->nclist.next;
+
+			checkkwd = CHKNL | CHKKWD;
+			if ((t = readtoken()) != TESAC) {
+				if (t != TENDCASE)
+					synexpect(TENDCASE);
+				else
+					goto next_case;
+			}
+		}
+		*cpp = NULL;
+		goto redir;
+	case TLP:
+		n1 = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct nredir));
+		n1->type = NSUBSHELL;
+		n1->nredir.linno = savelinno;
+		n1->nredir.n = list(0);
+		n1->nredir.redirect = NULL;
+		t = TRP;
+		break;
+	case TBEGIN:
+		n1 = list(0);
+		t = TEND;
+		break;
+	case TWORD:
+	case TREDIR:
+		tokpushback++;
+		return simplecmd();
+	}
+
+	if (readtoken() != t)
+		synexpect(t);
+
+redir:
+	/* Now check for redirection which may follow command */
+	checkkwd = CHKKWD | CHKALIAS;
+	rpp = rpp2;
+	while (readtoken() == TREDIR) {
+		*rpp = n2 = redirnode;
+		rpp = &n2->nfile.next;
+		parsefname();
+	}
+	tokpushback++;
+	*rpp = NULL;
+	if (redir) {
+		if (n1->type != NSUBSHELL) {
+			n2 = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct nredir));
+			n2->type = NREDIR;
+			n2->nredir.linno = savelinno;
+			n2->nredir.n = n1;
+			n1 = n2;
+		}
+		n1->nredir.redirect = redir;
+	}
+
+	return n1;
+}
+
+
+STATIC union node *
+simplecmd(void) {
+	union node *args, **app;
+	union node *n = NULL;
+	union node *vars, **vpp;
+	union node **rpp, *redir;
+	int savecheckkwd;
+	int savelinno;
+
+	args = NULL;
+	app = &args;
+	vars = NULL;
+	vpp = &vars;
+	redir = NULL;
+	rpp = &redir;
+
+	savecheckkwd = CHKALIAS;
+	savelinno = plinno;
+	for (;;) {
+		checkkwd = savecheckkwd;
+		switch (readtoken()) {
+		case TWORD:
+			n = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct narg));
+			n->type = NARG;
+			n->narg.text = wordtext;
+			n->narg.backquote = backquotelist;
+			if (savecheckkwd && isassignment(wordtext)) {
+				*vpp = n;
+				vpp = &n->narg.next;
+			} else {
+				*app = n;
+				app = &n->narg.next;
+				savecheckkwd = 0;
+			}
+			break;
+		case TREDIR:
+			*rpp = n = redirnode;
+			rpp = &n->nfile.next;
+			parsefname();	/* read name of redirection file */
+			break;
+		case TLP:
+			if (
+				args && app == &args->narg.next &&
+				!vars && !redir
+			) {
+				struct builtincmd *bcmd;
+				const char *name;
+
+				/* We have a function */
+				if (readtoken() != TRP)
+					synexpect(TRP);
+				name = n->narg.text;
+				if (
+					!goodname(name) || (
+						(bcmd = find_builtin(name)) &&
+						bcmd->flags & BUILTIN_SPECIAL
+					)
+				)
+					synerror("Bad function name");
+				n->type = NDEFUN;
+				checkkwd = CHKNL | CHKKWD | CHKALIAS;
+				n->ndefun.text = n->narg.text;
+				n->ndefun.linno = plinno;
+				n->ndefun.body = command();
+				return n;
+			}
+			/* fall through */
+		default:
+			tokpushback++;
+			goto out;
+		}
+	}
+out:
+	*app = NULL;
+	*vpp = NULL;
+	*rpp = NULL;
+	n = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct ncmd));
+	n->type = NCMD;
+	n->ncmd.linno = savelinno;
+	n->ncmd.args = args;
+	n->ncmd.assign = vars;
+	n->ncmd.redirect = redir;
+	return n;
+}
+
+STATIC union node *
+makename(void)
+{
+	union node *n;
+
+	n = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct narg));
+	n->type = NARG;
+	n->narg.next = NULL;
+	n->narg.text = wordtext;
+	n->narg.backquote = backquotelist;
+	return n;
+}
+
+void fixredir(union node *n, const char *text, int err)
+	{
+	TRACE(("Fix redir %s %d\n", text, err));
+	if (!err)
+		n->ndup.vname = NULL;
+
+	if (is_digit(text[0]) && text[1] == '\0')
+		n->ndup.dupfd = digit_val(text[0]);
+	else if (text[0] == '-' && text[1] == '\0')
+		n->ndup.dupfd = -1;
+	else {
+
+		if (err)
+			synerror("Bad fd number");
+		else
+			n->ndup.vname = makename();
+	}
+}
+
+
+STATIC void
+parsefname(void)
+{
+	union node *n = redirnode;
+
+	if (n->type == NHERE)
+		checkkwd = CHKEOFMARK;
+	if (readtoken() != TWORD)
+		synexpect(-1);
+	if (n->type == NHERE) {
+		struct heredoc *here = heredoc;
+		struct heredoc *p;
+
+		if (quoteflag == 0)
+			n->type = NXHERE;
+		TRACE(("Here document %d\n", n->type));
+		rmescapes(wordtext);
+		here->eofmark = wordtext;
+		here->next = NULL;
+		if (heredoclist == NULL)
+			heredoclist = here;
+		else {
+			for (p = heredoclist ; p->next ; p = p->next);
+			p->next = here;
+		}
+	} else if (n->type == NTOFD || n->type == NFROMFD) {
+		fixredir(n, wordtext, 0);
+	} else {
+		n->nfile.fname = makename();
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Input any here documents.
+ */
+
+STATIC void
+parseheredoc(void)
+{
+	struct heredoc *here;
+	union node *n;
+
+	here = heredoclist;
+	heredoclist = 0;
+
+	while (here) {
+		if (needprompt) {
+			setprompt(2);
+		}
+		if (here->here->type == NHERE)
+			readtoken1(pgetc(), SQSYNTAX, here->eofmark, here->striptabs);
+		else
+			readtoken1(pgetc_eatbnl(), DQSYNTAX, here->eofmark, here->striptabs);
+		n = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct narg));
+		n->narg.type = NARG;
+		n->narg.next = NULL;
+		n->narg.text = wordtext;
+		n->narg.backquote = backquotelist;
+		here->here->nhere.doc = n;
+		here = here->next;
+	}
+}
+
+STATIC int
+readtoken(void)
+{
+	int t;
+	int kwd = checkkwd;
+#ifdef DEBUG
+	int alreadyseen = tokpushback;
+#endif
+
+top:
+	t = xxreadtoken();
+
+	/*
+	 * eat newlines
+	 */
+	if (kwd & CHKNL) {
+		while (t == TNL) {
+			parseheredoc();
+			checkkwd = 0;
+			t = xxreadtoken();
+		}
+	}
+
+	kwd |= checkkwd;
+	checkkwd = 0;
+
+	if (t != TWORD || quoteflag) {
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * check for keywords
+	 */
+	if (kwd & CHKKWD) {
+		const char *const *pp;
+
+		if ((pp = findkwd(wordtext))) {
+			lasttoken = t = pp - parsekwd + KWDOFFSET;
+			TRACE(("keyword %s recognized\n", tokname[t]));
+			goto out;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (kwd & CHKALIAS) {
+		struct alias *ap;
+		if ((ap = lookupalias(wordtext, 1)) != NULL) {
+			if (*ap->val) {
+				pushstring(ap->val, ap);
+			}
+			goto top;
+		}
+	}
+out:
+#ifdef DEBUG
+	if (!alreadyseen)
+	    TRACE(("token %s %s\n", tokname[t], t == TWORD ? wordtext : ""));
+	else
+	    TRACE(("reread token %s %s\n", tokname[t], t == TWORD ? wordtext : ""));
+#endif
+	return (t);
+}
+
+static void nlprompt(void)
+{
+	plinno++;
+	if (doprompt)
+		setprompt(2);
+}
+
+static void nlnoprompt(void)
+{
+	plinno++;
+	needprompt = doprompt;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Read the next input token.
+ * If the token is a word, we set backquotelist to the list of cmds in
+ *	backquotes.  We set quoteflag to true if any part of the word was
+ *	quoted.
+ * If the token is TREDIR, then we set redirnode to a structure containing
+ *	the redirection.
+ *
+ * [Change comment:  here documents and internal procedures]
+ * [Readtoken shouldn't have any arguments.  Perhaps we should make the
+ *  word parsing code into a separate routine.  In this case, readtoken
+ *  doesn't need to have any internal procedures, but parseword does.
+ *  We could also make parseoperator in essence the main routine, and
+ *  have parseword (readtoken1?) handle both words and redirection.]
+ */
+
+#define RETURN(token)	return lasttoken = token
+
+STATIC int
+xxreadtoken(void)
+{
+	int c;
+
+	if (tokpushback) {
+		tokpushback = 0;
+		return lasttoken;
+	}
+	if (needprompt) {
+		setprompt(2);
+	}
+	for (;;) {	/* until token or start of word found */
+		c = pgetc_eatbnl();
+		switch (c) {
+		case ' ': case '\t':
+		case PEOA:
+			continue;
+		case '#':
+			while ((c = pgetc()) != '\n' && c != PEOF);
+			pungetc();
+			continue;
+		case '\n':
+			nlnoprompt();
+			RETURN(TNL);
+		case PEOF:
+			RETURN(TEOF);
+		case '&':
+			if (pgetc_eatbnl() == '&')
+				RETURN(TAND);
+			pungetc();
+			RETURN(TBACKGND);
+		case '|':
+			if (pgetc_eatbnl() == '|')
+				RETURN(TOR);
+			pungetc();
+			RETURN(TPIPE);
+		case ';':
+			if (pgetc_eatbnl() == ';')
+				RETURN(TENDCASE);
+			pungetc();
+			RETURN(TSEMI);
+		case '(':
+			RETURN(TLP);
+		case ')':
+			RETURN(TRP);
+		}
+		break;
+	}
+	return readtoken1(c, BASESYNTAX, (char *)NULL, 0);
+#undef RETURN
+}
+
+static int pgetc_eatbnl(void)
+{
+	int c;
+
+	while ((c = pgetc()) == '\\') {
+		if (pgetc2() != '\n') {
+			pungetc();
+			break;
+		}
+
+		nlprompt();
+	}
+
+	return c;
+}
+
+static int pgetc_top(struct synstack *stack)
+{
+	return stack->syntax == SQSYNTAX ? pgetc() : pgetc_eatbnl();
+}
+
+static void synstack_push(struct synstack **stack, struct synstack *next,
+			  const char *syntax)
+{
+	memset(next, 0, sizeof(*next));
+	next->syntax = syntax;
+	next->next = *stack;
+	(*stack)->prev = next;
+	*stack = next;
+}
+
+static void synstack_pop(struct synstack **stack)
+{
+	*stack = (*stack)->next;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * If eofmark is NULL, read a word or a redirection symbol.  If eofmark
+ * is not NULL, read a here document.  In the latter case, eofmark is the
+ * word which marks the end of the document and striptabs is true if
+ * leading tabs should be stripped from the document.  The argument firstc
+ * is the first character of the input token or document.
+ *
+ * Because C does not have internal subroutines, I have simulated them
+ * using goto's to implement the subroutine linkage.  The following macros
+ * will run code that appears at the end of readtoken1.
+ */
+
+#define CHECKEND()	{goto checkend; checkend_return:;}
+#define PARSEREDIR()	{goto parseredir; parseredir_return:;}
+#define PARSESUB()	{goto parsesub; parsesub_return:;}
+#define PARSEBACKQOLD()	{oldstyle = 1; goto parsebackq; parsebackq_oldreturn:;}
+#define PARSEBACKQNEW()	{oldstyle = 0; goto parsebackq; parsebackq_newreturn:;}
+#define	PARSEARITH()	{goto parsearith; parsearith_return:;}
+
+STATIC int
+readtoken1(int firstc, char const *syntax, char *eofmark, int striptabs)
+{
+	int c = firstc;
+	char *out;
+	size_t len;
+	struct nodelist *bqlist;
+	int quotef;
+	int oldstyle;
+	/* syntax stack */
+	struct synstack synbase = { .syntax = syntax };
+	struct synstack *synstack = &synbase;
+
+	if (syntax == DQSYNTAX)
+		synstack->dblquote = 1;
+	quotef = 0;
+	bqlist = NULL;
+
+	STARTSTACKSTR(out);
+	loop: {	/* for each line, until end of word */
+#if ATTY
+		if (c == '\034' && doprompt
+		 && attyset() && ! equal(termval(), "emacs")) {
+			attyline();
+			if (synstack->syntax == BASESYNTAX)
+				return readtoken();
+			c = pgetc_top(synstack);
+			goto loop;
+		}
+#endif
+		CHECKEND();	/* set c to PEOF if at end of here document */
+		for (;;) {	/* until end of line or end of word */
+			CHECKSTRSPACE(4, out);	/* permit 4 calls to USTPUTC */
+			switch(synstack->syntax[c]) {
+			case CNL:	/* '\n' */
+				if (synstack->syntax == BASESYNTAX &&
+				    !synstack->varnest)
+					goto endword;	/* exit outer loop */
+				USTPUTC(c, out);
+				nlprompt();
+				c = pgetc_top(synstack);
+				goto loop;		/* continue outer loop */
+			case CWORD:
+				USTPUTC(c, out);
+				break;
+			case CCTL:
+				if ((!eofmark) | synstack->dblquote |
+				    synstack->varnest)
+					USTPUTC(CTLESC, out);
+				USTPUTC(c, out);
+				break;
+			/* backslash */
+			case CBACK:
+				c = pgetc2();
+				if (c == PEOF) {
+					USTPUTC(CTLESC, out);
+					USTPUTC('\\', out);
+					pungetc();
+				} else {
+					if (
+						synstack->dblquote &&
+						c != '\\' && c != '`' &&
+						c != '$' && (
+							c != '"' ||
+							(eofmark != NULL &&
+							 !synstack->varnest)
+						) && (
+							c != '}' ||
+							!synstack->varnest
+						)
+					) {
+						USTPUTC(CTLESC, out);
+						USTPUTC('\\', out);
+					}
+					USTPUTC(CTLESC, out);
+					USTPUTC(c, out);
+					quotef++;
+				}
+				break;
+			case CSQUOTE:
+				synstack->syntax = SQSYNTAX;
+quotemark:
+				if (eofmark == NULL) {
+					USTPUTC(CTLQUOTEMARK, out);
+				}
+				break;
+			case CDQUOTE:
+				synstack->syntax = DQSYNTAX;
+				synstack->dblquote = 1;
+toggledq:
+				if (synstack->varnest)
+					synstack->innerdq ^= 1;
+				goto quotemark;
+			case CENDQUOTE:
+				if (eofmark && !synstack->varnest) {
+					USTPUTC(c, out);
+					break;
+				}
+
+				if (synstack->dqvarnest == 0) {
+					synstack->syntax = BASESYNTAX;
+					synstack->dblquote = 0;
+				}
+
+				quotef++;
+
+				if (c == '"')
+					goto toggledq;
+
+				goto quotemark;
+			case CVAR:	/* '$' */
+				PARSESUB();		/* parse substitution */
+				break;
+			case CENDVAR:	/* '}' */
+				if (!synstack->innerdq &&
+				    synstack->varnest > 0) {
+					if (!--synstack->varnest &&
+					    synstack->varpushed)
+						synstack_pop(&synstack);
+					else if (synstack->dqvarnest > 0)
+						synstack->dqvarnest--;
+					USTPUTC(CTLENDVAR, out);
+				} else {
+					USTPUTC(c, out);
+				}
+				break;
+			case CLP:	/* '(' in arithmetic */
+				synstack->parenlevel++;
+				USTPUTC(c, out);
+				break;
+			case CRP:	/* ')' in arithmetic */
+				if (synstack->parenlevel > 0) {
+					USTPUTC(c, out);
+					--synstack->parenlevel;
+				} else {
+					if (pgetc_eatbnl() == ')') {
+						USTPUTC(CTLENDARI, out);
+						synstack_pop(&synstack);
+					} else {
+						/*
+						 * unbalanced parens
+						 *  (don't 2nd guess - no error)
+						 */
+						pungetc();
+						USTPUTC(')', out);
+					}
+				}
+				break;
+			case CBQUOTE:	/* '`' */
+				if (checkkwd & CHKEOFMARK) {
+					USTPUTC('`', out);
+					break;
+				}
+
+				PARSEBACKQOLD();
+				break;
+			case CEOF:
+				goto endword;		/* exit outer loop */
+			case CIGN:
+				break;
+			default:
+				if (synstack->varnest == 0)
+					goto endword;	/* exit outer loop */
+				if (c != PEOA) {
+					USTPUTC(c, out);
+				}
+			}
+			c = pgetc_top(synstack);
+		}
+	}
+endword:
+	if (synstack->syntax == ARISYNTAX)
+		synerror("Missing '))'");
+	if (synstack->syntax != BASESYNTAX && eofmark == NULL)
+		synerror("Unterminated quoted string");
+	if (synstack->varnest != 0) {
+		/* { */
+		synerror("Missing '}'");
+	}
+	USTPUTC('\0', out);
+	len = out - (char *)stackblock();
+	out = stackblock();
+	if (eofmark == NULL) {
+		if ((c == '>' || c == '<')
+		 && quotef == 0
+		 && len <= 2
+		 && (*out == '\0' || is_digit(*out))) {
+			PARSEREDIR();
+			return lasttoken = TREDIR;
+		} else {
+			pungetc();
+		}
+	}
+	quoteflag = quotef;
+	backquotelist = bqlist;
+	grabstackblock(len);
+	wordtext = out;
+	return lasttoken = TWORD;
+/* end of readtoken routine */
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Check to see whether we are at the end of the here document.  When this
+ * is called, c is set to the first character of the next input line.  If
+ * we are at the end of the here document, this routine sets the c to PEOF.
+ */
+
+checkend: {
+	if (realeofmark(eofmark)) {
+		int markloc;
+		char *p;
+
+		if (c == PEOA) {
+			c = pgetc2();
+		}
+		if (striptabs) {
+			while (c == '\t') {
+				c = pgetc2();
+			}
+		}
+
+		markloc = out - (char *)stackblock();
+		for (p = eofmark; STPUTC(c, out), *p; p++) {
+			if (c != *p)
+				goto more_heredoc;
+
+			c = pgetc2();
+		}
+
+		if (c == '\n' || c == PEOF) {
+			c = PEOF;
+			nlnoprompt();
+		} else {
+			int len;
+
+more_heredoc:
+			p = (char *)stackblock() + markloc + 1;
+			len = out - p;
+
+			if (len) {
+				len -= c < 0;
+				c = p[-1];
+
+				if (len) {
+					char *str;
+
+					str = alloca(len + 1);
+					*(char *)mempcpy(str, p, len) = 0;
+
+					pushstring(str, NULL);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		STADJUST((char *)stackblock() + markloc - out, out);
+	}
+	goto checkend_return;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Parse a redirection operator.  The variable "out" points to a string
+ * specifying the fd to be redirected.  The variable "c" contains the
+ * first character of the redirection operator.
+ */
+
+parseredir: {
+	char fd = *out;
+	union node *np;
+
+	np = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct nfile));
+	if (c == '>') {
+		np->nfile.fd = 1;
+		c = pgetc_eatbnl();
+		if (c == '>')
+			np->type = NAPPEND;
+		else if (c == '|')
+			np->type = NCLOBBER;
+		else if (c == '&')
+			np->type = NTOFD;
+		else {
+			np->type = NTO;
+			pungetc();
+		}
+	} else {	/* c == '<' */
+		np->nfile.fd = 0;
+		switch (c = pgetc_eatbnl()) {
+		case '<':
+			if (sizeof (struct nfile) != sizeof (struct nhere)) {
+				np = (union node *)stalloc(sizeof (struct nhere));
+				np->nfile.fd = 0;
+			}
+			np->type = NHERE;
+			heredoc = (struct heredoc *)stalloc(sizeof (struct heredoc));
+			heredoc->here = np;
+			if ((c = pgetc_eatbnl()) == '-') {
+				heredoc->striptabs = 1;
+			} else {
+				heredoc->striptabs = 0;
+				pungetc();
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case '&':
+			np->type = NFROMFD;
+			break;
+
+		case '>':
+			np->type = NFROMTO;
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			np->type = NFROM;
+			pungetc();
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (fd != '\0')
+		np->nfile.fd = digit_val(fd);
+	redirnode = np;
+	goto parseredir_return;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Parse a substitution.  At this point, we have read the dollar sign
+ * and nothing else.
+ */
+
+parsesub: {
+	int subtype;
+	int typeloc;
+	char *p;
+	static const char types[] = "}-+?=";
+
+	c = pgetc_eatbnl();
+	if (
+		(checkkwd & CHKEOFMARK) ||
+		c <= PEOA  ||
+		(c != '(' && c != '{' && !is_name(c) && !is_special(c))
+	) {
+		USTPUTC('$', out);
+		pungetc();
+	} else if (c == '(') {	/* $(command) or $((arith)) */
+		if (pgetc_eatbnl() == '(') {
+			PARSEARITH();
+		} else {
+			pungetc();
+			PARSEBACKQNEW();
+		}
+	} else {
+		const char *newsyn = synstack->syntax;
+
+		USTPUTC(CTLVAR, out);
+		typeloc = out - (char *)stackblock();
+		STADJUST(1, out);
+		subtype = VSNORMAL;
+		if (likely(c == '{')) {
+			c = pgetc_eatbnl();
+			subtype = 0;
+		}
+varname:
+		if (is_name(c)) {
+			do {
+				STPUTC(c, out);
+				c = pgetc_eatbnl();
+			} while (is_in_name(c));
+		} else if (is_digit(c)) {
+			do {
+				STPUTC(c, out);
+				c = pgetc_eatbnl();
+			} while (!subtype && is_digit(c));
+		} else if (c != '}') {
+			int cc = c;
+
+			c = pgetc_eatbnl();
+
+			if (!subtype && cc == '#') {
+				subtype = VSLENGTH;
+
+				if (c == '_' || isalnum(c))
+					goto varname;
+
+				cc = c;
+				c = pgetc_eatbnl();
+				if (cc == '}' || c != '}') {
+					pungetc();
+					subtype = 0;
+					c = cc;
+					cc = '#';
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (!is_special(cc)) {
+				if (subtype == VSLENGTH)
+					subtype = 0;
+				goto badsub;
+			}
+
+			USTPUTC(cc, out);
+		} else
+			goto badsub;
+
+		if (subtype == 0) {
+			int cc = c;
+
+			switch (c) {
+			case ':':
+				subtype = VSNUL;
+				c = pgetc_eatbnl();
+				/*FALLTHROUGH*/
+			default:
+				p = strchr(types, c);
+				if (p == NULL)
+					break;
+				subtype |= p - types + VSNORMAL;
+				break;
+			case '%':
+			case '#':
+				subtype = c == '#' ? VSTRIMLEFT :
+						     VSTRIMRIGHT;
+				c = pgetc_eatbnl();
+				if (c == cc)
+					subtype++;
+				else
+					pungetc();
+
+				newsyn = BASESYNTAX;
+				break;
+			}
+		} else {
+badsub:
+			pungetc();
+		}
+
+		if (newsyn == ARISYNTAX)
+			newsyn = DQSYNTAX;
+
+		if ((newsyn != synstack->syntax || synstack->innerdq) &&
+		    subtype != VSNORMAL) {
+			synstack_push(&synstack,
+				      synstack->prev ?:
+				      alloca(sizeof(*synstack)),
+				      newsyn);
+
+			synstack->varpushed++;
+			synstack->dblquote = newsyn != BASESYNTAX;
+		}
+
+		*((char *)stackblock() + typeloc) = subtype;
+		if (subtype != VSNORMAL) {
+			synstack->varnest++;
+			if (synstack->dblquote)
+				synstack->dqvarnest++;
+		}
+		STPUTC('=', out);
+	}
+	goto parsesub_return;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Called to parse command substitutions.  Newstyle is set if the command
+ * is enclosed inside $(...); nlpp is a pointer to the head of the linked
+ * list of commands (passed by reference), and savelen is the number of
+ * characters on the top of the stack which must be preserved.
+ */
+
+parsebackq: {
+	struct nodelist **nlpp;
+	union node *n;
+	char *str;
+	size_t savelen;
+	struct heredoc *saveheredoclist;
+	int uninitialized_var(saveprompt);
+
+	str = NULL;
+	savelen = out - (char *)stackblock();
+	if (savelen > 0) {
+		str = alloca(savelen);
+		memcpy(str, stackblock(), savelen);
+	}
+        if (oldstyle) {
+                /* We must read until the closing backquote, giving special
+                   treatment to some slashes, and then push the string and
+                   reread it as input, interpreting it normally.  */
+                char *pout;
+                int pc;
+                size_t psavelen;
+                char *pstr;
+
+
+                STARTSTACKSTR(pout);
+		for (;;) {
+			if (needprompt) {
+				setprompt(2);
+			}
+			switch (pc = pgetc_eatbnl()) {
+			case '`':
+				goto done;
+
+			case '\\':
+                                pc = pgetc();
+                                if (pc != '\\' && pc != '`' && pc != '$'
+                                    && (!synstack->dblquote || pc != '"'))
+                                        STPUTC('\\', pout);
+				if (pc > PEOA) {
+					break;
+				}
+				/* fall through */
+
+			case PEOF:
+			case PEOA:
+				synerror("EOF in backquote substitution");
+
+			case '\n':
+				nlnoprompt();
+				break;
+
+			default:
+				break;
+			}
+			STPUTC(pc, pout);
+                }
+done:
+                STPUTC('\0', pout);
+                psavelen = pout - (char *)stackblock();
+                if (psavelen > 0) {
+			pstr = grabstackstr(pout);
+			setinputstring(pstr);
+                }
+        }
+	nlpp = &bqlist;
+	while (*nlpp)
+		nlpp = &(*nlpp)->next;
+	*nlpp = (struct nodelist *)stalloc(sizeof (struct nodelist));
+	(*nlpp)->next = NULL;
+
+	saveheredoclist = heredoclist;
+	heredoclist = NULL;
+
+	if (oldstyle) {
+		saveprompt = doprompt;
+		doprompt = 0;
+	}
+
+	n = list(2);
+
+	if (oldstyle)
+		doprompt = saveprompt;
+	else {
+		if (readtoken() != TRP)
+			synexpect(TRP);
+		setinputstring(nullstr);
+	}
+
+	parseheredoc();
+	heredoclist = saveheredoclist;
+
+	(*nlpp)->n = n;
+	/* Start reading from old file again. */
+	popfile();
+	/* Ignore any pushed back tokens left from the backquote parsing. */
+	if (oldstyle)
+		tokpushback = 0;
+	out = growstackto(savelen + 1);
+	if (str) {
+		memcpy(out, str, savelen);
+		STADJUST(savelen, out);
+	}
+	USTPUTC(CTLBACKQ, out);
+	if (oldstyle)
+		goto parsebackq_oldreturn;
+	else
+		goto parsebackq_newreturn;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Parse an arithmetic expansion (indicate start of one and set state)
+ */
+parsearith: {
+
+	synstack_push(&synstack,
+		      synstack->prev ?: alloca(sizeof(*synstack)),
+		      ARISYNTAX);
+	synstack->dblquote = 1;
+	USTPUTC(CTLARI, out);
+	goto parsearith_return;
+}
+
+} /* end of readtoken */
+
+
+
+#ifdef mkinit
+INCLUDE "parser.h"
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+ * Return of a legal variable name (a letter or underscore followed by zero or
+ * more letters, underscores, and digits).
+ */
+
+char *
+endofname(const char *name)
+	{
+	char *p;
+
+	p = (char *) name;
+	if (! is_name(*p))
+		return p;
+	while (*++p) {
+		if (! is_in_name(*p))
+			break;
+	}
+	return p;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Called when an unexpected token is read during the parse.  The argument
+ * is the token that is expected, or -1 if more than one type of token can
+ * occur at this point.
+ */
+
+STATIC void
+synexpect(int token)
+{
+	char msg[64];
+
+	if (token >= 0) {
+		fmtstr(msg, 64, "%s unexpected (expecting %s)",
+			tokname[lasttoken], tokname[token]);
+	} else {
+		fmtstr(msg, 64, "%s unexpected", tokname[lasttoken]);
+	}
+	synerror(msg);
+	/* NOTREACHED */
+}
+
+
+STATIC void
+synerror(const char *msg)
+{
+	errlinno = plinno;
+	sh_error("Syntax error: %s", msg);
+	/* NOTREACHED */
+}
+
+STATIC void
+setprompt(int which)
+{
+	struct stackmark smark;
+	int show;
+
+	needprompt = 0;
+	whichprompt = which;
+
+#ifdef SMALL
+	show = 1;
+#else
+	show = !el;
+#endif
+	if (show) {
+		pushstackmark(&smark, stackblocksize());
+		out2str(getprompt(NULL));
+		popstackmark(&smark);
+	}
+}
+
+const char *
+expandstr(const char *ps)
+{
+	struct parsefile *file_stop;
+	struct jmploc *volatile savehandler;
+	struct heredoc *saveheredoclist;
+	const char *result;
+	int saveprompt;
+	struct jmploc jmploc;
+	union node n;
+	int err;
+
+	file_stop = parsefile;
+
+	/* XXX Fix (char *) cast. */
+	setinputstring((char *)ps);
+
+	saveheredoclist = heredoclist;
+	heredoclist = NULL;
+	saveprompt = doprompt;
+	doprompt = 0;
+	result = ps;
+	savehandler = handler;
+	if (unlikely(err = setjmp(jmploc.loc)))
+		goto out;
+	handler = &jmploc;
+
+	readtoken1(pgetc_eatbnl(), DQSYNTAX, FAKEEOFMARK, 0);
+
+	n.narg.type = NARG;
+	n.narg.next = NULL;
+	n.narg.text = wordtext;
+	n.narg.backquote = backquotelist;
+
+	expandarg(&n, NULL, EXP_QUOTED);
+	result = stackblock();
+
+out:
+	handler = savehandler;
+	if (err && exception != EXERROR)
+		longjmp(handler->loc, 1);
+
+	doprompt = saveprompt;
+	unwindfiles(file_stop);
+	heredoclist = saveheredoclist;
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * called by editline -- any expansions to the prompt
+ *    should be added here.
+ */
+const char *
+getprompt(void *unused)
+{
+	const char *prompt;
+
+	switch (whichprompt) {
+	default:
+#ifdef DEBUG
+		return "<internal prompt error>";
+#endif
+	case 0:
+		return nullstr;
+	case 1:
+		prompt = ps1val();
+		break;
+	case 2:
+		prompt = ps2val();
+		break;
+	}
+
+	return expandstr(prompt);
+}
+
+const char *const *
+findkwd(const char *s)
+{
+	return findstring(
+		s, parsekwd, sizeof(parsekwd) / sizeof(const char *)
+	);
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/parser.h b/bin/dash/src/parser.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..524ac1c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/parser.h
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)parser.h	8.3 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ */
+
+#include "token.h"
+
+/* control characters in argument strings */
+#define CTL_FIRST -127		/* first 'special' character */
+#define CTLESC -127		/* escape next character */
+#define CTLVAR -126		/* variable defn */
+#define CTLENDVAR -125
+#define CTLBACKQ -124
+#define	CTLARI -122		/* arithmetic expression */
+#define	CTLENDARI -121
+#define	CTLQUOTEMARK -120
+#define	CTL_LAST -120		/* last 'special' character */
+
+/* variable substitution byte (follows CTLVAR) */
+#define VSTYPE	0x0f		/* type of variable substitution */
+#define VSNUL	0x10		/* colon--treat the empty string as unset */
+
+/* values of VSTYPE field */
+#define VSNORMAL	0x1		/* normal variable:  $var or ${var} */
+#define VSMINUS		0x2		/* ${var-text} */
+#define VSPLUS		0x3		/* ${var+text} */
+#define VSQUESTION	0x4		/* ${var?message} */
+#define VSASSIGN	0x5		/* ${var=text} */
+#define VSTRIMRIGHT	0x6		/* ${var%pattern} */
+#define VSTRIMRIGHTMAX 	0x7		/* ${var%%pattern} */
+#define VSTRIMLEFT	0x8		/* ${var#pattern} */
+#define VSTRIMLEFTMAX	0x9		/* ${var##pattern} */
+#define VSLENGTH	0xa		/* ${#var} */
+
+/* values of checkkwd variable */
+#define CHKALIAS	0x1
+#define CHKKWD		0x2
+#define CHKNL		0x4
+#define CHKEOFMARK	0x8
+
+
+/*
+ * NEOF is returned by parsecmd when it encounters an end of file.  It
+ * must be distinct from NULL, so we use the address of a variable that
+ * happens to be handy.
+ */
+extern int lasttoken;
+extern int tokpushback;
+#define NEOF ((union node *)&tokpushback)
+extern int whichprompt;		/* 1 == PS1, 2 == PS2 */
+extern int checkkwd;
+
+
+int isassignment(const char *p);
+union node *parsecmd(int);
+void fixredir(union node *, const char *, int);
+const char *getprompt(void *);
+const char *const *findkwd(const char *);
+char *endofname(const char *);
+const char *expandstr(const char *);
+
+static inline int
+goodname(const char *p)
+{
+	return !*endofname(p);
+}
+
+static inline int parser_eof(void)
+{
+	return tokpushback && lasttoken == TEOF;
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/redir.c b/bin/dash/src/redir.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..895140c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/redir.c
@@ -0,0 +1,483 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/param.h>	/* PIPE_BUF */
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+/*
+ * Code for dealing with input/output redirection.
+ */
+
+#include "main.h"
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "nodes.h"
+#include "jobs.h"
+#include "options.h"
+#include "expand.h"
+#include "redir.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "error.h"
+
+
+#define EMPTY -2		/* marks an unused slot in redirtab */
+#define CLOSED -1		/* fd opened for redir needs to be closed */
+
+#ifndef PIPE_BUF
+# define PIPESIZE 4096		/* amount of buffering in a pipe */
+#else
+# define PIPESIZE PIPE_BUF
+#endif
+
+
+MKINIT
+struct redirtab {
+	struct redirtab *next;
+	int renamed[10];
+};
+
+
+MKINIT struct redirtab *redirlist;
+
+/* Bit map of currently closed file descriptors. */
+static unsigned closed_redirs;
+
+STATIC int openredirect(union node *);
+#ifdef notyet
+STATIC void dupredirect(union node *, int, char[10]);
+#else
+STATIC void dupredirect(union node *, int);
+#endif
+STATIC int openhere(union node *);
+
+
+static unsigned update_closed_redirs(int fd, int nfd)
+{
+	unsigned val = closed_redirs;
+	unsigned bit = 1 << fd;
+
+	if (nfd >= 0)
+		closed_redirs &= ~bit;
+	else
+		closed_redirs |= bit;
+
+	return val & bit;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Process a list of redirection commands.  If the REDIR_PUSH flag is set,
+ * old file descriptors are stashed away so that the redirection can be
+ * undone by calling popredir.  If the REDIR_BACKQ flag is set, then the
+ * standard output, and the standard error if it becomes a duplicate of
+ * stdout, is saved in memory.
+ */
+
+void
+redirect(union node *redir, int flags)
+{
+	union node *n;
+	struct redirtab *sv;
+	int i;
+	int fd;
+	int newfd;
+	int *p;
+#if notyet
+	char memory[10];	/* file descriptors to write to memory */
+
+	for (i = 10 ; --i >= 0 ; )
+		memory[i] = 0;
+	memory[1] = flags & REDIR_BACKQ;
+#endif
+	if (!redir)
+		return;
+	sv = NULL;
+	INTOFF;
+	if (likely(flags & REDIR_PUSH))
+		sv = redirlist;
+	n = redir;
+	do {
+		newfd = openredirect(n);
+		if (newfd < -1)
+			continue;
+
+		fd = n->nfile.fd;
+
+		if (sv) {
+			int closed;
+
+			p = &sv->renamed[fd];
+			i = *p;
+
+			closed = update_closed_redirs(fd, newfd);
+
+			if (likely(i == EMPTY)) {
+				i = CLOSED;
+				if (fd != newfd && !closed) {
+					i = savefd(fd, fd);
+					fd = -1;
+				}
+			}
+
+			*p = i;
+		}
+
+		if (fd == newfd)
+			continue;
+
+#ifdef notyet
+		dupredirect(n, newfd, memory);
+#else
+		dupredirect(n, newfd);
+#endif
+	} while ((n = n->nfile.next));
+	INTON;
+#ifdef notyet
+	if (memory[1])
+		out1 = &memout;
+	if (memory[2])
+		out2 = &memout;
+#endif
+	if (flags & REDIR_SAVEFD2 && sv->renamed[2] >= 0)
+		preverrout.fd = sv->renamed[2];
+}
+
+
+STATIC int
+openredirect(union node *redir)
+{
+	struct stat64 sb;
+	char *fname;
+	int f;
+
+	switch (redir->nfile.type) {
+	case NFROM:
+		fname = redir->nfile.expfname;
+		if ((f = open64(fname, O_RDONLY)) < 0)
+			goto eopen;
+		break;
+	case NFROMTO:
+		fname = redir->nfile.expfname;
+		if ((f = open64(fname, O_RDWR|O_CREAT, 0666)) < 0)
+			goto ecreate;
+		break;
+	case NTO:
+		/* Take care of noclobber mode. */
+		if (Cflag) {
+			fname = redir->nfile.expfname;
+			if (stat64(fname, &sb) < 0) {
+				if ((f = open64(fname, O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_EXCL, 0666)) < 0)
+					goto ecreate;
+			} else if (!S_ISREG(sb.st_mode)) {
+				if ((f = open64(fname, O_WRONLY, 0666)) < 0)
+					goto ecreate;
+				if (!fstat64(f, &sb) && S_ISREG(sb.st_mode)) {
+					close(f);
+					errno = EEXIST;
+					goto ecreate;
+				}
+			} else {
+				errno = EEXIST;
+				goto ecreate;
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+		/* FALLTHROUGH */
+	case NCLOBBER:
+		fname = redir->nfile.expfname;
+		if ((f = open64(fname, O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC, 0666)) < 0)
+			goto ecreate;
+		break;
+	case NAPPEND:
+		fname = redir->nfile.expfname;
+		if ((f = open64(fname, O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_APPEND, 0666)) < 0)
+			goto ecreate;
+		break;
+	case NTOFD:
+	case NFROMFD:
+		f = redir->ndup.dupfd;
+		if (f == redir->nfile.fd)
+			f = -2;
+		break;
+	default:
+#ifdef DEBUG
+		abort();
+#endif
+		/* Fall through to eliminate warning. */
+	case NHERE:
+	case NXHERE:
+		f = openhere(redir);
+		break;
+	}
+
+	return f;
+ecreate:
+	sh_error("cannot create %s: %s", fname, errmsg(errno, E_CREAT));
+eopen:
+	sh_error("cannot open %s: %s", fname, errmsg(errno, E_OPEN));
+}
+
+
+STATIC void
+#ifdef notyet
+dupredirect(redir, f, memory)
+#else
+dupredirect(redir, f)
+#endif
+	union node *redir;
+	int f;
+#ifdef notyet
+	char memory[10];
+#endif
+	{
+	int fd = redir->nfile.fd;
+	int err = 0;
+
+#ifdef notyet
+	memory[fd] = 0;
+#endif
+	if (redir->nfile.type == NTOFD || redir->nfile.type == NFROMFD) {
+		/* if not ">&-" */
+		if (f >= 0) {
+#ifdef notyet
+			if (memory[f])
+				memory[fd] = 1;
+			else
+#endif
+				if (dup2(f, fd) < 0) {
+					err = errno;
+					goto err;
+				}
+			return;
+		}
+		f = fd;
+	} else if (dup2(f, fd) < 0)
+		err = errno;
+
+	close(f);
+	if (err < 0)
+		goto err;
+
+	return;
+
+err:
+	sh_error("%d: %s", f, strerror(err));
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Handle here documents.  Normally we fork off a process to write the
+ * data to a pipe.  If the document is short, we can stuff the data in
+ * the pipe without forking.
+ */
+
+STATIC int
+openhere(union node *redir)
+{
+	char *p;
+	int pip[2];
+	size_t len = 0;
+
+	if (pipe(pip) < 0)
+		sh_error("Pipe call failed");
+
+	p = redir->nhere.doc->narg.text;
+	if (redir->type == NXHERE) {
+		expandarg(redir->nhere.doc, NULL, EXP_QUOTED);
+		p = stackblock();
+	}
+
+	len = strlen(p);
+	if (len <= PIPESIZE) {
+		xwrite(pip[1], p, len);
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	if (forkshell((struct job *)NULL, (union node *)NULL, FORK_NOJOB) == 0) {
+		close(pip[0]);
+		signal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
+		signal(SIGQUIT, SIG_IGN);
+		signal(SIGHUP, SIG_IGN);
+#ifdef SIGTSTP
+		signal(SIGTSTP, SIG_IGN);
+#endif
+		signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_DFL);
+		xwrite(pip[1], p, len);
+		_exit(0);
+	}
+out:
+	close(pip[1]);
+	return pip[0];
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Undo the effects of the last redirection.
+ */
+
+void
+popredir(int drop)
+{
+	struct redirtab *rp;
+	int i;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	rp = redirlist;
+	for (i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i++) {
+		int closed;
+
+		if (rp->renamed[i] == EMPTY)
+			continue;
+
+		closed = drop ? 1 : update_closed_redirs(i, rp->renamed[i]);
+
+		switch (rp->renamed[i]) {
+		case CLOSED:
+			if (!closed)
+				close(i);
+			break;
+		default:
+			if (!drop)
+				dup2(rp->renamed[i], i);
+			close(rp->renamed[i]);
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	redirlist = rp->next;
+	ckfree(rp);
+	INTON;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Undo all redirections.  Called on error or interrupt.
+ */
+
+#ifdef mkinit
+
+INCLUDE "redir.h"
+
+EXITRESET {
+	/*
+	 * Discard all saved file descriptors.
+	 */
+	unwindredir(0);
+}
+
+FORKRESET {
+	redirlist = NULL;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Move a file descriptor to > 10.  Invokes sh_error on error unless
+ * the original file dscriptor is not open.
+ */
+
+int
+savefd(int from, int ofd)
+{
+	int newfd;
+	int err;
+
+	newfd = fcntl(from, F_DUPFD, 10);
+	err = newfd < 0 ? errno : 0;
+	if (err != EBADF) {
+		close(ofd);
+		if (err)
+			sh_error("%d: %s", from, strerror(err));
+		else
+			fcntl(newfd, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC);
+	}
+
+	return newfd;
+}
+
+
+int
+redirectsafe(union node *redir, int flags)
+{
+	int err;
+	volatile int saveint;
+	struct jmploc *volatile savehandler = handler;
+	struct jmploc jmploc;
+
+	SAVEINT(saveint);
+	if (!(err = setjmp(jmploc.loc) * 2)) {
+		handler = &jmploc;
+		redirect(redir, flags);
+	}
+	handler = savehandler;
+	if (err && exception != EXERROR)
+		longjmp(handler->loc, 1);
+	RESTOREINT(saveint);
+	return err;
+}
+
+
+void unwindredir(struct redirtab *stop)
+{
+	while (redirlist != stop)
+		popredir(0);
+}
+
+
+struct redirtab *pushredir(union node *redir)
+{
+	struct redirtab *sv;
+	struct redirtab *q;
+	int i;
+
+	q = redirlist;
+	if (!redir)
+		goto out;
+
+	sv = ckmalloc(sizeof (struct redirtab));
+	sv->next = q;
+	redirlist = sv;
+	for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
+		sv->renamed[i] = EMPTY;
+
+out:
+	return q;
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/redir.h b/bin/dash/src/redir.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1cf27616
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/redir.h
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)redir.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ */
+
+/* flags passed to redirect */
+#define REDIR_PUSH 01		/* save previous values of file descriptors */
+#ifdef notyet
+#define REDIR_BACKQ 02		/* save the command output in memory */
+#endif
+#define REDIR_SAVEFD2 03	/* set preverrout */
+
+struct redirtab;
+union node;
+void redirect(union node *, int);
+void popredir(int);
+int savefd(int, int);
+int redirectsafe(union node *, int);
+void unwindredir(struct redirtab *stop);
+struct redirtab *pushredir(union node *redir);
+
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/shell.h b/bin/dash/src/shell.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..98edc8be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/shell.h
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)shell.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ */
+
+/*
+ * The follow should be set to reflect the type of system you have:
+ *	JOBS -> 1 if you have Berkeley job control, 0 otherwise.
+ *	SHORTNAMES -> 1 if your linker cannot handle long names.
+ *	define BSD if you are running 4.2 BSD or later.
+ *	define SYSV if you are running under System V.
+ *	define DEBUG=1 to compile in debugging ('set -o debug' to turn on)
+ *	define DEBUG=2 to compile in and turn on debugging.
+ *	define DO_SHAREDVFORK to indicate that vfork(2) shares its address
+ *	       with its parent.
+ *
+ * When debugging is on, debugging info will be written to ./trace and
+ * a quit signal will generate a core dump.
+ */
+
+#include <sys/param.h>
+
+#ifndef JOBS
+#define JOBS 1
+#endif
+#ifndef BSD
+#define BSD 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef DO_SHAREDVFORK
+#if __NetBSD_Version__ >= 104000000
+#define DO_SHAREDVFORK
+#endif
+#endif
+
+typedef void *pointer;
+#ifndef NULL
+#define NULL (void *)0
+#endif
+#define STATIC static
+#define MKINIT	/* empty */
+
+extern char nullstr[1];		/* null string */
+
+
+#ifdef DEBUG
+#define TRACE(param)	trace param
+#define TRACEV(param)	tracev param
+#else
+#define TRACE(param)
+#define TRACEV(param)
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ < 3
+#define va_copy __va_copy
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(__GNUC__) || (__GNUC__ == 2 && __GNUC_MINOR__ < 96)
+#define __builtin_expect(x, expected_value) (x)
+#endif
+
+#define likely(x)	__builtin_expect(!!(x),1)
+#define unlikely(x)	__builtin_expect(!!(x),0)
+
+/*
+ * Hack to calculate maximum length.
+ * (length * 8 - 1) * log10(2) + 1 + 1 + 12
+ * The second 1 is for the minus sign and the 12 is a safety margin.
+ */
+static inline int max_int_length(int bytes)
+{
+	return (bytes * 8 - 1) * 0.30102999566398119521 + 14;
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/show.c b/bin/dash/src/show.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4a049e93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/show.c
@@ -0,0 +1,406 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "nodes.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+#include "show.h"
+#include "options.h"
+
+
+#ifdef DEBUG
+static void shtree(union node *, int, char *, FILE*);
+static void shcmd(union node *, FILE *);
+static void sharg(union node *, FILE *);
+static void indent(int, char *, FILE *);
+static void trstring(char *);
+
+
+void
+showtree(union node *n)
+{
+	trputs("showtree called\n");
+	shtree(n, 1, NULL, stdout);
+}
+
+
+static void
+shtree(union node *n, int ind, char *pfx, FILE *fp)
+{
+	struct nodelist *lp;
+	const char *s;
+
+	if (n == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	indent(ind, pfx, fp);
+	switch(n->type) {
+	case NSEMI:
+		s = "; ";
+		goto binop;
+	case NAND:
+		s = " && ";
+		goto binop;
+	case NOR:
+		s = " || ";
+binop:
+		shtree(n->nbinary.ch1, ind, NULL, fp);
+	   /*    if (ind < 0) */
+			fputs(s, fp);
+		shtree(n->nbinary.ch2, ind, NULL, fp);
+		break;
+	case NCMD:
+		shcmd(n, fp);
+		if (ind >= 0)
+			putc('\n', fp);
+		break;
+	case NPIPE:
+		for (lp = n->npipe.cmdlist ; lp ; lp = lp->next) {
+			shcmd(lp->n, fp);
+			if (lp->next)
+				fputs(" | ", fp);
+		}
+		if (n->npipe.backgnd)
+			fputs(" &", fp);
+		if (ind >= 0)
+			putc('\n', fp);
+		break;
+	default:
+		fprintf(fp, "<node type %d>", n->type);
+		if (ind >= 0)
+			putc('\n', fp);
+		break;
+	}
+}
+
+
+
+static void
+shcmd(union node *cmd, FILE *fp)
+{
+	union node *np;
+	int first;
+	const char *s;
+	int dftfd;
+
+	first = 1;
+	for (np = cmd->ncmd.args ; np ; np = np->narg.next) {
+		if (! first)
+			putchar(' ');
+		sharg(np, fp);
+		first = 0;
+	}
+	for (np = cmd->ncmd.redirect ; np ; np = np->nfile.next) {
+		if (! first)
+			putchar(' ');
+		switch (np->nfile.type) {
+			case NTO:	s = ">";  dftfd = 1; break;
+			case NCLOBBER:	s = ">|"; dftfd = 1; break;
+			case NAPPEND:	s = ">>"; dftfd = 1; break;
+			case NTOFD:	s = ">&"; dftfd = 1; break;
+			case NFROM:	s = "<";  dftfd = 0; break;
+			case NFROMFD:	s = "<&"; dftfd = 0; break;
+			case NFROMTO:	s = "<>"; dftfd = 0; break;
+			default:  	s = "*error*"; dftfd = 0; break;
+		}
+		if (np->nfile.fd != dftfd)
+			fprintf(fp, "%d", np->nfile.fd);
+		fputs(s, fp);
+		if (np->nfile.type == NTOFD || np->nfile.type == NFROMFD) {
+			fprintf(fp, "%d", np->ndup.dupfd);
+		} else {
+			sharg(np->nfile.fname, fp);
+		}
+		first = 0;
+	}
+}
+
+
+
+static void
+sharg(union node *arg, FILE *fp)
+{
+	char *p;
+	struct nodelist *bqlist;
+	int subtype;
+
+	if (arg->type != NARG) {
+		printf("<node type %d>\n", arg->type);
+		abort();
+	}
+	bqlist = arg->narg.backquote;
+	for (p = arg->narg.text ; *p ; p++) {
+		switch ((signed char)*p) {
+		case CTLESC:
+			putc(*++p, fp);
+			break;
+		case CTLVAR:
+			putc('$', fp);
+			putc('{', fp);
+			subtype = *++p;
+			if (subtype == VSLENGTH)
+				putc('#', fp);
+
+			while (*p != '=')
+				putc(*p++, fp);
+
+			if (subtype & VSNUL)
+				putc(':', fp);
+
+			switch (subtype & VSTYPE) {
+			case VSNORMAL:
+				putc('}', fp);
+				break;
+			case VSMINUS:
+				putc('-', fp);
+				break;
+			case VSPLUS:
+				putc('+', fp);
+				break;
+			case VSQUESTION:
+				putc('?', fp);
+				break;
+			case VSASSIGN:
+				putc('=', fp);
+				break;
+			case VSTRIMLEFT:
+				putc('#', fp);
+				break;
+			case VSTRIMLEFTMAX:
+				putc('#', fp);
+				putc('#', fp);
+				break;
+			case VSTRIMRIGHT:
+				putc('%', fp);
+				break;
+			case VSTRIMRIGHTMAX:
+				putc('%', fp);
+				putc('%', fp);
+				break;
+			case VSLENGTH:
+				break;
+			default:
+				printf("<subtype %d>", subtype);
+			}
+			break;
+		case CTLENDVAR:
+		     putc('}', fp);
+		     break;
+		case CTLBACKQ:
+			putc('$', fp);
+			putc('(', fp);
+			shtree(bqlist->n, -1, NULL, fp);
+			putc(')', fp);
+			break;
+		default:
+			putc(*p, fp);
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+
+static void
+indent(int amount, char *pfx, FILE *fp)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	for (i = 0 ; i < amount ; i++) {
+		if (pfx && i == amount - 1)
+			fputs(pfx, fp);
+		putc('\t', fp);
+	}
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Debugging stuff.
+ */
+
+
+FILE *tracefile;
+
+
+void
+trputc(int c)
+{
+	if (debug != 1)
+		return;
+	putc(c, tracefile);
+}
+
+void
+trace(const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+	va_list va;
+
+	if (debug != 1)
+		return;
+	va_start(va, fmt);
+	(void) vfprintf(tracefile, fmt, va);
+	va_end(va);
+}
+
+void
+tracev(const char *fmt, va_list va)
+{
+	if (debug != 1)
+		return;
+	(void) vfprintf(tracefile, fmt, va);
+}
+
+
+void
+trputs(const char *s)
+{
+	if (debug != 1)
+		return;
+	fputs(s, tracefile);
+}
+
+
+static void
+trstring(char *s)
+{
+	char *p;
+	char c;
+
+	if (debug != 1)
+		return;
+	putc('"', tracefile);
+	for (p = s ; *p ; p++) {
+		switch ((signed char)*p) {
+		case '\n':  c = 'n';  goto backslash;
+		case '\t':  c = 't';  goto backslash;
+		case '\r':  c = 'r';  goto backslash;
+		case '"':  c = '"';  goto backslash;
+		case '\\':  c = '\\';  goto backslash;
+		case CTLESC:  c = 'e';  goto backslash;
+		case CTLVAR:  c = 'v';  goto backslash;
+		case CTLBACKQ:  c = 'q';  goto backslash;
+backslash:	  putc('\\', tracefile);
+			putc(c, tracefile);
+			break;
+		default:
+			if (*p >= ' ' && *p <= '~')
+				putc(*p, tracefile);
+			else {
+				putc('\\', tracefile);
+				putc(*p >> 6 & 03, tracefile);
+				putc(*p >> 3 & 07, tracefile);
+				putc(*p & 07, tracefile);
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	putc('"', tracefile);
+}
+
+
+void
+trargs(char **ap)
+{
+	if (debug != 1)
+		return;
+	while (*ap) {
+		trstring(*ap++);
+		if (*ap)
+			putc(' ', tracefile);
+		else
+			putc('\n', tracefile);
+	}
+}
+
+
+void
+opentrace(void)
+{
+	char s[100];
+#ifdef O_APPEND
+	int flags;
+#endif
+
+	if (debug != 1) {
+		if (tracefile)
+			fflush(tracefile);
+		/* leave open because libedit might be using it */
+		return;
+	}
+#ifdef not_this_way
+	{
+		char *p;
+		if ((p = getenv(homestr)) == NULL) {
+			if (geteuid() == 0)
+				p = "/";
+			else
+				p = "/tmp";
+		}
+		scopy(p, s);
+		strcat(s, "/trace");
+	}
+#else
+	scopy("./trace", s);
+#endif /* not_this_way */
+	if (tracefile) {
+#ifndef __KLIBC__
+		if (!freopen(s, "a", tracefile)) {
+#else
+		if (!(!fclose(tracefile) && (tracefile = fopen(s, "a")))) {
+#endif /* __KLIBC__ */
+			fprintf(stderr, "Can't re-open %s\n", s);
+			debug = 0;
+			return;
+		}
+	} else {
+		if ((tracefile = fopen(s, "a")) == NULL) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "Can't open %s\n", s);
+			debug = 0;
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+#ifdef O_APPEND
+	if ((flags = fcntl(fileno(tracefile), F_GETFL, 0)) >= 0)
+		fcntl(fileno(tracefile), F_SETFL, flags | O_APPEND);
+#endif
+#ifndef __KLIBC__
+	setlinebuf(tracefile);
+#endif /* __KLIBC__ */
+	fputs("\nTracing started.\n", tracefile);
+}
+#endif /* DEBUG */
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/show.h b/bin/dash/src/show.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d0ccac79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/show.h
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1995
+ *      The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)show.h	1.1 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ */
+
+#include <stdarg.h>
+
+#ifdef DEBUG
+union node;
+void showtree(union node *);
+void trace(const char *, ...);
+void tracev(const char *, va_list);
+void trargs(char **);
+void trputc(int);
+void trputs(const char *);
+void opentrace(void);
+#endif
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/system.c b/bin/dash/src/system.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..844a6410
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/system.c
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2004
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
+ *    derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef HAVE_ISALPHA
+#define isalnum _isalnum
+#define iscntrl _iscntrl
+#define islower _islower
+#define isspace _isspace
+#define isalpha _isalpha
+#define isdigit _isdigit
+#define isprint _isprint
+#define isupper _isupper
+#define isblank _isblank
+#define isgraph _isgraph
+#define ispunct _ispunct
+#define isxdigit _isxdigit
+#include <ctype.h>
+#undef isalnum
+#undef iscntrl
+#undef islower
+#undef isspace
+#undef isalpha
+#undef isdigit
+#undef isprint
+#undef isupper
+#undef isblank
+#undef isgraph
+#undef ispunct
+#undef isxdigit
+#endif
+
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "error.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "system.h"
+
+#ifndef HAVE_MEMPCPY
+void *mempcpy(void *dest, const void *src, size_t n)
+{
+	return memcpy(dest, src, n) + n;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_STPCPY
+char *stpcpy(char *dest, const char *src)
+{
+	size_t len = strlen(src);
+	dest[len] = 0;
+	return mempcpy(dest, src, len);
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_STRCHRNUL
+char *strchrnul(const char *s, int c)
+{
+	char *p = strchr(s, c);
+	if (!p)
+		p = (char *)s + strlen(s);
+	return p;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_STRSIGNAL
+char *strsignal(int sig)
+{
+	static char buf[19];
+
+	if ((unsigned)sig < NSIG && sys_siglist[sig])
+		return (char *)sys_siglist[sig];
+	fmtstr(buf, sizeof(buf), "Signal %d", sig); 
+	return buf;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_BSEARCH
+void *bsearch(const void *key, const void *base, size_t nmemb,
+	      size_t size, int (*cmp)(const void *, const void *))
+{
+	while (nmemb) {
+		size_t mididx = nmemb / 2;
+		const void *midobj = base + mididx * size;
+		int diff = cmp(key, midobj);
+
+		if (diff == 0)
+			return (void *)midobj;
+
+		if (diff > 0) {
+			base = midobj + size;
+			nmemb -= mididx + 1;
+		} else
+			nmemb = mididx;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_SYSCONF
+long sysconf(int name)
+{
+	sh_error("no sysconf for: %d", name);
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_ISALPHA
+int isalnum(int c) {
+	return _isalnum(c);
+}
+
+
+int iscntrl(int c) {
+	return _iscntrl(c);
+}
+
+
+int islower(int c) {
+	return _islower(c);
+}
+
+
+int isspace(int c) {
+	return _isspace(c);
+}
+
+
+int isalpha(int c) {
+	return _isalpha(c);
+}
+
+
+int isdigit(int c) {
+	return _isdigit(c);
+}
+
+
+int isprint(int c) {
+	return _isprint(c);
+}
+
+
+int isupper(int c) {
+	return _isupper(c);
+}
+
+
+#if HAVE_DECL_ISBLANK
+int isblank(int c) {
+	return _isblank(c);
+}
+#endif
+
+
+int isgraph(int c) {
+	return _isgraph(c);
+}
+
+
+int ispunct(int c) {
+	return _ispunct(c);
+}
+
+
+int isxdigit(int c) {
+	return _isxdigit(c);
+}
+#endif
+
+#if !HAVE_DECL_ISBLANK
+int isblank(int c) {
+	return c == ' ' || c == '\t';
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/system.h b/bin/dash/src/system.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..007952c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/system.h
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2004
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
+ *    derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#ifndef SSIZE_MAX
+#define SSIZE_MAX ((ssize_t)((size_t)-1 >> 1))
+#endif
+
+static inline void sigclearmask(void)
+{
+#if defined(HAVE_SIGSETMASK) && \
+    (!defined(__GLIBC__) || \
+     (defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ * 1000 + __GNUC_MINOR__) >= 4006))
+#ifdef __GLIBC__
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-declarations"
+#endif
+	sigsetmask(0);
+#ifdef __GLIBC__
+#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+#endif
+#else
+	sigset_t set;
+	sigemptyset(&set);
+	sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &set, 0);
+#endif
+}
+
+#ifndef HAVE_MEMPCPY
+void *mempcpy(void *, const void *, size_t);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_STPCPY
+char *stpcpy(char *, const char *);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_STRCHRNUL
+char *strchrnul(const char *, int);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_STRSIGNAL
+char *strsignal(int);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_STRTOD
+static inline double strtod(const char *nptr, char **endptr)
+{
+	*endptr = (char *)nptr;
+	return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_STRTOIMAX
+#define strtoimax strtoll
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_STRTOUMAX
+#define strtoumax strtoull
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_BSEARCH
+void *bsearch(const void *, const void *, size_t, size_t,
+	      int (*)(const void *, const void *));
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_KILLPG
+static inline int killpg(pid_t pid, int signal)
+{
+#ifdef DEBUG
+	if (pid < 0)
+		abort();
+#endif
+	return kill(-pid, signal);
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_SYSCONF
+#define _SC_CLK_TCK 2
+long sysconf(int) __attribute__((__noreturn__));
+#endif
+
+#if !HAVE_DECL_ISBLANK
+int isblank(int c);
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * A trick to suppress uninitialized variable warning without generating any
+ * code
+ */
+#define uninitialized_var(x) x = x
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/trap.c b/bin/dash/src/trap.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cd84814f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/trap.c
@@ -0,0 +1,446 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "main.h"
+#include "nodes.h"	/* for other headers */
+#include "eval.h"
+#include "init.h"
+#include "jobs.h"
+#include "show.h"
+#include "options.h"
+#include "syntax.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "trap.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+
+/*
+ * Sigmode records the current value of the signal handlers for the various
+ * modes.  A value of zero means that the current handler is not known.
+ * S_HARD_IGN indicates that the signal was ignored on entry to the shell,
+ */
+
+#define S_DFL 1			/* default signal handling (SIG_DFL) */
+#define S_CATCH 2		/* signal is caught */
+#define S_IGN 3			/* signal is ignored (SIG_IGN) */
+#define S_HARD_IGN 4		/* signal is ignored permenantly */
+#define S_RESET 5		/* temporary - to reset a hard ignored sig */
+
+
+/* trap handler commands */
+MKINIT char *trap[NSIG];
+/* number of non-null traps */
+int trapcnt;
+/* current value of signal */
+char sigmode[NSIG - 1];
+/* indicates specified signal received */
+static char gotsig[NSIG - 1];
+/* last pending signal */
+volatile sig_atomic_t pending_sig;
+/* received SIGCHLD */
+volatile sig_atomic_t gotsigchld;
+
+extern char *signal_names[];
+
+static int decode_signum(const char *);
+
+#ifdef mkinit
+INCLUDE "memalloc.h"
+INCLUDE "trap.h"
+
+INIT {
+	sigmode[SIGCHLD - 1] = S_DFL;
+	setsignal(SIGCHLD);
+}
+
+FORKRESET {
+	char **tp;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	for (tp = trap ; tp < &trap[NSIG] ; tp++) {
+		if (*tp && **tp) {	/* trap not NULL or SIG_IGN */
+			ckfree(*tp);
+			*tp = NULL;
+			if (tp != &trap[0])
+				setsignal(tp - trap);
+		}
+	}
+	trapcnt = 0;
+	INTON;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * The trap builtin.
+ */
+
+int
+trapcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	char *action;
+	char **ap;
+	int signo;
+
+	nextopt(nullstr);
+	ap = argptr;
+	if (!*ap) {
+		for (signo = 0 ; signo < NSIG ; signo++) {
+			if (trap[signo] != NULL) {
+				out1fmt(
+					"trap -- %s %s\n",
+					single_quote(trap[signo]),
+					signal_names[signo]
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		return 0;
+	}
+	if (!ap[1] || decode_signum(*ap) >= 0)
+		action = NULL;
+	else
+		action = *ap++;
+	while (*ap) {
+		if ((signo = decode_signal(*ap, 0)) < 0) {
+			outfmt(out2, "trap: %s: bad trap\n", *ap);
+			return 1;
+		}
+		INTOFF;
+		if (action) {
+			if (action[0] == '-' && action[1] == '\0')
+				action = NULL;
+			else {
+				if (*action)
+					trapcnt++;
+				action = savestr(action);
+			}
+		}
+		if (trap[signo]) {
+			if (*trap[signo])
+				trapcnt--;
+			ckfree(trap[signo]);
+		}
+		trap[signo] = action;
+		if (signo != 0)
+			setsignal(signo);
+		INTON;
+		ap++;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Set the signal handler for the specified signal.  The routine figures
+ * out what it should be set to.
+ */
+
+void
+setsignal(int signo)
+{
+	int action;
+	int lvforked;
+	char *t, tsig;
+	struct sigaction act;
+
+	lvforked = vforked;
+
+	if ((t = trap[signo]) == NULL)
+		action = S_DFL;
+	else if (*t != '\0')
+		action = S_CATCH;
+	else
+		action = S_IGN;
+	if (rootshell && action == S_DFL && !lvforked) {
+		switch (signo) {
+		case SIGINT:
+			if (iflag || minusc || sflag == 0)
+				action = S_CATCH;
+			break;
+		case SIGQUIT:
+#ifdef DEBUG
+			if (debug)
+				break;
+#endif
+			/* FALLTHROUGH */
+		case SIGTERM:
+			if (iflag)
+				action = S_IGN;
+			break;
+#if JOBS
+		case SIGTSTP:
+		case SIGTTOU:
+			if (mflag)
+				action = S_IGN;
+			break;
+#endif
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (signo == SIGCHLD)
+		action = S_CATCH;
+
+	t = &sigmode[signo - 1];
+	tsig = *t;
+	if (tsig == 0) {
+		/*
+		 * current setting unknown
+		 */
+		if (sigaction(signo, 0, &act) == -1) {
+			/*
+			 * Pretend it worked; maybe we should give a warning
+			 * here, but other shells don't. We don't alter
+			 * sigmode, so that we retry every time.
+			 */
+			return;
+		}
+		if (act.sa_handler == SIG_IGN) {
+			if (mflag && (signo == SIGTSTP ||
+			     signo == SIGTTIN || signo == SIGTTOU)) {
+				tsig = S_IGN;	/* don't hard ignore these */
+			} else
+				tsig = S_HARD_IGN;
+		} else {
+			tsig = S_RESET;	/* force to be set */
+		}
+	}
+	if (tsig == S_HARD_IGN || tsig == action)
+		return;
+	switch (action) {
+	case S_CATCH:
+		act.sa_handler = onsig;
+		break;
+	case S_IGN:
+		act.sa_handler = SIG_IGN;
+		break;
+	default:
+		act.sa_handler = SIG_DFL;
+	}
+	if (!lvforked)
+		*t = action;
+	act.sa_flags = 0;
+	sigfillset(&act.sa_mask);
+	sigaction(signo, &act, 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Ignore a signal.
+ */
+
+void
+ignoresig(int signo)
+{
+	if (sigmode[signo - 1] != S_IGN && sigmode[signo - 1] != S_HARD_IGN) {
+		signal(signo, SIG_IGN);
+	}
+	if (!vforked)
+		sigmode[signo - 1] = S_HARD_IGN;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Signal handler.
+ */
+
+void
+onsig(int signo)
+{
+	if (vforked)
+		return;
+
+	if (signo == SIGCHLD) {
+		gotsigchld = 1;
+		if (!trap[SIGCHLD])
+			return;
+	}
+
+	gotsig[signo - 1] = 1;
+	pending_sig = signo;
+
+	if (signo == SIGINT && !trap[SIGINT]) {
+		if (!suppressint)
+			onint();
+		intpending = 1;
+	}
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Called to execute a trap.  Perhaps we should avoid entering new trap
+ * handlers while we are executing a trap handler.
+ */
+
+void dotrap(void)
+{
+	char *p;
+	char *q;
+	int i;
+	int status, last_status;
+
+	if (!pending_sig)
+		return;
+
+	status = savestatus;
+	last_status = status;
+	if (likely(status < 0)) {
+		status = exitstatus;
+		savestatus = status;
+	}
+	pending_sig = 0;
+	barrier();
+
+	for (i = 0, q = gotsig; i < NSIG - 1; i++, q++) {
+		if (!*q)
+			continue;
+
+		if (evalskip) {
+			pending_sig = i + 1;
+			break;
+		}
+
+		*q = 0;
+
+		p = trap[i + 1];
+		if (!p)
+			continue;
+		evalstring(p, 0);
+		if (evalskip != SKIPFUNC)
+			exitstatus = status;
+	}
+
+	savestatus = last_status;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Controls whether the shell is interactive or not.
+ */
+
+
+void
+setinteractive(int on)
+{
+	static int is_interactive;
+
+	if (++on == is_interactive)
+		return;
+	is_interactive = on;
+	setsignal(SIGINT);
+	setsignal(SIGQUIT);
+	setsignal(SIGTERM);
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Called to exit the shell.
+ */
+
+void
+exitshell(void)
+{
+	struct jmploc loc;
+	char *p;
+
+	savestatus = exitstatus;
+	TRACE(("pid %d, exitshell(%d)\n", getpid(), savestatus));
+	if (setjmp(loc.loc))
+		goto out;
+	handler = &loc;
+	if ((p = trap[0])) {
+		trap[0] = NULL;
+		evalskip = 0;
+		evalstring(p, 0);
+		evalskip = SKIPFUNCDEF;
+	}
+out:
+	exitreset();
+	/*
+	 * Disable job control so that whoever had the foreground before we
+	 * started can get it back.
+	 */
+	if (likely(!setjmp(loc.loc)))
+		setjobctl(0);
+	flushall();
+	_exit(exitstatus);
+	/* NOTREACHED */
+}
+
+static int decode_signum(const char *string)
+{
+	int signo = -1;
+
+	if (is_number(string)) {
+		signo = atoi(string);
+		if (signo >= NSIG)
+			signo = -1;
+	}
+
+	return signo;
+}
+
+int decode_signal(const char *string, int minsig)
+{
+	int signo;
+
+	signo = decode_signum(string);
+	if (signo >= 0)
+		return signo;
+
+	for (signo = minsig; signo < NSIG; signo++) {
+		if (!strcasecmp(string, signal_names[signo])) {
+			return signo;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return -1;
+}
+
+void sigblockall(sigset_t *oldmask)
+{
+	sigset_t mask;
+
+	sigfillset(&mask);
+	sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &mask, oldmask);
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/trap.h b/bin/dash/src/trap.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..beaf6605
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/trap.h
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)trap.h	8.3 (Berkeley) 6/5/95
+ */
+
+#include <signal.h>
+
+extern int trapcnt;
+extern char sigmode[];
+extern volatile sig_atomic_t pending_sig;
+extern volatile sig_atomic_t gotsigchld;
+
+int trapcmd(int, char **);
+void setsignal(int);
+void ignoresig(int);
+void onsig(int);
+void dotrap(void);
+void setinteractive(int);
+void exitshell(void) __attribute__((__noreturn__));
+int decode_signal(const char *, int);
+void sigblockall(sigset_t *oldmask);
+
+static inline int have_traps(void)
+{
+	return trapcnt;
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/var.c b/bin/dash/src/var.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ef9c2bde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/var.c
@@ -0,0 +1,674 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#ifdef HAVE_PATHS_H
+#include <paths.h>
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Shell variables.
+ */
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "expand.h"
+#include "nodes.h"	/* for other headers */
+#include "exec.h"
+#include "syntax.h"
+#include "options.h"
+#include "mail.h"
+#include "var.h"
+#include "memalloc.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "mystring.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "show.h"
+#ifndef SMALL
+#include "myhistedit.h"
+#endif
+#include "system.h"
+
+
+#define VTABSIZE 39
+
+
+struct localvar_list {
+	struct localvar_list *next;
+	struct localvar *lv;
+};
+
+MKINIT struct localvar_list *localvar_stack;
+
+const char defpathvar[] =
+	"PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin";
+char defifsvar[] = "IFS= \t\n";
+MKINIT char defoptindvar[] = "OPTIND=1";
+
+int lineno;
+char linenovar[sizeof("LINENO=")+sizeof(int)*CHAR_BIT/3+1] = "LINENO=";
+
+/* Some macros in var.h depend on the order, add new variables to the end. */
+struct var varinit[] = {
+#if ATTY
+	{ 0,	VSTRFIXED|VTEXTFIXED|VUNSET,	"ATTY\0",	0 },
+#endif
+	{ 0,	VSTRFIXED|VTEXTFIXED,		defifsvar,	0 },
+	{ 0,	VSTRFIXED|VTEXTFIXED|VUNSET,	"MAIL\0",	changemail },
+	{ 0,	VSTRFIXED|VTEXTFIXED|VUNSET,	"MAILPATH\0",	changemail },
+	{ 0,	VSTRFIXED|VTEXTFIXED,		defpathvar,	changepath },
+	{ 0,	VSTRFIXED|VTEXTFIXED,		"PS1=$ ",	0 },
+	{ 0,	VSTRFIXED|VTEXTFIXED,		"PS2=> ",	0 },
+	{ 0,	VSTRFIXED|VTEXTFIXED,		"PS4=+ ",	0 },
+	{ 0,	VSTRFIXED|VTEXTFIXED,		defoptindvar,	getoptsreset },
+#ifdef WITH_LINENO
+	{ 0,	VSTRFIXED|VTEXTFIXED,		linenovar,	0 },
+#endif
+#ifndef SMALL
+	{ 0,	VSTRFIXED|VTEXTFIXED|VUNSET,	"TERM\0",	0 },
+	{ 0,	VSTRFIXED|VTEXTFIXED|VUNSET,	"HISTSIZE\0",	sethistsize },
+#endif
+};
+
+STATIC struct var *vartab[VTABSIZE];
+
+STATIC struct var **hashvar(const char *);
+STATIC int vpcmp(const void *, const void *);
+STATIC struct var **findvar(struct var **, const char *);
+
+/*
+ * Initialize the varable symbol tables and import the environment
+ */
+
+#ifdef mkinit
+INCLUDE <unistd.h>
+INCLUDE <sys/types.h>
+INCLUDE <sys/stat.h>
+INCLUDE "cd.h"
+INCLUDE "output.h"
+INCLUDE "var.h"
+MKINIT char **environ;
+INIT {
+	char **envp;
+	static char ppid[32] = "PPID=";
+	const char *p;
+	struct stat64 st1, st2;
+
+	initvar();
+	for (envp = environ ; *envp ; envp++) {
+		p = endofname(*envp);
+		if (p != *envp && *p == '=') {
+			setvareq(*envp, VEXPORT|VTEXTFIXED);
+		}
+	}
+
+	setvareq(defifsvar, VTEXTFIXED);
+	setvareq(defoptindvar, VTEXTFIXED);
+
+	fmtstr(ppid + 5, sizeof(ppid) - 5, "%ld", (long) getppid());
+	setvareq(ppid, VTEXTFIXED);
+
+	p = lookupvar("PWD");
+	if (p)
+		if (*p != '/' || stat64(p, &st1) || stat64(".", &st2) ||
+		    st1.st_dev != st2.st_dev || st1.st_ino != st2.st_ino)
+			p = 0;
+	setpwd(p, 0);
+}
+
+RESET {
+	unwindlocalvars(0);
+}
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+ * This routine initializes the builtin variables.  It is called when the
+ * shell is initialized.
+ */
+
+void
+initvar(void)
+{
+	struct var *vp;
+	struct var *end;
+	struct var **vpp;
+
+	vp = varinit;
+	end = vp + sizeof(varinit) / sizeof(varinit[0]);
+	do {
+		vpp = hashvar(vp->text);
+		vp->next = *vpp;
+		*vpp = vp;
+	} while (++vp < end);
+	/*
+	 * PS1 depends on uid
+	 */
+	if (!geteuid())
+		vps1.text = "PS1=# ";
+}
+
+/*
+ * Set the value of a variable.  The flags argument is ored with the
+ * flags of the variable.  If val is NULL, the variable is unset.
+ */
+
+struct var *setvar(const char *name, const char *val, int flags)
+{
+	char *p, *q;
+	size_t namelen;
+	char *nameeq;
+	size_t vallen;
+	struct var *vp;
+
+	q = endofname(name);
+	p = strchrnul(q, '=');
+	namelen = p - name;
+	if (!namelen || p != q)
+		sh_error("%.*s: bad variable name", namelen, name);
+	vallen = 0;
+	if (val == NULL) {
+		flags |= VUNSET;
+	} else {
+		vallen = strlen(val);
+	}
+	INTOFF;
+	p = mempcpy(nameeq = ckmalloc(namelen + vallen + 2), name, namelen);
+	if (val) {
+		*p++ = '=';
+		p = mempcpy(p, val, vallen);
+	}
+	*p = '\0';
+	vp = setvareq(nameeq, flags | VNOSAVE);
+	INTON;
+
+	return vp;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Set the given integer as the value of a variable.  The flags argument is
+ * ored with the flags of the variable.
+ */
+
+intmax_t setvarint(const char *name, intmax_t val, int flags)
+{
+	int len = max_int_length(sizeof(val));
+	char buf[len];
+
+	fmtstr(buf, len, "%" PRIdMAX, val);
+	setvar(name, buf, flags);
+	return val;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Same as setvar except that the variable and value are passed in
+ * the first argument as name=value.  Since the first argument will
+ * be actually stored in the table, it should not be a string that
+ * will go away.
+ * Called with interrupts off.
+ */
+
+struct var *setvareq(char *s, int flags)
+{
+	struct var *vp, **vpp;
+
+	vpp = hashvar(s);
+	flags |= (VEXPORT & (((unsigned) (1 - aflag)) - 1));
+	vpp = findvar(vpp, s);
+	vp = *vpp;
+	if (vp) {
+		if (vp->flags & VREADONLY) {
+			const char *n;
+
+			if (flags & VNOSAVE)
+				free(s);
+			n = vp->text;
+			sh_error("%.*s: is read only", strchrnul(n, '=') - n,
+				 n);
+		}
+
+		if (flags & VNOSET)
+			goto out;
+
+		if (vp->func && (flags & VNOFUNC) == 0)
+			(*vp->func)(strchrnul(s, '=') + 1);
+
+		if ((vp->flags & (VTEXTFIXED|VSTACK)) == 0)
+			ckfree(vp->text);
+
+		if (((flags & (VEXPORT|VREADONLY|VSTRFIXED|VUNSET)) |
+		     (vp->flags & VSTRFIXED)) == VUNSET) {
+			*vpp = vp->next;
+			ckfree(vp);
+out_free:
+			if ((flags & (VTEXTFIXED|VSTACK|VNOSAVE)) == VNOSAVE)
+				ckfree(s);
+			goto out;
+		}
+
+		flags |= vp->flags & ~(VTEXTFIXED|VSTACK|VNOSAVE|VUNSET);
+	} else {
+		if (flags & VNOSET)
+			goto out;
+		if ((flags & (VEXPORT|VREADONLY|VSTRFIXED|VUNSET)) == VUNSET)
+			goto out_free;
+		/* not found */
+		vp = ckmalloc(sizeof (*vp));
+		vp->next = *vpp;
+		vp->func = NULL;
+		*vpp = vp;
+	}
+	if (!(flags & (VTEXTFIXED|VSTACK|VNOSAVE)))
+		s = savestr(s);
+	vp->text = s;
+	vp->flags = flags;
+
+out:
+	return vp;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Find the value of a variable.  Returns NULL if not set.
+ */
+
+char *
+lookupvar(const char *name)
+{
+	struct var *v;
+
+	if ((v = *findvar(hashvar(name), name)) && !(v->flags & VUNSET)) {
+#ifdef WITH_LINENO
+		if (v == &vlineno && v->text == linenovar) {
+			fmtstr(linenovar+7, sizeof(linenovar)-7, "%d", lineno);
+		}
+#endif
+		return strchrnul(v->text, '=') + 1;
+	}
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+intmax_t lookupvarint(const char *name)
+{
+	return atomax(lookupvar(name) ?: nullstr, 0);
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Generate a list of variables satisfying the given conditions.
+ */
+
+char **
+listvars(int on, int off, char ***end)
+{
+	struct var **vpp;
+	struct var *vp;
+	char **ep;
+	int mask;
+
+	STARTSTACKSTR(ep);
+	vpp = vartab;
+	mask = on | off;
+	do {
+		for (vp = *vpp ; vp ; vp = vp->next)
+			if ((vp->flags & mask) == on) {
+				if (ep == stackstrend())
+					ep = growstackstr();
+				*ep++ = (char *) vp->text;
+			}
+	} while (++vpp < vartab + VTABSIZE);
+	if (ep == stackstrend())
+		ep = growstackstr();
+	if (end)
+		*end = ep;
+	*ep++ = NULL;
+	return grabstackstr(ep);
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * POSIX requires that 'set' (but not export or readonly) output the
+ * variables in lexicographic order - by the locale's collating order (sigh).
+ * Maybe we could keep them in an ordered balanced binary tree
+ * instead of hashed lists.
+ * For now just roll 'em through qsort for printing...
+ */
+
+int
+showvars(const char *prefix, int on, int off)
+{
+	const char *sep;
+	char **ep, **epend;
+
+	ep = listvars(on, off, &epend);
+	qsort(ep, epend - ep, sizeof(char *), vpcmp);
+
+	sep = *prefix ? spcstr : prefix;
+
+	for (; ep < epend; ep++) {
+		const char *p;
+		const char *q;
+
+		p = strchrnul(*ep, '=');
+		q = nullstr;
+		if (*p)
+			q = single_quote(++p);
+
+		out1fmt("%s%s%.*s%s\n", prefix, sep, (int)(p - *ep), *ep, q);
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * The export and readonly commands.
+ */
+
+int
+exportcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	struct var *vp;
+	char *name;
+	const char *p;
+	char **aptr;
+	int flag = argv[0][0] == 'r'? VREADONLY : VEXPORT;
+	int notp;
+
+	notp = nextopt("p") - 'p';
+	if (notp && ((name = *(aptr = argptr)))) {
+		do {
+			if ((p = strchr(name, '=')) != NULL) {
+				p++;
+			} else {
+				if ((vp = *findvar(hashvar(name), name))) {
+					vp->flags |= flag;
+					continue;
+				}
+			}
+			setvar(name, p, flag);
+		} while ((name = *++aptr) != NULL);
+	} else {
+		showvars(argv[0], flag, 0);
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * The "local" command.
+ */
+
+int
+localcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	char *name;
+
+	if (!localvar_stack)
+		sh_error("not in a function");
+
+	argv = argptr;
+	while ((name = *argv++) != NULL) {
+		mklocal(name, 0);
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Make a variable a local variable.  When a variable is made local, it's
+ * value and flags are saved in a localvar structure.  The saved values
+ * will be restored when the shell function returns.  We handle the name
+ * "-" as a special case.
+ */
+
+void mklocal(char *name, int flags)
+{
+	struct localvar *lvp;
+	struct var **vpp;
+	struct var *vp;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	lvp = ckmalloc(sizeof (struct localvar));
+	if (name[0] == '-' && name[1] == '\0') {
+		char *p;
+		p = ckmalloc(sizeof(optlist));
+		lvp->text = memcpy(p, optlist, sizeof(optlist));
+		vp = NULL;
+	} else {
+		char *eq;
+
+		vpp = hashvar(name);
+		vp = *findvar(vpp, name);
+		eq = strchr(name, '=');
+		if (vp == NULL) {
+			if (eq)
+				vp = setvareq(name, VSTRFIXED | flags);
+			else
+				vp = setvar(name, NULL, VSTRFIXED | flags);
+			lvp->flags = VUNSET;
+		} else {
+			lvp->text = vp->text;
+			lvp->flags = vp->flags;
+			vp->flags |= VSTRFIXED|VTEXTFIXED;
+			if (eq)
+				setvareq(name, flags);
+		}
+	}
+	lvp->vp = vp;
+	lvp->next = localvar_stack->lv;
+	localvar_stack->lv = lvp;
+	INTON;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Called after a function returns.
+ * Interrupts must be off.
+ */
+
+static void
+poplocalvars(void)
+{
+	struct localvar_list *ll;
+	struct localvar *lvp, *next;
+	struct var *vp;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	ll = localvar_stack;
+	localvar_stack = ll->next;
+
+	next = ll->lv;
+	ckfree(ll);
+
+	while ((lvp = next) != NULL) {
+		next = lvp->next;
+		vp = lvp->vp;
+		TRACE(("poplocalvar %s\n", vp ? vp->text : "-"));
+		if (vp == NULL) {	/* $- saved */
+			memcpy(optlist, lvp->text, sizeof(optlist));
+			ckfree(lvp->text);
+			optschanged();
+		} else if (lvp->flags == VUNSET) {
+			vp->flags &= ~(VSTRFIXED|VREADONLY);
+			unsetvar(vp->text);
+		} else {
+			if (vp->func)
+				(*vp->func)(strchrnul(lvp->text, '=') + 1);
+			if ((vp->flags & (VTEXTFIXED|VSTACK)) == 0)
+				ckfree(vp->text);
+			vp->flags = lvp->flags;
+			vp->text = lvp->text;
+		}
+		ckfree(lvp);
+	}
+	INTON;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Create a new localvar environment.
+ */
+struct localvar_list *pushlocalvars(int push)
+{
+	struct localvar_list *ll;
+	struct localvar_list *top;
+
+	top = localvar_stack;
+	if (!push)
+		goto out;
+
+	INTOFF;
+	ll = ckmalloc(sizeof(*ll));
+	ll->lv = NULL;
+	ll->next = top;
+	localvar_stack = ll;
+	INTON;
+
+out:
+	return top;
+}
+
+
+void unwindlocalvars(struct localvar_list *stop)
+{
+	while (localvar_stack != stop)
+		poplocalvars();
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * The unset builtin command.  We unset the function before we unset the
+ * variable to allow a function to be unset when there is a readonly variable
+ * with the same name.
+ */
+
+int
+unsetcmd(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	char **ap;
+	int i;
+	int flag = 0;
+
+	while ((i = nextopt("vf")) != '\0') {
+		flag = i;
+	}
+
+	for (ap = argptr; *ap ; ap++) {
+		if (flag != 'f') {
+			unsetvar(*ap);
+			continue;
+		}
+		if (flag != 'v')
+			unsetfunc(*ap);
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Unset the specified variable.
+ */
+
+void unsetvar(const char *s)
+{
+	setvar(s, 0, 0);
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Find the appropriate entry in the hash table from the name.
+ */
+
+STATIC struct var **
+hashvar(const char *p)
+{
+	unsigned int hashval;
+
+	hashval = ((unsigned char) *p) << 4;
+	while (*p && *p != '=')
+		hashval += (unsigned char) *p++;
+	return &vartab[hashval % VTABSIZE];
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Compares two strings up to the first = or '\0'.  The first
+ * string must be terminated by '='; the second may be terminated by
+ * either '=' or '\0'.
+ */
+
+int
+varcmp(const char *p, const char *q)
+{
+	int c, d;
+
+	while ((c = *p) == (d = *q)) {
+		if (!c || c == '=')
+			goto out;
+		p++;
+		q++;
+	}
+	if (c == '=')
+		c = 0;
+	if (d == '=')
+		d = 0;
+out:
+	return c - d;
+}
+
+STATIC int
+vpcmp(const void *a, const void *b)
+{
+	return varcmp(*(const char **)a, *(const char **)b);
+}
+
+STATIC struct var **
+findvar(struct var **vpp, const char *name)
+{
+	for (; *vpp; vpp = &(*vpp)->next) {
+		if (varequal((*vpp)->text, name)) {
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	return vpp;
+}
diff --git a/bin/dash/src/var.h b/bin/dash/src/var.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aa7575a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dash/src/var.h
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+ *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Kenneth Almquist.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)var.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+ */
+
+#include <inttypes.h>
+
+/*
+ * Shell variables.
+ */
+
+/* flags */
+#define VEXPORT		0x01	/* variable is exported */
+#define VREADONLY	0x02	/* variable cannot be modified */
+#define VSTRFIXED	0x04	/* variable struct is statically allocated */
+#define VTEXTFIXED	0x08	/* text is statically allocated */
+#define VSTACK		0x10	/* text is allocated on the stack */
+#define VUNSET		0x20	/* the variable is not set */
+#define VNOFUNC		0x40	/* don't call the callback function */
+#define VNOSET		0x80	/* do not set variable - just readonly test */
+#define VNOSAVE		0x100	/* when text is on the heap before setvareq */
+
+
+struct var {
+	struct var *next;		/* next entry in hash list */
+	int flags;			/* flags are defined above */
+	const char *text;		/* name=value */
+	void (*func)(const char *);
+					/* function to be called when  */
+					/* the variable gets set/unset */
+};
+
+
+struct localvar {
+	struct localvar *next;		/* next local variable in list */
+	struct var *vp;			/* the variable that was made local */
+	int flags;			/* saved flags */
+	const char *text;		/* saved text */
+};
+
+struct localvar_list;
+
+
+extern struct localvar *localvars;
+extern struct var varinit[];
+
+#if ATTY
+#define vatty varinit[0]
+#define vifs varinit[1]
+#else
+#define vifs varinit[0]
+#endif
+#define vmail (&vifs)[1]
+#define vmpath (&vmail)[1]
+#define vpath (&vmpath)[1]
+#define vps1 (&vpath)[1]
+#define vps2 (&vps1)[1]
+#define vps4 (&vps2)[1]
+#define voptind (&vps4)[1]
+#ifdef WITH_LINENO
+#define vlineno (&voptind)[1]
+#endif
+#ifndef SMALL
+#ifdef WITH_LINENO
+#define vterm (&vlineno)[1]
+#else
+#define vterm (&voptind)[1]
+#endif
+#define vhistsize (&vterm)[1]
+#endif
+
+extern char defifsvar[];
+#define defifs (defifsvar + 4)
+extern const char defpathvar[];
+#define defpath (defpathvar + 36)
+
+extern int lineno;
+extern char linenovar[];
+
+/*
+ * The following macros access the values of the above variables.
+ * They have to skip over the name.  They return the null string
+ * for unset variables.
+ */
+
+#define ifsval()	(vifs.text + 4)
+#define ifsset()	((vifs.flags & VUNSET) == 0)
+#define mailval()	(vmail.text + 5)
+#define mpathval()	(vmpath.text + 9)
+#define pathval()	(vpath.text + 5)
+#define ps1val()	(vps1.text + 4)
+#define ps2val()	(vps2.text + 4)
+#define ps4val()	(vps4.text + 4)
+#define optindval()	(voptind.text + 7)
+#define linenoval()	(vlineno.text + 7)
+#ifndef SMALL
+#define histsizeval()	(vhistsize.text + 9)
+#define termval()	(vterm.text + 5)
+#endif
+
+#if ATTY
+#define attyset()	((vatty.flags & VUNSET) == 0)
+#endif
+#define mpathset()	((vmpath.flags & VUNSET) == 0)
+
+void initvar(void);
+struct var *setvar(const char *name, const char *val, int flags);
+intmax_t setvarint(const char *, intmax_t, int);
+struct var *setvareq(char *s, int flags);
+struct strlist;
+char *lookupvar(const char *);
+intmax_t lookupvarint(const char *);
+char **listvars(int, int, char ***);
+#define environment() listvars(VEXPORT, VUNSET, 0)
+int showvars(const char *, int, int);
+int exportcmd(int, char **);
+int localcmd(int, char **);
+void mklocal(char *name, int flags);
+struct localvar_list *pushlocalvars(int push);
+void unwindlocalvars(struct localvar_list *stop);
+int unsetcmd(int, char **);
+void unsetvar(const char *);
+int varcmp(const char *, const char *);
+
+static inline int varequal(const char *a, const char *b) {
+	return !varcmp(a, b);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Search the environment of a builtin command.
+ */
+
+static inline char *bltinlookup(const char *name)
+{
+	return lookupvar(name);
+}
+
+
diff --git a/bin/dtch.c b/bin/dtch.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..026493dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dtch.c
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2017-2019  June McEnroe <june@causal.agency>
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+#include <err.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <poll.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/un.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <sysexits.h>
+#include <termios.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#if defined __FreeBSD__
+#include <libutil.h>
+#elif defined __linux__
+#include <pty.h>
+#else
+#include <util.h>
+#endif
+
+static char _;
+static struct iovec iov = { .iov_base = &_, .iov_len = 1 };
+
+static ssize_t sendfd(int sock, int fd) {
+	size_t len = CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(int));
+	char buf[len];
+	struct msghdr msg = {
+		.msg_iov = &iov,
+		.msg_iovlen = 1,
+		.msg_control = buf,
+		.msg_controllen = len,
+	};
+
+	struct cmsghdr *cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msg);
+	cmsg->cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(int));
+	cmsg->cmsg_level = SOL_SOCKET;
+	cmsg->cmsg_type = SCM_RIGHTS;
+	*(int *)CMSG_DATA(cmsg) = fd;
+
+	return sendmsg(sock, &msg, 0);
+}
+
+static int recvfd(int sock) {
+	size_t len = CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(int));
+	char buf[len];
+	struct msghdr msg = {
+		.msg_iov = &iov,
+		.msg_iovlen = 1,
+		.msg_control = buf,
+		.msg_controllen = len,
+	};
+	if (0 > recvmsg(sock, &msg, 0)) return -1;
+
+	struct cmsghdr *cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msg);
+	if (!cmsg || cmsg->cmsg_type != SCM_RIGHTS) {
+		errno = ENOMSG;
+		return -1;
+	}
+	return *(int *)CMSG_DATA(cmsg);
+}
+
+static struct sockaddr_un addr = { .sun_family = AF_UNIX };
+
+static void handler(int sig) {
+	unlink(addr.sun_path);
+	_exit(-sig);
+}
+
+static void detach(int server, bool sink, char *argv[]) {
+	int pty;
+	pid_t pid = forkpty(&pty, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+	if (pid < 0) err(EX_OSERR, "forkpty");
+
+	if (!pid) {
+		execvp(argv[0], argv);
+		err(EX_NOINPUT, "%s", argv[0]);
+	}
+
+	signal(SIGINT, handler);
+	signal(SIGTERM, handler);
+
+	int error = listen(server, 0);
+	if (error) err(EX_OSERR, "listen");
+
+	struct pollfd fds[] = {
+		{ .events = POLLIN, .fd = server },
+		{ .events = POLLIN, .fd = pty },
+	};
+	while (0 < poll(fds, (sink ? 2 : 1), -1)) {
+		if (fds[0].revents) {
+			int client = accept(server, NULL, NULL);
+			if (client < 0) err(EX_IOERR, "accept");
+
+			ssize_t len = sendfd(client, pty);
+			if (len < 0) warn("sendfd");
+
+			len = recv(client, &_, sizeof(_), 0);
+			if (len < 0) warn("recv");
+
+			close(client);
+		}
+
+		if (fds[1].revents) {
+			char buf[4096];
+			ssize_t len = read(pty, buf, sizeof(buf));
+			if (len < 0) err(EX_IOERR, "read");
+		}
+
+		int status;
+		pid_t dead = waitpid(pid, &status, WNOHANG);
+		if (dead < 0) err(EX_OSERR, "waitpid");
+		if (dead) {
+			unlink(addr.sun_path);
+			exit(WIFEXITED(status) ? WEXITSTATUS(status) : -WTERMSIG(status));
+		}
+	}
+	err(EX_IOERR, "poll");
+}
+
+static struct termios saveTerm;
+static void restoreTerm(void) {
+	tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSADRAIN, &saveTerm);
+	fprintf(stderr, "\33c"); // RIS
+	warnx("detached");
+}
+
+static void nop(int sig) {
+	(void)sig;
+}
+
+static void attach(int client) {
+	int error;
+
+	int pty = recvfd(client);
+	if (pty < 0) err(EX_IOERR, "recvfd");
+	warnx("attached");
+
+	struct winsize window;
+	error = ioctl(STDIN_FILENO, TIOCGWINSZ, &window);
+	if (error) err(EX_IOERR, "ioctl");
+
+	struct winsize redraw = { .ws_row = 1, .ws_col = 1 };
+	error = ioctl(pty, TIOCSWINSZ, &redraw);
+	if (error) err(EX_IOERR, "ioctl");
+
+	error = ioctl(pty, TIOCSWINSZ, &window);
+	if (error) err(EX_IOERR, "ioctl");
+
+	error = tcgetattr(STDIN_FILENO, &saveTerm);
+	if (error) err(EX_IOERR, "tcgetattr");
+	atexit(restoreTerm);
+
+	struct termios raw = saveTerm;
+	cfmakeraw(&raw);
+	error = tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSADRAIN, &raw);
+	if (error) err(EX_IOERR, "tcsetattr");
+
+	signal(SIGWINCH, nop);
+
+	char buf[4096];
+	struct pollfd fds[] = {
+		{ .events = POLLIN, .fd = STDIN_FILENO },
+		{ .events = POLLIN, .fd = pty },
+	};
+	for (;;) {
+		int nfds = poll(fds, 2, -1);
+		if (nfds < 0) {
+			if (errno != EINTR) err(EX_IOERR, "poll");
+
+			error = ioctl(STDIN_FILENO, TIOCGWINSZ, &window);
+			if (error) err(EX_IOERR, "ioctl");
+
+			error = ioctl(pty, TIOCSWINSZ, &window);
+			if (error) err(EX_IOERR, "ioctl");
+
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (fds[0].revents) {
+			ssize_t len = read(STDIN_FILENO, buf, sizeof(buf));
+			if (len < 0) err(EX_IOERR, "read");
+			if (!len) break;
+
+			if (len == 1 && buf[0] == CTRL('Q')) break;
+
+			len = write(pty, buf, len);
+			if (len < 0) err(EX_IOERR, "write");
+		}
+
+		if (fds[1].revents) {
+			ssize_t len = read(pty, buf, sizeof(buf));
+			if (len < 0) err(EX_IOERR, "read");
+			if (!len) break;
+
+			len = write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, len);
+			if (len < 0) err(EX_IOERR, "write");
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+	int error;
+
+	bool atch = false;
+	bool sink = false;
+
+	int opt;
+	while (0 < (opt = getopt(argc, argv, "as"))) {
+		switch (opt) {
+			break; case 'a': atch = true;
+			break; case 's': sink = true;
+			break; default:  return EX_USAGE;
+		}
+	}
+	if (optind == argc) errx(EX_USAGE, "no session name");
+	const char *name = argv[optind++];
+
+	if (optind == argc) {
+		argv[--optind] = getenv("SHELL");
+		if (!argv[optind]) errx(EX_CONFIG, "SHELL unset");
+	}
+
+	const char *home = getenv("HOME");
+	if (!home) errx(EX_CONFIG, "HOME unset");
+
+	int fd = open(home, 0);
+	if (fd < 0) err(EX_CANTCREAT, "%s", home);
+
+	error = mkdirat(fd, ".dtch", 0700);
+	if (error && errno != EEXIST) err(EX_CANTCREAT, "%s/.dtch", home);
+
+	close(fd);
+
+	int sock = socket(PF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+	if (sock < 0) err(EX_OSERR, "socket");
+	fcntl(sock, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC);
+
+	snprintf(addr.sun_path, sizeof(addr.sun_path), "%s/.dtch/%s", home, name);
+
+	if (atch) {
+		error = connect(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, SUN_LEN(&addr));
+		if (error) err(EX_NOINPUT, "%s", addr.sun_path);
+		attach(sock);
+	} else {
+		error = bind(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, SUN_LEN(&addr));
+		if (error) err(EX_CANTCREAT, "%s", addr.sun_path);
+		detach(sock, sink, &argv[optind]);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/bin/ever.c b/bin/ever.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7838af4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/ever.c
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2017  June McEnroe <june@causal.agency>
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#include <err.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/event.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <sysexits.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+static int watch(int kq, char *path) {
+	int fd = open(path, O_CLOEXEC);
+	if (fd < 0) err(EX_NOINPUT, "%s", path);
+
+	struct kevent event;
+	EV_SET(
+		&event,
+		fd,
+		EVFILT_VNODE,
+		EV_ADD | EV_CLEAR,
+		NOTE_WRITE | NOTE_DELETE,
+		0,
+		path
+	);
+	int nevents = kevent(kq, &event, 1, NULL, 0, NULL);
+	if (nevents < 0) err(EX_OSERR, "kevent");
+
+	return fd;
+}
+
+static void exec(int fd, char *const argv[]) {
+	pid_t pid = fork();
+	if (pid < 0) err(EX_OSERR, "fork");
+
+	if (!pid) {
+		dup2(fd, STDIN_FILENO);
+		execvp(*argv, argv);
+		err(EX_NOINPUT, "%s", *argv);
+	}
+
+	int status;
+	pid = wait(&status);
+	if (pid < 0) err(EX_OSERR, "wait");
+
+	if (WIFEXITED(status)) {
+		warnx("exit %d\n", WEXITSTATUS(status));
+	} else if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) {
+		warnx("signal %d\n", WTERMSIG(status));
+	} else {
+		warnx("status %d\n", status);
+	}
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+	bool input = false;
+
+	for (int opt; 0 < (opt = getopt(argc, argv, "i"));) {
+		switch (opt) {
+			break; case 'i': input = true;
+			break; default:  return EX_USAGE;
+		}
+	}
+	argc -= optind;
+	argv += optind;
+	if (argc < 2) return EX_USAGE;
+
+	int kq = kqueue();
+	if (kq < 0) err(EX_OSERR, "kqueue");
+
+	int i;
+	for (i = 0; i < argc - 1; ++i) {
+		if (argv[i][0] == '-') {
+			i++;
+			break;
+		}
+		watch(kq, argv[i]);
+	}
+
+	if (!input) {
+		exec(STDIN_FILENO, &argv[i]);
+	}
+
+	for (;;) {
+		struct kevent event;
+		int nevents = kevent(kq, NULL, 0, &event, 1, NULL);
+		if (nevents < 0) err(EX_OSERR, "kevent");
+
+		if (event.fflags & NOTE_DELETE) {
+			close(event.ident);
+			sleep(1);
+			event.ident = watch(kq, (char *)event.udata);
+		} else if (input) {
+			off_t off = lseek(event.ident, 0, SEEK_SET);
+			if (off < 0) err(EX_IOERR, "lseek");
+		}
+
+		exec((input ? event.ident : STDIN_FILENO), &argv[i]);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/bin/fbatt.c b/bin/fbatt.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8b7e6e40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/fbatt.c
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2018  June McEnroe <june@causal.agency>
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <err.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <linux/fb.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#include <sysexits.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "scheme.h"
+
+static const char *Class = "/sys/class/power_supply";
+
+static const uint32_t Right  = 5 * 8 + 1; // fbclock width.
+static const uint32_t Width  = 8;
+static const uint32_t Height = 16;
+
+int main() {
+	int error;
+
+	DIR *dir = opendir(Class);
+	if (!dir) err(EX_OSFILE, "%s", Class);
+
+	FILE *chargeFull = NULL;
+	FILE *chargeNow = NULL;
+
+	const struct dirent *entry;
+	while (NULL != (errno = 0, entry = readdir(dir))) {
+		if (entry->d_name[0] == '.') continue;
+
+		error = chdir(Class);
+		if (error) err(EX_OSFILE, "%s", Class);
+
+		error = chdir(entry->d_name);
+		if (error) err(EX_OSFILE, "%s/%s", Class, entry->d_name);
+
+		chargeFull = fopen("charge_full", "r");
+		chargeNow = fopen("charge_now", "r");
+		if (chargeFull && chargeNow) break;
+	}
+	if (!chargeFull || !chargeNow) {
+		if (errno) err(EX_OSFILE, "%s", Class);
+		errx(EX_CONFIG, "%s: empty", Class);
+	}
+	closedir(dir);
+
+	const char *path = getenv("FRAMEBUFFER");
+	if (!path) path = "/dev/fb0";
+
+	int fb = open(path, O_RDWR);
+	if (fb < 0) err(EX_OSFILE, "%s", path);
+
+	struct fb_var_screeninfo info;
+	error = ioctl(fb, FBIOGET_VSCREENINFO, &info);
+	if (error) err(EX_IOERR, "%s", path);
+
+	size_t size = 4 * info.xres * info.yres;
+	uint32_t *buf = mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fb, 0);
+	if (buf == MAP_FAILED) err(EX_IOERR, "%s", path);
+
+	for (;;) {
+		int match;
+
+		rewind(chargeFull);
+		fflush(chargeFull);
+		uint32_t full;
+		match = fscanf(chargeFull, "%u", &full);
+		if (match == EOF) err(EX_IOERR, "charge_full");
+		if (match < 1) errx(EX_DATAERR, "charge_full");
+
+		rewind(chargeNow);
+		fflush(chargeNow);
+		uint32_t now;
+		match = fscanf(chargeNow, "%u", &now);
+		if (match == EOF) err(EX_IOERR, "charge_now");
+		if (match < 1) errx(EX_DATAERR, "charge_now");
+
+		uint32_t percent = 100 * now / full;
+		uint32_t height = 16 * now / full;
+
+		for (int i = 0; i < 60; ++i, sleep(1)) {
+			uint32_t left = info.xres - Right - Width;
+
+			for (uint32_t y = 0; y <= Height; ++y) {
+				buf[y * info.xres + left - 1] = DarkWhite;
+				buf[y * info.xres + left + Width] = DarkWhite;
+			}
+			for (uint32_t x = left; x < left + Width; ++x) {
+				buf[Height * info.xres + x] = DarkWhite;
+			}
+
+			for (uint32_t y = 0; y < Height; ++y) {
+				for (uint32_t x = left; x < left + Width; ++x) {
+					buf[y * info.xres + x] =
+						(Height - 1 - y > height) ? DarkBlack
+						: (percent <= 10) ? DarkRed
+						: (percent <= 30) ? DarkYellow
+						: LightBlack;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/bin/fbclock.c b/bin/fbclock.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e1e418b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/fbclock.c
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2018  June McEnroe <june@causal.agency>
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <err.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <linux/fb.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#include <sysexits.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <zlib.h>
+
+#include "scheme.h"
+
+static const uint32_t PSF2Magic = 0x864AB572;
+struct PSF2Header {
+	uint32_t magic;
+	uint32_t version;
+	uint32_t headerSize;
+	uint32_t flags;
+	uint32_t glyphCount;
+	uint32_t glyphSize;
+	uint32_t glyphHeight;
+	uint32_t glyphWidth;
+};
+
+int main() {
+	size_t len;
+
+	const char *fontPath = getenv("FONT");
+	if (!fontPath) {
+		fontPath = "/usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/Lat2-Terminus16.psfu.gz";
+	}
+
+	gzFile font = gzopen(fontPath, "r");
+	if (!font) err(EX_NOINPUT, "%s", fontPath);
+
+	struct PSF2Header header;
+	len = gzfread(&header, sizeof(header), 1, font);
+	if (!len && gzeof(font)) errx(EX_DATAERR, "%s: missing header", fontPath);
+	if (!len) errx(EX_IOERR, "%s", gzerror(font, NULL));
+
+	if (header.magic != PSF2Magic) {
+		errx(
+			EX_DATAERR, "%s: invalid header magic %08X",
+			fontPath, header.magic
+		);
+	}
+	if (header.headerSize != sizeof(struct PSF2Header)) {
+		errx(
+			EX_DATAERR, "%s: weird header size %d",
+			fontPath, header.headerSize
+		);
+	}
+
+	uint8_t glyphs[128][header.glyphSize];
+	len = gzfread(glyphs, header.glyphSize, 128, font);
+	if (!len && gzeof(font)) errx(EX_DATAERR, "%s: missing glyphs", fontPath);
+	if (!len) errx(EX_IOERR, "%s", gzerror(font, NULL));
+
+	gzclose(font);
+
+	const char *fbPath = getenv("FRAMEBUFFER");
+	if (!fbPath) fbPath = "/dev/fb0";
+
+	int fb = open(fbPath, O_RDWR);
+	if (fb < 0) err(EX_OSFILE, "%s", fbPath);
+
+	struct fb_var_screeninfo info;
+	int error = ioctl(fb, FBIOGET_VSCREENINFO, &info);
+	if (error) err(EX_IOERR, "%s", fbPath);
+
+	size_t size = 4 * info.xres * info.yres;
+	uint32_t *buf = mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fb, 0);
+	if (buf == MAP_FAILED) err(EX_IOERR, "%s", fbPath);
+
+	for (;;) {
+		time_t t = time(NULL);
+		if (t < 0) err(EX_OSERR, "time");
+		const struct tm *local = localtime(&t);
+		if (!local) err(EX_OSERR, "localtime");
+
+		char str[64];
+		len = strftime(str, sizeof(str), "%H:%M", local);
+		assert(len);
+
+		for (int i = 0; i < (60 - local->tm_sec); ++i, sleep(1)) {
+			uint32_t left = info.xres - header.glyphWidth * len;
+			uint32_t bottom = header.glyphHeight;
+
+			for (uint32_t y = 0; y < bottom; ++y) {
+				buf[y * info.xres + left - 1] = DarkWhite;
+			}
+			for (uint32_t x = left - 1; x < info.xres; ++x) {
+				buf[bottom * info.xres + x] = DarkWhite;
+			}
+
+			for (const char *s = str; *s; ++s) {
+				const uint8_t *glyph = glyphs[(unsigned)*s];
+				uint32_t stride = header.glyphSize / header.glyphHeight;
+				for (uint32_t y = 0; y < header.glyphHeight; ++y) {
+					for (uint32_t x = 0; x < header.glyphWidth; ++x) {
+						uint8_t bits = glyph[y * stride + x / 8];
+						uint8_t bit = bits >> (7 - x % 8) & 1;
+						buf[y * info.xres + left + x] = bit
+							? DarkWhite
+							: DarkBlack;
+					}
+				}
+				left += header.glyphWidth;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/bin/glitch.c b/bin/glitch.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..acb2615c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/glitch.c
@@ -0,0 +1,538 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2018  June McEnroe <june@causal.agency>
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+#include <arpa/inet.h>
+#include <err.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sysexits.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <zlib.h>
+
+#define PACKED __attribute__((packed))
+
+#define CRC_INIT (crc32(0, Z_NULL, 0))
+
+static const char *path;
+static FILE *file;
+static uint32_t crc;
+
+static void readExpect(void *ptr, size_t size, const char *expect) {
+	fread(ptr, size, 1, file);
+	if (ferror(file)) err(EX_IOERR, "%s", path);
+	if (feof(file)) errx(EX_DATAERR, "%s: missing %s", path, expect);
+	crc = crc32(crc, ptr, size);
+}
+
+static void writeExpect(const void *ptr, size_t size) {
+	fwrite(ptr, size, 1, file);
+	if (ferror(file)) err(EX_IOERR, "%s", path);
+	crc = crc32(crc, ptr, size);
+}
+
+static const uint8_t Signature[8] = "\x89PNG\r\n\x1A\n";
+
+static void readSignature(void) {
+	uint8_t signature[8];
+	readExpect(signature, 8, "signature");
+	if (0 != memcmp(signature, Signature, 8)) {
+		errx(EX_DATAERR, "%s: invalid signature", path);
+	}
+}
+
+static void writeSignature(void) {
+	writeExpect(Signature, sizeof(Signature));
+}
+
+struct PACKED Chunk {
+	uint32_t size;
+	char type[4];
+};
+
+static const char *typeStr(struct Chunk chunk) {
+	static char buf[5];
+	memcpy(buf, chunk.type, 4);
+	return buf;
+}
+
+static struct Chunk readChunk(void) {
+	struct Chunk chunk;
+	readExpect(&chunk, sizeof(chunk), "chunk");
+	chunk.size = ntohl(chunk.size);
+	crc = crc32(CRC_INIT, (Byte *)chunk.type, sizeof(chunk.type));
+	return chunk;
+}
+
+static void writeChunk(struct Chunk chunk) {
+	chunk.size = htonl(chunk.size);
+	writeExpect(&chunk, sizeof(chunk));
+	crc = crc32(CRC_INIT, (Byte *)chunk.type, sizeof(chunk.type));
+}
+
+static void readCrc(void) {
+	uint32_t expected = crc;
+	uint32_t found;
+	readExpect(&found, sizeof(found), "CRC32");
+	found = ntohl(found);
+	if (found != expected) {
+		errx(
+			EX_DATAERR, "%s: expected CRC32 %08X, found %08X",
+			path, expected, found
+		);
+	}
+}
+
+static void writeCrc(void) {
+	uint32_t net = htonl(crc);
+	writeExpect(&net, sizeof(net));
+}
+
+static void skipChunk(struct Chunk chunk) {
+	uint8_t discard[chunk.size];
+	readExpect(discard, sizeof(discard), "chunk data");
+	readCrc();
+}
+
+static struct PACKED {
+	uint32_t width;
+	uint32_t height;
+	uint8_t depth;
+	enum PACKED {
+		Grayscale      = 0,
+		Truecolor      = 2,
+		Indexed        = 3,
+		GrayscaleAlpha = 4,
+		TruecolorAlpha = 6,
+	} color;
+	uint8_t compression;
+	uint8_t filter;
+	uint8_t interlace;
+} header;
+_Static_assert(13 == sizeof(header), "header size");
+
+static size_t pixelBits(void) {
+	switch (header.color) {
+		case Grayscale:      return 1 * header.depth;
+		case Truecolor:      return 3 * header.depth;
+		case Indexed:        return 1 * header.depth;
+		case GrayscaleAlpha: return 2 * header.depth;
+		case TruecolorAlpha: return 4 * header.depth;
+		default: abort();
+	}
+}
+
+static size_t pixelSize(void) {
+	return (pixelBits() + 7) / 8;
+}
+
+static size_t lineSize(void) {
+	return (header.width * pixelBits() + 7) / 8;
+}
+
+static size_t dataSize(void) {
+	return (1 + lineSize()) * header.height;
+}
+
+static void readHeader(void) {
+	struct Chunk ihdr = readChunk();
+	if (0 != memcmp(ihdr.type, "IHDR", 4)) {
+		errx(EX_DATAERR, "%s: expected IHDR, found %s", path, typeStr(ihdr));
+	}
+	if (ihdr.size != sizeof(header)) {
+		errx(
+			EX_DATAERR, "%s: expected IHDR size %zu, found %u",
+			path, sizeof(header), ihdr.size
+		);
+	}
+	readExpect(&header, sizeof(header), "header");
+	readCrc();
+	header.width = ntohl(header.width);
+	header.height = ntohl(header.height);
+	if (!header.width) errx(EX_DATAERR, "%s: invalid width 0", path);
+	if (!header.height) errx(EX_DATAERR, "%s: invalid height 0", path);
+}
+
+static void writeHeader(void) {
+	struct Chunk ihdr = { .size = sizeof(header), .type = "IHDR" };
+	writeChunk(ihdr);
+	header.width = htonl(header.width);
+	header.height = htonl(header.height);
+	writeExpect(&header, sizeof(header));
+	writeCrc();
+	header.width = ntohl(header.width);
+	header.height = ntohl(header.height);
+}
+
+static struct {
+	uint32_t len;
+	uint8_t entries[256][3];
+} palette;
+
+static void readPalette(void) {
+	struct Chunk chunk;
+	for (;;) {
+		chunk = readChunk();
+		if (0 == memcmp(chunk.type, "PLTE", 4)) break;
+		skipChunk(chunk);
+	}
+	palette.len = chunk.size / 3;
+	readExpect(palette.entries, chunk.size, "palette data");
+	readCrc();
+}
+
+static void writePalette(void) {
+	struct Chunk plte = { .size = 3 * palette.len, .type = "PLTE" };
+	writeChunk(plte);
+	writeExpect(palette.entries, plte.size);
+	writeCrc();
+}
+
+static uint8_t *data;
+
+static void readData(void) {
+	data = malloc(dataSize());
+	if (!data) err(EX_OSERR, "malloc(%zu)", dataSize());
+
+	struct z_stream_s stream = { .next_out = data, .avail_out = dataSize() };
+	int error = inflateInit(&stream);
+	if (error != Z_OK) errx(EX_SOFTWARE, "%s: inflateInit: %s", path, stream.msg);
+
+	for (;;) {
+		struct Chunk chunk = readChunk();
+		if (0 == memcmp(chunk.type, "IDAT", 4)) {
+			uint8_t *idat = malloc(chunk.size);
+			if (!idat) err(EX_OSERR, "malloc");
+
+			readExpect(idat, chunk.size, "image data");
+			readCrc();
+
+			stream.next_in = idat;
+			stream.avail_in = chunk.size;
+			int error = inflate(&stream, Z_SYNC_FLUSH);
+			free(idat);
+
+			if (error == Z_STREAM_END) break;
+			if (error != Z_OK) errx(EX_DATAERR, "%s: inflate: %s", path, stream.msg);
+
+		} else if (0 == memcmp(chunk.type, "IEND", 4)) {
+			errx(EX_DATAERR, "%s: missing IDAT chunk", path);
+		} else {
+			skipChunk(chunk);
+		}
+	}
+
+	inflateEnd(&stream);
+	if ((size_t)stream.total_out != dataSize()) {
+		errx(
+			EX_DATAERR, "%s: expected data size %zu, found %zu",
+			path, dataSize(), (size_t)stream.total_out
+		);
+	}
+}
+
+static void writeData(void) {
+	uLong size = compressBound(dataSize());
+	uint8_t *deflate = malloc(size);
+	if (!deflate) err(EX_OSERR, "malloc");
+
+	int error = compress2(deflate, &size, data, dataSize(), Z_BEST_SPEED);
+	if (error != Z_OK) errx(EX_SOFTWARE, "%s: compress2: %d", path, error);
+
+	struct Chunk idat = { .size = size, .type = "IDAT" };
+	writeChunk(idat);
+	writeExpect(deflate, size);
+	writeCrc();
+
+	free(deflate);
+}
+
+static void writeEnd(void) {
+	struct Chunk iend = { .size = 0, .type = "IEND" };
+	writeChunk(iend);
+	writeCrc();
+}
+
+enum PACKED Filter {
+	None,
+	Sub,
+	Up,
+	Average,
+	Paeth,
+	FilterCount,
+};
+
+static struct {
+	bool brokenPaeth;
+	bool filt;
+	bool recon;
+	uint8_t declareFilter;
+	uint8_t applyFilter;
+	enum Filter declareFilters[255];
+	enum Filter applyFilters[255];
+	bool invert;
+	bool mirror;
+	bool zeroX;
+	bool zeroY;
+} options;
+
+struct Bytes {
+	uint8_t x;
+	uint8_t a;
+	uint8_t b;
+	uint8_t c;
+};
+
+static uint8_t paethPredictor(struct Bytes f) {
+	int32_t p = (int32_t)f.a + (int32_t)f.b - (int32_t)f.c;
+	int32_t pa = abs(p - (int32_t)f.a);
+	int32_t pb = abs(p - (int32_t)f.b);
+	int32_t pc = abs(p - (int32_t)f.c);
+	if (pa <= pb && pa <= pc) return f.a;
+	if (options.brokenPaeth) {
+		if (pb < pc) return f.b;
+	} else {
+		if (pb <= pc) return f.b;
+	}
+	return f.c;
+}
+
+static uint8_t recon(enum Filter type, struct Bytes f) {
+	switch (type) {
+		case None:    return f.x;
+		case Sub:     return f.x + f.a;
+		case Up:      return f.x + f.b;
+		case Average: return f.x + ((uint32_t)f.a + (uint32_t)f.b) / 2;
+		case Paeth:   return f.x + paethPredictor(f);
+		default:      abort();
+	}
+}
+
+static uint8_t filt(enum Filter type, struct Bytes f) {
+	switch (type) {
+		case None:    return f.x;
+		case Sub:     return f.x - f.a;
+		case Up:      return f.x - f.b;
+		case Average: return f.x - ((uint32_t)f.a + (uint32_t)f.b) / 2;
+		case Paeth:   return f.x - paethPredictor(f);
+		default:      abort();
+	}
+}
+
+static struct Line {
+	enum Filter type;
+	uint8_t data[];
+} **lines;
+
+static void scanlines(void) {
+	lines = calloc(header.height, sizeof(*lines));
+	if (!lines) err(EX_OSERR, "calloc(%u, %zu)", header.height, sizeof(*lines));
+
+	size_t stride = 1 + lineSize();
+	for (uint32_t y = 0; y < header.height; ++y) {
+		lines[y] = (struct Line *)&data[y * stride];
+		if (lines[y]->type >= FilterCount) {
+			errx(EX_DATAERR, "%s: invalid filter type %hhu", path, lines[y]->type);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+static struct Bytes origBytes(uint32_t y, size_t i) {
+	bool a = (i >= pixelSize()), b = (y > 0), c = (a && b);
+	return (struct Bytes) {
+		.x = lines[y]->data[i],
+		.a = a ? lines[y]->data[i - pixelSize()] : 0,
+		.b = b ? lines[y - 1]->data[i] : 0,
+		.c = c ? lines[y - 1]->data[i - pixelSize()] : 0,
+	};
+}
+
+static void reconData(void) {
+	for (uint32_t y = 0; y < header.height; ++y) {
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < lineSize(); ++i) {
+			if (options.filt) {
+				lines[y]->data[i] = filt(lines[y]->type, origBytes(y, i));
+			} else {
+				lines[y]->data[i] = recon(lines[y]->type, origBytes(y, i));
+			}
+		}
+		lines[y]->type = None;
+	}
+}
+
+static void filterData(void) {
+	for (uint32_t y = header.height - 1; y < header.height; --y) {
+		uint8_t filter[FilterCount][lineSize()];
+		uint32_t heuristic[FilterCount] = {0};
+		enum Filter minType = None;
+		for (enum Filter type = None; type < FilterCount; ++type) {
+			for (size_t i = 0; i < lineSize(); ++i) {
+				if (options.recon) {
+					filter[type][i] = recon(type, origBytes(y, i));
+				} else {
+					filter[type][i] = filt(type, origBytes(y, i));
+				}
+				heuristic[type] += abs((int8_t)filter[type][i]);
+			}
+			if (heuristic[type] < heuristic[minType]) minType = type;
+		}
+
+		if (options.declareFilter) {
+			lines[y]->type = options.declareFilters[y % options.declareFilter];
+		} else {
+			lines[y]->type = minType;
+		}
+
+		if (options.applyFilter) {
+			enum Filter type = options.applyFilters[y % options.applyFilter];
+			memcpy(lines[y]->data, filter[type], lineSize());
+		} else {
+			memcpy(lines[y]->data, filter[minType], lineSize());
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+static void invert(void) {
+	for (uint32_t y = 0; y < header.height; ++y) {
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < lineSize(); ++i) {
+			lines[y]->data[i] ^= 0xFF;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+static void mirror(void) {
+	for (uint32_t y = 0; y < header.height; ++y) {
+		for (size_t i = 0, j = lineSize() - 1; i < j; ++i, --j) {
+			uint8_t t = lines[y]->data[i];
+			lines[y]->data[i] = lines[y]->data[j];
+			lines[y]->data[j] = t;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+static void zeroX(void) {
+	for (uint32_t y = 0; y < header.height; ++y) {
+		memset(lines[y]->data, 0, pixelSize());
+	}
+}
+
+static void zeroY(void) {
+	memset(lines[0]->data, 0, lineSize());
+}
+
+static void glitch(const char *inPath, const char *outPath) {
+	if (inPath) {
+		path = inPath;
+		file = fopen(path, "r");
+		if (!file) err(EX_NOINPUT, "%s", path);
+	} else {
+		path = "(stdin)";
+		file = stdin;
+	}
+
+	readSignature();
+	readHeader();
+	if (header.color == Indexed) readPalette();
+	readData();
+	fclose(file);
+
+	scanlines();
+	reconData();
+	filterData();
+	if (options.invert) invert();
+	if (options.mirror) mirror();
+	if (options.zeroX) zeroX();
+	if (options.zeroY) zeroY();
+	free(lines);
+
+	if (outPath) {
+		path = outPath;
+		file = fopen(path, "w");
+		if (!file) err(EX_CANTCREAT, "%s", path);
+	} else {
+		path = "(stdout)";
+		file = stdout;
+	}
+
+	writeSignature();
+	writeHeader();
+	if (header.color == Indexed) writePalette();
+	writeData();
+	writeEnd();
+	free(data);
+
+	int error = fclose(file);
+	if (error) err(EX_IOERR, "%s", path);
+}
+
+static enum Filter parseFilter(const char *s) {
+	switch (s[0]) {
+		case 'N': case 'n': return None;
+		case 'S': case 's': return Sub;
+		case 'U': case 'u': return Up;
+		case 'A': case 'a': return Average;
+		case 'P': case 'p': return Paeth;
+		default: errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid filter type %s", s);
+	}
+}
+
+static uint8_t parseFilters(enum Filter *filters, const char *s) {
+	uint8_t len = 0;
+	do {
+		filters[len++] = parseFilter(s);
+		s = strchr(s, ',');
+	} while (s++);
+	return len;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+	bool stdio = false;
+	char *output = NULL;
+
+	int opt;
+	while (0 < (opt = getopt(argc, argv, "a:cd:fimo:prxy"))) {
+		switch (opt) {
+			break; case 'a':
+				options.applyFilter = parseFilters(options.applyFilters, optarg);
+			break; case 'c': stdio = true;
+			break; case 'd':
+				options.declareFilter = parseFilters(options.declareFilters, optarg);
+			break; case 'f': options.filt = true;
+			break; case 'i': options.invert = true;
+			break; case 'm': options.mirror = true;
+			break; case 'o': output = optarg;
+			break; case 'p': options.brokenPaeth = true;
+			break; case 'r': options.recon = true;
+			break; case 'x': options.zeroX = true;
+			break; case 'y': options.zeroY = true;
+			break; default: return EX_USAGE;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (argc - optind == 1 && (output || stdio)) {
+		glitch(argv[optind], output);
+	} else if (optind < argc) {
+		for (int i = optind; i < argc; ++i) {
+			glitch(argv[i], argv[i]);
+		}
+	} else {
+		glitch(NULL, output);
+	}
+
+	return EX_OK;
+}
diff --git a/bin/hi.c b/bin/hi.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..23d69574
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/hi.c
@@ -0,0 +1,766 @@
+/* vim: set foldmethod=marker foldlevel=0: */
+/* Copyright (C) 2019  June McEnroe <june@causal.agency>
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <err.h>
+#include <locale.h>
+#include <regex.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sysexits.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#define ARRAY_LEN(a) (sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0]))
+
+typedef unsigned Set;
+#define SET(x) ((Set)1 << (x))
+
+#define ENUM_CLASS \
+	X(Normal)  \
+	X(Keyword) \
+	X(Macro)   \
+	X(Tag)     \
+	X(String)  \
+	X(Escape)  \
+	X(Format)  \
+	X(Interp)  \
+	X(Comment) \
+	X(Todo)    \
+	X(DiffOld) \
+	X(DiffNew)
+
+enum Class {
+#define X(class) class,
+	ENUM_CLASS
+#undef X
+	ClassLen,
+};
+
+static const char *ClassName[ClassLen] = {
+#define X(class) [class] = #class,
+	ENUM_CLASS
+#undef X
+};
+
+struct Syntax {
+	enum Class class;
+	Set parent;
+	bool newline;
+	size_t subexp;
+	const char *pattern;
+};
+
+#define WB "(^|[^_[:alnum:]]|\n)"
+#define BL0 "[[:blank:]]*"
+#define BL1 "[[:blank:]]+"
+#define SP0 "[[:space:]]*"
+#define SP1 "[[:space:]]+"
+#define PATTERN_ID "[_[:alpha:]][_[:alnum:]]*"
+#define PATTERN_SQ "'([^']|[\\]')*'"
+#define PATTERN_DQ "\"([^\"]|[\\]\")*\""
+#define PATTERN_BC "/[*]" "([^*]|[*][^/])*" "[*]+/"
+#define PATTERN_TODO "FIXME|TODO|XXX"
+
+// C syntax {{{
+static const struct Syntax CSyntax[] = {
+	{ Keyword, .subexp = 2, .pattern = WB
+		"(" "auto|extern|register|static|(_T|t)hread_local|typedef"
+		"|" "_Atomic|const|restrict|volatile"
+		"|" "inline|(_N|n)oreturn"
+		"|" "(_A|a)lignas"
+		"|" "enum|struct|union"
+		"|" "do|else|for|if|switch|while"
+		"|" "break|case|continue|default|goto|return"
+		")" WB },
+	{ Macro,
+		.pattern = "^" BL0 "#(.|[\\]\n)*" },
+	{ Tag, .parent = SET(Macro), .subexp = 1,
+		.pattern = "define" BL1 "(" PATTERN_ID ")" "[(]" },
+	{ Tag, .subexp = 2,
+		.pattern = "(enum|struct|union)" SP1 "(" PATTERN_ID ")" SP0 "[{]" },
+	{ Tag, .parent = ~SET(Keyword), .newline = true, .subexp = 1,
+		.pattern = "(" PATTERN_ID ")" SP0 "[(][^()]*[)]" SP0 "[{]" },
+	{ Tag, .newline = true, .subexp = 3, .pattern =
+		"(static|typedef)" SP1
+		"(" "(" PATTERN_ID ")" SP0
+		"(" "[*]" "|" "[[][^]]*[]]" "|" "[{][^}]*[}]" "|" SP0 ")*" ")+" },
+	{ String, .parent = SET(Macro), .subexp = 2,
+		.pattern = "(include|import)" BL0 "(<[^>]*>)" },
+	{ String,
+		.pattern = "[LUu]?" PATTERN_SQ },
+	{ String, .parent = ~SET(String),
+		.pattern = "([LU]|u8?)?" PATTERN_DQ },
+	{ Escape, .parent = SET(String),
+		.pattern = "[\\]([\"'?\\abfnrtv]|[0-7]{1,3}|x[0-9A-Fa-f]+)" },
+	{ Escape, .parent = SET(String),
+		.pattern = "[\\](U[0-9A-Fa-f]{8}|u[0-9A-Fa-f]{4})" },
+	{ Format, .parent = SET(String), .pattern =
+		"%%|%[ #+-0]*"         // flags
+		"([*]|[0-9]+)?"        // field width
+		"([.]([*]|[0-9]+))?"   // precision
+		"([Lhjltz]|hh|ll)?"    // length modifier
+		"[AEFGXacdefginopsux]" // format specifier
+	},
+	{ Comment, .parent = ~SET(String),
+		.pattern = "//(.|[\\]\n)*" },
+	{ Comment, .parent = ~SET(String), .newline = true,
+		.pattern = PATTERN_BC },
+	{ Todo, .parent = SET(Comment),
+		.pattern = PATTERN_TODO },
+};
+// }}}
+
+// diff syntax {{{
+static const struct Syntax DiffSyntax[] = {
+	{ Keyword, .pattern = "^[^ ].*" },
+	{ Comment, .pattern = "^@@.*" },
+	{ DiffOld, .pattern = "^[-].*" },
+	{ DiffNew, .pattern = "^[+].*" },
+};
+// }}}
+
+// make syntax {{{
+#define MAKE_TARGET "[-./_[:alnum:]]+"
+static const struct Syntax MakeSyntax[] = {
+	{ Keyword, .subexp = 2,
+		.pattern = WB "([.](PHONY|PRECIOUS|SUFFIXES))" WB },
+	{ Macro,
+		.pattern = "^ *-?include" },
+	{ Tag, .parent = ~SET(Keyword), .subexp = 1, .pattern =
+		"(" MAKE_TARGET ")" "(" BL1 MAKE_TARGET ")*" BL0 ":([^=]|$)" },
+	{ String, .subexp = 1,
+		.pattern = "[._[:alnum:]]+" BL0 "[!+:?]?=" BL0 "(.*)" },
+	{ Normal,
+		.pattern = "^\t.*" },
+	{ String,
+		.pattern = PATTERN_SQ },
+	{ String,
+		.pattern = PATTERN_DQ },
+	{ Interp,
+		.pattern = "[$]." },
+	// Support one level of nesting with the same delimiter.
+	{ Interp,
+		.pattern = "[$][(](" "[^$)]" "|" "[$]." "|" "[$][(][^)]*[)]" ")*[)]" },
+	{ Interp,
+		.pattern = "[$][{](" "[^$}]" "|" "[$]." "|" "[$][{][^}]*[}]" ")*[}]" },
+	{ Escape,
+		.pattern = "[$][$]" },
+	{ Comment, .parent = ~SET(String),
+		.pattern = "#.*" },
+	{ Todo, .parent = SET(Comment),
+		.pattern = PATTERN_TODO },
+};
+// }}}
+
+// mdoc syntax {{{
+static const struct Syntax MdocSyntax[] = {
+	{ Keyword, .subexp = 2, .pattern = WB
+		"(" "D[dt]|N[dm]|Os"
+		"|" "S[hsx]|[LP]p|Xr"
+		"|" "%[ABCDIJNOPQRTUV]|[BE][dl]|D[1l]|It|Ql|R[es]|Ta"
+		"|" "Ap|[BE]k|Ns|Pf|Sm"
+		"|" "Ar|Cm|Ev|Fl|O[cop]|Pa"
+		"|" "Dv|Er|F[acdnot]|In|Lb|V[at]"
+		"|" "A[dn]|Cd|Lk|M[st]"
+		"|" "[BE]f|Em|Li|No|Sy"
+		"|" "(Br|[ABDPQS])[coq]|E[co]"
+		"|" "At|(Bs|[BDEFNO])x|Rv|St"
+		")" WB },
+	{ Tag, .subexp = 1,
+		.pattern = "^[.]S[hs]" BL1 "(.+)" },
+	{ String,
+		.pattern = PATTERN_DQ },
+	{ Normal,
+		.pattern = "^[^.].*" },
+	{ String,
+		.pattern = "[\\](" "." "|" "[(].{2}" "|" "[[][^]]*[]]" ")" },
+	{ Comment,
+		.pattern = "^[.][\\]\".*" },
+	{ Todo, .parent = SET(Comment),
+		.pattern = PATTERN_TODO },
+};
+// }}}
+
+// Rust syntax {{{
+static const struct Syntax RustSyntax[] = {
+	{ Keyword, .subexp = 2, .pattern = WB
+		"(" "'?static|[Ss]elf|abstract|as|async|await|become|box|break|const"
+		"|" "continue|crate|do|dyn|else|enum|extern|false|final|fn|for|if"
+		"|" "impl|in|let|loop|macro|match|mod|move|mut|override|priv|pub|ref"
+		"|" "return|struct|super|trait|true|try|type(of)?|union|uns(afe|ized)"
+		"|" "use|virtual|where|while|yield"
+		")" WB },
+	{ Tag, .subexp = 2, .pattern =
+		"(enum|fn|macro_rules!|mod|struct|type|union)" SP1 "(" PATTERN_ID ")" },
+	{ Macro, .newline = true,
+		.pattern = "#!?[[][^]]*[]]" },
+	{ Macro,
+		.pattern = PATTERN_ID "!" },
+	{ Interp,
+		.pattern = "[$]" PATTERN_ID },
+	{ String,
+		.pattern = "b?'([^']|[\\]')'" },
+	{ String,
+		.pattern = "b?" "\"([^\"]|[\\][\n\"])*\"" },
+	{ Escape, .parent = SET(String),
+		.pattern = "[\\]([\"'0\\nrt]|u[{][0-9A-Fa-f]{1,6}[}]|x[0-9A-Fa-f]{2})" },
+	{ Format, .parent = SET(String),
+		.pattern = "[{][{]|[{][^{}]*[}]|[}][}]" },
+	{ String, .parent = ~SET(String), .newline = true,
+		.pattern = "b?r\"[^\"]*\"" },
+	{ String, .parent = ~SET(String), .newline = true,
+		.pattern = "b?r#+\"" "([^\"]|\"[^#])*" "\"+#+" },
+	{ Comment, .parent = ~SET(String),
+		.pattern = "//.*" },
+	{ Comment, .parent = ~SET(String), .newline = true,
+		.pattern = PATTERN_BC },
+	{ Todo, .parent = SET(Comment),
+		.pattern = PATTERN_TODO },
+};
+// }}}
+
+// sh syntax {{{
+static const struct Syntax ShSyntax[] = {
+	{ Keyword, .subexp = 2, .pattern = WB
+		"(" "!|case|do|done|elif|else|esac|fi|for|if|in|then|until|while"
+		"|" "alias|bg|cd|command|false|fc|fg|getopts|jobs|kill|newgrp|pwd|read"
+		"|" "true|type|ulimit|umask|unalias|wait"
+		"|" "[.:]|break|continue|eval|exec|exit|export|local|readonly|return"
+		"|" "set|shift|times|trap|unset"
+		")" WB },
+	{ Tag, .subexp = 2,
+		.pattern = WB "(" PATTERN_ID ")" BL0 "[(]" BL0 "[)]" },
+	{ String, .newline = true, .subexp = 1, .pattern =
+		"<<-?" BL0 "EOF[^\n]*\n"
+		"(([^\n]|\n\t*[^E]|\n\t*E[^O]|\n\t*EO[^F]|\n\t*EOF[^\n])*)"
+		"\n\t*EOF\n" },
+	{ String, .parent = ~SET(String), .newline = true,
+		.pattern = PATTERN_DQ },
+	{ Escape, .parent = SET(String),
+		.pattern = "[\\][\"$\\`]" },
+	{ Interp, .parent = ~SET(Escape),
+		.pattern = "[$][(][^)]*[)]" "|" "`[^`]*`" },
+	{ Interp, .parent = ~SET(Escape),
+		.pattern = "[$][(][(]([^)]|[)][^)])*[)][)]" },
+	{ String, .parent = SET(Interp),
+		.pattern = PATTERN_DQ },
+	{ Interp, .parent = ~SET(Escape),
+		.pattern = "[$]([!#$*?@-]|[_[:alnum:]]+|[{][^}]*[}])" },
+	{ String, .parent = ~SET(Escape),
+		.pattern = "[\\]." },
+	{ String, .subexp = 1, .newline = true, .pattern =
+		"<<-?" BL0 "'EOF'[^\n]*\n"
+		"(([^\n]|\n\t*[^E]|\n\t*E[^O]|\n\t*EO[^F]|\n\t*EOF[^\n])*)"
+		"\n\t*EOF\n" },
+	{ String, .parent = ~SET(String), .newline = true,
+		.pattern = "'[^']*'" },
+	{ Comment, .parent = ~SET(String), .subexp = 2,
+		.pattern = "(^|[[:blank:]]+)(#.*)" },
+	{ Todo, .parent = SET(Comment),
+		.pattern = PATTERN_TODO },
+};
+// }}}
+
+static const struct Language {
+	const char *name;
+	const char *pattern;
+	const struct Syntax *syntax;
+	size_t len;
+} Languages[] = {
+	{ "c",    "[.][chlmy]$", CSyntax, ARRAY_LEN(CSyntax) },
+	{ "diff", "[.](diff|patch)$", DiffSyntax, ARRAY_LEN(DiffSyntax) },
+	{ "make", "[.]mk$|^Makefile$", MakeSyntax, ARRAY_LEN(MakeSyntax) },
+	{ "mdoc", "[.][1-9]$", MdocSyntax, ARRAY_LEN(MdocSyntax) },
+	{ "rust", "[.]rs$", RustSyntax, ARRAY_LEN(RustSyntax) },
+	{ "sh",   "[.](sh|in)$|^[.](profile|shrc)$", ShSyntax, ARRAY_LEN(ShSyntax) },
+	{ "text", "[.]txt$", NULL, 0 },
+};
+
+static regex_t compile(const char *pattern, int flags) {
+	regex_t regex;
+	int error = regcomp(&regex, pattern, REG_EXTENDED | flags);
+	if (!error) return regex;
+	char buf[256];
+	regerror(error, &regex, buf, sizeof(buf));
+	errx(EX_SOFTWARE, "regcomp: %s: %s", buf, pattern);
+}
+
+enum { SubsLen = 8 };
+static void highlight(struct Language lang, enum Class *hi, const char *str) {
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < lang.len; ++i) {
+		struct Syntax syn = lang.syntax[i];
+		regex_t regex = compile(syn.pattern, syn.newline ? 0 : REG_NEWLINE);
+		assert(syn.subexp < SubsLen);
+		assert(syn.subexp <= regex.re_nsub);
+		regmatch_t subs[SubsLen] = {{0}};
+		for (size_t offset = 0; str[offset]; offset += subs[syn.subexp].rm_eo) {
+			int error = regexec(
+				&regex, &str[offset], SubsLen, subs, offset ? REG_NOTBOL : 0
+			);
+			if (error == REG_NOMATCH) break;
+			if (error) errx(EX_SOFTWARE, "regexec: %d", error);
+			regmatch_t *sub = &subs[syn.subexp];
+			if (syn.parent && !(syn.parent & SET(hi[offset + sub->rm_so]))) {
+				sub->rm_eo = sub->rm_so + 1;
+				continue;
+			}
+			for (regoff_t j = sub->rm_so; j < sub->rm_eo; ++j) {
+				hi[offset + j] = lang.syntax[i].class;
+			}
+		}
+		regfree(&regex);
+	}
+}
+
+static void check(void) {
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < ARRAY_LEN(Languages); ++i) {
+		regex_t regex = compile(Languages[i].pattern, REG_NOSUB);
+		regfree(&regex);
+		for (size_t j = 0; j < Languages[i].len; ++j) {
+			struct Syntax syn = Languages[i].syntax[j];
+			regex = compile(syn.pattern, 0);
+			if (syn.subexp >= SubsLen || syn.subexp > regex.re_nsub) {
+				errx(
+					EX_SOFTWARE, "subexpression %zu out of bounds: %s",
+					syn.subexp, syn.pattern
+				);
+			}
+			regfree(&regex);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+#define ENUM_OPTION \
+	X(Anchor, "anchor") \
+	X(CSS, "css") \
+	X(Document, "document") \
+	X(Inline, "inline") \
+	X(Monospace, "monospace") \
+	X(Tab, "tab") \
+	X(Title, "title")
+
+enum Option {
+#define X(option, _) option,
+	ENUM_OPTION
+#undef X
+	OptionLen,
+};
+
+static const char *OptionKey[OptionLen + 1] = {
+#define X(option, key) [option] = key,
+	ENUM_OPTION
+#undef X
+	NULL,
+};
+
+typedef void HeaderFn(const char *opts[]);
+typedef void
+OutputFn(const char *opts[], enum Class class, const char *str, size_t len);
+
+// ANSI format {{{
+
+enum SGR {
+	SGRBoldOn = 1,
+	SGRUnderlineOn = 4,
+	SGRBoldOff = 22,
+	SGRUnderlineOff = 24,
+	SGRBlack = 30,
+	SGRRed,
+	SGRGreen,
+	SGRYellow,
+	SGRBlue,
+	SGRMagenta,
+	SGRCyan,
+	SGRWhite,
+	SGRDefault = 39,
+};
+
+static const enum SGR ANSIStyle[ClassLen][3] = {
+	[Normal]  = { SGRDefault },
+	[Keyword] = { SGRWhite },
+	[Macro]   = { SGRGreen },
+	[Tag]     = { SGRDefault, SGRUnderlineOn, SGRUnderlineOff },
+	[String]  = { SGRCyan },
+	[Escape]  = { SGRDefault },
+	[Format]  = { SGRCyan, SGRBoldOn, SGRBoldOff },
+	[Interp]  = { SGRYellow },
+	[Comment] = { SGRBlue },
+	[Todo]    = { SGRBlue, SGRBoldOn, SGRBoldOff },
+	[DiffOld] = { SGRRed },
+	[DiffNew] = { SGRGreen },
+};
+
+static void
+ansiOutput(const char *opts[], enum Class class, const char *str, size_t len) {
+	(void)opts;
+	if (ANSIStyle[class][1]) {
+		printf(
+			"\x1B[%d;%dm%.*s\x1B[%dm",
+			ANSIStyle[class][0], ANSIStyle[class][1],
+			(int)len, str,
+			ANSIStyle[class][2]
+		);
+	} else {
+		printf("\x1B[%dm%.*s", ANSIStyle[class][0], (int)len, str);
+	}
+}
+
+// }}}
+
+// IRC format {{{
+
+enum IRC {
+	IRCWhite,
+	IRCBlack,
+	IRCBlue,
+	IRCGreen,
+	IRCRed,
+	IRCBrown,
+	IRCMagenta,
+	IRCOrange,
+	IRCYellow,
+	IRCLightGreen,
+	IRCCyan,
+	IRCLightCyan,
+	IRCLightBlue,
+	IRCPink,
+	IRCGray,
+	IRCLightGray,
+	IRCBold = 0x02,
+	IRCColor = 0x03,
+	IRCMonospace = 0x11,
+	IRCUnderline = 0x1F,
+};
+
+static const enum IRC SGRIRC[] = {
+	[SGRBoldOn]  = IRCBold,
+	[SGRBoldOff] = IRCBold,
+	[SGRUnderlineOn]  = IRCUnderline,
+	[SGRUnderlineOff] = IRCUnderline,
+	[SGRBlack]   = IRCBlack,
+	[SGRRed]     = IRCRed,
+	[SGRGreen]   = IRCGreen,
+	[SGRYellow]  = IRCYellow,
+	[SGRBlue]    = IRCBlue,
+	[SGRMagenta] = IRCMagenta,
+	[SGRCyan]    = IRCCyan,
+	[SGRWhite]   = IRCGray,
+	[SGRDefault] = 0,
+};
+
+static void ircHeader(const char *opts[]) {
+	if (opts[Monospace]) printf("%c", IRCMonospace);
+}
+
+static void
+ircOutput(const char *opts[], enum Class class, const char *str, size_t len) {
+	char cc[3] = "";
+	if (ANSIStyle[class][0] != SGRDefault) {
+		snprintf(cc, sizeof(cc), "%d", SGRIRC[ANSIStyle[class][0]]);
+	}
+	// Prevent trailing formatting after newline ...
+	bool newline = (str[len - 1] == '\n');
+	if (ANSIStyle[class][1]) {
+		printf(
+			"%c%s%c%.*s%c%s",
+			IRCColor, cc, SGRIRC[ANSIStyle[class][1]],
+			(int)(newline ? len - 1 : len), str,
+			SGRIRC[ANSIStyle[class][2]],
+			(newline ? "\n" : "")
+		);
+	} else {
+		// Double-toggle bold to prevent str being interpreted as color.
+		printf("%c%s%c%c%.*s", IRCColor, cc, IRCBold, IRCBold, (int)len, str);
+	}
+	// ... except for monospace, at the beginning of each line.
+	if (newline && opts[Monospace]) printf("%c", IRCMonospace);
+}
+
+// }}}
+
+// HTML format {{{
+
+static void htmlEscape(const char *str, size_t len) {
+	while (len) {
+		size_t run = strcspn(str, "\"&<>");
+		if (run > len) run = len;
+		switch (str[0]) {
+			break; case '"': run = 1; printf("&quot;");
+			break; case '&': run = 1; printf("&amp;");
+			break; case '<': run = 1; printf("&lt;");
+			break; case '>': run = 1; printf("&gt;");
+			break; default:  printf("%.*s", (int)run, str);
+		}
+		str += run;
+		len -= run;
+	}
+}
+
+static const char *HTMLStyle[ClassLen] = {
+	[Keyword] = "color: dimgray;",
+	[Macro]   = "color: green;",
+	[Tag]     = "color: inherit; text-decoration: underline;",
+	[String]  = "color: teal;",
+	[Format]  = "color: teal; font-weight: bold;",
+	[Interp]  = "color: olive;",
+	[Comment] = "color: navy;",
+	[Todo]    = "color: navy; font-weight: bold;",
+	[DiffOld] = "color: red;",
+	[DiffNew] = "color: green;",
+};
+
+static void htmlTabSize(const char *tab) {
+	printf("-moz-tab-size: ");
+	htmlEscape(tab, strlen(tab));
+	printf("; tab-size: ");
+	htmlEscape(tab, strlen(tab));
+	printf(";");
+}
+
+static void htmlHeader(const char *opts[]) {
+	if (!opts[Document]) goto body;
+	printf("<!DOCTYPE html>\n<title>");
+	if (opts[Title]) htmlEscape(opts[Title], strlen(opts[Title]));
+	printf("</title>\n");
+	if (opts[CSS]) {
+		printf("<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"");
+		htmlEscape(opts[CSS], strlen(opts[CSS]));
+		printf("\">\n");
+	} else if (!opts[Inline]) {
+		printf("<style>\n");
+		if (opts[Tab]) {
+			printf("pre.hi { ");
+			htmlTabSize(opts[Tab]);
+			printf(" }\n");
+		}
+		for (enum Class class = 0; class < ClassLen; ++class) {
+			if (!HTMLStyle[class]) continue;
+			printf(".hi.%s { %s }\n", ClassName[class], HTMLStyle[class]);
+		}
+		printf(
+			".hi.%s:target { color: goldenrod; outline: none; }\n",
+			ClassName[Tag]
+		);
+		printf("</style>\n");
+	}
+body:
+	if (opts[Inline] && opts[Tab]) {
+		printf("<pre class=\"hi\" style=\"");
+		htmlTabSize(opts[Tab]);
+		printf("\">");
+	} else {
+		printf("<pre class=\"hi\">");
+	}
+}
+
+static void htmlFooter(const char *opts[]) {
+	(void)opts;
+	printf("</pre>\n");
+}
+
+static void htmlAnchor(const char *opts[], const char *str, size_t len) {
+	if (opts[Inline]) {
+		printf("<a style=\"%s\" id=\"", HTMLStyle[Tag] ? HTMLStyle[Tag] : "");
+	} else {
+		printf("<a class=\"hi %s\" id=\"", ClassName[Tag]);
+	}
+	htmlEscape(str, len);
+	printf("\" href=\"#");
+	htmlEscape(str, len);
+	printf("\">");
+	htmlEscape(str, len);
+	printf("</a>");
+}
+
+static void
+htmlOutput(const char *opts[], enum Class class, const char *str, size_t len) {
+	if (opts[Anchor] && class == Tag) {
+		htmlAnchor(opts, str, len);
+		return;
+	}
+	if (opts[Inline]) {
+		printf("<span style=\"%s\">", HTMLStyle[class] ? HTMLStyle[class] : "");
+	} else {
+		printf("<span class=\"hi %s\">", ClassName[class]);
+	}
+	htmlEscape(str, len);
+	printf("</span>");
+}
+
+// }}}
+
+// Debug format {{{
+static void
+debugOutput(const char *opts[], enum Class class, const char *str, size_t len) {
+	(void)opts;
+	printf("%s\t\"", ClassName[class]);
+	while (len) {
+		size_t run = strcspn(str, "\t\n\"\\");
+		if (run > len) run = len;
+		switch (str[0]) {
+			break; case '\t': run = 1; printf("\\t");
+			break; case '\n': run = 1; printf("\\n");
+			break; case '"':  run = 1; printf("\\\"");
+			break; case '\\': run = 1; printf("\\\\");
+			break; default:   printf("%.*s", (int)run, str);
+		}
+		str += run;
+		len -= run;
+	}
+	printf("\"\n");
+}
+// }}}
+
+static const struct Format {
+	const char *name;
+	OutputFn *output;
+	HeaderFn *header;
+	HeaderFn *footer;
+} Formats[] = {
+	{ "ansi",  ansiOutput, NULL, NULL },
+	{ "irc",   ircOutput, ircHeader, NULL },
+	{ "html",  htmlOutput, htmlHeader, htmlFooter },
+	{ "debug", debugOutput, NULL, NULL },
+};
+
+static bool findLanguage(struct Language *lang, const char *name) {
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < ARRAY_LEN(Languages); ++i) {
+		if (strcmp(name, Languages[i].name)) continue;
+		*lang = Languages[i];
+		return true;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+static bool matchLanguage(struct Language *lang, const char *name) {
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < ARRAY_LEN(Languages); ++i) {
+		regex_t regex = compile(Languages[i].pattern, REG_NOSUB);
+		int error = regexec(&regex, name, 0, NULL, 0);
+		regfree(&regex);
+		if (error == REG_NOMATCH) continue;
+		if (error) errx(EX_SOFTWARE, "regexec: %d", error);
+		*lang = Languages[i];
+		return true;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+static bool findFormat(struct Format *format, const char *name) {
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < ARRAY_LEN(Formats); ++i) {
+		if (strcmp(name, Formats[i].name)) continue;
+		*format = Formats[i];
+		return true;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+	setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "");
+
+	bool text = false;
+	const char *name = NULL;
+	struct Language lang = {0};
+	struct Format format = Formats[0];
+	const char *opts[OptionLen] = {0};
+
+	int opt;
+	while (0 < (opt = getopt(argc, argv, "cf:l:n:o:t"))) {
+		switch (opt) {
+			break; case 'c': check(); return EX_OK;
+			break; case 'f': {
+				if (!findFormat(&format, optarg)) {
+					errx(EX_USAGE, "no such format %s", optarg);
+				}
+			}
+			break; case 'l': {
+				if (!findLanguage(&lang, optarg)) {
+					errx(EX_USAGE, "no such language %s", optarg);
+				}
+			}
+			break; case 'n': name = optarg;
+			break; case 'o': {
+				char *val;
+				enum Option key;
+				while (optarg[0]) {
+					key = getsubopt(&optarg, (char *const *)OptionKey, &val);
+					if (key >= OptionLen) {
+						errx(EX_USAGE, "no such option %s", val);
+					}
+					opts[key] = (val ? val : "");
+				}
+			}
+			break; case 't': text = true;
+			break; default: return EX_USAGE;
+		}
+	}
+
+	const char *path = "(stdin)";
+	FILE *file = stdin;
+	if (optind < argc) {
+		path = argv[optind];
+		file = fopen(path, "r");
+		if (!file) err(EX_NOINPUT, "%s", path);
+	}
+
+	if (!name) {
+		name = strrchr(path, '/');
+		name = (name ? &name[1] : path);
+	}
+	if (!lang.name && !matchLanguage(&lang, name) && !text) {
+		errx(EX_USAGE, "cannot infer language for %s", name);
+	}
+	if (!opts[Title]) opts[Title] = name;
+
+	struct stat stat;
+	int error = fstat(fileno(file), &stat);
+	if (error) err(EX_IOERR, "fstat");
+
+	size_t cap = (stat.st_mode & S_IFREG ? stat.st_size + 1 : 4096);
+	char *str = malloc(cap);
+	if (!str) err(EX_OSERR, "malloc");
+
+	size_t len = 0, read;
+	while (0 < (read = fread(&str[len], 1, cap - len - 1, file))) {
+		len += read;
+		if (len + 1 < cap) continue;
+		cap *= 2;
+		str = realloc(str, cap);
+		if (!str) err(EX_OSERR, "realloc");
+	}
+	if (ferror(file)) err(EX_IOERR, "fread");
+	if (memchr(str, 0, len)) errx(EX_DATAERR, "input is binary");
+	str[len] = '\0';
+
+	enum Class *hi = calloc(len, sizeof(*hi));
+	if (!hi) err(EX_OSERR, "calloc");
+
+	highlight(lang, hi, str);
+
+	size_t run = 0;
+	if (format.header) format.header(opts);
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i += run) {
+		for (run = 1; i + run < len; ++run) {
+			if (hi[i + run] != hi[i]) break;
+			if (str[i + run - 1] == '\n') break;
+		}
+		format.output(opts, hi[i], &str[i], run);
+	}
+	if (format.footer) format.footer(opts);
+}
diff --git a/bin/hnel.c b/bin/hnel.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4fcc42a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/hnel.c
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2017  June McEnroe <june@causal.agency>
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+#include <err.h>
+#include <poll.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <sysexits.h>
+#include <termios.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#if defined __FreeBSD__
+#include <libutil.h>
+#elif defined __linux__
+#include <pty.h>
+#else
+#include <util.h>
+#endif
+
+typedef unsigned char byte;
+
+static struct termios saveTerm;
+static void restoreTerm(void) {
+	tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSADRAIN, &saveTerm);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+	int error;
+
+	if (argc < 4) return EX_USAGE;
+
+	byte table[256] = {0};
+	if (strlen(argv[1]) != strlen(argv[2])) return EX_USAGE;
+	for (const char *from = argv[1], *to = argv[2]; *from; ++from, ++to) {
+		table[(byte)*from] = *to;
+	}
+
+	error = tcgetattr(STDERR_FILENO, &saveTerm);
+	if (error) err(EX_IOERR, "tcgetattr");
+	atexit(restoreTerm);
+
+	struct termios raw = saveTerm;
+	cfmakeraw(&raw);
+	error = tcsetattr(STDERR_FILENO, TCSADRAIN, &raw);
+	if (error) err(EX_IOERR, "tcsetattr");
+
+	struct winsize window;
+	error = ioctl(STDERR_FILENO, TIOCGWINSZ, &window);
+	if (error) err(EX_IOERR, "TIOCGWINSZ");
+
+	int pty;
+	pid_t pid = forkpty(&pty, NULL, NULL, &window);
+	if (pid < 0) err(EX_OSERR, "forkpty");
+
+	if (!pid) {
+		execvp(argv[3], &argv[3]);
+		err(EX_NOINPUT, "%s", argv[3]);
+	}
+
+	bool enable = true;
+
+	byte buf[4096];
+	struct pollfd fds[2] = {
+		{ .fd = STDIN_FILENO, .events = POLLIN },
+		{ .fd = pty, .events = POLLIN },
+	};
+	while (0 < poll(fds, 2, -1)) {
+		if (fds[0].revents & POLLIN) {
+			ssize_t readSize = read(STDIN_FILENO, buf, sizeof(buf));
+			if (readSize < 0) err(EX_IOERR, "read(%d)", STDIN_FILENO);
+
+			if (readSize == 1) {
+				if (buf[0] == CTRL('S')) {
+					enable ^= true;
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				byte c = buf[0];
+				if (enable && table[c]) buf[0] = table[c];
+			}
+
+			ssize_t writeSize = write(pty, buf, readSize);
+			if (writeSize < 0) err(EX_IOERR, "write(%d)", pty);
+			if (writeSize < readSize) errx(EX_IOERR, "short write(%d)", pty);
+		}
+
+		if (fds[1].revents & POLLIN) {
+			ssize_t readSize = read(pty, buf, sizeof(buf));
+			if (readSize < 0) err(EX_IOERR, "read(%d)", pty);
+
+			ssize_t writeSize = write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, readSize);
+			if (writeSize < 0) err(EX_IOERR, "write(%d)", STDOUT_FILENO);
+			if (writeSize < readSize) {
+				errx(EX_IOERR, "short write(%d)", STDOUT_FILENO);
+			}
+		}
+
+		int status;
+		pid_t dead = waitpid(pid, &status, WNOHANG);
+		if (dead < 0) err(EX_OSERR, "waitpid(%d)", pid);
+		if (dead) return WIFEXITED(status) ? WEXITSTATUS(status) : EX_SOFTWARE;
+	}
+	err(EX_IOERR, "poll");
+}
diff --git a/bin/html.sh b/bin/html.sh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e96a7210
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/html.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+set -eu
+
+readonly GitURL='https://git.causal.agency/src/tree/bin'
+
+src=$1
+man=${2:-}
+
+cat <<EOF
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<title>${src}</title>
+<style>
+$(./scheme -st)
+html {
+	font-family: monospace;
+	color: var(--ansi17);
+	background-color: var(--ansi16);
+}
+a { color: var(--ansi4); }
+a:visited { color: var(--ansi5); }
+pre.hi {
+	-moz-tab-size: 4;
+	tab-size: 4;
+}
+.hi.Keyword { color: var(--ansi7); }
+.hi.Macro { color: var(--ansi2); }
+.hi.Tag { color: inherit; text-decoration: underline; }
+.hi.Tag:target { color: var(--ansi11); outline: none; }
+.hi.String { color: var(--ansi6); }
+.hi.Format { color: var(--ansi14); }
+.hi.Interp { color: var(--ansi3); }
+.hi.Comment { color: var(--ansi4); }
+.hi.Todo { color: var(--ansi12); }
+.hi.DiffOld { color: var(--ansi1); }
+.hi.DiffNew { color: var(--ansi2); }
+</style>
+<a href="${GitURL}/${src}">${src} in git</a>
+EOF
+
+[ -f "$man" ] && man -P cat "${PWD}/${man}" | ./ttpre
+./hi -t -f html -o anchor "$src"
diff --git a/bin/man1/beef.1 b/bin/man1/beef.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ea52cfa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/man1/beef.1
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+.Dd August 28, 2019
+.Dt BEEF 1
+.Os
+.
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm beef
+.Nd Befunge-93 interpreter
+.
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Op Ar file
+.
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+is a Befunge-93 interpreter.
+If no
+.Ar file
+is provided,
+the program is read from standard input.
+.
+.Ss Befunge-93 Command Summary
+.Bl -tag -width "0-9" -compact
+.It \(dq
+toggle string mode
+.It 0-9
+push value
+.It +
+add
+.It -
+subtract
+.It *
+multiply
+.It /
+divide
+.It %
+modulo
+.It !
+not
+.It `
+greater than
+.It >
+right
+.It <
+left
+.It ^
+up
+.It v
+down
+.It ?
+random
+.It _
+horizontal (left) if
+.It |
+vertical (up) if
+.It :
+duplicate
+.It \e
+swap
+.It $
+drop
+.It .
+output integer
+.It ,
+output ASCII
+.It #
+bridge
+.It g
+get (y, x)
+.It p
+put (y, x) = v
+.It &
+input integer
+.It ~
+input ASCII
+.It @
+exit
+.El
+.
+.Sh EXIT STATUS
+.Nm
+exits with the top value left on the stack,
+or 0 if the stack is left empty.
+.
+.Sh STANDARDS
+.Rs
+.%A Chris Pressey
+.%Q Cat's Eye Technologies
+.%T Befunge-93
+.%D September, 1993
+.%U https://github.com/catseye/Befunge-93/blob/master/doc/Befunge-93.markdown
+.Re
diff --git a/bin/man1/bibsort.1 b/bin/man1/bibsort.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9d036920
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/man1/bibsort.1
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+.Dd December 15, 2020
+.Dt BIBSORT 1
+.Os
+.
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm bibsort
+.Nd reformat bibliography
+.
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Op Ar file
+.
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+reformats on standard output
+the
+.Em STANDARDS
+section of the
+.Xr mdoc 7
+manual page
+.Ar file
+or standard input.
+Bibliographic references
+are sorted by author last names,
+and formatted in an item list
+with macro lines appearing
+in the order they are formatted by
+.Xr mandoc 1 .
+Additionally,
+.Ic \&%N
+macros referencing RFC numbers
+are rewritten to
+.Ic \&%R
+macros.
+.
+.Sh EXAMPLES
+.Dl :%!bibsort
diff --git a/bin/man1/bit.1 b/bin/man1/bit.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b61bc704
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/man1/bit.1
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+.Dd June 7, 2019
+.Dt BIT 1
+.Os
+.
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm bit
+.Nd a calculator
+.
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+is an integer calculator.
+Its syntax resembles that of C expressions,
+with the following changes:
+.
+.Bl -bullet
+.It
+Underscores are allowed in integer literals.
+.It
+The
+.Sy 0b
+prefix is used for binary literals.
+.It
+The
+.Sy ->
+operator is used for arithmetic shift.
+.It
+The postfix operators
+.Sy K ,
+.Sy M ,
+.Sy G ,
+.Sy T
+are used as constant multipliers.
+.It
+Single-letter (lower case) variables
+can be assigned.
+The variable
+.Sy _
+stores the previous result.
+.El
+.
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr operator 7
diff --git a/bin/man1/bri.1 b/bin/man1/bri.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..54a02322
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/man1/bri.1
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+.Dd September 7, 2018
+.Dt BRI 1
+.Os
+.
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm bri
+.Nd backlight brightness control
+.
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Op Ar brightness
+.Nm
+.Cm +
+.Nm
+.Cm -
+.
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+controls the backlight brightness on Linux.
+.
+.Pp
+With no argument,
+the current brightness is printed.
+With a numerical
+.Ar brightness
+argument,
+the brightness is set.
+.
+.Pp
+The
+.Cm +
+and
+.Cm -
+arguments
+may be repeated any number of times
+and adjust the brightness
+in increments of 16.
+.
+.Sh FILES
+.Bl -tag
+.It Pa /sys/class/backlight
+Files under the first subdirectory found
+are used to control the backlight brightness.
+.El
diff --git a/bin/man1/c.1 b/bin/man1/c.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3ae10945
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/man1/c.1
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+.Dd May 31, 2020
+.Dt C 1
+.Os
+.
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm c
+.Nd run C
+.
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Op Fl e Ar expr
+.Op Fl i Ar include
+.Op Ar stmts ...
+.
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+The
+.Nm
+utility compiles and runs
+C statements wrapped in
+.Fn main
+with common includes.
+If no
+.Ar expr
+or
+.Ar stmts
+are provided,
+statements are read from standard input.
+.
+.Pp
+The arguments are as follows:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It Fl e Ar expr
+Print the result of the C expression
+.Ar expr
+after executing
+.Ar stmts .
+.It Fl i Ar include
+Add the include file
+.Ar include .
+.El
diff --git a/bin/man1/dtch.1 b/bin/man1/dtch.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e27713e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/man1/dtch.1
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+.Dd August 12, 2019
+.Dt DTCH 1
+.Os
+.
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm dtch
+.Nd detached sessions
+.
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Op Fl s
+.Ar name
+.Op Ar command ...
+.Nm
+.Fl a
+.Ar name
+.
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+spawns a
+.Ar command
+in a detachable session.
+If no
+.Ar command
+is given,
+the value of
+.Ev SHELL
+is used.
+The
+.Nm
+process
+should be run as a background job
+or with
+.Xr nohup 1 .
+.
+.Pp
+To attach to an existing session,
+pass the
+.Fl a
+flag.
+To detach from the session,
+type
+.Ic ^Q .
+.
+.Pp
+The arguments are as follows:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It Fl a
+Attach to an existing session.
+.It Fl s
+Sink the output of
+.Ar command
+while detached.
+.El
+.
+.Sh FILES
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It Pa ~/.dtch
+Directory of UNIX-domain sockets
+for each session.
+.El
+.
+.Sh EXAMPLES
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+dtch foo vim &
+dtch -a foo
+.Ed
diff --git a/bin/man1/ever.1 b/bin/man1/ever.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7689c5fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/man1/ever.1
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+.Dd June  1, 2020
+.Dt EVER 1
+.Os
+.
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm ever
+.Nd watch files
+.
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Op Fl i
+.Ar
+.Ar command
+.Nm
+.Op Fl i
+.Ar
+.Fl -
+.Ar command
+.Op Ar argument ...
+.
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+executes the
+.Ar command
+whenever
+.Ar file
+is modified.
+.
+.Pp
+The arguments are as follows:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It Fl i
+Attach the
+.Ar file
+which was modified
+to the standard input of
+.Ar command .
+.El
+.
+.Sh EXAMPLES
+.Dl ever ever.c make
+.Dl ever when.y ever.c -- make when ever
+.Dl ever -i ever.1 mandoc
+.
+.Sh CAVEATS
+.Nm
+does not support Linux
+since it uses
+.Xr kqueue 2 .
diff --git a/bin/man1/fbatt.1 b/bin/man1/fbatt.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2d30cba7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/man1/fbatt.1
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+.Dd September 7, 2018
+.Dt FBATT 1
+.Os
+.
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm fbatt
+.Nd framebuffer battery indicator
+.
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+displays a battery charge indicator
+in the top-right corner
+of the Linux framebuffer.
+.
+.Sh ENVIRONMENT
+.Bl -tag
+.It Ev FRAMEBUFFER
+The framebuffer device path.
+.El
+.
+.Sh FILES
+.Bl -tag
+.It Pa /dev/fb0
+The default framebuffer device path.
+.It Pa /sys/class/power_supply
+The first subdirectory containing
+.Pa charge_full
+and
+.Pa charge_now
+is used to read the battery charge.
+.El
diff --git a/bin/man1/fbclock.1 b/bin/man1/fbclock.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3195eb42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/man1/fbclock.1
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+.Dd September 7, 2018
+.Dt FBCLOCK 1
+.Os
+.
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm fbclock
+.Nd framebuffer clock
+.
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+displays a clock
+in the top-right corner
+of the Linux framebuffer.
+.
+.Sh ENVIRONMENT
+.Bl -tag
+.It Ev FONT
+Path to gzipped PSF file.
+.
+.It Ev FRAMEBUFFER
+The framebuffer device path.
+.El
+.
+.Sh FILES
+.Bl -tag
+.It Pa /dev/fb0
+The default framebuffer device path.
+.It Pa /usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/Lat2-Terminus16.psfu.gz
+The default font path.
+.El
+.
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr setfont 8
diff --git a/bin/man1/glitch.1 b/bin/man1/glitch.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6562c4dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/man1/glitch.1
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+.Dd September 7, 2018
+.Dt GLITCH 1
+.Os
+.
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm glitch
+.Nd PNG glitcher
+.
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Op Fl cfimprxy
+.Op Fl a Ar filters
+.Op Fl d Ar filters
+.Op Fl o Ar file
+.Op Ar
+.
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+misinterprets PNG files
+according to the options given
+to create natural glitch effects.
+.
+.Pp
+The arguments are as follows:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It Fl a Ar filters
+Apply a pattern of comma-separated filters.
+Filters are
+.Cm none ,
+.Cm sub ,
+.Cm up ,
+.Cm average ,
+.Cm paeth .
+.
+.It Fl c
+Write to standard output.
+.
+.It Fl d Ar filters
+Declare a pattern of comma-separated filters.
+See
+.Fl a
+for list of filters.
+.
+.It Fl f
+Apply filtering in place of reconstruction.
+.
+.It Fl i
+Invert image data after filtering.
+.
+.It Fl m
+Mirror scanlines after filtering.
+.
+.It Fl o Ar file
+Write to
+.Ar file .
+.
+.It Fl p
+Use a broken Paeth predictor function.
+.
+.It Fl r
+Apply reconstruction in place of filtering.
+.
+.It Fl x
+Zero first pixel of each scanline after filtering.
+.
+.It Fl y
+Zero first scanline after filtering.
+.El
+.
+.Sh EXAMPLES
+.Dl glitch -m -a sub -d sub
+.
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr pngo 1
+.
+.Sh BUGS
+More wanted.
diff --git a/bin/man1/hi.1 b/bin/man1/hi.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..517fbab9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/man1/hi.1
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+.Dd December 15, 2019
+.Dt HI 1
+.Os
+.
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm hi
+.Nd syntax highlighter
+.
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Op Fl t
+.Op Fl f Ar format
+.Op Fl l Ar lang
+.Op Fl n Ar name
+.Op Fl o Ar opts
+.Op Ar file
+.Nm
+.Fl c
+.
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+highlights the contents of a
+.Ar file
+or standard input
+and formats it
+on standard output.
+.
+.Pp
+The arguments are as follows:
+.Bl -tag -width "-f format"
+.It Fl c
+Compile all regular expressions and exit.
+.It Fl f Ar format
+Set the output format.
+.It Fl l Ar lang
+Set the input language.
+.It Fl n Ar name
+Override the name used
+to infer the input language.
+.It Fl o Ar opts
+Set output format options.
+.Ar opts
+is a comma-separated list of options.
+.It Fl t
+Default to
+.Cm text
+if the input language cannot be inferred.
+.El
+.
+.Ss Output Formats
+The default output format is
+.Cm ansi .
+.
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It Cm ansi
+Output ANSI terminal escape codes.
+.
+.It Cm irc
+Output IRC formatting codes.
+.Pp
+The options are as follows:
+.Bl -tag -width "monospace"
+.It Cm monospace
+Use the monospace formatting code
+introduced by IRCCloud.
+.El
+.
+.It Cm html
+Output HTML
+.Sy <pre>
+with
+.Sy <span>
+classes.
+.
+.Pp
+The options are as follows:
+.Bl -tag -width "title=..."
+.It Cm anchor
+Output tags
+(top-level definition names)
+as anchor links.
+.
+.It Cm css Ns = Ns Ar url
+With
+.Cm document ,
+output a
+.Sy <link>
+element for the external stylesheet
+.Ar url .
+If unset,
+output default styles in a
+.Sy <style>
+element.
+.
+.It Cm document
+Output an HTML document.
+.
+.It Cm inline
+Output inline
+.Sy style
+attributes rather than classes.
+.
+.It Cm tab Ns = Ns Ar n
+With
+.Cm document
+or
+.Cm inline ,
+set the
+.Sy tab-size
+property to
+.Ar n .
+.
+.It Cm title Ns = Ns Ar ...
+With
+.Cm document ,
+set the
+.Sy <title>
+element text.
+The default title is the
+.Ar file
+name.
+.El
+.El
+.
+.Ss Input Languages
+If no input language is set with
+.Fl l ,
+it may be inferred from the name set by
+.Fl m
+or from the provided
+.Ar file
+name.
+.
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It Cm c
+The C11 language.
+.
+.It Cm diff
+The output of
+.Xr diff 1
+with the
+.Fl u
+flag.
+.
+.It Cm make
+The portable subset of
+.Xr make 1 .
+Variable substitution supports
+one level of nesting with the same delimiter.
+.
+.It Cm mdoc
+The
+.Xr mdoc 7
+language.
+.
+.It Cm rust
+The Rust 2018 language.
+Nested raw strings and block comments
+are not highlighted correctly.
+.
+.It Cm sh
+The POSIX
+.Xr sh 1
+language.
+Here-documents are correctly highlighted
+only with a delimiter of
+.Ql EOF .
+Arbitrarily nested strings and command substitutions
+are not highlighted correctly.
+.
+.It Cm text
+Plain text.
+.El
diff --git a/bin/man1/hnel.1 b/bin/man1/hnel.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..82305be8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/man1/hnel.1
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+.Dd July 8, 2019
+.Dt HNEL 1
+.Os
+.
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm hnel
+.Nd PTY input remapper
+.
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Ar string1
+.Ar string2
+.Ar command ...
+.
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+runs the
+.Ar command
+in a new PTY,
+remapping input characters in
+.Ar string1
+to the corresponding characters in
+.Ar string2 .
+Type
+.Ic ^S
+to toggle remapping.
+.
+.Sh EXAMPLES
+.Dl hnel '[]{}' '{}[]' vim
+.
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr tr 1
+.
+.Sh BUGS
+Window size changes are not propagated
+to the child PTY.
diff --git a/bin/man1/modem.1 b/bin/man1/modem.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a4bbc3f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/man1/modem.1
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+.Dd December  8, 2020
+.Dt MODEM 1
+.Os
+.
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm modem
+.Nd fixed baud rate wrapper
+.
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Op Fl r Ar rate
+.Ar command ...
+.
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+runs the
+.Ar command
+in a new PTY
+with a fixed baud rate.
+.
+.Pp
+The arguments are as follows:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It Fl r Ar rate
+Set the baud rate.
+The default is 19200.
+.El
+.
+.Sh BUGS
+Window size changes are not propagated
+to the child PTY.
diff --git a/bin/man1/nudge.1 b/bin/man1/nudge.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3ca4294a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/man1/nudge.1
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+.Dd September  4, 2020
+.Dt NUDGE 1
+.Os
+.
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm nudge
+.Nd terminal vibrator
+.
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Op Fl f Ar file
+.Op Fl n Ar count
+.Op Fl s Ar shake
+.Op Fl t Ar delay
+.
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+The
+.Nm
+utility
+nudges the terminal.
+An
+.Xr xterm 1
+compatible terminal is required.
+.
+.Pp
+The arguments are as follows:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It Fl f Ar file
+Open the terminal named by
+.Ar file .
+The default is
+.Pa /dev/tty .
+.It Fl n Ar count
+Set the number of times
+to nudge the terminal.
+The default is 2.
+.It Fl s Ar shake
+Set the shake intensity in pixels.
+The default is 10.
+.It Fl t Ar delay
+Set the interval between shakes
+in milliseconds.
+The default is 20.
+.El
diff --git a/bin/man1/order.1 b/bin/man1/order.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8e0f9661
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/man1/order.1
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+.Dd July 18, 2020
+.Dt ORDER 1
+.Os
+.
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm order
+.Nd operator precedence
+.
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Op Ar expr ...
+.
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+parses C expressions
+and prints them with parentheses
+according to the precedence rules in
+.Xr operator 7 .
+If no
+.Ar expr
+are given,
+each line of standard input
+is parsed and printed.
+.
+.Sh EXAMPLES
+.Bd -literal
+$ order 'a & b << 1'
+(a & (b << 1))
+.Ed
+.
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr operator 7
+.
+.Sh CAVEATS
+.Nm
+does not support the
+.Sy (type)
+operator.
diff --git a/bin/man1/pbd.1 b/bin/man1/pbd.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bbc7b785
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/man1/pbd.1
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+.Dd September 7, 2018
+.Dt PBD 1
+.Os
+.
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm pbd ,
+.Nm pbcopy ,
+.Nm pbpaste ,
+.Nm open
+.Nd macOS pasteboard daemon
+.
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Nm pbcopy
+.Nm pbpaste
+.Nm open
+.Ar
+.
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+is a daemon which pipes into macOS
+.Xr pbcopy 1 ,
+from
+.Xr pbpaste 1
+and invokes
+.Xr open 1
+in response to messages
+sent over TCP port 7062.
+.
+.Pp
+The socket can be forwarded through
+.Xr ssh 1
+and the stub implementations of
+.Nm pbcopy ,
+.Nm pbpaste
+and
+.Nm open
+can be used remotely
+to access the local pasteboard
+and open URLs.
+.
+.Pp
+Forwarding can be configured with:
+.Pp
+.Dl RemoteForward 7062 127.0.0.1:7062
+.
+.Sh EXAMPLES
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+pbd &
+ssh -R 7062:127.0.0.1:7062 tux.local
+pbpaste
+.Ed
+.
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr open 1 ,
+.Xr pbcopy 1 ,
+.Xr pbpaste 1 ,
+.Xr ssh 1 ,
+.Xr ssh_config 5
diff --git a/bin/man1/pngo.1 b/bin/man1/pngo.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cec13160
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/man1/pngo.1
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+.Dd September 17, 2018
+.Dt PNGO 1
+.Os
+.
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm pngo
+.Nd PNG optimizer
+.
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Op Fl cv
+.Op Fl o Ar file
+.Op Ar
+.
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+optimizes PNG files for size.
+.
+.Pp
+The arguments are as follows:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It Fl c
+Write to standard output.
+.It Fl o Ar file
+Write to
+.Ar file .
+.It Fl v
+Output PNG header information.
+.El
+.
+.Pp
+.Nm
+performs the following optimizations:
+.Bl -bullet
+.It
+Discard ancillary chunks.
+.It
+Discard unnecessary alpha channel.
+.It
+Convert unnecessary truecolor to grayscale.
+.It
+Palletize color and alpha if possible.
+.It
+Reduce bit depth if possible.
+.It
+Apply a simple filter heuristic.
+.It
+Apply zlib's best compresion.
+.El
+.
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr glitch 1
+.
+.Sh CAVEATS
+.Nm
+does not support interlaced PNGs.
diff --git a/bin/man1/psf2png.1 b/bin/man1/psf2png.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..db74c6e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/man1/psf2png.1
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+.Dd September 28, 2018
+.Dt PSF2PNG 1
+.Os
+.
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm psf2png
+.Nd PSF2 to PNG renderer
+.
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Op Fl b Ar bg
+.Op Fl c Ar cols
+.Op Fl f Ar fg
+.Op Fl s Ar str
+.Op Ar file
+.
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+renders the PSF2 font
+.Ar file
+or standard input
+to PNG
+on standard output.
+.
+.Pp
+The arguments are as follows:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It Fl b Ar bg
+Use
+.Ar bg
+(hexadecimal RGB)
+as background color.
+The default background color is black.
+.It Fl c Ar cols
+Arrange glyphs in
+.Ar cols
+columns.
+The default number of columns is 32.
+.It Fl f Ar fg
+Use
+.Ar fg
+(hexadecimal RGB)
+as foreground color.
+The default foreground color is white.
+.It Fl s Ar str
+Render glyphs for string
+.Ar str
+rather than all glyphs.
+.El
+.
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr pngo 1 ,
+.Xr psfed 1
diff --git a/bin/man1/psfed.1 b/bin/man1/psfed.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3fbc4710
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/man1/psfed.1
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+.Dd January 14, 2019
+.Dt PSFED 1
+.Os
+.
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm psfed
+.Nd PSF2 font editor
+.
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Op Fl H Ar height
+.Op Fl g Ar glyphs
+.Op Fl h Ar height
+.Op Fl w Ar width
+.Ar file
+.
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+is a PSF2 font editor
+for the Linux framebuffer.
+.
+.Pp
+The arguments are as follows:
+.
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It Fl H Ar height
+Modify the height of an existing font.
+Only increasing the height is allowed.
+.
+.It Fl g Ar glyphs
+Set the number of glyphs in a new font.
+The default number of glyphs is 256.
+.
+.It Fl h Ar height
+Set the height of a new font.
+The default height is 16.
+.
+.It Fl w Ar width
+Set the width of a new font.
+The default width is 8.
+.El
+.
+.Ss Normal Mode
+In normal mode,
+each glyph is displayed in a grid.
+.
+.Pp
+.Bl -tag -width Ds -compact
+.It Ic q
+Quit.
+.Nm
+will ask for confirmation
+if the font has been modified
+since the last write.
+.
+.It Ic w
+Write font to
+.Ar file .
+.
+.It Ic - Ic +
+Adjust display scale.
+.
+.It Ic h Ic l
+Select previous/next glyph.
+.
+.It Ic k Ic j
+Select glyph in previous/next row.
+.
+.It Ic f
+Select glyph of next input character.
+.
+.It Ic '
+Return to previously selected glyph.
+.
+.It Ic y
+Copy selected glyph.
+.
+.It Ic e
+Edit selected glyph in
+.Sx Edit Mode .
+.
+.It Ic i
+Enter
+.Sx Preview Mode .
+.El
+.
+.Ss Edit Mode
+In edit mode,
+the selected glyph is displayed for editing
+surrounded by a checked border.
+The glyph is also displayed unscaled
+in the bottom-right corner.
+.
+.Pp
+.Bl -tag -width Ds -compact
+.It Ic ESC
+Return to
+.Sx Normal Mode .
+.
+.It Ic - Ic +
+Adjust display scale.
+.
+.It Ic g Ic G
+Toggle guide on selected column/row.
+.
+.It Ic h Ic l
+Select previous/next bit in row.
+.
+.It Ic k Ic j
+Select previous/next bit in column.
+.
+.It Ic SPACE
+Flip selected bit.
+.
+.It Ic r
+Invert glyph.
+.
+.It Ic H Ic L
+Move glyph left/right.
+.
+.It Ic K Ic J
+Move glyph up/down.
+.
+.It Ic p
+Paste the copied glyph.
+.
+.It Ic u
+Revert glyph to initial state.
+.El
+.
+.Ss Preview Mode
+In preview mode,
+arbitrary text may be entered
+for preview.
+Press
+.Ic ESC
+to return to
+.Sx Normal Mode .
+.
+.Sh ENVIRONMENT
+.Bl -tag -width FRAMEBUFFER
+.It Ev FRAMEBUFFER
+The framebuffer device path.
+The default path is
+.Pa /dev/fb0 .
+.El
+.
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr psfaddtable 1 ,
+.Xr psfgettable 1 ,
+.Xr psfstriptable 1 ,
+.Xr setfont 8
+.
+.Sh CAVEATS
+.Nm
+does not support Unicode tables.
+Use
+.Xr psfaddtable 1
+to add Unicode tables
+to fonts created by
+.Nm .
+.
+.Sh BUGS
+.Nm
+makes no attempt to convert header fields
+to and from little-endian format.
diff --git a/bin/man1/ptee.1 b/bin/man1/ptee.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..04f9cdac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/man1/ptee.1
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+.Dd July 17, 2019
+.Dt PTEE 1
+.Os
+.
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm ptee
+.Nd tee for PTYs
+.
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Ar command ...
+.Cm >
+.Ar file
+.
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+runs
+.Ar command
+in a new PTY
+which is mirrored to
+the current PTY
+and standard output.
+Standard output must be redirected
+to a file or pipe.
+.
+.Pp
+Type
+.Ic ^S
+to toggle writing to standard output.
+Type
+.Ic ^Q
+to write the media copy sequence for
+.Xr shotty 1 .
+.
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr tee 1
+.
+.Sh BUGS
+Window size changes are not propagated
+to the child PTY.
diff --git a/bin/man1/relay.1 b/bin/man1/relay.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..402c4726
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/man1/relay.1
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+.Dd April 28, 2019
+.Dt RELAY 1
+.Os
+.
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm relay
+.Nd IRC relay bot
+.
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Ar host
+.Ar port
+.Ar nick
+.Ar chan
+.
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+is one half of an IRC relay pair.
+It connects to
+.Ar host Ns : Ns Ar port
+over TLS
+as
+.Ar nick
+and joins
+.Ar chan .
+.
+.Pp
+.Nm
+outputs messages from
+.Ar chan
+to standard output
+and sends messages to
+.Ar chan
+from standard input.
+Two
+.Nm
+processes can be connected with
+.Xr mkfifo 1 .
+.
+.Sh EXAMPLES
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+mkfifo a b
+relay a.example.com 6697 relay '#example' <>a >b
+relay b.example.com 6697 relay '#example' <>b >a
+.Ed
+.
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr mkfifo 1
diff --git a/bin/man1/scheme.1 b/bin/man1/scheme.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9aa4f054
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/man1/scheme.1
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+.Dd July 6, 2019
+.Dt SCHEME 1
+.Os
+.
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm scheme
+.Nd color scheme
+.
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Op Fl acghilmstx
+.Op Fl p Ar n
+.
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+generates a color scheme
+and outputs it in a number of formats.
+.
+.Pp
+The arguments are as follows:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It Fl a
+Generate the 16 ANSI colors.
+This is the default.
+.It Fl c
+Output a C enum.
+.It Fl g
+Output a swatch PNG.
+.It Fl h
+Output floating point HSV.
+.It Fl i
+Swap black and white.
+.It Fl l
+Output Linux console OSC sequences.
+.It Fl m
+Output a
+.Xr mintty 1
+theme.
+Use with
+.Fl t .
+.It Fl p Ar n
+Generate only the color
+.Ar n .
+.It Fl s
+Output CSS
+for classes named
+.Sy fg Ns Ar n
+and
+.Sy bg Ns Ar n .
+.It Fl t
+Generate the 16 ANSI colors as well as
+background, foreground, bold, selection and cursor colors.
+.It Fl x
+Output hexadecimal RGB.
+This is the default.
+.El
diff --git a/bin/man1/shotty.1 b/bin/man1/shotty.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d5eaa780
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/man1/shotty.1
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+.Dd November 25, 2019
+.Dt SHOTTY 1
+.Os
+.
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm shotty
+.Nd terminal capture
+.
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Op Fl Bdns
+.Op Fl b Ar bg
+.Op Fl f Ar fg
+.Op Fl h Ar rows
+.Op Fl w Ar cols
+.Op Ar file
+.
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+interprets terminal output from
+.Ar file
+or standard input
+and produces HTML
+.Sy <pre>
+on standard output.
+.
+.Pp
+Terminal output
+can be captured with
+.Xr ptee 1 .
+.Nm
+targets compatibility with
+.Ev TERM Ns = Ns Cm xterm
+and
+.Ev TERM Ns = Ns Cm xterm-256color
+as used by
+.Xr ncurses 3 .
+A snapshot of the terminal
+is output each time
+a media copy sequence occurs,
+or once at the end of the capture.
+.
+.Pp
+HTML output uses the classes
+.Sy bg Ns Va n
+and
+.Sy fg Ns Va n ,
+and inline styles for
+bold, italic and underline.
+CSS for colors can be generated with
+.Xr scheme 1 .
+.
+.Pp
+The arguments are as follows:
+.Bl -tag -width "-w cols"
+.It Fl B
+Replace bold with bright colors.
+.
+.It Fl b Ar bg
+Set the default background color.
+The default value is 0 (black).
+.
+.It Fl d
+Output the terminal state
+following each control sequence.
+.
+.It Fl f Ar fg
+Set the default foreground color.
+The default value is 7 (white).
+.
+.It Fl h Ar rows
+Set the terminal height.
+The default value is 24.
+.
+.It Fl n
+Do not show the cursor.
+.
+.It Fl s
+Set the terminal size
+from the current terminal size.
+.
+.It Fl w Ar cols
+Set the terminal width.
+The default value is 80.
+.El
+.
+.Sh EXAMPLES
+.Dl ptee htop | shotty -s > htop.html
+.
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr ptee 1 ,
+.Xr scheme 1
diff --git a/bin/man1/title.1 b/bin/man1/title.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..43ecc5e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/man1/title.1
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+.Dd September 10, 2019
+.Dt TITLE 1
+.Os
+.
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm title
+.Nd page titles
+.
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Op Fl v
+.Op Fl x Ar pattern
+.Op Ar url
+.
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+fetches HTML page titles
+over HTTP and HTTPS.
+.Nm
+scans standard input for URLs
+and writes their titles to standard output.
+If a
+.Ar url
+argument is given,
+.Nm
+exits after fetching its title.
+.
+.Pp
+The arguments are as follows:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It Fl x Ar pattern
+Exclude URLs matching
+.Ar pattern ,
+which is a modern regular expression.
+See
+.Xr re_format 7 .
+.It Fl v
+Enable
+.Xr libcurl 3
+verbose output.
+.El
+.
+.Sh EXAMPLES
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+mkfifo snarf titles
+relay irc.example.org 6697 snarf '#example' <>titles >snarf
+title <snarf >titles
+.Ed
+.
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr relay 1
diff --git a/bin/man1/ttpre.1 b/bin/man1/ttpre.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bd178525
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/man1/ttpre.1
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+.Dd October 8, 2018
+.Dt TTPRE 1
+.Os
+.
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm ttpre
+.Nd man output to HTML
+.
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+formats
+.Xr man 1
+output on standard input
+as an HTML
+.Sy <pre>
+fragment on standard output.
+Ampersands and angle brackets
+are replaced with corresponding HTML entities,
+and backspace formatting sequences
+are replaced with
+.Sy <i>
+and
+.Sy <b>
+tags.
+.
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr less 1 ,
+.Xr man 1 ,
+.Xr mandoc 1
diff --git a/bin/man1/up.1 b/bin/man1/up.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..58b5359f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/man1/up.1
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+.Dd July 15, 2019
+.Dt UP 1
+.Os
+.
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm up
+.Nd upload file
+.
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Op Fl h
+.Op Ar file
+.
+.Nm
+.Fl c | t
+.Ar command ...
+.
+.Nm
+.Fl s
+.
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+uploads a file
+to temp.causal.agency with
+.Xr scp 1 .
+If no
+.Ar file
+is provided,
+standard input is read
+and uploaded as text.
+.
+.Pp
+The destination file name
+is chosen using
+.Xr date 1
+and
+.Xr openssl 1
+.Cm rand .
+The URL of the uploaded file is printed
+and copied to the pasteboard with
+.Xr pbcopy 1
+if available.
+.
+.Pp
+The arguments are as follows:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It Fl c
+Run a command
+to produce a text file for upload.
+.It Fl h
+Use
+.Xr hi 1
+to produce an HTML file for upload.
+.It Fl s
+Use
+.Xr screencapture 1
+to produce a PNG file for upload.
+The file is optimized by
+.Xr pngo 1
+if available.
+.It Fl t
+Run a command with
+.Xr ptee 1
+and
+.Xr shotty 1
+to produce an HTML file for upload.
+.El
+.
+.Pp
+Any arguments after
+.Ql \-\-
+are passed to
+.Xr hi 1
+and
+.Xr screencapture 1 ,
+respectively.
diff --git a/bin/man1/when.1 b/bin/man1/when.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0b473573
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/man1/when.1
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+.Dd July 24, 2019
+.Dt WHEN 1
+.Os
+.
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm when
+.Nd date calculator
+.
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Op Ar expr
+.
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+is a date calculator.
+If no
+.Ar expr
+is given,
+expressions are read
+from standard input.
+.
+.Pp
+The grammar is as follows:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It Sy \&.
+Today's date.
+.
+.It Ar month Ar date Op Ar year
+A full date,
+or a date in the current year.
+.Ar month
+must be at least three letters.
+.
+.It Ar day
+A day of the week
+in the current week.
+.Ar day
+must be at least three letters.
+.
+.It Sy < Ar date
+The date one week before.
+.
+.It Sy > Ar date
+The date one week after.
+.
+.It Ar date Sy + Ar interval
+The date after some interval.
+.
+.It Ar date Sy - Ar interval
+The date before some interval.
+.
+.It Ar date Sy - Ar date
+The interval between two dates.
+.
+.It Ar num Sy d
+A number of days.
+.
+.It Ar num Sy w
+A number of weeks.
+.
+.It Ar num Sy m
+A number of months.
+.
+.It Ar num Sy y
+A number of years.
+.El
+.
+.Sh EXAMPLES
+.Bl -tag -width "Dec 25 - ."
+.It Ic Dec 25 - \&.
+How long until Christmas.
+.It Ic >Fri
+The date next Friday.
+.It Ic \&. + 2w
+Your last day at work.
+.El
diff --git a/bin/man1/xx.1 b/bin/man1/xx.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d38789a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/man1/xx.1
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+.Dd September 7, 2018
+.Dt XX 1
+.Os
+.
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm xx
+.Nd hexdump
+.
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Op Fl arsz
+.Op Fl c Ar cols
+.Op Fl g Ar group
+.Op Fl p Ar count
+.Op Ar file
+.
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+dumps the contents of a
+.Ar file
+or standard input
+in hexadecimal format.
+.
+.Pp
+The arguments are as follows:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It Fl a
+Toggle ASCII output.
+.
+.It Fl c Ar cols
+Output
+.Ar cols
+bytes per line.
+The default
+.Ar cols
+is 16.
+.
+.It Fl g Ar group
+Output extra space after every
+.Ar group
+bytes.
+The default
+.Ar group
+is 8.
+.
+.It Fl p Ar count
+Output a blank line after every
+.Ar count
+bytes.
+.Ar count
+must be a multiple of
+.Ar cols .
+.
+.It Fl r
+Reverse hexdump.
+Read hexadecimal input
+and write byte output.
+.
+.It Fl s
+Toggle offset output.
+.
+.It Fl z
+Skip output of lines containing only zeros.
+.El
+.
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr hexdump 1 ,
+.Xr xxd 1
diff --git a/bin/man3/png.3 b/bin/man3/png.3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..accffbd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/man3/png.3
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+.Dd July 25, 2019
+.Dt PNG 3
+.Os
+.
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm png
+.Nd basic PNG output
+.
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.In png.h
+.
+.Ft void
+.Fo pngHead
+.Fa "FILE *file"
+.Fa "uint32_t width"
+.Fa "uint32_t height"
+.Fa "uint8_t depth"
+.Fa "uint8_t color"
+.Fc
+.
+.Ft void
+.Fn pngPalette "FILE *file" "const uint8_t *pal" "uint32_t len"
+.
+.Ft void
+.Fn pngData "FILE *file" "const uint8_t *data" "uint32_t len"
+.
+.Ft void
+.Fn pngTail "FILE *file"
+.
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+The
+.Fn pngHead
+function
+writes the
+.Sy IHDR
+chunk to
+.Fa file .
+The
+.Fa color
+parameter can be one of
+.Dv PNGGrayscale ,
+.Dv PNGTruecolor
+optionally
+.Em or Ns 'ed
+with
+.Dv PNGAlpha ,
+or
+.Dv PNGIndexed .
+.
+.Pp
+The
+.Fn pngPalette
+function
+writes the
+.Sy PLTE
+chunk to
+.Fa file .
+.
+.Pp
+The
+.Fn pngData
+function
+writes the
+.Sy IDAT
+chunk to
+.Fa file
+without compression.
+The constants
+.Dv PNGNone ,
+.Dv PNGSub ,
+.Dv PNGUp ,
+.Dv PNGAverage ,
+.Dv PNGPaeth
+are defined
+for use in PNG data.
+.
+.Pp
+The
+.Fn pngTail
+function
+writes the
+.Sy IEND
+chunk to
+.Fa file .
+.
+.Sh ERRORS
+Any errors from writing to
+.Fa file
+are handled by calling
+.Xr err 3 .
diff --git a/bin/modem.c b/bin/modem.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4392e071
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/modem.c
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2018  June McEnroe <june@causal.agency>
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+#include <err.h>
+#include <poll.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <sysexits.h>
+#include <termios.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#if defined __FreeBSD__
+#include <libutil.h>
+#elif defined __linux__
+#include <pty.h>
+#else
+#include <util.h>
+#endif
+
+typedef unsigned uint;
+typedef unsigned char byte;
+
+static struct termios saveTerm;
+static void restoreTerm(void) {
+	tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSADRAIN, &saveTerm);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+	int error;
+
+	uint baudRate = 19200;
+	for (int opt; 0 < (opt = getopt(argc, argv, "r:"));) {
+		switch (opt) {
+			break; case 'r': baudRate = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 10);
+			break; default:  return EX_USAGE;
+		}
+	}
+	if (argc - optind < 1) return EX_USAGE;
+
+	error = tcgetattr(STDIN_FILENO, &saveTerm);
+	if (error) err(EX_IOERR, "tcgetattr");
+	atexit(restoreTerm);
+
+	struct termios raw = saveTerm;
+	cfmakeraw(&raw);
+	error = tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSADRAIN, &raw);
+	if (error) err(EX_IOERR, "tcsetattr");
+
+	struct winsize window;
+	error = ioctl(STDIN_FILENO, TIOCGWINSZ, &window);
+	if (error) err(EX_IOERR, "TIOCGWINSZ");
+
+	int pty;
+	pid_t pid = forkpty(&pty, NULL, NULL, &window);
+	if (pid < 0) err(EX_OSERR, "forkpty");
+
+	if (!pid) {
+		execvp(argv[optind], &argv[optind]);
+		err(EX_NOINPUT, "%s", argv[optind]);
+	}
+
+	byte c;
+	struct pollfd fds[2] = {
+		{ .events = POLLIN, .fd = STDIN_FILENO },
+		{ .events = POLLIN, .fd = pty },
+	};
+	while (usleep(8 * 1000000 / baudRate), 0 < poll(fds, 2, -1)) {
+		if (fds[0].revents) {
+			ssize_t size = read(STDIN_FILENO, &c, 1);
+			if (size < 0) err(EX_IOERR, "read(%d)", STDIN_FILENO);
+			size = write(pty, &c, 1);
+			if (size < 0) err(EX_IOERR, "write(%d)", pty);
+		}
+
+		if (fds[1].revents) {
+			ssize_t size = read(pty, &c, 1);
+			if (size < 0) err(EX_IOERR, "read(%d)", pty);
+			if (!size) break;
+			size = write(STDOUT_FILENO, &c, 1);
+			if (size < 0) err(EX_IOERR, "write(%d)", STDOUT_FILENO);
+		}
+	}
+
+	int status;
+	pid_t dead = waitpid(pid, &status, 0);
+	if (dead < 0) err(EX_OSERR, "waitpid");
+	return WIFEXITED(status) ? WEXITSTATUS(status) : EX_SOFTWARE;
+}
diff --git a/bin/nudge.c b/bin/nudge.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8ae916eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/nudge.c
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2020  June McEnroe <june@causal.agency>
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+#include <err.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sysexits.h>
+#include <termios.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+static int shake = 10;
+static int delay = 20000;
+static int count = 2;
+
+static void move(int tty, int x, int y) {
+	dprintf(tty, "\33[3;%d;%dt", x, y);
+	usleep(delay);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+	const char *path = "/dev/tty";
+	for (int opt; 0 < (opt = getopt(argc, argv, "f:n:s:t:"));) {
+		switch (opt) {
+			break; case 'f': path = optarg;
+			break; case 'n': count = atoi(optarg);
+			break; case 's': shake = atoi(optarg);
+			break; case 't': delay = atoi(optarg) * 1000;
+			break; default:  return EX_USAGE;
+		}
+	}
+
+	int tty = open(path, O_RDWR);
+	if (tty < 0) err(EX_OSFILE, "%s", path);
+
+	struct termios save;
+	int error = tcgetattr(tty, &save);
+	if (error) err(EX_IOERR, "tcgetattr");
+
+	struct termios raw = save;
+	cfmakeraw(&raw);
+	error = tcsetattr(tty, TCSAFLUSH, &raw);
+	if (error) err(EX_IOERR, "tcsetattr");
+
+	char buf[256];
+	dprintf(tty, "\33[13t");
+	ssize_t len = read(tty, buf, sizeof(buf) - 1);
+	buf[(len < 0 ? 0 : len)] = '\0';
+
+	int x, y;
+	int n = sscanf(buf, "\33[3;%d;%dt", &x, &y);
+
+	error = tcsetattr(tty, TCSANOW, &save);
+	if (error) err(EX_IOERR, "tcsetattr");
+	if (n < 2) return EX_CONFIG;
+
+	dprintf(tty, "\33[5t");
+	for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+		move(tty, x - shake, y);
+		move(tty, x, y + shake);
+		move(tty, x + shake, y);
+		move(tty, x, y - shake);
+		move(tty, x, y);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/bin/order.y b/bin/order.y
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..95f1036e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/order.y
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2019  June McEnroe <june@causal.agency>
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+%{
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <err.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sysexits.h>
+
+int vasprintf(char **ret, const char *format, va_list ap);
+
+static void yyerror(const char *str) {
+	errx(EX_DATAERR, "%s", str);
+}
+
+#define YYSTYPE char *
+
+static char *fmt(const char *format, ...) {
+	char *str = NULL;
+	va_list ap;
+	va_start(ap, format);
+	vasprintf(&str, format, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+	if (!str) err(EX_OSERR, "vasprintf");
+	return str;
+}
+
+static int yylex(void);
+
+%}
+
+%left ','
+%right '=' MulAss DivAss ModAss AddAss SubAss ShlAss ShrAss AndAss XorAss OrAss
+%right '?' ':'
+%left Or
+%left And
+%left '|'
+%left '^'
+%left '&'
+%left Eq Ne
+%left '<' Le '>' Ge
+%left Shl Shr
+%left '+' '-'
+%left '*' '/' '%'
+%right '!' '~' Inc Dec Sizeof
+%left '(' ')' '[' ']' Arr '.'
+
+%token Var
+
+%%
+
+start:
+	expr { printf("%s\n", $1); }
+	;
+
+expr:
+	Var
+	| '(' expr ')' { $$ = $2; }
+	| expr '[' expr ']' { $$ = fmt("(%s[%s])", $1, $3); }
+	| expr Arr Var { $$ = fmt("(%s->%s)", $1, $3); }
+	| expr '.' Var { $$ = fmt("(%s.%s)", $1, $3); }
+	| '!' expr { $$ = fmt("(!%s)", $2); }
+	| '~' expr { $$ = fmt("(~%s)", $2); }
+	| Inc expr { $$ = fmt("(++%s)", $2); }
+	| Dec expr { $$ = fmt("(--%s)", $2); }
+	| expr Inc { $$ = fmt("(%s++)", $1); }
+	| expr Dec { $$ = fmt("(%s--)", $1); }
+	| '-' expr %prec '!' { $$ = fmt("(-%s)", $2); }
+	| '*' expr %prec '!' { $$ = fmt("(*%s)", $2); }
+	| '&' expr %prec '!' { $$ = fmt("(&%s)", $2); }
+	| Sizeof expr { $$ = fmt("(sizeof %s)", $2); }
+	| expr '*' expr { $$ = fmt("(%s * %s)", $1, $3); }
+	| expr '/' expr { $$ = fmt("(%s / %s)", $1, $3); }
+	| expr '%' expr { $$ = fmt("(%s %% %s)", $1, $3); }
+	| expr '+' expr { $$ = fmt("(%s + %s)", $1, $3); }
+	| expr '-' expr { $$ = fmt("(%s - %s)", $1, $3); }
+	| expr Shl expr { $$ = fmt("(%s << %s)", $1, $3); }
+	| expr Shr expr { $$ = fmt("(%s >> %s)", $1, $3); }
+	| expr '<' expr { $$ = fmt("(%s < %s)", $1, $3); }
+	| expr Le expr { $$ = fmt("(%s <= %s)", $1, $3); }
+	| expr '>' expr { $$ = fmt("(%s > %s)", $1, $3); }
+	| expr Ge expr { $$ = fmt("(%s >= %s)", $1, $3); }
+	| expr Eq expr { $$ = fmt("(%s == %s)", $1, $3); }
+	| expr Ne expr { $$ = fmt("(%s != %s)", $1, $3); }
+	| expr '&' expr { $$ = fmt("(%s & %s)", $1, $3); }
+	| expr '^' expr { $$ = fmt("(%s ^ %s)", $1, $3); }
+	| expr '|' expr { $$ = fmt("(%s | %s)", $1, $3); }
+	| expr And expr { $$ = fmt("(%s && %s)", $1, $3); }
+	| expr Or expr { $$ = fmt("(%s || %s)", $1, $3); }
+	| expr '?' expr ':' expr { $$ = fmt("(%s ? %s : %s)", $1, $3, $5); }
+	| expr ass expr %prec '=' { $$ = fmt("(%s %s %s)", $1, $2, $3); }
+	| expr ',' expr { $$ = fmt("(%s, %s)", $1, $3); }
+	;
+
+ass:
+	'=' { $$ = "="; }
+	| MulAss { $$ = "*="; }
+	| DivAss { $$ = "/="; }
+	| ModAss { $$ = "%="; }
+	| AddAss { $$ = "+="; }
+	| SubAss { $$ = "-="; }
+	| ShlAss { $$ = "<<="; }
+	| ShrAss { $$ = ">>="; }
+	| AndAss { $$ = "&="; }
+	| XorAss { $$ = "^="; }
+	| OrAss { $$ = "|="; }
+	;
+
+%%
+
+#define T(a, b) ((int)(a) << 8 | (int)(b))
+
+static const char *input;
+
+static int yylex(void) {
+	while (isspace(input[0])) input++;
+	if (!input[0]) return EOF;
+
+	int len;
+	for (len = 0; isalnum(input[len]) || input[len] == '_'; ++len);
+	if (len) {
+		if (!strncmp(input, "sizeof", len)) {
+			input += len;
+			return Sizeof;
+		}
+		yylval = fmt("%.*s", len, input);
+		input += len;
+		return Var;
+	}
+
+	int tok;
+	switch (T(input[0], input[1])) {
+		break; case T('-', '>'): tok = Arr;
+		break; case T('+', '+'): tok = Inc;
+		break; case T('-', '-'): tok = Dec;
+		break; case T('<', '<'): tok = Shl;
+		break; case T('>', '>'): tok = Shr;
+		break; case T('<', '='): tok = Le;
+		break; case T('>', '='): tok = Ge;
+		break; case T('=', '='): tok = Eq;
+		break; case T('!', '='): tok = Ne;
+		break; case T('&', '&'): tok = And;
+		break; case T('|', '|'): tok = Or;
+		break; case T('*', '='): tok = MulAss;
+		break; case T('/', '='): tok = DivAss;
+		break; case T('%', '='): tok = ModAss;
+		break; case T('+', '='): tok = AddAss;
+		break; case T('-', '='): tok = SubAss;
+		break; case T('&', '='): tok = AndAss;
+		break; case T('^', '='): tok = XorAss;
+		break; case T('|', '='): tok = OrAss;
+		break; default: return *input++;
+	}
+	input += 2;
+
+	switch (T(tok, input[0])) {
+		case T(Shl, '='): input++; return ShlAss;
+		case T(Shr, '='): input++; return ShrAss;
+	}
+
+	return tok;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+	for (int i = 1; i < argc; ++i) {
+		input = argv[i];
+		yyparse();
+	}
+	if (argc > 1) return EX_OK;
+	size_t cap = 0;
+	char *buf = NULL;
+	while (0 < getline(&buf, &cap, stdin)) {
+		input = buf;
+		yyparse();
+	}
+}
diff --git a/bin/pbd.c b/bin/pbd.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..58326053
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/pbd.c
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2017  June McEnroe <june@causal.agency>
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+#include <arpa/inet.h>
+#include <err.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <sysexits.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+typedef unsigned char byte;
+
+static void spawn(const char *cmd, const char *arg, int dest, int src) {
+	pid_t pid = fork();
+	if (pid < 0) err(EX_OSERR, "fork");
+
+	if (pid) {
+		int status;
+		pid_t dead = waitpid(pid, &status, 0);
+		if (dead < 0) err(EX_OSERR, "waitpid(%d)", pid);
+		if (status) warnx("%s: status %d", cmd, status);
+
+	} else {
+		int fd = dup2(src, dest);
+		if (fd < 0) err(EX_OSERR, "dup2");
+
+		execlp(cmd, cmd, arg, NULL);
+		err(EX_UNAVAILABLE, "%s", cmd);
+	}
+}
+
+static int pbd(void) {
+	int error;
+
+	int server = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+	if (server < 0) err(EX_OSERR, "socket");
+
+	error = fcntl(server, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC);
+	if (error) err(EX_IOERR, "fcntl");
+
+	struct sockaddr_in addr = {
+		.sin_family = AF_INET,
+		.sin_port = htons(7062),
+		.sin_addr = { .s_addr = htonl(0x7F000001) },
+	};
+	error = bind(server, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, sizeof(addr));
+	if (error) err(EX_UNAVAILABLE, "bind");
+
+	error = listen(server, 0);
+	if (error) err(EX_UNAVAILABLE, "listen");
+
+	for (;;) {
+		int client = accept(server, NULL, NULL);
+		if (client < 0) err(EX_IOERR, "accept");
+
+		error = fcntl(client, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC);
+		if (error) err(EX_IOERR, "fcntl");
+
+		char c = 0;
+		ssize_t size = read(client, &c, 1);
+		if (size < 0) warn("read");
+
+		switch (c) {
+			break; case 'p': spawn("pbpaste", NULL, STDOUT_FILENO, client);
+			break; case 'c': spawn("pbcopy", NULL, STDIN_FILENO, client);
+			break; case 'o': spawn("xargs", "open", STDIN_FILENO, client);
+		}
+
+		close(client);
+	}
+}
+
+static int pbdClient(char c) {
+	int client = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+	if (client < 0) err(EX_OSERR, "socket");
+
+	struct sockaddr_in addr = {
+		.sin_family = AF_INET,
+		.sin_port = htons(7062),
+		.sin_addr = { .s_addr = htonl(0x7F000001) },
+	};
+	int error = connect(client, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, sizeof(addr));
+	if (error) err(EX_UNAVAILABLE, "connect");
+
+	ssize_t size = write(client, &c, 1);
+	if (size < 0) err(EX_IOERR, "write");
+
+	return client;
+}
+
+static void copy(int out, int in) {
+	byte buf[4096];
+	ssize_t readSize;
+	while (0 < (readSize = read(in, buf, sizeof(buf)))) {
+		ssize_t writeSize = write(out, buf, readSize);
+		if (writeSize < 0) err(EX_IOERR, "write(%d)", out);
+	}
+	if (readSize < 0) err(EX_IOERR, "read(%d)", in);
+}
+
+static int pbcopy(void) {
+	int client = pbdClient('c');
+	copy(client, STDIN_FILENO);
+	return EX_OK;
+}
+
+static int pbpaste(void) {
+	int client = pbdClient('p');
+	copy(STDOUT_FILENO, client);
+	return EX_OK;
+}
+
+static int open1(const char *url) {
+	if (!url) return EX_USAGE;
+	int client = pbdClient('o');
+	ssize_t size = write(client, url, strlen(url));
+	if (size < 0) err(EX_IOERR, "write");
+	return EX_OK;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+	(void)argc;
+	if (strchr(argv[0], '/')) {
+		argv[0] = strrchr(argv[0], '/') + 1;
+	}
+	switch (argv[0][0] && argv[0][1] ? argv[0][2] : 0) {
+		case 'd': return pbd();
+		case 'c': return pbcopy();
+		case 'p': return pbpaste();
+		case 'e': return open1(argv[1]);
+		default:  return EX_USAGE;
+	}
+}
diff --git a/bin/png.h b/bin/png.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0df4699b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/png.h
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2018  June McEnroe <june@causal.agency>
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+#include <err.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sysexits.h>
+
+static inline uint32_t pngCRCTable(uint8_t n) {
+	static uint32_t table[256];
+	if (table[1]) return table[n];
+	for (int i = 0; i < 256; ++i) {
+		table[i] = i;
+		for (int j = 0; j < 8; ++j) {
+			table[i] = (table[i] >> 1) ^ (table[i] & 1 ? 0xEDB88320 : 0);
+		}
+	}
+	return table[n];
+}
+
+static uint32_t pngCRC;
+
+static inline void pngWrite(FILE *file, const uint8_t *ptr, uint32_t len) {
+	if (!fwrite(ptr, len, 1, file)) err(EX_IOERR, "pngWrite");
+	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+		pngCRC = pngCRCTable(pngCRC ^ ptr[i]) ^ (pngCRC >> 8);
+	}
+}
+static inline void pngInt32(FILE *file, uint32_t n) {
+	pngWrite(file, (uint8_t []) { n >> 24, n >> 16, n >> 8, n }, 4);
+}
+static inline void pngChunk(FILE *file, char type[static 4], uint32_t len) {
+	pngInt32(file, len);
+	pngCRC = ~0;
+	pngWrite(file, (uint8_t *)type, 4);
+}
+
+enum {
+	PNGGrayscale,
+	PNGTruecolor = 2,
+	PNGIndexed,
+	PNGAlpha,
+};
+
+static inline void pngHead(
+	FILE *file, uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint8_t depth, uint8_t color
+) {
+	pngWrite(file, (uint8_t *)"\x89PNG\r\n\x1A\n", 8);
+	pngChunk(file, "IHDR", 13);
+	pngInt32(file, width);
+	pngInt32(file, height);
+	pngWrite(file, &depth, 1);
+	pngWrite(file, &color, 1);
+	pngWrite(file, (uint8_t []) { 0, 0, 0 }, 3);
+	pngInt32(file, ~pngCRC);
+}
+
+static inline void pngPalette(FILE *file, const uint8_t *pal, uint32_t len) {
+	pngChunk(file, "PLTE", len);
+	pngWrite(file, pal, len);
+	pngInt32(file, ~pngCRC);
+}
+
+enum {
+	PNGNone,
+	PNGSub,
+	PNGUp,
+	PNGAverage,
+	PNGPaeth,
+};
+
+static inline void pngData(FILE *file, const uint8_t *data, uint32_t len) {
+	uint32_t adler1 = 1, adler2 = 0;
+	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+		adler1 = (adler1 + data[i]) % 65521;
+		adler2 = (adler1 + adler2) % 65521;
+	}
+	uint32_t zlen = 2 + 5 * ((len + 0xFFFE) / 0xFFFF) + len + 4;
+	pngChunk(file, "IDAT", zlen);
+	pngWrite(file, (uint8_t []) { 0x08, 0x1D }, 2);
+	for (; len > 0xFFFF; data += 0xFFFF, len -= 0xFFFF) {
+		pngWrite(file, (uint8_t []) { 0x00, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x00 }, 5);
+		pngWrite(file, data, 0xFFFF);
+	}
+	pngWrite(file, (uint8_t []) { 0x01, len, len >> 8, ~len, ~len >> 8 }, 5);
+	pngWrite(file, data, len);
+	pngInt32(file, adler2 << 16 | adler1);
+	pngInt32(file, ~pngCRC);
+}
+
+static inline void pngTail(FILE *file) {
+	pngChunk(file, "IEND", 0);
+	pngInt32(file, ~pngCRC);
+}
diff --git a/bin/pngo.c b/bin/pngo.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..080e0b95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/pngo.c
@@ -0,0 +1,812 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2018  June McEnroe <june@causal.agency>
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+#include <arpa/inet.h>
+#include <err.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sysexits.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <zlib.h>
+
+#define PACKED __attribute__((packed))
+#define PAIR(a, b) ((uint16_t)(a) << 8 | (uint16_t)(b))
+
+#define CRC_INIT (crc32(0, Z_NULL, 0))
+
+static bool verbose;
+static const char *path;
+static FILE *file;
+static uint32_t crc;
+
+static void readExpect(void *ptr, size_t size, const char *expect) {
+	fread(ptr, size, 1, file);
+	if (ferror(file)) err(EX_IOERR, "%s", path);
+	if (feof(file)) errx(EX_DATAERR, "%s: missing %s", path, expect);
+	crc = crc32(crc, ptr, size);
+}
+
+static void writeExpect(const void *ptr, size_t size) {
+	fwrite(ptr, size, 1, file);
+	if (ferror(file)) err(EX_IOERR, "%s", path);
+	crc = crc32(crc, ptr, size);
+}
+
+static const uint8_t Signature[8] = "\x89PNG\r\n\x1A\n";
+
+static void readSignature(void) {
+	uint8_t signature[8];
+	readExpect(signature, 8, "signature");
+	if (0 != memcmp(signature, Signature, 8)) {
+		errx(EX_DATAERR, "%s: invalid signature", path);
+	}
+}
+
+static void writeSignature(void) {
+	writeExpect(Signature, sizeof(Signature));
+}
+
+struct PACKED Chunk {
+	uint32_t size;
+	char type[4];
+};
+
+static const char *typeStr(struct Chunk chunk) {
+	static char buf[5];
+	memcpy(buf, chunk.type, 4);
+	return buf;
+}
+
+static struct Chunk readChunk(void) {
+	struct Chunk chunk;
+	readExpect(&chunk, sizeof(chunk), "chunk");
+	chunk.size = ntohl(chunk.size);
+	crc = crc32(CRC_INIT, (Byte *)chunk.type, sizeof(chunk.type));
+	return chunk;
+}
+
+static void writeChunk(struct Chunk chunk) {
+	chunk.size = htonl(chunk.size);
+	writeExpect(&chunk, sizeof(chunk));
+	crc = crc32(CRC_INIT, (Byte *)chunk.type, sizeof(chunk.type));
+}
+
+static void readCrc(void) {
+	uint32_t expected = crc;
+	uint32_t found;
+	readExpect(&found, sizeof(found), "CRC32");
+	found = ntohl(found);
+	if (found != expected) {
+		errx(
+			EX_DATAERR, "%s: expected CRC32 %08X, found %08X",
+			path, expected, found
+		);
+	}
+}
+
+static void writeCrc(void) {
+	uint32_t net = htonl(crc);
+	writeExpect(&net, sizeof(net));
+}
+
+static void skipChunk(struct Chunk chunk) {
+	if (!(chunk.type[0] & 0x20)) {
+		errx(EX_CONFIG, "%s: unsupported critical chunk %s", path, typeStr(chunk));
+	}
+	uint8_t discard[4096];
+	while (chunk.size > sizeof(discard)) {
+		readExpect(discard, sizeof(discard), "chunk data");
+		chunk.size -= sizeof(discard);
+	}
+	if (chunk.size) readExpect(discard, chunk.size, "chunk data");
+	readCrc();
+}
+
+static struct PACKED {
+	uint32_t width;
+	uint32_t height;
+	uint8_t depth;
+	enum PACKED {
+		Grayscale      = 0,
+		Truecolor      = 2,
+		Indexed        = 3,
+		GrayscaleAlpha = 4,
+		TruecolorAlpha = 6,
+	} color;
+	enum PACKED { Deflate } compression;
+	enum PACKED { Adaptive } filter;
+	enum PACKED { Progressive, Adam7 } interlace;
+} header;
+_Static_assert(13 == sizeof(header), "header size");
+
+static size_t pixelBits(void) {
+	switch (header.color) {
+		case Grayscale:      return 1 * header.depth;
+		case Truecolor:      return 3 * header.depth;
+		case Indexed:        return 1 * header.depth;
+		case GrayscaleAlpha: return 2 * header.depth;
+		case TruecolorAlpha: return 4 * header.depth;
+		default: abort();
+	}
+}
+
+static size_t pixelSize(void) {
+	return (pixelBits() + 7) / 8;
+}
+
+static size_t lineSize(void) {
+	return (header.width * pixelBits() + 7) / 8;
+}
+
+static size_t dataSize(void) {
+	return (1 + lineSize()) * header.height;
+}
+
+static const char *ColorStr[] = {
+	[Grayscale] = "grayscale",
+	[Truecolor] = "truecolor",
+	[Indexed] = "indexed",
+	[GrayscaleAlpha] = "grayscale alpha",
+	[TruecolorAlpha] = "truecolor alpha",
+};
+static void printHeader(void) {
+	fprintf(
+		stderr,
+		"%s: %ux%u %hhu-bit %s\n",
+		path,
+		header.width, header.height,
+		header.depth, ColorStr[header.color]
+	);
+}
+
+static void readHeader(struct Chunk chunk) {
+	if (chunk.size != sizeof(header)) {
+		errx(
+			EX_DATAERR, "%s: expected IHDR size %zu, found %u",
+			path, sizeof(header), chunk.size
+		);
+	}
+	readExpect(&header, sizeof(header), "header");
+	readCrc();
+
+	header.width = ntohl(header.width);
+	header.height = ntohl(header.height);
+
+	if (!header.width) errx(EX_DATAERR, "%s: invalid width 0", path);
+	if (!header.height) errx(EX_DATAERR, "%s: invalid height 0", path);
+	switch (PAIR(header.color, header.depth)) {
+		case PAIR(Grayscale, 1):
+		case PAIR(Grayscale, 2):
+		case PAIR(Grayscale, 4):
+		case PAIR(Grayscale, 8):
+		case PAIR(Grayscale, 16):
+		case PAIR(Truecolor, 8):
+		case PAIR(Truecolor, 16):
+		case PAIR(Indexed, 1):
+		case PAIR(Indexed, 2):
+		case PAIR(Indexed, 4):
+		case PAIR(Indexed, 8):
+		case PAIR(GrayscaleAlpha, 8):
+		case PAIR(GrayscaleAlpha, 16):
+		case PAIR(TruecolorAlpha, 8):
+		case PAIR(TruecolorAlpha, 16):
+			break;
+		default:
+			errx(
+				EX_DATAERR, "%s: invalid color type %hhu and bit depth %hhu",
+				path, header.color, header.depth
+			);
+	}
+	if (header.compression != Deflate) {
+		errx(
+			EX_DATAERR, "%s: invalid compression method %hhu",
+			path, header.compression
+		);
+	}
+	if (header.filter != Adaptive) {
+		errx(EX_DATAERR, "%s: invalid filter method %hhu", path, header.filter);
+	}
+	if (header.interlace > Adam7) {
+		errx(EX_DATAERR, "%s: invalid interlace method %hhu", path, header.interlace);
+	}
+
+	if (verbose) printHeader();
+}
+
+static void writeHeader(void) {
+	if (verbose) printHeader();
+
+	struct Chunk ihdr = { .size = sizeof(header), .type = "IHDR" };
+	writeChunk(ihdr);
+	header.width = htonl(header.width);
+	header.height = htonl(header.height);
+	writeExpect(&header, sizeof(header));
+	writeCrc();
+
+	header.width = ntohl(header.width);
+	header.height = ntohl(header.height);
+}
+
+static struct {
+	uint32_t len;
+	uint8_t entries[256][3];
+} palette;
+
+static struct {
+	uint32_t len;
+	uint8_t alpha[256];
+} trans;
+
+static void paletteClear(void) {
+	palette.len = 0;
+	trans.len = 0;
+}
+
+static uint32_t paletteIndex(bool alpha, const uint8_t *rgba) {
+	uint32_t i;
+	for (i = 0; i < palette.len; ++i) {
+		if (alpha && i < trans.len && trans.alpha[i] != rgba[3]) continue;
+		if (0 == memcmp(palette.entries[i], rgba, 3)) break;
+	}
+	return i;
+}
+
+static bool paletteAdd(bool alpha, const uint8_t *rgba) {
+	uint32_t i = paletteIndex(alpha, rgba);
+	if (i < palette.len) return true;
+	if (i == 256) return false;
+	memcpy(palette.entries[i], rgba, 3);
+	palette.len++;
+	if (alpha) {
+		trans.alpha[i] = rgba[3];
+		trans.len++;
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+
+static void transCompact(void) {
+	uint32_t i;
+	for (i = 0; i < trans.len; ++i) {
+		if (trans.alpha[i] == 0xFF) break;
+	}
+	if (i == trans.len) return;
+
+	for (uint32_t j = i + 1; j < trans.len; ++j) {
+		if (trans.alpha[j] == 0xFF) continue;
+
+		uint8_t alpha = trans.alpha[i];
+		trans.alpha[i] = trans.alpha[j];
+		trans.alpha[j] = alpha;
+
+		uint8_t rgb[3];
+		memcpy(rgb, palette.entries[i], 3);
+		memcpy(palette.entries[i], palette.entries[j], 3);
+		memcpy(palette.entries[j], rgb, 3);
+
+		i++;
+	}
+	trans.len = i;
+}
+
+static void readPalette(struct Chunk chunk) {
+	if (chunk.size % 3) {
+		errx(EX_DATAERR, "%s: PLTE size %u not divisible by 3", path, chunk.size);
+	}
+
+	palette.len = chunk.size / 3;
+	if (palette.len > 256) {
+		errx(EX_DATAERR, "%s: PLTE length %u > 256", path, palette.len);
+	}
+
+	readExpect(palette.entries, chunk.size, "palette data");
+	readCrc();
+
+	if (verbose) fprintf(stderr, "%s: palette length %u\n", path, palette.len);
+}
+
+static void writePalette(void) {
+	if (verbose) fprintf(stderr, "%s: palette length %u\n", path, palette.len);
+	struct Chunk plte = { .size = 3 * palette.len, .type = "PLTE" };
+	writeChunk(plte);
+	writeExpect(palette.entries, plte.size);
+	writeCrc();
+}
+
+static void readTrans(struct Chunk chunk) {
+	trans.len = chunk.size;
+	if (trans.len > 256) {
+		errx(EX_DATAERR, "%s: tRNS length %u > 256", path, trans.len);
+	}
+	readExpect(trans.alpha, chunk.size, "transparency alpha");
+	readCrc();
+	if (verbose) fprintf(stderr, "%s: transparency length %u\n", path, trans.len);
+}
+
+static void writeTrans(void) {
+	if (verbose) fprintf(stderr, "%s: transparency length %u\n", path, trans.len);
+	struct Chunk trns = { .size = trans.len, .type = "tRNS" };
+	writeChunk(trns);
+	writeExpect(trans.alpha, trns.size);
+	writeCrc();
+}
+
+static uint8_t *data;
+
+static void allocData(void) {
+	data = malloc(dataSize());
+	if (!data) err(EX_OSERR, "malloc(%zu)", dataSize());
+}
+
+static void readData(struct Chunk chunk) {
+	if (verbose) fprintf(stderr, "%s: data size %zu\n", path, dataSize());
+
+	struct z_stream_s stream = { .next_out = data, .avail_out = dataSize() };
+	int error = inflateInit(&stream);
+	if (error != Z_OK) errx(EX_SOFTWARE, "%s: inflateInit: %s", path, stream.msg);
+
+	for (;;) {
+		if (0 != memcmp(chunk.type, "IDAT", 4)) {
+			errx(EX_DATAERR, "%s: missing IDAT chunk", path);
+		}
+
+		uint8_t *idat = malloc(chunk.size);
+		if (!idat) err(EX_OSERR, "malloc");
+
+		readExpect(idat, chunk.size, "image data");
+		readCrc();
+
+		stream.next_in = idat;
+		stream.avail_in = chunk.size;
+		int error = inflate(&stream, Z_SYNC_FLUSH);
+		free(idat);
+
+		if (error == Z_STREAM_END) break;
+		if (error != Z_OK) {
+			errx(EX_DATAERR, "%s: inflate: %s", path, stream.msg);
+		}
+
+		chunk = readChunk();
+	}
+
+	inflateEnd(&stream);
+	if ((size_t)stream.total_out != dataSize()) {
+		errx(
+			EX_DATAERR, "%s: expected data size %zu, found %zu",
+			path, dataSize(), (size_t)stream.total_out
+		);
+	}
+
+	if (verbose) {
+		fprintf(
+			stderr, "%s: deflate size %zu\n", path, (size_t)stream.total_in
+		);
+	}
+}
+
+static void writeData(void) {
+	if (verbose) fprintf(stderr, "%s: data size %zu\n", path, dataSize());
+
+	uLong size = compressBound(dataSize());
+	uint8_t *deflate = malloc(size);
+	if (!deflate) err(EX_OSERR, "malloc");
+
+	int error = compress2(deflate, &size, data, dataSize(), Z_BEST_COMPRESSION);
+	if (error != Z_OK) errx(EX_SOFTWARE, "%s: compress2: %d", path, error);
+
+	struct Chunk idat = { .size = size, .type = "IDAT" };
+	writeChunk(idat);
+	writeExpect(deflate, size);
+	writeCrc();
+
+	free(deflate);
+
+	if (verbose) fprintf(stderr, "%s: deflate size %lu\n", path, size);
+}
+
+static void writeEnd(void) {
+	struct Chunk iend = { .size = 0, .type = "IEND" };
+	writeChunk(iend);
+	writeCrc();
+}
+
+enum PACKED Filter {
+	None,
+	Sub,
+	Up,
+	Average,
+	Paeth,
+	FilterCount,
+};
+
+struct Bytes {
+	uint8_t x;
+	uint8_t a;
+	uint8_t b;
+	uint8_t c;
+};
+
+static uint8_t paethPredictor(struct Bytes f) {
+	int32_t p = (int32_t)f.a + (int32_t)f.b - (int32_t)f.c;
+	int32_t pa = abs(p - (int32_t)f.a);
+	int32_t pb = abs(p - (int32_t)f.b);
+	int32_t pc = abs(p - (int32_t)f.c);
+	if (pa <= pb && pa <= pc) return f.a;
+	if (pb <= pc) return f.b;
+	return f.c;
+}
+
+static uint8_t recon(enum Filter type, struct Bytes f) {
+	switch (type) {
+		case None:    return f.x;
+		case Sub:     return f.x + f.a;
+		case Up:      return f.x + f.b;
+		case Average: return f.x + ((uint32_t)f.a + (uint32_t)f.b) / 2;
+		case Paeth:   return f.x + paethPredictor(f);
+		default:      abort();
+	}
+}
+
+static uint8_t filt(enum Filter type, struct Bytes f) {
+	switch (type) {
+		case None:    return f.x;
+		case Sub:     return f.x - f.a;
+		case Up:      return f.x - f.b;
+		case Average: return f.x - ((uint32_t)f.a + (uint32_t)f.b) / 2;
+		case Paeth:   return f.x - paethPredictor(f);
+		default:      abort();
+	}
+}
+
+static struct Line {
+	enum Filter type;
+	uint8_t data[];
+} **lines;
+
+static void allocLines(void) {
+	lines = calloc(header.height, sizeof(*lines));
+	if (!lines) err(EX_OSERR, "calloc(%u, %zu)", header.height, sizeof(*lines));
+}
+
+static void scanlines(void) {
+	size_t stride = 1 + lineSize();
+	for (uint32_t y = 0; y < header.height; ++y) {
+		lines[y] = (struct Line *)&data[y * stride];
+		if (lines[y]->type >= FilterCount) {
+			errx(EX_DATAERR, "%s: invalid filter type %hhu", path, lines[y]->type);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+static struct Bytes origBytes(uint32_t y, size_t i) {
+	bool a = (i >= pixelSize()), b = (y > 0), c = (a && b);
+	return (struct Bytes) {
+		.x = lines[y]->data[i],
+		.a = a ? lines[y]->data[i - pixelSize()] : 0,
+		.b = b ? lines[y - 1]->data[i] : 0,
+		.c = c ? lines[y - 1]->data[i - pixelSize()] : 0,
+	};
+}
+
+static void reconData(void) {
+	for (uint32_t y = 0; y < header.height; ++y) {
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < lineSize(); ++i) {
+			lines[y]->data[i] =
+				recon(lines[y]->type, origBytes(y, i));
+		}
+		lines[y]->type = None;
+	}
+}
+
+static void filterData(void) {
+	if (header.color == Indexed || header.depth < 8) return;
+	for (uint32_t y = header.height - 1; y < header.height; --y) {
+		uint8_t filter[FilterCount][lineSize()];
+		uint32_t heuristic[FilterCount] = {0};
+		enum Filter minType = None;
+		for (enum Filter type = None; type < FilterCount; ++type) {
+			for (size_t i = 0; i < lineSize(); ++i) {
+				filter[type][i] = filt(type, origBytes(y, i));
+				heuristic[type] += abs((int8_t)filter[type][i]);
+			}
+			if (heuristic[type] < heuristic[minType]) minType = type;
+		}
+		lines[y]->type = minType;
+		memcpy(lines[y]->data, filter[minType], lineSize());
+	}
+}
+
+static void discardAlpha(void) {
+	if (header.color != GrayscaleAlpha && header.color != TruecolorAlpha) return;
+	size_t sampleSize = header.depth / 8;
+	size_t colorSize = pixelSize() - sampleSize;
+	for (uint32_t y = 0; y < header.height; ++y) {
+		for (uint32_t x = 0; x < header.width; ++x) {
+			for (size_t i = 0; i < sampleSize; ++i) {
+				if (lines[y]->data[x * pixelSize() + colorSize + i] != 0xFF) return;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	uint8_t *ptr = data;
+	for (uint32_t y = 0; y < header.height; ++y) {
+		*ptr++ = lines[y]->type;
+		for (uint32_t x = 0; x < header.width; ++x) {
+			memmove(ptr, &lines[y]->data[x * pixelSize()], colorSize);
+			ptr += colorSize;
+		}
+	}
+	header.color = (header.color == GrayscaleAlpha) ? Grayscale : Truecolor;
+	scanlines();
+}
+
+static void discardColor(void) {
+	if (header.color != Truecolor && header.color != TruecolorAlpha) return;
+	size_t sampleSize = header.depth / 8;
+	for (uint32_t y = 0; y < header.height; ++y) {
+		for (uint32_t x = 0; x < header.width; ++x) {
+			uint8_t *r = &lines[y]->data[x * pixelSize()];
+			uint8_t *g = r + sampleSize;
+			uint8_t *b = g + sampleSize;
+			if (0 != memcmp(r, g, sampleSize)) return;
+			if (0 != memcmp(g, b, sampleSize)) return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	uint8_t *ptr = data;
+	for (uint32_t y = 0; y < header.height; ++y) {
+		*ptr++ = lines[y]->type;
+		for (uint32_t x = 0; x < header.width; ++x) {
+			uint8_t *pixel = &lines[y]->data[x * pixelSize()];
+			memmove(ptr, pixel, sampleSize);
+			ptr += sampleSize;
+			if (header.color == TruecolorAlpha) {
+				memmove(ptr, pixel + 3 * sampleSize, sampleSize);
+				ptr += sampleSize;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	header.color = (header.color == Truecolor) ? Grayscale : GrayscaleAlpha;
+	scanlines();
+}
+
+static void indexColor(void) {
+	if (header.color != Truecolor && header.color != TruecolorAlpha) return;
+	if (header.depth != 8) return;
+	bool alpha = (header.color == TruecolorAlpha);
+	for (uint32_t y = 0; y < header.height; ++y) {
+		for (uint32_t x = 0; x < header.width; ++x) {
+			if (!paletteAdd(alpha, &lines[y]->data[x * pixelSize()])) return;
+		}
+	}
+	transCompact();
+
+	uint8_t *ptr = data;
+	for (uint32_t y = 0; y < header.height; ++y) {
+		*ptr++ = lines[y]->type;
+		for (uint32_t x = 0; x < header.width; ++x) {
+			*ptr++ = paletteIndex(alpha, &lines[y]->data[x * pixelSize()]);
+		}
+	}
+	header.color = Indexed;
+	scanlines();
+}
+
+static void reduceDepth8(void) {
+	if (header.color != Grayscale && header.color != Indexed) return;
+	if (header.depth != 8) return;
+	if (header.color == Grayscale) {
+		for (uint32_t y = 0; y < header.height; ++y) {
+			for (size_t i = 0; i < lineSize(); ++i) {
+				uint8_t a = lines[y]->data[i];
+				if ((a >> 4) != (a & 0x0F)) return;
+			}
+		}
+	} else if (palette.len > 16) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	uint8_t *ptr = data;
+	for (uint32_t y = 0; y < header.height; ++y) {
+		*ptr++ = lines[y]->type;
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < lineSize(); i += 2) {
+			uint8_t iByte = lines[y]->data[i];
+			uint8_t jByte = (i + 1 < lineSize()) ? lines[y]->data[i + 1] : 0;
+			uint8_t a = iByte & 0x0F;
+			uint8_t b = jByte & 0x0F;
+			*ptr++ = a << 4 | b;
+		}
+	}
+	header.depth = 4;
+	scanlines();
+}
+
+static void reduceDepth4(void) {
+	if (header.depth != 4) return;
+	if (header.color == Grayscale) {
+		for (uint32_t y = 0; y < header.height; ++y) {
+			for (size_t i = 0; i < lineSize(); ++i) {
+				uint8_t a = lines[y]->data[i] >> 4;
+				uint8_t b = lines[y]->data[i] & 0x0F;
+				if ((a >> 2) != (a & 0x03)) return;
+				if ((b >> 2) != (b & 0x03)) return;
+			}
+		}
+	} else if (palette.len > 4) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	uint8_t *ptr = data;
+	for (uint32_t y = 0; y < header.height; ++y) {
+		*ptr++ = lines[y]->type;
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < lineSize(); i += 2) {
+			uint8_t iByte = lines[y]->data[i];
+			uint8_t jByte = (i + 1 < lineSize()) ? lines[y]->data[i + 1] : 0;
+			uint8_t a = iByte >> 4 & 0x03, b = iByte & 0x03;
+			uint8_t c = jByte >> 4 & 0x03, d = jByte & 0x03;
+			*ptr++ = a << 6 | b << 4 | c << 2 | d;
+		}
+	}
+	header.depth = 2;
+	scanlines();
+}
+
+static void reduceDepth2(void) {
+	if (header.depth != 2) return;
+	if (header.color == Grayscale) {
+		for (uint32_t y = 0; y < header.height; ++y) {
+			for (size_t i = 0; i < lineSize(); ++i) {
+				uint8_t a = lines[y]->data[i] >> 6;
+				uint8_t b = lines[y]->data[i] >> 4 & 0x03;
+				uint8_t c = lines[y]->data[i] >> 2 & 0x03;
+				uint8_t d = lines[y]->data[i] & 0x03;
+				if ((a >> 1) != (a & 0x01)) return;
+				if ((b >> 1) != (b & 0x01)) return;
+				if ((c >> 1) != (c & 0x01)) return;
+				if ((d >> 1) != (d & 0x01)) return;
+			}
+		}
+	} else if (palette.len > 2) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	uint8_t *ptr = data;
+	for (uint32_t y = 0; y < header.height; ++y) {
+		*ptr++ = lines[y]->type;
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < lineSize(); i += 2) {
+			uint8_t iByte = lines[y]->data[i];
+			uint8_t jByte = (i + 1 < lineSize()) ? lines[y]->data[i + 1] : 0;
+			uint8_t a = iByte >> 6 & 0x01, b = iByte >> 4 & 0x01;
+			uint8_t c = iByte >> 2 & 0x01, d = iByte & 0x01;
+			uint8_t e = jByte >> 6 & 0x01, f = jByte >> 4 & 0x01;
+			uint8_t g = jByte >> 2 & 0x01, h = jByte & 0x01;
+			*ptr++ = a << 7 | b << 6 | c << 5 | d << 4 | e << 3 | f << 2 | g << 1 | h;
+		}
+	}
+	header.depth = 1;
+	scanlines();
+}
+
+static void reduceDepth(void) {
+	reduceDepth8();
+	reduceDepth4();
+	reduceDepth2();
+}
+
+static void optimize(const char *inPath, const char *outPath) {
+	if (inPath) {
+		path = inPath;
+		file = fopen(path, "r");
+		if (!file) err(EX_NOINPUT, "%s", path);
+	} else {
+		path = "(stdin)";
+		file = stdin;
+	}
+
+	readSignature();
+	struct Chunk ihdr = readChunk();
+	if (0 != memcmp(ihdr.type, "IHDR", 4)) {
+		errx(EX_DATAERR, "%s: expected IHDR, found %s", path, typeStr(ihdr));
+	}
+	readHeader(ihdr);
+	if (header.interlace != Progressive) {
+		errx(
+			EX_CONFIG, "%s: unsupported interlace method %hhu",
+			path, header.interlace
+		);
+	}
+
+	paletteClear();
+	allocData();
+	for (;;) {
+		struct Chunk chunk = readChunk();
+		if (0 == memcmp(chunk.type, "PLTE", 4)) {
+			readPalette(chunk);
+		} else if (0 == memcmp(chunk.type, "tRNS", 4)) {
+			readTrans(chunk);
+		} else if (0 == memcmp(chunk.type, "IDAT", 4)) {
+			readData(chunk);
+		} else if (0 != memcmp(chunk.type, "IEND", 4)) {
+			skipChunk(chunk);
+		} else {
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	fclose(file);
+
+	allocLines();
+	scanlines();
+	reconData();
+
+	discardAlpha();
+	discardColor();
+	indexColor();
+	reduceDepth();
+	filterData();
+	free(lines);
+
+	if (outPath) {
+		path = outPath;
+		file = fopen(path, "w");
+		if (!file) err(EX_CANTCREAT, "%s", path);
+	} else {
+		path = "(stdout)";
+		file = stdout;
+	}
+
+	writeSignature();
+	writeHeader();
+	if (header.color == Indexed) {
+		writePalette();
+		if (trans.len) writeTrans();
+	}
+	writeData();
+	writeEnd();
+	free(data);
+
+	int error = fclose(file);
+	if (error) err(EX_IOERR, "%s", path);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+	bool stdio = false;
+	char *output = NULL;
+
+	int opt;
+	while (0 < (opt = getopt(argc, argv, "co:v"))) {
+		switch (opt) {
+			break; case 'c': stdio = true;
+			break; case 'o': output = optarg;
+			break; case 'v': verbose = true;
+			break; default: return EX_USAGE;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (argc - optind == 1 && (output || stdio)) {
+		optimize(argv[optind], output);
+	} else if (optind < argc) {
+		for (int i = optind; i < argc; ++i) {
+			optimize(argv[i], argv[i]);
+		}
+	} else {
+		optimize(NULL, output);
+	}
+
+	return EX_OK;
+}
diff --git a/bin/psf2png.c b/bin/psf2png.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c36238a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/psf2png.c
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2018  June McEnroe <june@causal.agency>
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+#include <err.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sysexits.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "png.h"
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+	uint32_t cols = 32;
+	const char *str = NULL;
+	uint32_t fg = 0xFFFFFF;
+	uint32_t bg = 0x000000;
+
+	int opt;
+	while (0 < (opt = getopt(argc, argv, "b:c:f:s:"))) {
+		switch (opt) {
+			break; case 'b': bg = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 16);
+			break; case 'c': cols = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0);
+			break; case 'f': fg = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 16);
+			break; case 's': str = optarg;
+			break; default:  return EX_USAGE;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!cols && str) cols = strlen(str);
+	if (!cols) return EX_USAGE;
+
+	const char *path = NULL;
+	if (optind < argc) path = argv[optind];
+	
+	FILE *file = path ? fopen(path, "r") : stdin;
+	if (!file) err(EX_NOINPUT, "%s", path);
+	if (!path) path = "(stdin)";
+
+	struct {
+		uint32_t magic;
+		uint32_t version;
+		uint32_t size;
+		uint32_t flags;
+		struct {
+			uint32_t len;
+			uint32_t size;
+			uint32_t height;
+			uint32_t width;
+		} glyph;
+	} header;
+	size_t len = fread(&header, sizeof(header), 1, file);
+	if (ferror(file)) err(EX_IOERR, "%s", path);
+	if (len < 1) errx(EX_DATAERR, "%s: truncated header", path);
+
+	uint32_t widthBytes = (header.glyph.width + 7) / 8;
+	uint8_t glyphs[header.glyph.len][header.glyph.height][widthBytes];
+	len = fread(glyphs, header.glyph.size, header.glyph.len, file);
+	if (ferror(file)) err(EX_IOERR, "%s", path);
+	if (len < header.glyph.len) {
+		errx(EX_DATAERR, "%s: truncated glyphs", path);
+	}
+	fclose(file);
+
+	uint32_t count = (str ? strlen(str) : header.glyph.len);
+	uint32_t width = header.glyph.width * cols;
+	uint32_t rows = (count + cols - 1) / cols;
+	uint32_t height = header.glyph.height * rows;
+
+	pngHead(stdout, width, height, 8, PNGIndexed);
+	uint8_t pal[] = {
+		bg >> 16, bg >> 8, bg,
+		fg >> 16, fg >> 8, fg,
+	};
+	pngPalette(stdout, pal, sizeof(pal));
+
+	uint8_t data[height][1 + width];
+	memset(data, PNGNone, sizeof(data));
+
+	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+		uint32_t row = header.glyph.height * (i / cols);
+		uint32_t col = 1 + header.glyph.width * (i % cols);
+		uint32_t g = (str ? str[i] : i);
+		for (uint32_t y = 0; y < header.glyph.height; ++y) {
+			for (uint32_t x = 0; x < header.glyph.width; ++x) {
+				uint8_t bit = glyphs[g][y][x / 8] >> (7 - x % 8) & 1;
+				data[row + y][col + x] = bit;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	pngData(stdout, (uint8_t *)data, sizeof(data));
+	pngTail(stdout);
+}
diff --git a/bin/psfed.c b/bin/psfed.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3f72816a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/psfed.c
@@ -0,0 +1,577 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2018  June McEnroe <june@causal.agency>
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+#include <err.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <linux/fb.h>
+#include <locale.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#include <sysexits.h>
+#include <termios.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <wchar.h>
+
+static const wchar_t CP437[256] =
+	L"\0☺☻♥♦♣♠•◘○◙♂♀♪♫☼"
+	L"►◄↕‼¶§▬↨↑↓→←∟↔▲▼"
+	L" !\"#$%&'()*+,-./"
+	L"0123456789:;<=>?"
+	L"@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO"
+	L"PQRSTUVWXYZ[\\]^_"
+	L"`abcdefghijklmno"
+	L"pqrstuvwxyz{|}~⌂"
+	L"ÇüéâäàåçêëèïîìÄÅ"
+	L"ÉæÆôöòûùÿÖÜ¢£¥₧ƒ"
+	L"áíóúñѪº¿⌐¬½¼¡«»"
+	L"░▒▓│┤╡╢╖╕╣║╗╝╜╛┐"
+	L"└┴┬├─┼╞╟╚╔╩╦╠═╬╧"
+	L"╨╤╥╙╘╒╓╫╪┘┌█▄▌▐▀"
+	L"αßΓπΣσµτΦΘΩδ∞φε∩"
+	L"≡±≥≤⌠⌡÷≈°∙·√ⁿ²■\0";
+
+static struct {
+	uint32_t width;
+	uint32_t height;
+	uint32_t *buffer;
+	uint32_t background;
+} frame;
+
+static void frameClear(void) {
+	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < frame.width * frame.height; ++i) {
+		frame.buffer[i] = frame.background;
+	}
+}
+
+static void frameOpen(void) {
+	const char *dev = getenv("FRAMEBUFFER");
+	if (!dev) dev = "/dev/fb0";
+
+	int fd = open(dev, O_RDWR);
+	if (fd < 0) err(EX_OSFILE, "%s", dev);
+
+	struct fb_var_screeninfo info;
+	int error = ioctl(fd, FBIOGET_VSCREENINFO, &info);
+	if (error) err(EX_IOERR, "%s", dev);
+
+	frame.width = info.xres;
+	frame.height = 3 * info.yres / 4;
+	frame.buffer = mmap(
+		NULL, sizeof(*frame.buffer) * frame.width * frame.height,
+		PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED,
+		fd, 0
+	);
+	if (frame.buffer == MAP_FAILED) err(EX_IOERR, "%s", dev);
+	close(fd);
+
+	frame.background = frame.buffer[0];
+	atexit(frameClear);
+}
+
+static const uint32_t Magic = 0x864AB572;
+static const uint32_t Version = 0;
+static const uint32_t FlagUnicode = 1 << 0;
+static uint32_t bytes(uint32_t bits) {
+	return (bits + 7) / 8;
+}
+
+static char *path;
+static struct {
+	uint32_t magic;
+	uint32_t version;
+	uint32_t size;
+	uint32_t flags;
+	struct {
+		uint32_t len;
+		uint32_t size;
+		uint32_t height;
+		uint32_t width;
+	} glyph;
+} header;
+static uint8_t *glyphs;
+
+static void fileRead(uint32_t newLen, uint32_t newWidth, uint32_t newHeight) {
+	FILE *file = fopen(path, "r");
+	if (file) {
+		size_t len = fread(&header, sizeof(header), 1, file);
+		if (ferror(file)) err(EX_IOERR, "%s", path);
+		if (len < 1) errx(EX_DATAERR, "%s: truncated header", path);
+
+	} else {
+		if (errno != ENOENT) err(EX_NOINPUT, "%s", path);
+		header.magic = Magic;
+		header.version = Version;
+		header.size = sizeof(header);
+		header.flags = 0;
+		header.glyph.len = newLen;
+		header.glyph.size = bytes(newWidth) * newHeight;
+		header.glyph.height = newHeight;
+		header.glyph.width = newWidth;
+	}
+
+	if (header.magic != Magic) {
+		errx(EX_DATAERR, "%s: invalid magic %08X", path, header.magic);
+	}
+	if (header.version != Version) {
+		errx(EX_DATAERR, "%s: unsupported version %u", path, header.version);
+	}
+	if (header.flags & FlagUnicode) {
+		errx(EX_DATAERR, "%s: unsupported unicode table", path);
+	}
+	if (header.flags) {
+		errx(EX_DATAERR, "%s: unsupported flags %08X", path, header.flags);
+	}
+
+	if (file && header.size > sizeof(header)) {
+		int error = fseek(file, header.size, SEEK_SET);
+		if (error) err(EX_IOERR, "%s", path);
+
+		warnx("%s: truncating long header", path);
+		header.size = sizeof(header);
+	}
+
+	glyphs = calloc(header.glyph.len, header.glyph.size);
+	if (!glyphs) err(EX_OSERR, "calloc");
+
+	if (file) {
+		size_t len = fread(glyphs, header.glyph.size, header.glyph.len, file);
+		if (ferror(file)) err(EX_IOERR, "%s", path);
+		if (len < header.glyph.len) {
+			errx(EX_DATAERR, "%s: truncated glyphs", path);
+		}
+		fclose(file);
+	}
+}
+
+static void fileWrite(void) {
+	FILE *file = fopen(path, "w");
+	if (!file) err(EX_CANTCREAT, "%s", path);
+
+	fwrite(&header, sizeof(header), 1, file);
+	if (ferror(file)) err(EX_IOERR, "%s", path);
+
+	fwrite(glyphs, header.glyph.size, header.glyph.len, file);
+	if (ferror(file)) err(EX_IOERR, "%s", path);
+
+	int error = fclose(file);
+	if (error) err(EX_IOERR, "%s", path);
+}
+
+static uint8_t *glyph(uint32_t index) {
+	return &glyphs[header.glyph.size * index];
+}
+static uint8_t *bitByte(uint32_t index, uint32_t x, uint32_t y) {
+	return &glyph(index)[bytes(header.glyph.width) * y + x / 8];
+}
+static uint8_t bitGet(uint32_t index, uint32_t x, uint32_t y) {
+	return *bitByte(index, x, y) >> (7 - x % 8) & 1;
+}
+static void bitFlip(uint32_t index, uint32_t x, uint32_t y) {
+	*bitByte(index, x, y) ^= 1 << (7 - x % 8);
+}
+static void bitSet(uint32_t index, uint32_t x, uint32_t y, uint8_t bit) {
+	*bitByte(index, x, y) &= ~(1 << (7 - x % 8));
+	*bitByte(index, x, y) |= bit << (7 - x % 8);
+}
+
+static void drawGlyph(
+	uint32_t destX, uint32_t destY, uint32_t scale, uint32_t index,
+	uint32_t selectX, uint32_t selectY, uint32_t guideX, uint32_t guideY
+) {
+	destX <<= scale;
+	destY <<= scale;
+
+	for (uint32_t y = 0; y < (header.glyph.height << scale); ++y) {
+		if (destY + y >= frame.height) break;
+		for (uint32_t x = 0; x < (header.glyph.width << scale); ++x) {
+			if (destX + x >= frame.width) break;
+
+			uint32_t glyphX = x >> scale;
+			uint32_t glyphY = y >> scale;
+			uint32_t fill = -bitGet(index, glyphX, glyphY);
+			if (selectX & 1 << glyphX && selectY & 1 << glyphY) fill ^= 0x77;
+			if (guideX & 1 << glyphX || guideY & 1 << glyphY) fill ^= 0x3300;
+
+			frame.buffer[frame.width * (destY + y) + destX + x] = fill;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+static void drawBorder(uint32_t destX, uint32_t destY, uint32_t scale) {
+	destX <<= scale;
+	destY <<= scale;
+
+	for (uint32_t y = 0; y < destY; ++y) {
+		if (y >= frame.height) break;
+		uint32_t fill = -(y >> scale & 1) ^ 0x555555;
+		for (uint32_t x = 0; x < (uint32_t)(1 << scale); ++x) {
+			if (destX + x >= frame.width) break;
+			frame.buffer[frame.width * y + destX + x] = fill;
+		}
+	}
+
+	for (uint32_t x = 0; x < destX; ++x) {
+		if (x >= frame.width) break;
+		uint32_t fill = -(x >> scale & 1) ^ 0x555555;
+		for (uint32_t y = 0; y < (uint32_t)(1 << scale); ++y) {
+			if (destY + y >= frame.height) break;
+			frame.buffer[frame.width * (destY + y) + x] = fill;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+enum { LF = '\n', Esc = '\33', Del = '\177' };
+
+static enum {
+	Normal,
+	Edit,
+	Preview,
+	Discard,
+} mode;
+
+static struct {
+	uint32_t scale;
+	uint32_t index;
+	bool modified;
+	bool to;
+	uint32_t from;
+} normal;
+
+static struct {
+	uint32_t scale;
+	uint32_t index;
+	uint32_t x;
+	uint32_t y;
+	uint32_t guideX;
+	uint32_t guideY;
+	uint8_t *undo;
+	uint8_t *copy;
+} edit = {
+	.scale = 4,
+};
+
+static const uint32_t NormalCols = 32;
+static void drawNormal(void) {
+	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < header.glyph.len; ++i) {
+		drawGlyph(
+			header.glyph.width * (i % NormalCols),
+			header.glyph.height * (i  / NormalCols),
+			normal.scale, i,
+			-(i == normal.index), -(i == normal.index), 0, 0
+		);
+	}
+}
+
+static void normalDec(uint32_t n) {
+	if (normal.index >= n) normal.index -= n;
+}
+static void normalInc(uint32_t n) {
+	if (normal.index + n < header.glyph.len) normal.index += n;
+}
+static void normalPrint(const char *prefix) {
+	if (normal.index <= 256) {
+		printf(
+			"%s: %02X '%lc'\n",
+			prefix, normal.index, (wint_t)CP437[normal.index]
+		);
+	} else {
+		printf("%s: %02X\n", prefix, normal.index);
+	}
+}
+
+static void inputNormal(char ch) {
+	if (normal.to) {
+		if (ch < header.glyph.len) normal.index = ch;
+		normalPrint("index");
+		normal.to = false;
+		return;
+	}
+
+	switch (ch) {
+		break; case 'q': {
+			if (!normal.modified) exit(EX_OK);
+			mode = Discard;
+		}
+		break; case 'w': {
+			fileWrite();
+			printf("write: %s\n", path);
+			normal.modified = false;
+		}
+		break; case '-': if (normal.scale) normal.scale--; frameClear();
+		break; case '+': normal.scale++;
+		break; case 'h': normalDec(1); normalPrint("index");
+		break; case 'l': normalInc(1); normalPrint("index");
+		break; case 'k': normalDec(NormalCols); normalPrint("index");
+		break; case 'j': normalInc(NormalCols); normalPrint("index");
+		break; case 'f': normal.from = normal.index; normal.to = true;
+		break; case 047: normal.index = normal.from; normalPrint("index");
+		break; case 'y': {
+			if (!edit.copy) edit.copy = malloc(header.glyph.size);
+			if (!edit.copy) err(EX_OSERR, "malloc");
+			memcpy(edit.copy, glyph(normal.index), header.glyph.size);
+			normalPrint("copy");
+		}
+		break; case 'e': {
+			normal.modified = true;
+			edit.index = normal.index;
+			if (!edit.undo) edit.undo = malloc(header.glyph.size);
+			if (!edit.undo) err(EX_OSERR, "malloc");
+			memcpy(edit.undo, glyph(edit.index), header.glyph.size);
+			mode = Edit;
+			frameClear();
+		}
+		break; case 'i': mode = Preview; frameClear();
+	}
+}
+
+static void drawEdit(void) {
+	drawGlyph(
+		0, 0, edit.scale, edit.index,
+		1 << edit.x, 1 << edit.y, edit.guideX, edit.guideY
+	);
+	drawBorder(header.glyph.width, header.glyph.height, edit.scale);
+	drawGlyph(
+		header.glyph.width << edit.scale,
+		header.glyph.height << edit.scale,
+		0, edit.index,
+		0, 0, 0, 0
+	);
+}
+
+static void inputEdit(char ch) {
+	switch (ch) {
+		break; case Esc: mode = Normal; frameClear();
+
+		break; case '-': if (edit.scale) edit.scale--; frameClear();
+		break; case '+': edit.scale++;
+		break; case 'g': edit.guideY ^= 1 << edit.y;
+		break; case 'G': edit.guideX ^= 1 << edit.x;
+
+		break; case 'h': if (edit.x) edit.x--;
+		break; case 'l': if (edit.x + 1 < header.glyph.width) edit.x++;
+		break; case 'k': if (edit.y) edit.y--;
+		break; case 'j': if (edit.y + 1 < header.glyph.height) edit.y++;
+		break; case ' ': bitFlip(edit.index, edit.x, edit.y);
+
+		break; case 'r': {
+			for (uint32_t y = 0; y < header.glyph.height; ++y) {
+				for (uint32_t x = 0; x < header.glyph.width; ++x) {
+					bitFlip(edit.index, x, y);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		break; case 'H': {
+			for (uint32_t x = 0; x < header.glyph.width; ++x) {
+				for (uint32_t y = 0; y < header.glyph.height; ++y) {
+					if (x + 1 < header.glyph.width) {
+						bitSet(edit.index, x, y, bitGet(edit.index, x + 1, y));
+					} else {
+						bitSet(edit.index, x, y, 0);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		break; case 'L': {
+			uint32_t width = header.glyph.width;
+			for (uint32_t x = width - 1; x < width; --x) {
+				for (uint32_t y = 0; y < header.glyph.height; ++y) {
+					if (x - 1 < width) {
+						bitSet(edit.index, x, y, bitGet(edit.index, x - 1, y));
+					} else {
+						bitSet(edit.index, x, y, 0);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		break; case 'K': {
+			for (uint32_t y = 0; y < header.glyph.height; ++y) {
+				for (uint32_t x = 0; x < header.glyph.width; ++x) {
+					if (y + 1 < header.glyph.height) {
+						bitSet(edit.index, x, y, bitGet(edit.index, x, y + 1));
+					} else {
+						bitSet(edit.index, x, y, 0);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		break; case 'J': {
+			uint32_t height = header.glyph.height;
+			for (uint32_t y = height - 1; y < height; --y) {
+				for (uint32_t x = 0; x < header.glyph.width; ++x) {
+					if (y - 1 < height) {
+						bitSet(edit.index, x, y, bitGet(edit.index, x, y - 1));
+					} else {
+						bitSet(edit.index, x, y, 0);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		break; case 'p': {
+			if (!edit.copy) break;
+			memcpy(glyph(edit.index), edit.copy, header.glyph.size);
+		}
+		break; case 'u': {
+			if (!edit.undo) break;
+			memcpy(glyph(edit.index), edit.undo, header.glyph.size);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+enum { PreviewRows = 8, PreviewCols = 64 };
+static struct {
+	uint32_t glyphs[PreviewRows * PreviewCols];
+	uint32_t index;
+} preview;
+
+static void drawPreview(void) {
+	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < PreviewRows * PreviewCols; ++i) {
+		drawGlyph(
+			header.glyph.width * (i % PreviewCols),
+			header.glyph.height * (i / PreviewCols),
+			0, preview.glyphs[i],
+			-(i == preview.index), -(i == preview.index), 0, 0
+		);
+	}
+}
+
+static void inputPreview(char ch) {
+	switch (ch) {
+		break; case Esc: mode = Normal; frameClear();
+		break; case Del: {
+			if (preview.index) preview.index--;
+			preview.glyphs[preview.index] = 0;
+		}
+		break; case LF: {
+			uint32_t tail = PreviewCols - (preview.index % PreviewCols);
+			memset(
+				&preview.glyphs[preview.index],
+				0, sizeof(preview.glyphs[0]) * tail
+			);
+			preview.index += tail;
+		}
+		break; default: preview.glyphs[preview.index++] = ch;
+	}
+	preview.index %= PreviewRows * PreviewCols;
+}
+
+static void drawDiscard(void) {
+	printf("discard modifications? ");
+	fflush(stdout);
+}
+
+static void inputDiscard(char ch) {
+	printf("%c\n", ch);
+	if (ch == 'Y' || ch == 'y') exit(EX_OK);
+	mode = Normal;
+}
+
+static void draw(void) {
+	switch (mode) {
+		break; case Normal: drawNormal();
+		break; case Edit: drawEdit();
+		break; case Preview: drawPreview();
+		break; case Discard: drawDiscard();
+	}
+}
+
+static void input(char ch) {
+	switch (mode) {
+		break; case Normal: inputNormal(ch);
+		break; case Edit: inputEdit(ch);
+		break; case Preview: inputPreview(ch);
+		break; case Discard: inputDiscard(ch);
+	}
+}
+
+static struct termios saveTerm;
+static void restoreTerm(void) {
+	tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSADRAIN, &saveTerm);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+	setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "");
+
+	uint32_t newLen = 256;
+	uint32_t newWidth = 8;
+	uint32_t newHeight = 16;
+	uint32_t setHeight = 0;
+
+	int opt;
+	while (0 < (opt = getopt(argc, argv, "H:g:h:w:"))) {
+		switch (opt) {
+			break; case 'H': setHeight = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0);
+			break; case 'g': newLen = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0);
+			break; case 'h': newHeight = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0);
+			break; case 'w': newWidth = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0);
+			break; default:  return EX_USAGE;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!newLen || !newWidth || !newHeight) return EX_USAGE;
+	if (optind == argc) return EX_USAGE;
+
+	path = strdup(argv[optind]);
+	fileRead(newLen, newWidth, newHeight);
+
+	if (setHeight) {
+		if (setHeight < header.glyph.height) {
+			errx(EX_CONFIG, "cannot decrease height");
+		}
+
+		uint32_t setSize = bytes(header.glyph.width) * setHeight;
+		uint8_t *setGlyphs = calloc(header.glyph.len, setSize);
+		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < header.glyph.len; ++i) {
+			memcpy(&setGlyphs[setSize * i], glyph(i), header.glyph.size);
+		}
+		free(glyphs);
+		glyphs = setGlyphs;
+
+		header.glyph.height = setHeight;
+		header.glyph.size = setSize;
+		normal.modified = true;
+	}
+
+	frameOpen();
+	frameClear();
+
+	int error = tcgetattr(STDIN_FILENO, &saveTerm);
+	if (error) err(EX_IOERR, "tcgetattr");
+	atexit(restoreTerm);
+
+	struct termios term = saveTerm;
+	term.c_lflag &= ~(ICANON | ECHO);
+	error = tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSADRAIN, &term);
+	if (error) err(EX_IOERR, "tcsetattr");
+
+	for (;;) {
+		draw();
+		char ch;
+		ssize_t size = read(STDIN_FILENO, &ch, 1);
+		if (size < 0) err(EX_IOERR, "read");
+		if (!size) return EX_SOFTWARE;
+		input(ch);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/bin/ptee.c b/bin/ptee.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6bc20fc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/ptee.c
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2019  June McEnroe <june@causal.agency>
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+#include <err.h>
+#include <poll.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <sysexits.h>
+#include <termios.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#if defined __FreeBSD__
+#include <libutil.h>
+#elif defined __linux__
+#include <pty.h>
+#else
+#include <util.h>
+#endif
+
+typedef unsigned char byte;
+
+static struct termios saveTerm;
+static void restoreTerm(void) {
+	tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSADRAIN, &saveTerm);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+	if (argc < 2) return EX_USAGE;
+	if (isatty(STDOUT_FILENO)) errx(EX_USAGE, "stdout is not redirected");
+
+	int error = tcgetattr(STDIN_FILENO, &saveTerm);
+	if (error) err(EX_IOERR, "tcgetattr");
+	atexit(restoreTerm);
+
+	struct termios raw = saveTerm;
+	cfmakeraw(&raw);
+	error = tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSADRAIN, &raw);
+	if (error) err(EX_IOERR, "tcsetattr");
+
+	struct winsize window;
+	error = ioctl(STDIN_FILENO, TIOCGWINSZ, &window);
+	if (error) err(EX_IOERR, "ioctl");
+
+	int pty;
+	pid_t pid = forkpty(&pty, NULL, NULL, &window);
+	if (pid < 0) err(EX_OSERR, "forkpty");
+
+	if (!pid) {
+		execvp(argv[1], &argv[1]);
+		err(EX_NOINPUT, "%s", argv[1]);
+	}
+
+	bool stop = false;
+
+	byte buf[4096];
+	struct pollfd fds[2] = {
+		{ .events = POLLIN, .fd = STDIN_FILENO },
+		{ .events = POLLIN, .fd = pty },
+	};
+	while (0 < poll(fds, 2, -1)) {
+		if (fds[0].revents & POLLIN) {
+			ssize_t rlen = read(STDIN_FILENO, buf, sizeof(buf));
+			if (rlen < 0) err(EX_IOERR, "read");
+
+			if (rlen == 1 && buf[0] == CTRL('S')) {
+				stop ^= true;
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			if (rlen == 1 && buf[0] == CTRL('Q')) {
+				char dump[] = "\x1B[10i";
+				ssize_t wlen = write(STDOUT_FILENO, dump, sizeof(dump) - 1);
+				if (wlen < 0) err(EX_IOERR, "write");
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			ssize_t wlen = write(pty, buf, rlen);
+			if (wlen < 0) err(EX_IOERR, "write");
+		}
+
+		if (fds[1].revents & POLLIN) {
+			ssize_t rlen = read(pty, buf, sizeof(buf));
+			if (rlen < 0) err(EX_IOERR, "read");
+
+			ssize_t wlen = write(STDIN_FILENO, buf, rlen);
+			if (wlen < 0) err(EX_IOERR, "write");
+
+			if (!stop) {
+				wlen = write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, rlen);
+				if (wlen < 0) err(EX_IOERR, "write");
+			}
+		}
+
+		int status;
+		pid_t dead = waitpid(pid, &status, WNOHANG);
+		if (dead < 0) err(EX_OSERR, "waitpid");
+		if (dead) return WIFEXITED(status) ? WEXITSTATUS(status) : EX_SOFTWARE;
+	}
+	err(EX_IOERR, "poll");
+}
diff --git a/bin/relay.c b/bin/relay.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fd799462
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/relay.c
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2019  June McEnroe <june@causal.agency>
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * Additional permission under GNU GPL version 3 section 7:
+ *
+ * If you modify this Program, or any covered work, by linking or
+ * combining it with LibreSSL (or a modified version of that library),
+ * containing parts covered by the terms of the OpenSSL License and the
+ * original SSLeay license, the licensors of this Program grant you
+ * additional permission to convey the resulting work. Corresponding
+ * Source for a non-source form of such a combination shall include the
+ * source code for the parts of LibreSSL used as well as that of the
+ * covered work.
+ */
+
+#include <err.h>
+#include <netdb.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <poll.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sysexits.h>
+#include <tls.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#ifdef __FreeBSD__
+#include <sys/capsicum.h>
+#endif
+
+static void clientWrite(struct tls *client, const char *ptr, size_t len) {
+	while (len) {
+		ssize_t ret = tls_write(client, ptr, len);
+		if (ret == TLS_WANT_POLLIN || ret == TLS_WANT_POLLOUT) continue;
+		if (ret < 0) errx(EX_IOERR, "tls_write: %s", tls_error(client));
+		ptr += ret;
+		len -= ret;
+	}
+}
+
+static void clientFormat(struct tls *client, const char *format, ...) {
+	char buf[1024];
+	va_list ap;
+	va_start(ap, format);
+	int len = vsnprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), format, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+	if ((size_t)len > sizeof(buf) - 1) errx(EX_DATAERR, "message too large");
+	clientWrite(client, buf, len);
+}
+
+static void clientHandle(struct tls *client, const char *chan, char *line) {
+	char *prefix = NULL;
+	if (line[0] == ':') {
+		prefix = strsep(&line, " ") + 1;
+		if (!line) errx(EX_PROTOCOL, "unexpected eol");
+	}
+
+	char *command = strsep(&line, " ");
+	if (!strcmp(command, "001") || !strcmp(command, "INVITE")) {
+		clientFormat(client, "JOIN :%s\r\n", chan);
+	} else if (!strcmp(command, "PING")) {
+		clientFormat(client, "PONG %s\r\n", line);
+	}
+	if (strcmp(command, "PRIVMSG") && strcmp(command, "NOTICE")) return;
+
+	if (!prefix) errx(EX_PROTOCOL, "message without prefix");
+	char *nick = strsep(&prefix, "!");
+
+	if (!line) errx(EX_PROTOCOL, "message without destination");
+	char *dest = strsep(&line, " ");
+	if (strcmp(dest, chan)) return;
+
+	if (!line || line[0] != ':') errx(EX_PROTOCOL, "message without message");
+	line = &line[1];
+
+	if (!strncmp(line, "\1ACTION ", 8)) {
+		line = &line[8];
+		size_t len = strcspn(line, "\1");
+		printf("* %c\u200C%s %.*s\n", nick[0], &nick[1], (int)len, line);
+	} else if (command[0] == 'N') {
+		printf("-%c\u200C%s- %s\n", nick[0], &nick[1], line);
+	} else {
+		printf("<%c\u200C%s> %s\n", nick[0], &nick[1], line);
+	}
+}
+
+#ifdef __FreeBSD__
+static void limit(int fd, const cap_rights_t *rights) {
+	int error = cap_rights_limit(fd, rights);
+	if (error) err(EX_OSERR, "cap_rights_limit");
+}
+#endif
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+	int error;
+
+	if (argc < 5) return EX_USAGE;
+	const char *host = argv[1];
+	const char *port = argv[2];
+	const char *nick = argv[3];
+	const char *chan = argv[4];
+
+	setlinebuf(stdout);
+	signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
+
+	struct tls_config *config = tls_config_new();
+	if (!config) errx(EX_SOFTWARE, "tls_config_new");
+
+	error = tls_config_set_ciphers(config, "compat");
+	if (error) {
+		errx(EX_SOFTWARE, "tls_config_set_ciphers: %s", tls_config_error(config));
+	}
+
+	struct tls *client = tls_client();
+	if (!client) errx(EX_SOFTWARE, "tls_client");
+
+	error = tls_configure(client, config);
+	if (error) errx(EX_SOFTWARE, "tls_configure: %s", tls_error(client));
+	tls_config_free(config);
+
+	struct addrinfo *head;
+	struct addrinfo hints = {
+		.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC,
+		.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM,
+		.ai_protocol = IPPROTO_TCP,
+	};
+	error = getaddrinfo(host, port, &hints, &head);
+	if (error) errx(EX_NOHOST, "getaddrinfo: %s", gai_strerror(error));
+
+	int sock = -1;
+	for (struct addrinfo *ai = head; ai; ai = ai->ai_next) {
+		sock = socket(ai->ai_family, ai->ai_socktype, ai->ai_protocol);
+		if (sock < 0) err(EX_OSERR, "socket");
+
+		error = connect(sock, ai->ai_addr, ai->ai_addrlen);
+		if (!error) break;
+
+		close(sock);
+		sock = -1;
+	}
+	if (sock < 0) err(EX_UNAVAILABLE, "connect");
+	freeaddrinfo(head);
+
+	error = tls_connect_socket(client, sock, host);
+	if (error) errx(EX_PROTOCOL, "tls_connect: %s", tls_error(client));
+
+#ifdef __FreeBSD__
+	error = cap_enter();
+	if (error) err(EX_OSERR, "cap_enter");
+
+	cap_rights_t rights;
+	cap_rights_init(&rights, CAP_WRITE);
+	limit(STDOUT_FILENO, &rights);
+	limit(STDERR_FILENO, &rights);
+
+	cap_rights_init(&rights, CAP_EVENT, CAP_READ);
+	limit(STDIN_FILENO, &rights);
+
+	cap_rights_set(&rights, CAP_WRITE);
+	limit(sock, &rights);
+#endif
+
+	clientFormat(client, "NICK :%s\r\nUSER %s 0 * :%s\r\n", nick, nick, nick);
+
+	char *input = NULL;
+	size_t cap = 0;
+
+	char buf[4096];
+	size_t len = 0;
+
+	struct pollfd fds[2] = {
+		{ .events = POLLIN, .fd = STDIN_FILENO },
+		{ .events = POLLIN, .fd = sock },
+	};
+	while (0 < poll(fds, 2, -1)) {
+		if (fds[0].revents) {
+			ssize_t len = getline(&input, &cap, stdin);
+			if (len < 0) err(EX_IOERR, "getline");
+			input[len - 1] = '\0';
+			clientFormat(client, "NOTICE %s :%s\r\n", chan, input);
+		}
+		if (!fds[1].revents) continue;
+
+		ssize_t read = tls_read(client, &buf[len], sizeof(buf) - len);
+		if (read == TLS_WANT_POLLIN || read == TLS_WANT_POLLOUT) continue;
+		if (read < 0) errx(EX_IOERR, "tls_read: %s", tls_error(client));
+		if (!read) return EX_UNAVAILABLE;
+		len += read;
+
+		char *crlf;
+		char *line = buf;
+		for (;;) {
+			crlf = memmem(line, &buf[len] - line, "\r\n", 2);
+			if (!crlf) break;
+			crlf[0] = '\0';
+			clientHandle(client, chan, line);
+			line = &crlf[2];
+		}
+		len -= line - buf;
+		memmove(buf, line, len);
+	}
+	err(EX_IOERR, "poll");
+}
diff --git a/bin/scheme.c b/bin/scheme.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9acb2e31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/scheme.c
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2018, 2019  June McEnroe <june@causal.agency>
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+#include <err.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sysexits.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "png.h"
+
+typedef unsigned uint;
+typedef unsigned char byte;
+
+struct HSV {
+	double h, s, v;
+};
+
+struct RGB {
+	byte r, g, b;
+};
+
+static struct RGB convert(struct HSV o) {
+	double c = o.v * o.s;
+	double h = o.h / 60.0;
+	double x = c * (1.0 - fabs(fmod(h, 2.0) - 1.0));
+	double m = o.v - c;
+	double r = m, g = m, b = m;
+	if      (h <= 1.0) { r += c; g += x; }
+	else if (h <= 2.0) { r += x; g += c; }
+	else if (h <= 3.0) { g += c; b += x; }
+	else if (h <= 4.0) { g += x; b += c; }
+	else if (h <= 5.0) { r += x; b += c; }
+	else if (h <= 6.0) { r += c; b += x; }
+	return (struct RGB) { r * 255.0, g * 255.0, b * 255.0 };
+}
+
+static const struct HSV
+R = {   0.0, 1.0, 1.0 },
+Y = {  60.0, 1.0, 1.0 },
+G = { 120.0, 1.0, 1.0 },
+C = { 180.0, 1.0, 1.0 },
+B = { 240.0, 1.0, 1.0 },
+M = { 300.0, 1.0, 1.0 };
+
+static struct HSV x(struct HSV o, double hd, double sf, double vf) {
+	return (struct HSV) {
+		fmod(o.h + hd, 360.0),
+		fmin(o.s * sf, 1.0),
+		fmin(o.v * vf, 1.0),
+	};
+}
+
+enum {
+	Black, Red, Green, Yellow, Blue, Magenta, Cyan, White,
+	Dark = 0,
+	Light = 8,
+	Background = 16,
+	Foreground,
+	Bold,
+	Selection,
+	Cursor,
+	SchemeLen,
+};
+static struct HSV scheme[SchemeLen];
+static struct HSV *dark = &scheme[Dark];
+static struct HSV *light = &scheme[Light];
+
+static void generate(void) {
+	light[Black]   = x(R, +45.0, 0.3, 0.3);
+	light[Red]     = x(R, +10.0, 0.9, 0.8);
+	light[Green]   = x(G, -55.0, 0.8, 0.6);
+	light[Yellow]  = x(Y, -20.0, 0.8, 0.8);
+	light[Blue]    = x(B, -55.0, 0.4, 0.5);
+	light[Magenta] = x(M, +45.0, 0.4, 0.6);
+	light[Cyan]    = x(C, -60.0, 0.3, 0.6);
+	light[White]   = x(R, +45.0, 0.3, 0.8);
+
+	dark[Black] = x(light[Black], 0.0, 1.0, 0.3);
+	dark[White] = x(light[White], 0.0, 1.0, 0.7);
+	for (uint i = Red; i < White; ++i) {
+		dark[i] = x(light[i], 0.0, 1.0, 0.8);
+	}
+
+	scheme[Background] = x(dark[Black],  0.0, 1.0, 0.9);
+	scheme[Foreground] = x(light[White], 0.0, 1.0, 0.9);
+	scheme[Bold]       = x(light[White], 0.0, 1.0, 1.0);
+	scheme[Selection]  = x(light[Red], +10.0, 1.0, 0.8);
+	scheme[Cursor]     = x(dark[White],  0.0, 1.0, 0.8);
+}
+
+static void swap(struct HSV *a, struct HSV *b) {
+	struct HSV c = *a;
+	*a = *b;
+	*b = c;
+}
+
+static void invert(void) {
+	swap(&dark[Black], &light[White]);
+	swap(&dark[White], &light[Black]);
+}
+
+typedef void OutputFn(const struct HSV *hsv, uint len);
+
+static void outputHSV(const struct HSV *hsv, uint len) {
+	for (uint i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+		printf("%g,%g,%g\n", hsv[i].h, hsv[i].s, hsv[i].v);
+	}
+}
+
+#define FORMAT_RGB "%02hhX%02hhX%02hhX"
+
+static void outputRGB(const struct HSV *hsv, uint len) {
+	for (uint i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+		struct RGB rgb = convert(hsv[i]);
+		printf(FORMAT_RGB "\n", rgb.r, rgb.g, rgb.b);
+	}
+}
+
+static void outputLinux(const struct HSV *hsv, uint len) {
+	for (uint i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+		struct RGB rgb = convert(hsv[i]);
+		printf("\x1B]P%X" FORMAT_RGB, i, rgb.r, rgb.g, rgb.b);
+	}
+}
+
+static const char *Enum[SchemeLen] = {
+	"DarkBlack", "DarkRed", "DarkGreen", "DarkYellow",
+	"DarkBlue", "DarkMagenta", "DarkCyan", "DarkWhite",
+	"LightBlack", "LightRed", "LightGreen", "LightYellow",
+	"LightBlue", "LightMagenta", "LightCyan", "LightWhite",
+	"Background", "Foreground", "Bold", "Selection", "Cursor",
+};
+
+static void outputEnum(const struct HSV *hsv, uint len) {
+	printf("enum {\n");
+	for (uint i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+		struct RGB rgb = convert(hsv[i]);
+		printf("\t%s = 0x" FORMAT_RGB ",\n", Enum[i], rgb.r, rgb.g, rgb.b);
+	}
+	printf("};\n");
+}
+
+static const char *Mintty[SchemeLen] = {
+	"Black", "Red", "Green", "Yellow",
+	"Blue", "Magenta", "Cyan", "White",
+	"BoldBlack", "BoldRed", "BoldGreen", "BoldYellow",
+	"BoldBlue", "BoldMagenta", "BoldCyan", "BoldWhite",
+	[Background] = "BackgroundColour",
+	[Foreground] = "ForegroundColour",
+	[Cursor]     = "CursorColour",
+};
+
+static void outputMintty(const struct HSV *hsv, uint len) {
+	for (uint i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+		if (!Mintty[i]) continue;
+		struct RGB rgb = convert(hsv[i]);
+		printf("%s=%hhu,%hhu,%hhu\n", Mintty[i], rgb.r, rgb.g, rgb.b);
+	}
+}
+
+static void outputCSS(const struct HSV *hsv, uint len) {
+	printf(":root {\n");
+	for (uint i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+		struct RGB rgb = convert(hsv[i]);
+		printf("\t--ansi%u: #" FORMAT_RGB ";\n", i, rgb.r, rgb.g, rgb.b);
+	}
+	printf("}\n");
+	for (uint i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+		printf(
+			".fg%u { color: var(--ansi%u); }\n"
+			".bg%u { background-color: var(--ansi%u); }\n",
+			i, i, i, i
+		);
+	}
+}
+
+enum {
+	SwatchWidth = 64,
+	SwatchHeight = 64,
+	SwatchCols = 8,
+};
+
+static void outputPNG(const struct HSV *hsv, uint len) {
+	uint rows = (len + SwatchCols - 1) / SwatchCols;
+	uint width = SwatchWidth * SwatchCols;
+	uint height = SwatchHeight * rows;
+	pngHead(stdout, width, height, 8, PNGIndexed);
+
+	struct RGB pal[len];
+	for (uint i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+		pal[i] = convert(hsv[i]);
+	}
+	pngPalette(stdout, (byte *)pal, sizeof(pal));
+
+	byte data[height][1 + width];
+	memset(data, 0, sizeof(data));
+	for (uint y = 0; y < height; ++y) {
+		data[y][0] = (y % SwatchHeight ? PNGUp : PNGSub);
+	}
+	for (uint i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+		uint y = SwatchHeight * (i / SwatchCols);
+		uint x = SwatchWidth * (i % SwatchCols);
+		data[y][1 + x] = (x ? 1 : i);
+	}
+	pngData(stdout, (byte *)data, sizeof(data));
+	pngTail(stdout);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+	generate();
+
+	OutputFn *output = outputRGB;
+	const struct HSV *hsv = scheme;
+	uint len = 16;
+
+	int opt;
+	while (0 < (opt = getopt(argc, argv, "acghilmp:stx"))) {
+		switch (opt) {
+			break; case 'a': len = 16;
+			break; case 'c': output = outputEnum;
+			break; case 'g': output = outputPNG;
+			break; case 'h': output = outputHSV;
+			break; case 'i': invert();
+			break; case 'l': output = outputLinux;
+			break; case 'm': output = outputMintty;
+			break; case 'p': {
+				uint p = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0);
+				if (p >= SchemeLen) return EX_USAGE;
+				hsv = &scheme[p];
+				len = 1;
+			}
+			break; case 's': output = outputCSS;
+			break; case 't': len = SchemeLen;
+			break; case 'x': output = outputRGB;
+			break; default:  return EX_USAGE;
+		}
+	}
+
+	output(hsv, len);
+}
diff --git a/bin/shotty.c b/bin/shotty.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..de7fc8ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/shotty.c
@@ -0,0 +1,648 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2019  June McEnroe <june@causal.agency>
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <err.h>
+#include <locale.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sysexits.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <wchar.h>
+
+#define BIT(x) x##Bit, x = 1 << x##Bit, x##Bit_ = x##Bit
+
+typedef unsigned uint;
+
+enum {
+	NUL, SOH, STX, ETX, EOT, ENQ, ACK, BEL,
+	BS, HT, NL, VT, NP, CR, SO, SI,
+	DLE, DC1, DC2, DC3, DC4, NAK, SYN, ETB,
+	CAN, EM, SUB, ESC, FS, GS, RS, US,
+	DEL = 0x7F,
+};
+
+enum Attr {
+	BIT(Bold),
+	BIT(Dim),
+	BIT(Italic),
+	BIT(Underline),
+	BIT(Blink),
+	BIT(Reverse),
+};
+
+struct Style {
+	enum Attr attr;
+	int bg, fg;
+};
+
+struct Cell {
+	struct Style style;
+	wchar_t ch;
+};
+
+static uint rows = 24, cols = 80;
+static struct Cell *cells;
+
+static struct Cell *cell(uint y, uint x) {
+	assert(y <= rows);
+	assert(x <= cols);
+	assert(y * cols + x <= rows * cols);
+	return &cells[y * cols + x];
+}
+
+static uint y, x;
+static struct Style style = { .bg = -1, .fg = -1 };
+
+static struct {
+	uint y, x;
+} save;
+
+enum { ParamCap = 16 };
+static struct {
+	uint s[ParamCap];
+	uint n, i;
+} param;
+
+static uint p(uint i, uint z) {
+	return (i < param.n ? param.s[i] : z);
+}
+
+static uint min(uint a, uint b) {
+	return (a < b ? a : b);
+}
+
+#define _ch ch __attribute__((unused))
+typedef void Action(wchar_t ch);
+
+static void nop(wchar_t _ch) {
+}
+
+static void csi(wchar_t _ch) {
+	memset(&param, 0, sizeof(param));
+}
+
+static void csiSep(wchar_t _ch) {
+	if (param.n == ParamCap) return;
+	if (!param.n) param.n++;
+	param.n++;
+	param.i++;
+}
+
+static void csiDigit(wchar_t ch) {
+	param.s[param.i] *= 10;
+	param.s[param.i] += ch - L'0';
+	if (!param.n) param.n++;
+}
+
+static void bs(wchar_t _ch)  { if (x) x--; }
+static void ht(wchar_t _ch)  { x = min(x - x % 8 + 8, cols - 1); }
+static void cr(wchar_t _ch)  { x = 0; }
+static void cuu(wchar_t _ch) { y -= min(p(0, 1), y); }
+static void cud(wchar_t _ch) { y  = min(y + p(0, 1), rows - 1); }
+static void cuf(wchar_t _ch) { x  = min(x + p(0, 1), cols - 1); }
+static void cub(wchar_t _ch) { x -= min(p(0, 1), x); }
+static void cnl(wchar_t _ch) { x = 0; cud(0); }
+static void cpl(wchar_t _ch) { x = 0; cuu(0); }
+static void cha(wchar_t _ch) { x = min(p(0, 1) - 1, cols - 1); }
+static void vpa(wchar_t _ch) { y = min(p(0, 1) - 1, rows - 1); }
+static void cup(wchar_t _ch) {
+	y = min(p(0, 1) - 1, rows - 1);
+	x = min(p(1, 1) - 1, cols - 1);
+}
+static void decsc(wchar_t _ch) {
+	save.y = y;
+	save.x = x;
+}
+static void decrc(wchar_t _ch) {
+	y = save.y;
+	x = save.x;
+}
+
+static void move(struct Cell *dst, struct Cell *src, size_t len) {
+	memmove(dst, src, sizeof(*dst) * len);
+}
+
+static void erase(struct Cell *at, struct Cell *to) {
+	for (; at < to; ++at) {
+		at->style = style;
+		at->ch = L' ';
+	}
+}
+
+static void ed(wchar_t _ch) {
+	erase(
+		(p(0, 0) == 0 ? cell(y, x) : cell(0, 0)),
+		(p(0, 0) == 1 ? cell(y, x) : cell(rows - 1, cols))
+	);
+}
+static void el(wchar_t _ch) {
+	erase(
+		(p(0, 0) == 0 ? cell(y, x) : cell(y, 0)),
+		(p(0, 0) == 1 ? cell(y, x) : cell(y, cols))
+	);
+}
+static void ech(wchar_t _ch) {
+	erase(cell(y, x), cell(y, min(x + p(0, 1), cols)));
+}
+
+static void dch(wchar_t _ch) {
+	uint n = min(p(0, 1), cols - x);
+	move(cell(y, x), cell(y, x + n), cols - x - n);
+	erase(cell(y, cols - n), cell(y, cols));
+}
+static void ich(wchar_t _ch) {
+	uint n = min(p(0, 1), cols - x);
+	move(cell(y, x + n), cell(y, x), cols - x - n);
+	erase(cell(y, x), cell(y, x + n));
+}
+
+static struct {
+	uint top, bot;
+} scroll;
+
+static void scrollUp(uint top, uint n) {
+	n = min(n, scroll.bot - top);
+	move(cell(top, 0), cell(top + n, 0), cols * (scroll.bot - top - n));
+	erase(cell(scroll.bot - n, 0), cell(scroll.bot, 0));
+}
+
+static void scrollDown(uint top, uint n) {
+	n = min(n, scroll.bot - top);
+	move(cell(top + n, 0), cell(top, 0), cols * (scroll.bot - top - n));
+	erase(cell(top, 0), cell(top + n, 0));
+}
+
+static void decstbm(wchar_t _ch) {
+	scroll.bot = min(p(1, rows), rows);
+	scroll.top = min(p(0, 1) - 1, scroll.bot);
+}
+
+static void su(wchar_t _ch) { scrollUp(scroll.top, p(0, 1)); }
+static void sd(wchar_t _ch) { scrollDown(scroll.top, p(0, 1)); }
+static void dl(wchar_t _ch) { scrollUp(min(y, scroll.bot), p(0, 1)); }
+static void il(wchar_t _ch) { scrollDown(min(y, scroll.bot), p(0, 1)); }
+
+static void nl(wchar_t _ch) {
+	if (y + 1 == scroll.bot) {
+		scrollUp(scroll.top, 1);
+	} else {
+		y = min(y + 1, rows - 1);
+	}
+}
+static void ri(wchar_t _ch) {
+	if (y == scroll.top) {
+		scrollDown(scroll.top, 1);
+	} else {
+		if (y) y--;
+	}
+}
+
+static enum Mode {
+	BIT(Insert),
+	BIT(Wrap),
+	BIT(Cursor),
+} mode = Wrap | Cursor;
+
+static enum Mode paramMode(void) {
+	enum Mode mode = 0;
+	for (uint i = 0; i < param.n; ++i) {
+		switch (param.s[i]) {
+			break; case 4: mode |= Insert;
+			break; default: warnx("unhandled SM/RM %u", param.s[i]);
+		}
+	}
+	return mode;
+}
+
+static enum Mode paramDECMode(void) {
+	enum Mode mode = 0;
+	for (uint i = 0; i < param.n; ++i) {
+		switch (param.s[i]) {
+			break; case 1: // DECCKM
+			break; case 7: mode |= Wrap;
+			break; case 12: // "Start Blinking Cursor"
+			break; case 25: mode |= Cursor;
+			break; default: {
+				if (param.s[i] < 1000) {
+					warnx("unhandled DECSET/DECRST %u", param.s[i]);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return mode;
+}
+
+static void sm(wchar_t _ch) { mode |= paramMode(); }
+static void rm(wchar_t _ch) { mode &= ~paramMode(); }
+static void decset(wchar_t _ch) { mode |= paramDECMode(); }
+static void decrst(wchar_t _ch) { mode &= ~paramDECMode(); }
+
+enum {
+	Reset,
+	SetBold,
+	SetDim,
+	SetItalic,
+	SetUnderline,
+	SetBlink,
+	SetReverse = 7,
+
+	UnsetBoldDim = 22,
+	UnsetItalic,
+	UnsetUnderline,
+	UnsetBlink,
+	UnsetReverse = 27,
+
+	SetFg0 = 30,
+	SetFg7 = 37,
+	SetFg,
+	ResetFg,
+	SetBg0 = 40,
+	SetBg7 = 47,
+	SetBg,
+	ResetBg,
+
+	SetFg8 = 90,
+	SetFgF = 97,
+	SetBg8 = 100,
+	SetBgF = 107,
+
+	Color256 = 5,
+};
+
+static void sgr(wchar_t _ch) {
+	uint n = param.i + 1;
+	for (uint i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+		switch (param.s[i]) {
+			break; case Reset: style = (struct Style) { .bg = -1, .fg = -1 };
+
+			break; case SetBold:      style.attr |= Bold; style.attr &= ~Dim;
+			break; case SetDim:       style.attr |= Dim; style.attr &= ~Bold;
+			break; case SetItalic:    style.attr |= Italic;
+			break; case SetUnderline: style.attr |= Underline;
+			break; case SetBlink:     style.attr |= Blink;
+			break; case SetReverse:   style.attr |= Reverse;
+
+			break; case UnsetBoldDim:   style.attr &= ~(Bold | Dim);
+			break; case UnsetItalic:    style.attr &= ~Italic;
+			break; case UnsetUnderline: style.attr &= ~Underline;
+			break; case UnsetBlink:     style.attr &= ~Blink;
+			break; case UnsetReverse:   style.attr &= ~Reverse;
+
+			break; case SetFg: {
+				if (++i < n && param.s[i] == Color256) {
+					if (++i < n) style.fg = param.s[i];
+				}
+			}
+			break; case SetBg: {
+				if (++i < n && param.s[i] == Color256) {
+					if (++i < n) style.bg = param.s[i];
+				}
+			}
+
+			break; case ResetFg: style.fg = -1;
+			break; case ResetBg: style.bg = -1;
+
+			break; default: {
+				uint p = param.s[i];
+				if (p >= SetFg0 && p <= SetFg7) {
+					style.fg = p - SetFg0;
+				} else if (p >= SetBg0 && p <= SetBg7) {
+					style.bg = p - SetBg0;
+				} else if (p >= SetFg8 && p <= SetFgF) {
+					style.fg = 8 + p - SetFg8;
+				} else if (p >= SetBg8 && p <= SetBgF) {
+					style.bg = 8 + p - SetBg8;
+				} else {
+					warnx("unhandled SGR %u", p);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+static enum {
+	USASCII,
+	DECSpecial,
+} charset;
+
+static void usascii(wchar_t _ch) { charset = USASCII; }
+static void decSpecial(wchar_t _ch) { charset = DECSpecial; }
+
+static const wchar_t AltCharset[128] = {
+	['`'] = L'◆', ['a'] = L'▒', ['f'] = L'°', ['g'] = L'±', ['i'] = L'␋',
+	['j'] = L'┘', ['k'] = L'┐', ['l'] = L'┌', ['m'] = L'└', ['n'] = L'┼',
+	['o'] = L'⎺', ['p'] = L'⎻', ['q'] = L'─', ['r'] = L'⎼', ['s'] = L'⎽',
+	['t'] = L'├', ['u'] = L'┤', ['v'] = L'┴', ['w'] = L'┬', ['x'] = L'│',
+	['y'] = L'≤', ['z'] = L'≥', ['{'] = L'π', ['|'] = L'≠', ['}'] = L'£',
+	['~'] = L'·',
+};
+
+static void add(wchar_t ch) {
+	if (charset == DECSpecial && ch < 128 && AltCharset[ch]) {
+		ch = AltCharset[ch];
+	}
+
+	int width = wcwidth(ch);
+	if (width < 0) {
+		warnx("unhandled \\u%02X", ch);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if (mode & Insert) {
+		uint n = min(width, cols - x);
+		move(cell(y, x + n), cell(y, x), cols - x - n);
+	}
+	if (mode & Wrap && x + width > cols) {
+		cr(0);
+		nl(0);
+	}
+
+	cell(y, x)->style = style;
+	cell(y, x)->ch = ch;
+	for (int i = 1; i < width && x + i < cols; ++i) {
+		cell(y, x + i)->style = style;
+		cell(y, x + i)->ch = L'\0';
+	}
+	x = min(x + width, (mode & Wrap ? cols : cols - 1));
+}
+
+static void html(void);
+static void mc(wchar_t _ch) {
+	if (p(0, 0) == 10) {
+		html();
+	} else {
+		warnx("unhandled CSI %u MC", p(0, 0));
+	}
+}
+
+static enum {
+	Data,
+	Esc,
+	G0,
+	CSI,
+	CSILt,
+	CSIEq,
+	CSIGt,
+	CSIQm,
+	CSIInter,
+	OSC,
+	OSCEsc,
+} state;
+
+static void escDefault(wchar_t ch) {
+	warnx("unhandled ESC %lc", ch);
+}
+
+static void g0Default(wchar_t ch) {
+	warnx("unhandled G0 %lc", ch);
+	charset = USASCII;
+}
+
+static void csiInter(wchar_t ch) {
+	switch (state) {
+		break; case CSI: warnx("unhandled CSI %lc ...", ch);
+		break; case CSILt: warnx("unhandled CSI < %lc ...", ch);
+		break; case CSIEq: warnx("unhandled CSI = %lc ...", ch);
+		break; case CSIGt: warnx("unhandled CSI > %lc ...", ch);
+		break; case CSIQm: warnx("unhandled CSI ? %lc ...", ch);
+		break; default: abort();
+	}
+}
+
+static void csiFinal(wchar_t ch) {
+	switch (state) {
+		break; case CSI: warnx("unhandled CSI %lc", ch);
+		break; case CSILt: warnx("unhandled CSI < %lc", ch);
+		break; case CSIEq: warnx("unhandled CSI = %lc", ch);
+		break; case CSIGt: warnx("unhandled CSI > %lc", ch);
+		break; case CSIQm: warnx("unhandled CSI ? %lc", ch);
+		break; case CSIInter: warnx("unhandled CSI ... %lc", ch);
+		break; default: abort();
+	}
+}
+
+#define S(s) break; case s: switch (ch)
+#define A(c, a, s) break; case c: a(ch); state = s
+#define D(a, s) break; default: a(ch); state = s
+static void update(wchar_t ch) {
+	switch (state) {
+		default: abort();
+
+		S(Data) {
+			A(BEL, nop, Data);
+			A(BS,  bs,  Data);
+			A(HT,  ht,  Data);
+			A(NL,  nl,  Data);
+			A(CR,  cr,  Data);
+			A(ESC, nop, Esc);
+			D(add, Data);
+		}
+
+		S(Esc) {
+			A('(', nop, G0);
+			A('7', decsc, Data);
+			A('8', decrc, Data);
+			A('=', nop, Data);
+			A('>', nop, Data);
+			A('M', ri,  Data);
+			A('[', csi, CSI);
+			A(']', nop, OSC);
+			D(escDefault, Data);
+		}
+		S(G0) {
+			A('0', decSpecial, Data);
+			A('B', usascii, Data);
+			D(g0Default, Data);
+		}
+
+		S(CSI) {
+			A(' ' ... '/', csiInter, CSIInter);
+			A('0' ... '9', csiDigit, CSI);
+			A(':', nop, CSI);
+			A(';', csiSep, CSI);
+			A('<', nop, CSILt);
+			A('=', nop, CSIEq);
+			A('>', nop, CSIGt);
+			A('?', nop, CSIQm);
+			A('@', ich, Data);
+			A('A', cuu, Data);
+			A('B', cud, Data);
+			A('C', cuf, Data);
+			A('D', cub, Data);
+			A('E', cnl, Data);
+			A('F', cpl, Data);
+			A('G', cha, Data);
+			A('H', cup, Data);
+			A('J', ed,  Data);
+			A('K', el,  Data);
+			A('L', il,  Data);
+			A('M', dl,  Data);
+			A('P', dch, Data);
+			A('S', su,  Data);
+			A('T', sd,  Data);
+			A('X', ech, Data);
+			A('d', vpa, Data);
+			A('h', sm,  Data);
+			A('i', mc,  Data);
+			A('l', rm,  Data);
+			A('m', sgr, Data);
+			A('r', decstbm, Data);
+			A('t', nop, Data);
+			D(csiFinal, Data);
+		}
+
+		S(CSILt ... CSIGt) {
+			A(' ' ... '/', csiInter, CSIInter);
+			A('0' ... '9', csiDigit, state);
+			A(':', nop, state);
+			A(';', csiSep, state);
+			D(csiFinal, Data);
+		}
+
+		S(CSIQm) {
+			A(' ' ... '/', csiInter, CSIInter);
+			A('0' ... '9', csiDigit, CSIQm);
+			A(':', nop, CSIQm);
+			A(';', csiSep, CSIQm);
+			A('h', decset, Data);
+			A('l', decrst, Data);
+			D(csiFinal, Data);
+		}
+
+		S(CSIInter) {
+			D(csiFinal, Data);
+		}
+
+		S(OSC) {
+			A(BEL, nop, Data);
+			A(ESC, nop, OSCEsc);
+			D(nop, OSC);
+		}
+		S(OSCEsc) {
+			A('\\', nop, Data);
+			D(nop, OSC);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+static bool bright;
+static int defaultBg = 0;
+static int defaultFg = 7;
+
+static void span(const struct Style *prev, const struct Cell *cell) {
+	struct Style style = cell->style;
+	if (!prev || memcmp(prev, &style, sizeof(*prev))) {
+		if (prev) printf("</span>");
+		if (style.bg < 0) style.bg = defaultBg;
+		if (style.fg < 0) style.fg = defaultFg;
+		if (bright && style.attr & Bold) {
+			if (style.fg < 8) style.fg += 8;
+			style.attr ^= Bold;
+		}
+		printf(
+			"<span style=\"%s%s%s\" class=\"bg%u fg%u\">",
+			(style.attr & Bold ? "font-weight:bold;" : ""),
+			(style.attr & Italic ? "font-style:italic;" : ""),
+			(style.attr & Underline ? "text-decoration:underline;" : ""),
+			(style.attr & Reverse ? style.fg : style.bg),
+			(style.attr & Reverse ? style.bg : style.fg)
+		);
+	}
+	switch (cell->ch) {
+		break; case '&': printf("&amp;");
+		break; case '<': printf("&lt;");
+		break; case '>': printf("&gt;");
+		break; default:  printf("%lc", (wint_t)cell->ch);
+	}
+}
+
+static bool mediaCopy;
+static void html(void) {
+	mediaCopy = true;
+	if (mode & Cursor) cell(y, x)->style.attr ^= Reverse;
+	printf(
+		"<pre style=\"width: %uch;\" class=\"bg%u fg%u\">",
+		cols, defaultBg, defaultFg
+	);
+	for (uint y = 0; y < rows; ++y) {
+		for (uint x = 0; x < cols; ++x) {
+			if (!cell(y, x)->ch) continue;
+			span(x ? &cell(y, x - 1)->style : NULL, cell(y, x));
+		}
+		printf("</span>\n");
+	}
+	printf("</pre>\n");
+	if (mode & Cursor) cell(y, x)->style.attr ^= Reverse;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+	setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "");
+
+	bool debug = false;
+	bool size = false;
+	bool hide = false;
+
+	int opt;
+	while (0 < (opt = getopt(argc, argv, "Bb:df:h:nsw:"))) {
+		switch (opt) {
+			break; case 'B': bright = true;
+			break; case 'b': defaultBg = strtol(optarg, NULL, 0);
+			break; case 'd': debug = true;
+			break; case 'f': defaultFg = strtol(optarg, NULL, 0);
+			break; case 'h': rows = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0);
+			break; case 'n': hide = true;
+			break; case 's': size = true;
+			break; case 'w': cols = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0);
+			break; default:  return EX_USAGE;
+		}
+	}
+
+	FILE *file = stdin;
+	if (optind < argc) {
+		file = fopen(argv[optind], "r");
+		if (!file) err(EX_NOINPUT, "%s", argv[optind]);
+	}
+
+	if (size) {
+		struct winsize window;
+		int error = ioctl(STDERR_FILENO, TIOCGWINSZ, &window);
+		if (error) err(EX_IOERR, "ioctl");
+		rows = window.ws_row;
+		cols = window.ws_col;
+	}
+	scroll.bot = rows;
+
+	cells = calloc(rows * cols, sizeof(*cells));
+	if (!cells) err(EX_OSERR, "calloc");
+	erase(cell(0, 0), cell(rows - 1, cols));
+
+	wint_t ch;
+	while (WEOF != (ch = getwc(file))) {
+		uint prev = state;
+		update(ch);
+		if (debug && state != prev && state == Data) html();
+	}
+	if (ferror(file)) err(EX_IOERR, "getwc");
+
+	if (!mediaCopy) {
+		if (hide) mode &= ~Cursor;
+		html();
+	}
+}
diff --git a/bin/title.c b/bin/title.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..47ff720a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/title.c
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2019  June McEnroe <june@causal.agency>
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+#include <curl/curl.h>
+#include <err.h>
+#include <locale.h>
+#include <regex.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sysexits.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <wchar.h>
+
+static regex_t regex(const char *pattern, int flags) {
+	regex_t regex;
+	int error = regcomp(&regex, pattern, REG_EXTENDED | flags);
+	if (!error) return regex;
+
+	char buf[256];
+	regerror(error, &regex, buf, sizeof(buf));
+	errx(EX_SOFTWARE, "regcomp: %s: %s", buf, pattern);
+}
+
+static const struct Entity {
+	wchar_t ch;
+	const char *name;
+} Entities[] = {
+	{ L'"', "&quot;" },
+	{ L'&', "&amp;" },
+	{ L'<', "&lt;" },
+	{ L'>', "&gt;" },
+	{ L'␤', "&#10;" },
+};
+
+static wchar_t entity(const char *name) {
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(Entities) / sizeof(Entities[0]); ++i) {
+		struct Entity entity = Entities[i];
+		if (strncmp(name, entity.name, strlen(entity.name))) continue;
+		return entity.ch;
+	}
+	if (!strncmp(name, "&#x", 3)) return strtoul(&name[3], NULL, 16);
+	if (!strncmp(name, "&#", 2)) return strtoul(&name[2], NULL, 10);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static const char EntityPattern[] = {
+	"[[:space:]]+|&([[:alpha:]]+|#([[:digit:]]+|x[[:xdigit:]]+));"
+};
+static regex_t EntityRegex;
+
+static void showTitle(const char *title) {
+	regmatch_t match = {0};
+	for (; *title; title += match.rm_eo) {
+		if (regexec(&EntityRegex, title, 1, &match, 0)) break;
+		if (title[match.rm_so] != '&') {
+			printf("%.*s ", (int)match.rm_so, title);
+			continue;
+		}
+		wchar_t ch = entity(&title[match.rm_so]);
+		if (ch) {
+			printf("%.*s%lc", (int)match.rm_so, title, (wint_t)ch);
+		} else {
+			printf("%.*s", (int)match.rm_eo, title);
+		}
+	}
+	printf("%s\n", title);
+}
+
+static CURL *curl;
+static bool title;
+static struct {
+	char buf[64 * 1024];
+	size_t len;
+} body;
+
+// HE COMES
+static const char TitlePattern[] = "<title>([^<]*)</title>";
+static regex_t TitleRegex;
+
+static size_t handleBody(char *buf, size_t size, size_t nitems, void *user) {
+	(void)user;
+	size_t len = size * nitems;
+	size_t cap = sizeof(body.buf) - body.len - 1;
+	size_t new = (len < cap ? len : cap);
+	if (title || !new) return len;
+
+	memcpy(&body.buf[body.len], buf, new);
+	body.len += new;
+	body.buf[body.len] = '\0';
+
+	regmatch_t match[2];
+	if (regexec(&TitleRegex, body.buf, 2, match, 0)) return len;
+	body.buf[match[1].rm_eo] = '\0';
+	showTitle(&body.buf[match[1].rm_so]);
+	title = true;
+
+	return len;
+}
+
+static CURLcode fetchTitle(const char *url) {
+	CURLcode code = curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_URL, url);
+	if (code) return code;
+
+	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_NOBODY, 1L);
+	code = curl_easy_perform(curl);
+	if (code) return code;
+
+	char *type;
+	code = curl_easy_getinfo(curl, CURLINFO_CONTENT_TYPE, &type);
+	if (code) return code;
+	if (!type || strncmp(type, "text/html", 9)) return CURLE_OK;
+
+	char *dest;
+	curl_easy_getinfo(curl, CURLINFO_EFFECTIVE_URL, &dest);
+	dest = strdup(dest);
+	if (!dest) err(EX_OSERR, "strdup");
+
+	code = curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_URL, dest);
+	if (code) return code;
+	free(dest);
+
+	body.len = 0;
+	title = false;
+	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_HTTPGET, 1L);
+	code = curl_easy_perform(curl);
+	return code;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+	EntityRegex = regex(EntityPattern, 0);
+	TitleRegex = regex(TitlePattern, REG_ICASE);
+
+	setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "");
+	setlinebuf(stdout);
+
+	CURLcode code = curl_global_init(CURL_GLOBAL_ALL);
+	if (code) errx(EX_OSERR, "curl_global_init: %s", curl_easy_strerror(code));
+
+	curl = curl_easy_init();
+	if (!curl) errx(EX_SOFTWARE, "curl_easy_init");
+
+	static char error[CURL_ERROR_SIZE];
+	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_ERRORBUFFER, error);
+
+	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_PROTOCOLS, CURLPROTO_HTTP | CURLPROTO_HTTPS);
+	curl_easy_setopt(
+		curl, CURLOPT_USERAGENT,
+		"curl/7.54.0 facebookexternalhit/1.1 Twitterbot/1.0"
+	);
+	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_ACCEPT_ENCODING, "");
+	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, 1L);
+	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_MAXREDIRS, 3L);
+	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_FAILONERROR, 1L);
+
+	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, handleBody);
+
+	bool exclude = false;
+	regex_t excludeRegex;
+
+	int opt;
+	while (0 < (opt = getopt(argc, argv, "x:v"))) {
+		switch (opt) {
+			break; case 'x': {
+				exclude = true;
+				excludeRegex = regex(optarg, REG_NOSUB);
+			}
+			break; case 'v': curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_VERBOSE, 1L);
+			break; default:  return EX_USAGE;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (optind < argc) {
+		code = fetchTitle(argv[optind]);
+		if (!code) return EX_OK;
+		errx(EX_DATAERR, "curl_easy_perform: %s", error);
+	}
+
+	char *buf = NULL;
+	size_t cap = 0;
+
+	regex_t urlRegex = regex("https?://([^[:space:]>\"()]|[(][^)]*[)])+", 0);
+	while (0 < getline(&buf, &cap, stdin)) {
+		regmatch_t match = {0};
+		for (char *ptr = buf; *ptr; ptr += match.rm_eo) {
+			if (regexec(&urlRegex, ptr, 1, &match, 0)) break;
+			ptr[match.rm_eo] = '\0';
+			const char *url = &ptr[match.rm_so];
+			if (!exclude || regexec(&excludeRegex, url, 0, NULL, 0)) {
+				code = fetchTitle(url);
+				if (code) warnx("curl_easy_perform: %s", error);
+			}
+			ptr[match.rm_eo] = ' ';
+		}
+	}
+	if (ferror(stdin)) err(EX_IOERR, "getline");
+}
diff --git a/bin/ttpre.c b/bin/ttpre.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b91c416d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/ttpre.c
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2018  June McEnroe <june@causal.agency>
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+#include <locale.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <wchar.h>
+
+static void put(wchar_t ch) {
+	switch (ch) {
+		break; case L'&': printf("&amp;");
+		break; case L'<': printf("&lt;");
+		break; case L'>': printf("&gt;");
+		break; default:   printf("%lc", (wint_t)ch);
+	}
+}
+
+static void tag(const char *open) {
+	static const char *close = NULL;
+	if (close == open) return;
+	if (close) printf("</%s>", close);
+	if (open) printf("<%s>", open);
+	close = open;
+}
+
+static void push(wchar_t ch) {
+	static wchar_t q[3];
+	if (q[1] == L'\b' && q[0] == L'_') {
+		tag("i");
+		put(q[2]);
+		q[0] = q[1] = q[2] = 0;
+	} else if (q[1] == L'\b' && q[0] == q[2]) {
+		tag("b");
+		put(q[2]);
+		q[0] = q[1] = q[2] = 0;
+	} else if (q[0]) {
+		tag(NULL);
+		put(q[0]);
+	}
+	q[0] = q[1];
+	q[1] = q[2];
+	q[2] = ch;
+}
+
+int main(void) {
+	setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "");
+	printf("<pre>");
+	wint_t ch;
+	while (WEOF != (ch = getwchar())) push(ch);
+	push(0); push(0); push(0);
+	printf("</pre>\n");
+	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
diff --git a/bin/up.sh b/bin/up.sh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e65d4522
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/up.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+set -eu
+
+readonly Host='temp.causal.agency'
+
+upload() {
+	local src ext ts rand url
+	src=$1
+	ext=${src##*.}
+	ts=$(date +'%s')
+	rand=$(openssl rand -hex 4)
+	url=$(printf '%s/%x%s.%s' "$Host" "$ts" "$rand" "$ext")
+	scp -q "$src" "${Host}:/usr/local/www/${url}"
+	echo "https://${url}"
+}
+
+temp() {
+	temp=$(mktemp -d)
+	trap "rm -r '$temp'" EXIT
+}
+
+uploadText() {
+	temp
+	cat > "${temp}/input.txt"
+	upload "${temp}/input.txt"
+}
+
+uploadCommand() {
+	temp
+	echo "$ $*" > "${temp}/exec.txt"
+	"$@" >> "${temp}/exec.txt" 2>&1 || true
+	upload "${temp}/exec.txt"
+}
+
+uploadHi() {
+	temp
+	hi -f html -o document,anchor,tab=4 "$@" > "${temp}/hi.html"
+	upload "${temp}/hi.html"
+}
+
+uploadScreen() {
+	temp
+	screencapture -i "$@" "${temp}/capture.png"
+	pngo "${temp}/capture.png" || true
+	upload "${temp}/capture.png"
+}
+
+uploadTerminal() {
+	temp
+	cat > "${temp}/term.html" <<-EOF
+	<!DOCTYPE html>
+	<title>${1}</title>
+	<style>
+	$(scheme -s)
+	</style>
+	EOF
+	ptee "$@" | shotty -Bs >> "${temp}/term.html"
+	upload "${temp}/term.html"
+}
+
+while getopts 'chst' opt; do
+	case "$opt" in
+		(c) fn=uploadCommand;;
+		(h) fn=uploadHi;;
+		(s) fn=uploadScreen;;
+		(t) fn=uploadTerminal;;
+		(?) exit 1;;
+	esac
+done
+shift $((OPTIND - 1))
+[ $# -eq 0 ] && : ${fn:=uploadText}
+: ${fn:=upload}
+
+url=$($fn "$@")
+printf '%s' "$url" | pbcopy || true
+echo "$url"
diff --git a/bin/when.y b/bin/when.y
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bba10c40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/when.y
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2019  June McEnroe <june@causal.agency>
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+%{
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <err.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <strings.h>
+#include <sysexits.h>
+#include <time.h>
+
+static void yyerror(const char *str);
+static int yylex(void);
+
+#define YYSTYPE struct tm
+
+static const char *Days[7] = {
+	"Sun", "Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu", "Fri", "Sat",
+};
+
+static const char *Months[12] = {
+	"Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun",
+	"Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec",
+};
+
+static const struct tm Week = { .tm_mday = 7 };
+
+static struct tm normalize(struct tm date) {
+	time_t time = timegm(&date);
+	struct tm *norm = gmtime(&time);
+	if (!norm) err(EX_OSERR, "gmtime");
+	return *norm;
+}
+
+static struct tm today(void) {
+	time_t now = time(NULL);
+	struct tm *local = localtime(&now);
+	if (!local) err(EX_OSERR, "localtime");
+	struct tm date = {
+		.tm_year = local->tm_year,
+		.tm_mon = local->tm_mon,
+		.tm_mday = local->tm_mday,
+	};
+	return normalize(date);
+}
+
+static struct tm monthDay(int month, int day) {
+	struct tm date = today();
+	date.tm_mon = month;
+	date.tm_mday = day;
+	return normalize(date);
+}
+
+static struct tm monthDayYear(int month, int day, int year) {
+	struct tm date = today();
+	date.tm_mon = month;
+	date.tm_mday = day;
+	date.tm_year = year - 1900;
+	return normalize(date);
+}
+
+static struct tm weekDay(int day) {
+	struct tm date = today();
+	date.tm_mday += day - date.tm_wday;
+	return normalize(date);
+}
+
+static struct tm scalarAdd(struct tm a, struct tm b) {
+	a.tm_mday += b.tm_mday;
+	a.tm_mon += b.tm_mon;
+	a.tm_year += b.tm_year;
+	return a;
+}
+
+static struct tm scalarSub(struct tm a, struct tm b) {
+	a.tm_mday -= b.tm_mday;
+	a.tm_mon -= b.tm_mon;
+	a.tm_year -= b.tm_year;
+	return a;
+}
+
+static struct tm dateAdd(struct tm date, struct tm scalar) {
+	return normalize(scalarAdd(date, scalar));
+}
+
+static struct tm dateSub(struct tm date, struct tm scalar) {
+	return normalize(scalarSub(date, scalar));
+}
+
+static struct tm dateDiff(struct tm a, struct tm b) {
+	struct tm diff = {
+		.tm_year = a.tm_year - b.tm_year,
+		.tm_mon = a.tm_mon - b.tm_mon,
+		.tm_mday = a.tm_mday - b.tm_mday,
+	};
+	if (a.tm_mon < b.tm_mon) {
+		diff.tm_year--;
+		diff.tm_mon += 12;
+	}
+	if (a.tm_mday < b.tm_mday) {
+		diff.tm_mon--;
+		diff.tm_mday = 0;
+		while (dateAdd(b, diff).tm_mday != a.tm_mday) diff.tm_mday++;
+	}
+	time_t atime = timegm(&a), btime = timegm(&b);
+	diff.tm_yday = (atime - btime) / 24 / 60 / 60;
+	return diff;
+}
+
+static void printDate(struct tm date) {
+	printf(
+		"%s %s %d %d\n",
+		Days[date.tm_wday], Months[date.tm_mon],
+		date.tm_mday, 1900 + date.tm_year
+	);
+}
+
+static void printScalar(struct tm scalar) {
+	if (scalar.tm_year) printf("%dy ", scalar.tm_year);
+	if (scalar.tm_mon) printf("%dm ", scalar.tm_mon);
+	if (scalar.tm_mday % 7) {
+		printf("%dd ", scalar.tm_mday);
+	} else if (scalar.tm_mday) {
+		printf("%dw ", scalar.tm_mday / 7);
+	}
+	if (scalar.tm_yday && scalar.tm_mon) printf("(%dd) ", scalar.tm_yday);
+	printf("\n");
+}
+
+%}
+
+%token Number Month Day
+%left '+' '-'
+%right '<' '>'
+
+%%
+
+expr:
+	date { printDate($1); }
+	| scalar { printScalar($1); }
+	;
+
+date:
+	dateLit
+	| '(' date ')' { $$ = $2; }
+	| '<' date { $$ = dateSub($2, Week); }
+	| '>' date { $$ = dateAdd($2, Week); }
+	| date '+' scalar { $$ = dateAdd($1, $3); }
+	| date '-' scalar { $$ = dateSub($1, $3); }
+	;
+
+scalar:
+	scalarLit
+	| '(' scalar ')' { $$ = $2; }
+	| scalar '+' scalar { $$ = scalarAdd($1, $3); }
+	| scalar '-' scalar { $$ = scalarSub($1, $3); }
+	| date '-' date { $$ = dateDiff($1, $3); }
+	;
+
+dateLit:
+	{ $$ = today(); }
+	| '.' { $$ = today(); }
+	| Month Number { $$ = monthDay($1.tm_mon, $2.tm_sec); }
+	| Month Number Number { $$ = monthDayYear($1.tm_mon, $2.tm_sec, $3.tm_sec); }
+	| Day { $$ = weekDay($1.tm_wday); }
+	;
+
+scalarLit:
+	Number 'd' { $$ = (struct tm) { .tm_mday = $1.tm_sec }; }
+	| Number 'w' { $$ = (struct tm) { .tm_mday = 7 * $1.tm_sec }; }
+	| Number 'm' { $$ = (struct tm) { .tm_mon = $1.tm_sec }; }
+	| Number 'y' { $$ = (struct tm) { .tm_year = $1.tm_sec }; }
+	;
+
+%%
+
+static void yyerror(const char *str) {
+	warnx("%s", str);
+}
+
+static const char *input;
+
+static int yylex(void) {
+	while (isspace(*input)) input++;
+	if (!*input) return EOF;
+
+	if (isdigit(*input)) {
+		char *rest;
+		yylval.tm_sec = strtol(input, &rest, 10);
+		input = rest;
+		return Number;
+	}
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < 7; ++i) {
+		if (strncasecmp(input, Days[i], 3)) continue;
+		while (isalpha(*input)) input++;
+		yylval.tm_wday = i;
+		return Day;
+	}
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < 12; ++i) {
+		if (strncasecmp(input, Months[i], 3)) continue;
+		while (isalpha(*input)) input++;
+		yylval.tm_mon = i;
+		return Month;
+	}
+
+	return *input++;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+	if (argc > 1) {
+		input = argv[1];
+		return yyparse();
+	}
+
+	struct tm date = today();
+	printDate(date);
+	printf("\n");
+
+	char *line = NULL;
+	size_t cap = 0;
+	while (0 < getline(&line, &cap, stdin)) {
+		if (line[0] == '\n') continue;
+
+		if (today().tm_mday != date.tm_mday) {
+			warnx("the date has changed");
+			date = today();
+		}
+
+		input = line;
+		yyparse();
+		printf("\n");
+	}
+}
diff --git a/bin/xx.c b/bin/xx.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..39d7ec07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/xx.c
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2017  June McEnroe <june@causal.agency>
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <err.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sysexits.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+typedef unsigned char byte;
+
+static bool zero(const byte *ptr, size_t size) {
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+		if (ptr[i]) return false;
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+
+static struct {
+	size_t cols;
+	size_t group;
+	size_t blank;
+	bool ascii;
+	bool offset;
+	bool skip;
+} options = { 16, 8, 0, true, true, false };
+
+static void dump(FILE *file) {
+	bool skip = false;
+
+	byte buf[options.cols];
+	size_t offset = 0;
+	for (
+		size_t size;
+		(size = fread(buf, 1, sizeof(buf), file));
+		offset += size
+	) {
+		if (options.skip) {
+			if (zero(buf, size)) {
+				if (!skip) printf("*\n");
+				skip = true;
+				continue;
+			} else {
+				skip = false;
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (options.blank) {
+			if (offset && offset % options.blank == 0) {
+				printf("\n");
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (options.offset) {
+			printf("%08zX:  ", offset);
+		}
+
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(buf); ++i) {
+			if (options.group) {
+				if (i && !(i % options.group)) {
+					printf(" ");
+				}
+			}
+			if (i < size) {
+				printf("%02hhX ", buf[i]);
+			} else {
+				printf("   ");
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (options.ascii) {
+			printf(" ");
+			for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+				if (options.group) {
+					if (i && !(i % options.group)) {
+						printf(" ");
+					}
+				}
+				printf("%c", isprint(buf[i]) ? buf[i] : '.');
+			}
+		}
+
+		printf("\n");
+	}
+}
+
+static void undump(FILE *file) {
+	byte c;
+	int match;
+	while (0 < (match = fscanf(file, " %hhx", &c))) {
+		printf("%c", c);
+	}
+	if (!match) errx(EX_DATAERR, "invalid input");
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+	bool reverse = false;
+	const char *path = NULL;
+
+	int opt;
+	while (0 < (opt = getopt(argc, argv, "ac:g:p:rsz"))) {
+		switch (opt) {
+			break; case 'a': options.ascii ^= true;
+			break; case 'c': options.cols = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0);
+			break; case 'g': options.group = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0);
+			break; case 'p': options.blank = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0);
+			break; case 'r': reverse = true;
+			break; case 's': options.offset ^= true;
+			break; case 'z': options.skip ^= true;
+			break; default: return EX_USAGE;
+		}
+	}
+	if (argc > optind) path = argv[optind];
+	if (!options.cols) return EX_USAGE;
+
+	FILE *file = path ? fopen(path, "r") : stdin;
+	if (!file) err(EX_NOINPUT, "%s", path);
+
+	if (reverse) {
+		undump(file);
+	} else {
+		dump(file);
+	}
+	if (ferror(file)) err(EX_IOERR, "%s", path);
+
+	return EX_OK;
+}